Article(id=1249065620436886427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751212800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757001600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-05, onlineDate=1775730050428, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730050428, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730050428, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730050428, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065621368021936, articleId=1249065620436886427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Creep behavior of a Ni3Al single crystal superalloy under thermal gradient conditions, columnId=1249065616670396851, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditionally, the creep performance of superalloys are characterized under isothermal and constant-stress conditions. However, in the service environments of aero-engines, internal cooling introduces notable through-thickness temperature gradients within turbine blade materials. Consequently, examining the creep behavior of single-crystal alloys under such temperature gradients holds considerable engineering significance. This study conducts a series of temperature-gradient creep experiments based on a Ni3Al-based superalloy. Temperature gradients of 105 K/m and 5×104 K/m are imposed. The results indicate that temperature gradients exert a substantial influence on specimens creep rupture life. Specifically, compared to isothermal creep, the application of a 105 K/m gradient leads to an almost 46% extension in creep life, whereas a 5×104 K/m gradient results in about 30% improvement. Fractographic and microstructural analyses reveal enhanced anisotropy on the fracture surface under temperature gradients. Furthermore, the oxidation behavior varies markedly across different temperature zones: the high-temperature region exhibits a denser, thinner oxide layer, whereas the low-temperature region displays a porous, thicker oxide layer. In the 105 K/m gradient specimen, the low-temperature area exhibits a rafted γ′ structure, while the high-temperature area shows a de-rafted morphology, suggesting differing strain rates between these regions.

, correspAuthors=Yanling PEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zengkai ZHANG, Jiazheng SUN, Yong SHANG, Yanling PEI, Shengkai GONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065625365192762, articleId=1249065620436886427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=温度梯度对Ni3Al基单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响, columnId=1249065616850751931, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高温合金蠕变性能的表征一般在恒温恒应力条件下进行,然而在航空发动机服役环境中由于内冷气的影响,涡轮叶片往往在厚度方向存在较大的温度梯度,因此探究单晶合金在温度梯度下的蠕变行为具有重要的工程应用价值。本工作利用Ni3Al基单晶高温合金开展一系列基于叶片典型服役状态的温度梯度蠕变实验,温度梯度包括105、5×104 K/m。结果表明,温度梯度对试样的蠕变寿命影响显著,与等温蠕变相比,105 K/m温度梯度使蠕变寿命增长了接近46%,而5×104 K/m温度梯度则增加了约30%蠕变寿命。断口分析与组织分析表明,温度梯度条件下试样断口的各向异性更加显著,其高、低温端的氧化状态也明显不同。在高温区,氧化层紧密且厚度较小;在低温区,氧化层疏松且厚度较大。其中105 K/m温度梯度试样的组织在低温区为形筏组织,在高温区为解筏组织,这表明该试样在高温区和低温区的应变速率不一致。

, correspAuthors=裴延玲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
裴延玲(1979—),女,博士,教授,研究方向为高温结构材料与防护涂层,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路 37号北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院(100191),E-mail:
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journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065620436886427, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Nominal composition of IC21(mass fraction/%)

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NiAlMoTaReCrHf,Ce,Y
Bal.8.0-12.61.0-4.50.8-1.81.3-3.20.1-0.4Minor
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632289988967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065620436886427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IC21单晶高温合金的名义成分(质量分数/%)

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NiAlMoTaReCrHf,Ce,Y
Bal.8.0-12.61.0-4.50.8-1.81.3-3.20.1-0.4Minor
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Test condition of six experiments

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Experiment
type
Exp No.Furnace
temperature/℃
Avg. outer wall
temperature/℃
Avg. inner wall
temperature/℃
Avg. coolant
temperature/℃
Nominal
stress/MPa
ITC110501050137
210501050137
TGC-50311301029 953688137
4113010441019671137
TGC-100511501029 906663137
611501047 916613137
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632537452914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065620436886427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

