Article(id=1292187164507394606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11693/hyhz20250300084, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743264000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-30, revisedDate=1747843200000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1786011027695, onlineDateStr=2026-08-06, pubDate=1780070400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786011027695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786011027695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786011027695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1292187163098112845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='579', pageEnd='830', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1780070400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-30', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786011027358, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786013993148, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1292199602611056778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, issueId=1292187163098112845, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=617, endPage=629, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1292187164784218672, articleId=1292187164507394606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=EN, title=APPLICATION OF MACROFAUNA IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ASSESSMENT: FROM TRADITIONAL BIOTIC INDICES TO THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DNA AND MODELING TECHNIQUES, columnId=1292187164687749679, journalTitle=Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The health status assessment of marine benthic ecosystems, as an important basis for maintaining the ecological balance of the oceans, relies on the long-term dynamic monitoring of benthic communities. In this study, we systematically reviewed the history and current applications of ecological assessment indices developed based on benthic organisms, including the perspectives of future fields in marine ecosystem health assessment. Traditional biological indices—including biodiversity indices (Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, etc.), functional group analyses (feeding evenness index), and indices (AMBI, M-AMBI, BENTIX index, etc.) based on the proportion of pollution-tolerant/sensitive species have advanced ecosystem health assessment by quantifying the responses of community structure to environmental stressors and facilitating the shift from qualitative to quantitative assessments. Nevertheless, traditional methods are limited by cumbersome procedures for morphological characterization, the limitations of single indicators, and regional differences in applicability. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology has made up for the shortcomings of traditional methods by rapidly obtaining biodiversity information through high-throughput sequencing, and has derived novel indices such as gAMBI, which validates its complementarity with morphological methods. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning algorithms (Random Forests, Convolutional Neural Networks, and so on) with statistical analysis has improved the ability of ecosystem assessment models to resolve nonlinear relationships and multiple stressors. Meanwhile, automatic and intelligent image recognition technology offers the possibility of accurate and rapid identification of macrofauna and their monitoring. Future research shall integrate multidimensional data and interdisciplinary techniques to construct a more universal and dynamically responsive assessment system to cope with the potential impacts of global climate change and human activities on marine ecosystems.