六次实验的实验条件汇总

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Experiment
type
Exp No.Furnace
temperature/℃
Avg. outer wall
temperature/℃
Avg. inner wall
temperature/℃
Avg. coolant
temperature/℃
Nominal
stress/MPa
ITC110501050137
210501050137
TGC-50311301029 953688137
4113010441019671137
TGC-100511501029 906663137
611501047 916613137
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632646504821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065620436886427, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculated isothermal creep rupture life under various temperature

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LocationTemperature/
Stress/
MPa
Rupture
life/h
High temperature end1029137185
1044137103
104713792
Low temperature end90613738816
91613724112
9531374431
1019137274
), ArticleFig(id=1249065634219368826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065620436886427, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度下的均温蠕变寿命理论计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationTemperature/
Stress/
MPa
Rupture
life/h
High temperature end1029137185
1044137103
104713792
Low temperature end90613738816
91613724112
9531374431
1019137274
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温度梯度对Ni3Al基单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响
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张曾凯 , 孙家正 , 尚勇 , 裴延玲 * , 宫声凯
航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 93-101
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航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 93-101
温度梯度对Ni3Al基单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响
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张曾凯, 孙家正, 尚勇, 裴延玲* , 宫声凯
作者信息
  • 北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191

通讯作者:

裴延玲(1979—),女,博士,教授,研究方向为高温结构材料与防护涂层,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路 37号北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院(100191),E-mail:
Creep behavior of a Ni3Al single crystal superalloy under thermal gradient conditions
Zengkai ZHANG, Jiazheng SUN, Yong SHANG, Yanling PEI* , Shengkai GONG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000119
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高温合金蠕变性能的表征一般在恒温恒应力条件下进行,然而在航空发动机服役环境中由于内冷气的影响,涡轮叶片往往在厚度方向存在较大的温度梯度,因此探究单晶合金在温度梯度下的蠕变行为具有重要的工程应用价值。本工作利用Ni3Al基单晶高温合金开展一系列基于叶片典型服役状态的温度梯度蠕变实验,温度梯度包括105、5×104 K/m。结果表明,温度梯度对试样的蠕变寿命影响显著,与等温蠕变相比,105 K/m温度梯度使蠕变寿命增长了接近46%,而5×104 K/m温度梯度则增加了约30%蠕变寿命。断口分析与组织分析表明,温度梯度条件下试样断口的各向异性更加显著,其高、低温端的氧化状态也明显不同。在高温区,氧化层紧密且厚度较小;在低温区,氧化层疏松且厚度较大。其中105 K/m温度梯度试样的组织在低温区为形筏组织,在高温区为解筏组织,这表明该试样在高温区和低温区的应变速率不一致。

温度梯度  /  单晶高温合金  /  镍基高温合金  /  蠕变

Traditionally, the creep performance of superalloys are characterized under isothermal and constant-stress conditions. However, in the service environments of aero-engines, internal cooling introduces notable through-thickness temperature gradients within turbine blade materials. Consequently, examining the creep behavior of single-crystal alloys under such temperature gradients holds considerable engineering significance. This study conducts a series of temperature-gradient creep experiments based on a Ni3Al-based superalloy. Temperature gradients of 105 K/m and 5×104 K/m are imposed. The results indicate that temperature gradients exert a substantial influence on specimens creep rupture life. Specifically, compared to isothermal creep, the application of a 105 K/m gradient leads to an almost 46% extension in creep life, whereas a 5×104 K/m gradient results in about 30% improvement. Fractographic and microstructural analyses reveal enhanced anisotropy on the fracture surface under temperature gradients. Furthermore, the oxidation behavior varies markedly across different temperature zones: the high-temperature region exhibits a denser, thinner oxide layer, whereas the low-temperature region displays a porous, thicker oxide layer. In the 105 K/m gradient specimen, the low-temperature area exhibits a rafted γ′ structure, while the high-temperature area shows a de-rafted morphology, suggesting differing strain rates between these regions.