, authors=Xiao-Shou LIU1, 2, Yi-Fei ZHANG1, 2, Xia-Yu OUYANG1, 2, Qi WANG1, 2, Jun-Long ZHANG3, authorsList=Xiao-Shou LIU, Yi-Fei ZHANG, Xia-Yu OUYANG, Qi WANG, Jun-Long ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1292187165354644018, articleId=1292187164507394606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, language=CN, title=大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统健康评估中的应用: 从传统生物指数到环境DNA与建模技术的整合, columnId=1292187164859716145, journalTitle=海洋与湖沼, columnName=研究综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海洋底栖生态系统作为维持海洋生态平衡的重要基础, 其健康状态评估依赖于底栖生物群落的长期动态监测。系统综述了基于大型底栖动物构建的一系列生物指数的发展历程与应用现状, 并展望了海洋生态系统健康评估的未来发展方向。传统生物指数主要包括生物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数等)、功能群分析指数(摄食均匀度指数)及基于耐污/敏感物种比例的指数(AMBI、M-AMBI、BENTIX等), 这些方法通过量化群落结构与功能对环境压力的响应, 推动了生态系统健康评估从定性到定量的转变。然而, 传统方法受限于形态学鉴定的繁琐程序、单一指标的局限性以及区域适用性差异。近年来, 环境DNA (Environmental DNA, eDNA)技术通过高通量测序快速获取生物多样性信息, 弥补了传统方法的不足, 并衍生出gAMBI等新型指数, 验证了其与形态学方法的互补性; 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技术如机器学习算法(随机森林、卷积神经网络等)与统计学分析的整合, 提升了生态系统评估模型对非线性关系和多压力源的解析能力; 同时, 自动化的智能图像识别技术为生物的准确快速识别并进行监测提供了可能。未来研究需通过综合跨学科技术, 整合多维度数据, 构建更具普适性和动态响应能力的评估体系, 以应对全球气候变化与人类活动对海洋生态系统的潜在影响。

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刘晓收, 教授, 博士生导师, E-mail:

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Equation for calculating the functional diversity indices

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指数公式参考文献
功能丰富度(FRic) FRic=SFciRc     式中, SFci是站位i内物种所占据的生态位空间, Rc是性状c的绝对值范围Villéger et al, 2008
功能均匀度(FEve) FEve=i=1s-1cminPEWi1S-1-1S-11-1S-1   式中, S是物种丰富度, PEWi是物种i的局部加权均匀度Mouillot et al, 2005
功能分散度(FDiv) FDiv=2πarctan 5×i=1N(lnCi-lnx¯)2×Ai式中, Ci是第i项功能性状的数值, lnx¯是物种特征值自然对数的加权平均值, Ai是第i项功能性状的相对丰度Villéger et al, 2008
功能离散度(FDis) c=ci=ajxijaj ;FDis=ajzjaj    , 式中, ci维空间的加权质心, xij是物种j的性状i的属性, aj是物种j的丰度, zj是物种j到质心c的距离Laliberté et al, 2010
Rao二次熵(RaoQ) RaoQ=i=1s-1j=1+isdijpipi式中, dij是物种i和物种j的差异, pi是物种的相对丰度Botta-Dukát, 2005
), ArticleFig(id=1292187173101523556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187164507394606, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

功能多样性指数的计算公式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指数公式参考文献
功能丰富度(FRic) FRic=SFciRc     式中, SFci是站位i内物种所占据的生态位空间, Rc是性状c的绝对值范围Villéger et al, 2008
功能均匀度(FEve) FEve=i=1s-1cminPEWi1S-1-1S-11-1S-1   式中, S是物种丰富度, PEWi是物种i的局部加权均匀度Mouillot et al, 2005
功能分散度(FDiv) FDiv=2πarctan 5×i=1N(lnCi-lnx¯)2×Ai式中, Ci是第i项功能性状的数值, lnx¯是物种特征值自然对数的加权平均值, Ai是第i项功能性状的相对丰度Villéger et al, 2008
功能离散度(FDis) c=ci=ajxijaj ;FDis=ajzjaj    , 式中, ci维空间的加权质心, xij是物种j的性状i的属性, aj是物种j的丰度, zj是物种j到质心c的距离Laliberté et al, 2010
Rao二次熵(RaoQ) RaoQ=i=1s-1j=1+isdijpipi式中, dij是物种i和物种j的差异, pi是物种的相对丰度Botta-Dukát, 2005
), ArticleFig(id=1292187173185409637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187164507394606, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Classification in the level ranges of biotic indices based on the proportion of pollutant-tolerant species and their indication to the state of ecosystem health assessment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物指数指数的计算指数范围与环境质量参考文献
AMBI指数0×EGI + 1.5×EGII + 3×EGIII + 4.5×EGIV + 6×EGⅤ0~1.20为优; 1.20~3.30为良; 3.30~4.30为中; 4.30~5.50为差; >5.50为劣。Borja et al, 2000
M-AMBI指数使用AMBI, H'和物种数的多元分析Muxika et al, 2007
BOPA指数 log10fpfa+1+10~0.135为优; 0.135~0.211为良; 0.211~0.260为中; 0.260~0.300为差; >0.300为劣。Dauvin et al, 2007
BO2A指数 log10foafsa+1+10~0.025为优; 0.025~0.130为良; 0130~0.199为中; 0.1999~0.255为差; >0.255为劣。Dauvin et al, 2009
BENTIX指数 6×EGI&II +2×EGIII-V4.50~6.00为优; 3.50~4.50为良; 2.50~3.50为中; 2.00~2.50为差; 0~2.00为劣。Simboura et al, 2002
), ArticleFig(id=1292187173269295718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1291416733694918677, articleId=1292187164507394606, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于耐污种比例的生物指数分类等级范围及其指示的生态环境健康状况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物指数指数的计算指数范围与环境质量参考文献
AMBI指数0×EGI + 1.5×EGII + 3×EGIII + 4.5×EGIV + 6×EGⅤ0~1.20为优; 1.20~3.30为良; 3.30~4.30为中; 4.30~5.50为差; >5.50为劣。Borja et al, 2000
M-AMBI指数使用AMBI, H'和物种数的多元分析Muxika et al, 2007
BOPA指数 log10fpfa+1+10~0.135为优; 0.135~0.211为良; 0.211~0.260为中; 0.260~0.300为差; >0.300为劣。Dauvin et al, 2007
BO2A指数 log10foafsa+1+10~0.025为优; 0.025~0.130为良; 0130~0.199为中; 0.1999~0.255为差; >0.255为劣。Dauvin et al, 2009
BENTIX指数 6×EGI&II +2×EGIII-V4.50~6.00为优; 3.50~4.50为良; 2.50~3.50为中; 2.00~2.50为差; 0~2.00为劣。Simboura et al, 2002
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大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统健康评估中的应用: 从传统生物指数到环境DNA与建模技术的整合
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刘晓收 1, 2 , 张逸菲 1, 2 , 欧阳夏语 1, 2 , 王起 1, 2 , 张均龙 3
海洋与湖沼 | 研究综述 2026,57(3): 617-629
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海洋与湖沼 |研究综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 617 -629
大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统健康评估中的应用: 从传统生物指数到环境DNA与建模技术的整合
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刘晓收1, 2 , 张逸菲1, 2, 欧阳夏语1, 2, 王起1, 2, 张均龙3
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋大学海洋生命学院 海洋生物多样性与进化教育部重点实验室 山东青岛 266003
  • 2中国海洋大学海洋生物多样性与进化研究所 山东青岛 266003
  • 3中国科学院海洋研究所 山东青岛 266071
作者简介:

刘晓收, 教授, 博士生导师, E-mail:

APPLICATION OF MACROFAUNA IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ASSESSMENT: FROM TRADITIONAL BIOTIC INDICES TO THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DNA AND MODELING TECHNIQUES
Xiao-Shou LIU1, 2 , Yi-Fei ZHANG1, 2, Xia-Yu OUYANG1, 2, Qi WANG1, 2, Jun-Long ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Life Sciences and MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 3Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
出版时间: 2026-05-30 doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300084
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海洋底栖生态系统作为维持海洋生态平衡的重要基础, 其健康状态评估依赖于底栖生物群落的长期动态监测。系统综述了基于大型底栖动物构建的一系列生物指数的发展历程与应用现状, 并展望了海洋生态系统健康评估的未来发展方向。传统生物指数主要包括生物多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数等)、功能群分析指数(摄食均匀度指数)及基于耐污/敏感物种比例的指数(AMBI、M-AMBI、BENTIX等), 这些方法通过量化群落结构与功能对环境压力的响应, 推动了生态系统健康评估从定性到定量的转变。然而, 传统方法受限于形态学鉴定的繁琐程序、单一指标的局限性以及区域适用性差异。近年来, 环境DNA (Environmental DNA, eDNA)技术通过高通量测序快速获取生物多样性信息, 弥补了传统方法的不足, 并衍生出gAMBI等新型指数, 验证了其与形态学方法的互补性; 人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技术如机器学习算法(随机森林、卷积神经网络等)与统计学分析的整合, 提升了生态系统评估模型对非线性关系和多压力源的解析能力; 同时, 自动化的智能图像识别技术为生物的准确快速识别并进行监测提供了可能。未来研究需通过综合跨学科技术, 整合多维度数据, 构建更具普适性和动态响应能力的评估体系, 以应对全球气候变化与人类活动对海洋生态系统的潜在影响。

大型底栖动物  /  生物指数  /  海洋生态系统健康评估  /  环境DNA  /  机器学习