thermal gradient  /  single crystal superalloy  /  nickel-based superalloy  /  creep
张曾凯, 孙家正, 尚勇, 裴延玲, 宫声凯. 温度梯度对Ni3Al基单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 93 -101 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000119
Zengkai ZHANG, Jiazheng SUN, Yong SHANG, Yanling PEI, Shengkai GONG. Creep behavior of a Ni3Al single crystal superalloy under thermal gradient conditions[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 93 -101 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000119
叶片用高温合金的蠕变性能,在开发过程中通常需通过恒定高温条件下的实验进行验证,其结果为后续新材料研发和叶片设计提供基础数据支撑。先进的航空发动机为满足越来越高的涡轮前进口温度的冷却需求,涡轮叶片的冷却设计与几何形状使叶片的壁厚方向在服役过程中,出现较大的温度梯度[1-2]。航空发动机涡轮叶片在服役时,不仅横截面承受高速旋转带来的离心应力,沿壁厚方向还存在因高温燃气加热和内冷气流冷却而产生的温度梯度,因此涡轮叶片的蠕变失效,实际是离心应力与温度梯度共同作用的结果。传统恒温高温(isothermal temperature condition, ITC)条件下的蠕变性能表征方法难以反映高温合金在实际服役条件下的蠕变行为,开展高温合金在温度梯度条件(temperature gradient condition, TGC)下的蠕变性能研究有助于理解涡轮叶片在近服役工况下的失效行为,进而改进发动机涡轮叶片寿命预测精度。
目前对高温合金、涂层在TGC下的拉伸[3]、疲劳[4-5]、蠕变[6]、热冲击寿命[7-8]等服役行为已有报道,但单晶高温合金在TGC下的蠕变行为相关研究鲜见报道。Hou等[9]研究高温合金TGC蠕变行为结果表明,TGC加载试样在高温侧塑性形变较低温侧大,而产生的蠕变损伤较低温侧小,最终试样从低温侧起裂。Subramanian等[10]的研究表明TGC增加了多晶合金内部的热应力,热应力促使裂纹萌生和扩展进而缩短试样寿命。这些研究表明,温度梯度会影响高温合金的蠕变行为,但温度梯度对单晶高温合金蠕变行为的影响程度和作用机制未见报道,缺少相关实验数据。
本工作将利用自行研制的单晶高温合金IC21进行TGC条件下的蠕变行为研究。采用中空圆管状试样,并配合专有夹具,在5×104 K/m 和105 K/m名义温度梯度及等温1050 ℃条件下进行蠕变实验,通过对比分析温度梯度条件和恒温条件下的蠕变行为及断口和微观组织探讨温度梯度的影响。
所用合金为Ni3Al单晶高温合金IC21(表1)。单晶试棒的热处理制度为:固溶采用1300 ℃/2 h+1305 ℃/2 h+1310 ℃/2 h+1315 ℃/2 h+1320 ℃/2 h+1325 ℃/2 h+1330 ℃/4 h+1335 ℃/6 h,空冷;一次时效采用1040 ℃/2 h,空冷;二次时效采用870 ℃/32 h,空冷。
试样尺寸见图1,内孔采用高精度慢丝加工工艺进行加工。
在目前报道的研究中,有多种实现温度梯度加载的方法。在一些温度梯度热机械疲劳实验中,多采用圆管试样,以红外辐射灯[11]或高频感应线圈[12]为热源,压缩空气为冷源实现温度梯度加载。这两种方法前者加热速率快,控制精度高,但使用维护成本较高;后者加热速率快,但温度场不太均匀,易产生电磁干扰且试样几何外形设计需要匹配线圈。也有采用开窗式电阻炉[6]为热源,以压缩空气直吹平板试样的方式实现温度梯度。