The health status assessment of marine benthic ecosystems, as an important basis for maintaining the ecological balance of the oceans, relies on the long-term dynamic monitoring of benthic communities. In this study, we systematically reviewed the history and current applications of ecological assessment indices developed based on benthic organisms, including the perspectives of future fields in marine ecosystem health assessment. Traditional biological indices—including biodiversity indices (Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, etc.), functional group analyses (feeding evenness index), and indices (AMBI, M-AMBI, BENTIX index, etc.) based on the proportion of pollution-tolerant/sensitive species have advanced ecosystem health assessment by quantifying the responses of community structure to environmental stressors and facilitating the shift from qualitative to quantitative assessments. Nevertheless, traditional methods are limited by cumbersome procedures for morphological characterization, the limitations of single indicators, and regional differences in applicability. In recent years, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology has made up for the shortcomings of traditional methods by rapidly obtaining biodiversity information through high-throughput sequencing, and has derived novel indices such as gAMBI, which validates its complementarity with morphological methods. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning algorithms (Random Forests, Convolutional Neural Networks, and so on) with statistical analysis has improved the ability of ecosystem assessment models to resolve nonlinear relationships and multiple stressors. Meanwhile, automatic and intelligent image recognition technology offers the possibility of accurate and rapid identification of macrofauna and their monitoring. Future research shall integrate multidimensional data and interdisciplinary techniques to construct a more universal and dynamically responsive assessment system to cope with the potential impacts of global climate change and human activities on marine ecosystems.

macrofauna  /  biotic indices  /  marine ecosystem health assessment  /  environmental DNA  /  machine learning
刘晓收, 张逸菲, 欧阳夏语, 王起, 张均龙. 大型底栖动物在海洋生态系统健康评估中的应用: 从传统生物指数到环境DNA与建模技术的整合. 海洋与湖沼, 2026 , 57 (3) : 617 -629 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300084
Xiao-Shou LIU, Yi-Fei ZHANG, Xia-Yu OUYANG, Qi WANG, Jun-Long ZHANG. APPLICATION OF MACROFAUNA IN MARINE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH ASSESSMENT: FROM TRADITIONAL BIOTIC INDICES TO THE INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DNA AND MODELING TECHNIQUES[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 617 -629 . DOI: 10.11693/hyhz20250300084
海洋生态系统是地球上最大的水生生态系统, 承担着全球能量流动、物质循环及气候调节等生态功能(Costanza et al, 1997)。其中海洋底栖生境作为海洋与沉积物界面的关键过渡带, 通过生物地球化学过程维系着水体-沉积物的动态平衡(Snelgrove, 1999)。
健康的海洋底栖生态系统能够维持稳定的结构和高效的功能, 具备应对环境变化的恢复力, 从而支撑海洋生态系统的整体平衡和可持续服务能力。底栖动物群落作为海洋底栖生态系统的核心组成部分, 不仅通过生物沉降和生物扰动维持着系统的稳定性与功能(Sturdivant et al, 2017), 还在物质循环、能量流动以及生物地球化学过程中发挥着关键作用(Bernard et al, 2019)。大型底栖动物是一段时期或终身栖息于海底表层或底内的动物类群, 其个体可以被0.5 mm网筛截留(沈国英等, 2010), 主要包括环节动物多毛类、节肢动物甲壳类、软体动物、棘皮动物等类群。海洋大型底栖动物群落对栖息环境的长期变化较为敏感(Pearson et al, 1978), 该类群通常具有较长的生命周期(Reiss et al, 2005)且栖息环境相对固定(Dauer, 1993), 这些特征使其群落结构和种群动态能够反映较长时间尺度上的环境变化。
大型底栖动物的环境敏感性及其可预测的生态响应特征, 使其在环境监测领域被确立为可靠的生物指示类群(刘晓收等, 2014)。基于大型底栖动物构建的生物指标, 如多样性指数、群落组成和功能群分析等, 已在全球范围内得到广泛应用, 为评估海洋生态系统的健康状况提供了重要的科学依据(Diaz et al, 2004)。
生物指数评价体系的发展经历了从单一指标到多维整合的演变过程。早期研究始于20世纪初的指示物种法, 如德国学者Wilhelmi利用小头虫属(Capitella)指示海洋污染(李永祺等, 1991), 20世纪中叶生物多样性指数(如Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon多样性指数等)的应用推动了评价方法从定性描述向定量分析的转变。然而研究者很快发现, 传统多样性指标虽然量化了群落结构, 但其应用存在明显局限性, 如易受采样偏差、鉴定误差及区域生物多样性基线差异的影响, 这促使20世纪70年代欧洲开发出以耐污特性为核心的生物指数, 如Trent指数(Metcalfe, 1989)、BI指数(Chutter, 1972)。底栖动物评估体系经历了百年研究与改进, 从早期的单维度指数逐步发展为多维指标融合体系。我国研究始于20世纪60年代, 早期聚焦多样性指数, 后结合国际方法开发出MPI指数(蔡立哲, 2003)、渤海湾B-IBI指数(蔡文倩等, 2016a)等本土化指数, 推动了海洋生态健康评估从定性描述向多维度定量分析转型。
通常认为, 未受污染的水体具有较高的生物多样性且物种分布均匀; 而污染会导致敏感物种消失、耐污物种大量繁殖, 进而造成物种单一化、个体数量失衡及多样性降低。基于此原理, 多样性指数被大量应用于监测底栖动物群落的变化(唐娅菲等, 2019; 许贻斌等, 2025)。常用的生物多样性指数主要有Margalef丰富度指数(d)、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')等, 它们除了能反映群落多样性的变化, 还可用于指示和评价环境污染状况(蔡立哲等, 2002)。
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')同时考虑群落的物种丰富度和均匀度, 是衡量生物多样性的核心指标之一。高H'值表明群落物种丰富且分布均匀, 生态系统可能更稳定。低H'值可能意味着优势种占据主导(均匀度低)或物种数量少(丰富度低), 通常指示环境压力(如污染、物理干扰)或生态退化。Labrune等(2006)将Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分为5个等级, H'>4代表生态环境质量为优; 3<H'≤4代表生态环境质量为良; 2<H'≤3代表生态环境质量为中等; 1<H'≤2代表生态环境质量为差; H'≤1代表生态环境质量为劣。蔡立哲等(2002)也建议根据Shannon-Wiener多样性指数, 将污染评价范围分为5个等级: 无底栖动物为严重污染; H'值小于1为重污染; H'值在1~2之间为中度污染; H'值在2~3之间为轻度污染; H'值大于3为清洁。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数计算简单, 应用广泛, 可以较好地反映底栖群落的状况。然而, 这种指数只考虑到物种的数量和相对丰度的信息, 忽视了不同物种对环境压力的耐受情况, 能反映的信息有限, 容易出现偏差(Guerra-García et al, 2021)。
H'=-i=1sPilog2Pi
式中, Pi为单位面积样品中第i种底栖动物的个体在全部个体中的比例, S为总种类数。
丰度生物量曲线(Abundance Biomass Comparison Curves, ABC曲线)是一种通过比较群落中物种的丰度(个体数量)和生物量(个体质量或体积)分布模式来评估生态系统健康状况的工具(Warwick, 1986)。未受干扰的生态系统生物量通常由少数大型、长寿命的物种主导(如双壳类、棘皮动物等), 而丰度可能由较多小型物种组成。此时, 生物量累积曲线(B曲线)位于丰度累积曲线(A曲线)上方(即B>A)。受干扰的生态系统环境压力(如海洋污染、富营养化)导致敏感的大型物种减少, 耐污的小型机会种(如多毛类的小头虫属)丰度激增, 群落生物量主要由小体型物种贡献, 丰度曲线可能超过生物量曲线(即 A>B)。ABC曲线中的W值可以反映生境的受扰动情况, 当W值大于0时, 说明生物量曲线在丰度曲线之上, 大型底栖动物的丰度均匀但生物量由少数较大个体物种占优势, 群落未受到干扰; 当W值小于0时, 结果相反(Warwick, 1986)。ABC曲线最早被用于监测底栖无脊椎动物群落对干扰的响应, 该方法能够有效反映群落结构的稳定性及其对环境干扰的敏感性, 因此被广泛应用于海洋底栖动物群落的研究中(田胜艳等, 2006; 曾鸿滨等, 2025)。Zhang等(2016)通过比较黄海软体动物近半个世纪的ABC曲线, 发现黄海的软体动物受到了较大程度的干扰。后来, ABC曲线还被应用于渔业(Yemane et al, 2005)和小型哺乳动物群落(Prete et al, 2012)的研究中。ABC曲线的优点是突破了传统研究对时间和空间对照的依赖, 通过将物种生物量与同一时空维度下的物种丰度进行直接对比, 即可实现对群落生态状况的有效评估(Clarke et al, 1994)。
W=i=1S(Bi-Ai)/50(S-1
式中, S为总种类数; AiBi分别为第i种物种对应的丰度和生物量。
蔡立哲(2003)在ABC曲线的基础上提出了大型底栖动物污染指数(Macrobenthos Pollution Index, MPI), 在实现ABC曲线数字化的同时, 将污染程度分为四类: MPI>4为严重污染; MPI=0~4为中度污染; MPI= -6~0为轻度污染; MPI< -6为海洋沉积环境清洁。MPI指数考虑了丰度、生物量和种类数3个群落参数, 相较于H'增加了对物种生物量的关注。然而, MPI指数也存在一些不足, 例如未能整合物种的耐污和敏感特征等关键功能性状信息。
MPI=102+kAi-Bi/S1+k
式中, AiBi分别为第i种物种对应的丰度累积百分比优势度和生物量累积百分比优势度。当Ai-Bi为正值时k=1; 当Ai-Bi为负值时k=-1。
生物性状分析(Biological Traits Analysis, BTA)是利用群落中物种的一系列生活史、形态和行为特征来表明其生态功能的各个方面(Statzner et al, 1994)。与分类学方法相比, 利用大型底栖动物的功能群可以更有效地评估群落对环境条件变化的反应, 根据功能性状划分的分类群的相对丰度或生物量的变化, 可以指示人类对生态功能的影响。在渤海湾的生态系统健康评估研究中(Peng et al, 2013), 应用了摄食功能群来识别大型底栖动物和评估海湾的生态系统健康。该方法相较于分类学方法, 更关注生物多样性或对特定化学污染物的敏感性, 其优点是通过形态和行为机制选择少数几类底栖生物来确定大型底栖动物对环境健康状况的响应(Bremner et al, 2006)。
摄食均匀度(Feeding Evenness)是生态学中的一个概念, 用于描述底栖生物群落中不同摄食功能群(Functional Feeding Groups, FFGs)的分布均匀程度(Gamito et al, 2009)。摄食功能群是根据生物的摄食方式和食物来源划分的功能类群, 常见的摄食功能群包括: 碎屑食者(Deposit Feeders)以沉积物中的有机碎屑为食; 滤食者(Filter Feeders)通过过滤水体中的颗粒物获取食物; 捕食者(Predators)以其他生物为食; 草食者(Herbivores)以藻类或植物为食; 杂食者(Omnivores)食物来源多样, 包括动植物和有机碎屑(Wang et al, 2017)。摄食均匀度通过计算不同摄食功能群在群落中的比例来评估其分布的均匀性(Gamito et al, 2009)。高摄食均匀度表示群落中各类摄食功能群的分布较为均衡, 生态系统的功能多样性较高; 低摄食均匀度则表示某些摄食功能群占主导, 可能表明生态系统受到某种环境压力的影响。jFD>0.8说明站位未受干扰、生态质量为优; jFD=0.6~0.8说明站位轻微干扰、生态质量为良; jFD=0.4~0.6说明站位中度干扰、生态质量为中等; jFD=0.2~0.4说明站位重度干扰、生态质量为较差; jFD<0.2说明站位极端扰动、生态质量为差。蔡文倩等(2016b)利用摄食均匀度指数和M-AMBI指数对渤海湾的生态环境质量进行评价, 两种指数均指示渤海湾的底栖生态环境较差。