综合考虑成本以及实验操作的难易程度等因素,本工作通过在电阻式高温炉内对单轴拉伸试样中空管道内通入压缩空气来实现对试样内壁的冷却。为方便表述,后续将5×104 K/m 和105 K/m两种温度梯度实验分别简称为“TGC-50”和“TGC-100”,将1050 ℃等温蠕变实验简称为“ITC-1050”。
为确定实验时需要设定的炉膛温度(环境温度),将试样在温度梯度状态下的蠕变实验近似视为圆管在高温静态大气环境下,内壁通过压缩空气进行冷却的稳态传热过程。实验可获得圆管试样的内外壁温,因此属于第一类边界条件,传热方程可采用式(1)表示:
$ \mathrm{\mathit{\Phi}}=\frac{2\pi\lambda l(T_1-T_2)}{\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}(r_2/r_1)} $
式中:λ为圆管材料的导热系数,W/(m·K);l为分析的圆管长度,m;T1T2分别为圆管的内、外壁温度,K;r1r2分别为圆管的外、内径,m。将热电偶焊点处的局部圆管长度视为0.3 mm,则由式(1)可确定不同的温度梯度下试样的热流量。在得到试样的热流量后,将炉温热电偶测温头与外壁热电偶测温头所在的径向位置视作热空气圆管的外壁和内壁,在假设炉膛内这段空气几乎没有对流的情况下,可再次利用式(1)计算得到不同温度梯度条件下炉膛的设置温度,炉温设置的计算结果见表2
断裂的试样首先采用JF-2型晶体取向分析仪标记试样的(110)取向,并将标距段沿该二次取向的纵截面剖开,打磨抛光后使用CuSO4腐蚀液(4 gCuSO4 +20 mLHCl+100 mLH2O)腐蚀,组织形貌的表征设备为Apreo S LoVac扫描电镜。
式(1)的传热方程属于理想化条件下的推导结果,但实际情况更为复杂,对于同一组实验内的单次实验试样来说,在达到相同的温度梯度时,其高温端、低温端、冷却气流的温度(即实验条件下形成的温度梯度)不仅取决于施加的冷气流量及设定的炉温这些外加热边界条件,还与试样本身的热导率等本征性能有关,本实验的温度梯度状态是一种包含试样本身和实验环境的近似稳态传热状态。本实验严格控制对可能造成传热状态差异的变量,包括测温点位、密封状态、炉膛加热功率、试样表面状态。然而同组温度梯度实验之间仍存在传热差异,为保证各组实验间的可比性,优先确保形成温度梯度,因此在温度梯度相同的情况下,试样各个测温点位(图2)的平均温度存在一定差异,详细测量结果见表2
使用改造的三思CTM304型机械式杠杆蠕变机进行温度梯度下的恒力加载,实验系统如图3所示。为实时监测试样在实验过程中的温度梯度变化,实验前在管状试样内壁(低温端)和外壁(高温端)点焊直径0.3 mm 的S型热电偶,并在管内标距段内放置悬空热电偶(图2)用于监测试样低温端、高温端及冷却气流的温度情况,将各热电偶与无纸化记录仪连接,可以每秒1次的频率测量并记录试样外壁、内壁及冷却气流温度。试样在高温炉内升至设定温度后,开启空压机阀门,通过精密调压仪调整压缩空气流量,当温度梯度稳定后开始加载进行测试,试样断裂后结束。在实验过程中,由于氧化作用导致的换热状态变化以及试样形变过程中产生的小裂口,温度梯度在实验进行一段时间后将发生缓慢变化,因此本研究所有实验均在实验开始半小时内通过调整气流量保持温度梯度稳定在实验设计值,随后不再进行调整。本工作进行3种类型(ITC、TGC-50、TGC-100)实验,每种重复2次,共计进行6次实验,详细实验条件见表2