H'FD=-i=1n(Pilog2Pi)
jFD=H'FDlog2n
式中, Pi是大型底栖动物第i种摄食功能群丰度占总丰度的比例; n是功能群总数。
功能多样性指数(Functional Diversity Index)是表征群落内物种间功能特征差异及其多样性的关键指标, 能够有效关联生物多样性与生态系统功能。该指数通过量化物种的功能性状分布(如摄食策略、资源利用方式等), 为解析生物多样性如何响应环境变化以及生物多样性-生态系统功能(BEF)关系提供了重要研究工具。功能多样性的实质是从物种功能性状的角度来评估生态系统功能状况以及生物对环境扰动的响应(Borja et al, 2000; Garaffo et al, 2018; Liu et al, 2021)。研究功能多样性可以深入探究生物群落中的种间共存情况和生态位互补程度, 探讨生态系统内要素的利情况, 进一步分析生态系统功能现状(Xu et al, 2021), 是生态系统功能和资源竞争的良好指标(Wang et al, 2024)。常用功能多样性指数包括功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)、功能分散度(FDis)和Rao二次熵(RaoQ), 各指数计算公式见表1。近年来, 功能多样性指数和生物性状分析逐渐成为海洋底栖生态系统健康评估的重要补充手段。功能多样性可以反映功能性状的总体差异, 并指示其对环境扰动的响应。Zhong等(2020)应用功能多样性评估了长江口邻近海域的底栖生态系统稳定性, 证实了生物性状和功能多样性在海洋生态系统健康评估中的可行性。
AMBI (AZTI Marine Biotic Index)是一种用于评估海洋底栖生态系统健康状况的生物指数(Borja et al, 2000) (表2)。它与Hilsenhoff生物指数(Hilsenhoff, 1977)和美国南加州底栖动物响应指数(Smith et al, 2001)的概念相似, 通过分析底栖生物群落的结构和组成, 特别是敏感和耐受物种的比例, 来反映环境压力(如海洋污染、富营养化等)对生态系统的影响。AMBI的核心思想是根据底栖动物对环境压力的耐受程度, 将其划分为5个生态功能组(Grall et al, 1997): 敏感物种(EG I): 对污染和扰动高度敏感, 通常存在于清洁环境中。中等敏感物种(EG II): 对污染有一定耐受性, 但仍偏好清洁环境。耐受物种(EG III): 对污染有较高耐受性, 能在中等污染环境中生存。高度耐受物种(EG IV): 对污染有很强耐受性, 常见于污染较重的环境。机会物种(EG V): 在高度污染或扰动的环境中大量繁殖, 通常是生态系统退化的标志。通过计算这些类群的丰度比例, AMBI可以量化生态系统的健康状况, 数值越高, 表示环境压力越大, 生态系统健康状况越差。
基于AMBI改进的M-AMBI指数, 结合了多种生物指标, 用于更全面地评估海洋底栖生态系统的健康状况(Muxika et al, 2007)。M-AMBI不仅考虑了物种对污染的耐受性(如AMBI), 还结合了物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数和群落组成等多维度信息(Muxika et al, 2007), 从而提供更综合的生态健康评估。M-AMBI特别适用于受多种环境压力(如污染、富营养化、气候变化等)影响的区域, 能够更准确地反映生态系统的复杂变化(Bigot et al, 2008; Borja et al, 2011)。
BOPA指数(Benthic Opportunistic Polychaetes Amphipods Index)利用底栖多毛类(Polychaetes)和端足类(Amphipods)的丰度比值评估海洋底栖生态系统健康状况(Dauvin et al, 2007) (表2)。BOPA指数的构建原理基于这两类生物对环境压力的不同响应: 多毛类通常是机会物种, 能够在污染或扰动的环境中大量繁殖, 而端足类则对污染较为敏感, 通常在清洁环境中丰度更高。BO2A指数(Benthic Opportunistic Annelids Amphipods Index)与BOPA指数类似, 也关注机会物种(如多毛类)和敏感物种(如端足类)的比例, 但其计算方法和适用范围更为广泛和灵活, 更适应河口生态系统等过渡水域(Dauvin et al, 2009)。
BENTIX指数是基于底栖生物群落中敏感物种和耐受物种的比例, 来评估海洋底栖生态系统的环境健康状况(Simboura et al, 2002) (表2)。该指数通过将底栖生物物种分为两类进行计算: 敏感物种(Group GS)对污染和扰动高度敏感, 通常存在于清洁环境中; 耐受物种(Group GT)对污染和扰动有较高耐受性, 常见于受污染或扰动的环境中。敏感物种和耐受物种分别对应AMBI的EG I和EG II, 以及EG III~EG V; 高BENTIX值(接近6)表示敏感物种占主导, 生态系统健康状况良好。低BENTIX值(接近2)表示耐受物种占主导, 表明生态系统受到污染或扰动, 健康状况较差。BENTIX指数已经成功地在各种底栖生态系统和受到有机污染的情况下进行了测试, 如富营养化和有机污染(Simboura et al, 2008)、漏油事故(Zenetos et al, 2004)等。BENTIX指数已经广泛应用于我国河口和近岸海域的底栖生态环境健康评价中(吴海燕等, 2013; 季晓等, 2016)。
单维度生物指数在复合环境压力之下的局限性日益凸显, 当水体或者沉积环境因为自然波动或者人为干扰而出现变化时, 单一指数多数情况下只能从有限的方面反映生物群落的状态, 很难全面地揭示其整体特性。从20世纪80年代开始, 生物评价指数研究的重点从单一指数逐渐转变为多指数综合运用。多维度生物指数的提出为各类生态系统提供了特定的生物评价指标, 能够在区域尺度内进行环境健康评估, 或者将不同的环境因素整合到指数构建过程中(Hawkins et al, 2000)。Karr(1981)提出的生物完整性指数(IBI)依靠融合定量和定性分析方法, 构建了多维评价框架, 提高了评价体系的生态解释力, 首次成功用于河流生物学评估。20世纪90年代以后, 生物完整性指数的方法被广泛推行, 在各类水体中得到了成功的应用, 例如溪流(Stoddard et al, 2006; Rehn et al, 2007)、湖泊(Beck et al, 2009)、湿地(Lunde et al, 2012)、河口(van Dolah et al, 1999)、海洋(Simboura et al, 2014)等。Dong等(2023)综合了5种常用的生物指数(AMBI、M-AMBI、BENTIX、BO2A、jFD)对莱州湾的底栖生态质量状况进行评价, 结果发现综合指数的评价结果比单一指数更加稳健。
依据生物完整性指数的构建思路, 致力于开发水质快速生物评价指数的研究者开发了多度量指数( Multimetric Index, MMI), 其整合了包含生物群落结构、组成、丰富度、物种耐污特性以及功能多样性在内的多方面生物参数数值, 依据最终得到的综合数值来评估生态系统的生物完整性(Karr, 1981)。水生生物易受多种因素影响, 如人为干扰、物理生境恶化、富营养化等。这些压力源会对生物群落产生复合作用, 这种复杂的变化难以仅依靠少数指标评估。因此由多种指数构成的MMI被研究者视为综合评估多重胁迫因素对生物影响的有效工具(Oberdorff et al, 2002; Pereira et al, 2016; Tang et al, 2016)。在此背景下, 研究者们相继开发了多种高性能的MMI, 并成功用于不同空间尺度的淡水生态系统健康评价, 涉及局域层面(Borja et al, 2004; McCormick et al, 2001)、国家层面(国家市场监督管理总局等, 2023), 甚至大洲层面(Harris et al, 1999)。
近年来, 生态系统健康评估在我国的底栖动物生态学领域已获得广泛应用, Li等(2013)使用AMBI和M-AMBI指数对烟台近海底栖动物生态状况进行评价, 结果表明烟台潮间带生态质量处于退化状态。李帅等(2017)使用AMBI和M-AMBI指数对黄渤海底栖动物生态状况进行评价并指出, 虽然黄渤海底栖环境目前维持着相对稳定的状态, 但是整体环境状况却呈现恶化的趋势。Xu等(2021)对黄海南部海域的研究指出, 依照AMBI、M-AMBI以及Shannon-Wiener指数, 黄海南部的多数区域可被划分至中等至良好的等级。这些研究验证了基于敏感种比例与功能群特征的评价体系在潮间带及近海生态监测中的有效性, 推动海洋生态健康评估从定性描述向定量化、多维度分析转型。
尽管基于生物数量、多样性或者物种耐污敏感信息开发的生物指数, 在水生态系统健康评估当中有着广泛的应用, 但这些指数在实际应用中依然面临着许多挑战。首先, 基于传统形态学鉴定的方法存在采样难度大、代表性不足、成本高、分析数据时间久, 难以对环境变化做出快速反应等问题。其次, 在指数使用性层面, 现有的指数呈现两极分化的趋势: 一方面, 单一生物指数计算方法过于简单, 仅依赖个别指标, 难以全面反映生态系统的真实状态(Lu et al, 2021); 另一方面, 多维度指数需要整合生物生活史特征、功能群分布及环境因子等多维数据, 其应用高度依赖专业生态学知识(Reiss et al, 2005)。在实际应用中, 利用生物指数来评价环境质量也存在局限性。生物参数、栖息地特征以及水体理化性质在不同的自然区域之间差异显著且高度可变, 这种高度变异性直接影响了生物指数的适用性(Teixeira et al, 2010)。现有评估方法均存在各自的局限性, 导致不同评估方法对生态质量状况的判定结果往往存在显著差异。鉴于这些挑战, 研究者逐渐达成共识: 目前尚不存在一种适用范围足够广泛、可以应用于大面积空间区域以及多样化环境的通用指标。尽管当前跨地域、跨环境梯度地使用相同生物指数仍十分常见, 但不同指数在当地的适用性仍然需要谨慎地进行评估, 以确保评估结果的科学性与可靠性(Warwick, 1986)。因此, 需要探讨每种评估方法的适用性, 以便找到准确和合理的沿海底栖生态质量状况评估方法(Ni et al, 2019)。
环境DNA (Environmental DNA, eDNA)是指从环境介质(水体、土壤、大气等)中提取的DNA (Taberlet et al, 2012a)。它最早被应用于微生物学中(Ogram et al, 1987), 用来从土壤环境样品中收集DNA而不分离目标微生物(Bohmann et al, 2014)。随着高通量测序技术的突破, eDNA技术逐渐成熟, 实现了从环境样本中直接定性或定量分析目标物种的遗传信息(Ficetola et al, 2008)。
与传统形态学鉴定相比, eDNA技术具有显著优势。形态学鉴定的方法需要耗费大量的时间对大型底栖动物样品进行鉴定, 因此难以及时响应有效的适应性管理需求, 其结果还可能会受到鉴定人分类经验差异和主观判断的影响(Troudet et al, 2017)。而eDNA技术的出现提供了一种高效、便捷的替代方法, 弥补了这一缺陷(Taberlet et al, 2012b)。相较于传统的形态学鉴定, eDNA技术具有高灵敏度、省时省力、非入侵性等优势(Aylagas et al, 2016)。
2011年, Hajibabaei等(2011)首次将eDNA技术应用于淡水物种的监测, 成功追踪了美国牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)的入侵动态, 验证了其在物种监测中的有效性。目前, eDNA技术已被广泛应用于水生生物物种多样性的监测, 包括海洋(Sevellec et al, 2025)、湖泊(Hänfling et al, 2016)、河流(Nukazawa et al, 2018)、湿地(Bird et al, 2024)等不同类型水体的浮游动植物(梁东等, 2021; 程云山等, 2024)、鱼类(李筱芹等, 2024)、底栖动物(王桂营等, 2024)等水生生物。
目前, eDNA技术已被证明是一种监测海洋底栖动物多样性的有效方法(Berry et al, 2019; Adams et al, 2023)。一些研究对比了大型底栖动物形态学鉴定和eDNA技术得到的多样性数据结果, 发现这两种方法的结果具有一致性和互补性(Lejzerowicz et al, 2015; He et al, 2021; Keck et al, 2022)。通过大型底栖动物的eDNA, 可以确定底栖环境中的物种组成信息, 这为生物多样性监测提供了更高效的手段, 有助于评价生态系统质量状况以及发现环境的变化。
不同基因片段因其进化速率和数据库覆盖度的差异, 适用于不同分类层级的生物监测。常用的基因片段包括COI和18S rRNA。COI基因是一种典型的线粒体条形码基因, 具有高物种分辨率, 适合入侵种或濒危种等监测目标物种(张凡瑶等, 2023)。18S rRNA基因引物具有较高的保守性, 适合广谱性真核生物检测(Brannock et al, 2018)。目前, 有部分研究结合了18SrRNA和COI基因进行底栖生物eDNA的调查, 以保证条形码覆盖率的深度和广度(Hestetun et al, 2020; Mauffrey et al, 2021)。
近年来, 使用基于DNA的方法来鉴定物种已经为开发新的生态状态评估方法提供了基础(Bourlat et al, 2013; Lejzerowicz et al, 2015; Hering et al, 2018)。已有研究证明eDNA技术具备准确监测海洋生物群落的潜力(Bucklin et al, 2016; Goldberg et al, 2016), 可以用于生态环境质量评价(Lanzén et al, 2021)。传统生物指数(如AMBI、BENTIX)依赖形态学数据构建, 难以直接应用于基因组学数据, 为克服这一障碍, 研究者开始开发适配eDNA特性的新型生态指数。Aylagas等(2014)创造了基于eDNA的生物指数gAMBI, 提供了一种基于形态学鉴定的AMBI的替代方案。随后Aylagas等(2018)比较了基于形态学的AMBI指数和基于eDNA的gAMBI指数, 两种指数得出了类似的生物监测结论, 表明DNA宏条形码技术可有效替代传统形态学方法用于海洋生态系统健康评估。Borja等(2024)为M-gAMBI的应用设定参考条件, 并将其结果与M-AMBI指数进行了相互校准, 结果证明M-gAMBI应用在生态系统健康评估中是可行的。
尽管eDNA技术优势显著, 其应用仍面临挑战。例如, eDNA 技术只能收集目标物种是否存在的信息, 不能提供关于物种生命阶段、繁殖或适应性等因素的信息(Sigsgaard et al, 2020)。同时, eDNA技术无法对大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量进行定量, DNA片段丰度与生物量之间的非线性关系以及DNA的降解等问题导致定量结果存在偏差(Danziger et al, 2022)。