TGC和ITC条件下的蠕变寿命统计结果如图4所示。同一温度梯度实验,以高温端为参考温度,温度梯度的存在使蠕变寿命在一定程度上有所提高;以低温端为参考温度,则温度梯度会造成蠕变寿命大幅降低。为避免混淆,本研究所述的温度梯度均以高温端为参考温度。因此,较ITC条件,TGC条件的蠕变寿命提升显著,按平均寿命计算,分别提高了29.7%(5×104 K/m)和45.6%(105 K/m)。
不同实验条件下蠕变曲线如图5图6所示。由图可见,在温度梯度条件下,应变速率的波动较大,甚至由于冷气的流量波动出现负值,这些波动持续时间一般在5 min左右,波动结束后应变速率又回归到波动前,这表明试样在该阶段处于弹性应变阶段,无法反映蠕变速率变化。为此对应变速率曲线进行相邻平均法平滑处理,由4号实验结果可以看到,温度波动引起的蠕变速率波动对试样蠕变行为的影响,只有当试样的温度变化与平均温度的差异较大且维持在5 h以上时,后续的蠕变速率才发生显著变化。在其他条件下,温度的小范围持续波动不会改变应变速率的整体变化趋势。由应变速率曲线(图6)还可以看出,除1号实验外,不同测试条件下试样的加速蠕变时间段相差不大(均在20 h左右),并且由于温度的波动,TGC条件下的试样会经历数次减速蠕变到稳态蠕变的过程(如4号实验的51~79 h、95~101 h;6号实验40~48 h、77~109 h、112~126 h),直至蠕变三阶段(加速蠕变阶段)。在本系列实验中,将前述到达蠕变三阶段前,因温度引起的蠕变速率加速-减速阶段统一归为蠕变二阶段(稳态蠕变阶段),由此可得到ITC,TGC-50、TGC-100实验的二阶段平均蠕变寿命分别为65.5、120、132 h,可以看出,ITC和TGC对试样寿命的影响主要在稳态蠕变阶段,存在温度梯度可延长试样的稳态蠕变阶段时长进而提升断裂寿命。
根据等温条件下得出的拉森米勒参数计算出高温端和低温端对应温度的蠕变寿命理论值,见表3。由表3可知,在温度梯度下的蠕变寿命更接近高温端的理论值。造成这一现象的原因包括两方面因素:一是低温端的氧化影响;二是高、低温区域的弹性模量不匹配。两者都使得低温区域的实际承载应力大于名义应力。
在明确温度梯度对蠕变寿命与应变速率的影响规律后,进一步通过断口形貌与微观组织分析探究温度梯度对材料蠕变失效行为的影响。图7是3种条件下的蠕变试样断口,等温蠕变试样断口沿周向均呈现类解理型小平面形貌,而温度梯度试样断口周向由明显取向的类解理小平面(图7(b)和(c)的蓝色区域)和韧窝(图7(b)和(c)的黄色区域)交替构成,并具有一定的对称性。与等温蠕变试样相比,温度梯度试样的断口在周向上具有相对明显的周期性特征,该周期性变化与圆环截面不同的二次取向对应,这表明温度梯度显著增加了试样变形时的各向异性,试样发生塑性形变过程中,蠕变孔洞优先在某些二次取向上聚集,裂纹首先在这些区域形成,随着裂纹扩展的进行,这些二次取向所在区域承载面积不断减小,导致其他二次取向区域的应力突增并迅速断裂,从而形成脆性为主的断裂形貌。
测温点附近截面微观组织形貌如图8所示。温度梯度试样在高温端和低温端的氧化层形貌差别明显。高温端的氧化层致密,且厚度较小;低温端的氧化层疏松且厚度较大。造成这种差异的原因是管状试样的冷端内壁时刻处于不断流入的压缩冷却空气中,与处于炉内环境的热端外壁相比,氧气含量更高,虽然温度较低,但氧化更为严重。等温蠕变试样管壁内外两侧的γ′-free区厚度均约9 μm,该厚度和文献[13]中所报道的1100 ℃、100 h条件下的基本一致。
在试样的纵截面沿轴向靠近断口和远离断口位置附近利用扫描电镜观察全景并拍照,获得同一位置包含高温端和低温端的全景图片,随后利用WEKA机器学习模型[14]对γ和γ′组织进行识别与划分(图9),并基于识别结果绘制出γ′相体积分数随厚度变化曲线,如图10所示。