形态学方法在物种名录准确性和生物的定量上仍具不可替代性。形态学方法提供了更准确的物种名录和更可靠的定量数据, 而eDNA技术可以识别不明显的分类群, 这两种方法可以看作是相辅相成的, 而不是相互替代的(Mazurkiewicz et al, 2024)。因此, eDNA技术与传统方法的协同应用成为趋势: eDNA用于快速筛查生物多样性热点区域, 形态学方法则对关键类群进行精准验证。
eDNA技术因其高灵敏性和非侵入性特点, 已成为水生生物多样性监测的重要手段。然而, eDNA在环境中存在的时间较长, 并且可以在沉积物或水柱中迁移, 容易导致假阳性结果, 难以区分物种是否真实存活或处于活跃状态(Cristescu, 2019)。为突破这一局限, 联合应用环境RNA(Environmental RNA, eRNA)技术可有效提升检测的准确性。Lejzerowicz等(2021)使用了eDNA和eRNA对深海沉积物中真核微生物的多样性进行了分析, 结果证实了eRNA技术在分析生物多样性上的潜力。eDNA和eRNA联合策略不仅能降低假阳性风险, 还可为生态系统的动态监测、入侵物种管理及濒危物种保护提供更精准的生物学信息, 推动环境监测技术向更高时效性与可靠性发展。
人类活动对海洋生态系统健康产生了深远的影响, 其中许多影响可以累积起来(Dubé, 2003), 并产生协同作用(Kirby et al, 2009)。由于生态系统具备复杂性和不可预测性, 目前, 人类活动对海洋系统的影响依然难以完全量化(Vitousek et al, 1997)。生态系统健康评估指数能够反映生态系统的健康状态, 但这些指标往往是基于单一因素的监测数据或质量评估, 大多数评估方法将生态系统的复杂性简化, 导致评估结果往往缺乏动态性和空间连续性(Borja et al, 2008)。例如, 传统的统计模型[如多元回归分析(MRA)、主成分分析(PCA)、冗余分析(RDA)]虽能解析环境因子与生物群落的关联(杨玉澍等, 2024), 却难以捕捉非线性关系和多压力源的交互作用。
近年来, 生物指数的建模方法逐步与统计学、机器学习和地理信息系统技术结合, 显著提升了评估的精度和实用性。随着机器学习(Machine Learning, ML)算法的引入, 随机森林(Random Forest, RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)等算法被用于处理高维数据和非线性问题。机器学习被用于优化阈值判定(Wei et al, 2010; 丛佳仪等, 2024)。例如, 在有关美国河口的研究中, 通过随机森林模型来识别与M-AMBI指数最密切相关的环境变量(Pelletier et al, 2023)。而物种分布模型的出现为预测物种在空间和时间上的潜在适宜生境提供了可能, 建立了物种与环境变化之间的关系(Elith et al, 2009)。Weinert等(2021)在其研究中使用了6种物种分布模型(Species Distribution Models, SDMs)预测底栖物种分布对气候变化的响应。此外, 贝叶斯网络 (Bayesian Network)等动态模型能够模拟长期干扰(如海平面上升、气候变暖、富营养化)对生物指数的级联效应(Schertenleib et al, 2023)。
人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)是以计算机系统模拟人类智能行为的多学科交叉领域, 其核心技术包括机器学习、深度学习(Deep Learning, DL)和计算机视觉(Computer Vision)等技术, 能够通过数据驱动方式高效处理海量信息, 完成模式识别、规律挖掘与决策优化(Lecun et al, 2015; Russell et al, 2021)。在大型底栖生物评估领域, AI技术正成为解析底栖生态系统健康状况的创新工具。
在大型底栖动物形态学鉴定的过程中, 需要耗费巨大的时间和人力, 对机器学习等替代方法的需求日益增长。为了克服形态学鉴定的缺点, 提高鉴定的准确性, 有学者开发了基于图像的自动化识别系统, 对底栖动物进行分类并提供精度评分(Marburg et al, 2016)。通过自动化图像识别技术、机器学习算法等人工智能进行数据图像处理, 可以实现自动物种识别、计数、测量、丰度计算、物种分布频率计算、底栖生物覆盖率计算等生物学特征的分析和种群分布特征的分析, 分析物种变化与相关联的环境驱动因子异常变化之间的相关性(Singh et al, 2022)。
还有学者利用深度卷积神经网络(Deep Convolutional Neural Networks, DCNN)算法对热带海洋底栖生境进行分类(van An et al, 2023)。AI技术还可整合多源数据(如遥感影像、水下传感器、eDNA)实现生态系统状态的实时监测。González-Rivero等(2020)通过水下机器人结合图像识别技术, 实现了珊瑚礁底栖生物群落的动态追踪, 验证了AI在复杂生境监测中的可行性。未来, AI驱动的“数据-模型-决策”闭环系统有望成为生态系统健康评估的核心工具, 推动管理策略从“被动响应”向“主动预警”转型。
海洋底栖生态系统的健康评估是海洋生态保护与管理的重要科学基础。本文通过梳理基于底栖动物群落的生态评估方法发现, 传统生物指数(如生物多样性指数、AMBI、BENTIX)在揭示环境压力与群落响应关系上具有重要价值。例如, Shannon-Wiener指数通过物种丰富度与均匀度反映生态系统稳定性, 而AMBI和BENTIX基于耐污种与敏感种的比例差异, 能够有效识别污染梯度。然而, 这些方法存在显著局限性: 单一指数难以全面反映多重环境压力下的复杂生态变化, 形态学鉴定的高耗时性与区域差异也制约了其广泛应用。
近年来, 环境DNA技术的兴起为生态监测提供了革新性工具, 其通过捕获环境中的遗传信息, 能够快速、非侵入性地获取物种组成数据, 并衍生出gAMBI等适应分子数据的生物指数。研究表明, eDNA与传统形态学方法在物种检测上具有互补性, 但其定量能力不足及对生物量信息的缺失仍需进一步优化。此外, 机器学习算法及其他人工智能技术的应用为海洋监测和评估体系的智能化发展开辟了新路径。未来, 海洋生态系统健康评估需从“单一指标主导”转向“多维度整合”, 从“静态评价”迈向“动态预警”, 通过融合新兴技术与生态学理论, 构建兼具科学性与操作性的评估体系, 为全球海洋生态保护、修复政策制定提供关键支撑。

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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11693/hyhz20250300084
  • 接收时间:2025-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-08-06
  • 出版时间:2026-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-30
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    1中国海洋大学海洋生命学院 海洋生物多样性与进化教育部重点实验室 山东青岛 266003
    2中国海洋大学海洋生物多样性与进化研究所 山东青岛 266003
    3中国科学院海洋研究所 山东青岛 266071
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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