图10可见,TGC-100和ITC-1050的统计结果存在200 μm的周期性变化,振幅波动为10%,这是由于两个试样的电镜图片宽度为200 μm,并且左右两侧存在较为明显的亮-暗梯度,该亮-暗梯度对机器学习模型在两相组织识别过程产生干扰,因此获得的数据难以用于进行本工作3种类型实验条件下的组间对比,但这两组数据仍可定性分析相的分布趋势。由图9(a)中远断口①区的数值变化可以看出,TGC-100试样在高温端区域γ′相含量较高,该区域的扫描电镜图像显示,低温区的两相组织呈筏排状,高温区出现解筏和拓扑反转。低温区内形筏粗化的γ相是造成γ′相的体积分数较高温区较低的原因,而高温区γ′相体积分数较高的原因则是该区域组织发生了解筏和拓扑反转。由于统计过程中未排除镶嵌树脂的影响,且试样边缘处为曲线形貌,所以试样边界线1~3 μm附近的统计数据不够准确,不能构成用于判断不同组织区域的充要条件,因此图10中的放大图内标注的γ′-free区和γ′-贫化区是由扫描电镜原图和统计数据综合判断得到的。对远断口区域的分析表明,高温端与低温端的γ′-free区厚度相近,但高温端γ′-贫化区更厚,该结果与前述测温点附近的结果一致。然而,在断口附近,γ′-free区与贫化区的厚度未呈现明显规律性,这可能是由于断口附近大形变量使试样厚度两侧的γ′-free区和贫化区协调变形导致厚度统计失真造成的。综上所述,结合多个区域的微观组织形貌,可以确定在温度梯度条件下,试样内壁低温侧表面在蠕变一阶段和二阶段的氧化程度比高温侧的表面更为严重。
本研究采用厚度为 1 mm 的管状试样,该厚度处于薄壁效应的临界范围,因此需考虑温度梯度导致的氧化效应对蠕变寿命的影响。然而,氧化程度的评估涉及多因素耦合过程,包括不同温度下的相组织演变、高低温区形变量不等时的协调塑性形变等热力学与动力学问题,定量分析难度较大。因此,本研究通过对比 γ′-free 区与 γ′- 贫化区的厚度,对氧化效应进行定性分析。对比温度梯度和均温蠕变试样远断口区的γ′-free区和γ′-贫化区厚度可知,TGC-50试样的两相区厚度最大(42 μm),蠕变寿命在TGC-100和ITC-1050之间。在测温点附近,各试样的γ′-free区厚度与寿命呈正相关,因此低温端冷气流的氧化效应对试样蠕变寿命的影响在本次实验中未表现出明显规律。
不同测试条件的试样远断口组织形貌如图11所示。ITC-1050和TGC-50的试样两侧都发生充分变形,在变形过程中γ/γ′两相组织形筏后解筏并发生拓扑反转,随后γ组织随γ′基体继续变形,最终形成取向更接近平行于应力轴的条状组织。而TGC-100试样的γ相仅在高温区发生变形并向应力轴方向产生一定扭转,而低温区和高温区N型筏排化组织显著不同。TGC-100的高低温两侧组织差异表明,在温度梯度较大时,高温端和低温端的应变速率不一致,该现象和文献[9]中的数值模拟结果一致,阐明造成该现象的微观机制还需进行进一步的蠕变中断实验。综上所述,由于高温合金的筏化过程属于热激活过程,试样内壁的冷气冷却能够一定程度减缓蠕变二阶段的筏化过程,进而延长试样的蠕变寿命。
(1)温度梯度通过延长稳态蠕变阶段提升蠕变寿命(5×104 K/m和105 K/m分别提高了29.7%和45.6%),且温度梯度下的蠕变寿命更接近高温端的理论寿命。这表明在工程应用中,相较于单纯优化叶片内冷却设计以增大温度梯度,更应注重防止叶片表面产生超温,以避免高温导致的寿命骤降。
(2)在本系列实验中,观察到温度梯度试样低温端所生成的氧化物形貌与高温端存在显著差异。对γ′相体积分数的统计分析进一步表明,低温端呈现出更严重的氧化状态。然而在系列实验中,由温度梯度导致的氧化状态差异,对试样蠕变寿命的影响尚未呈现明显规律。
(3)温度梯度的加载加剧了管状试样的各向异性效应,其宏观断口呈现周期性的脆韧交替特征。试样优先在某一特定的二次取向上产生裂缝,随后迅速发生断裂。
(4)TGC-100试样在远断口附近的高、低温端观察到因不同的应变速率而导致的组织差异,阐明造成该现象的微观机制需通过进一步实验,阐述温度梯度、氧化行为与单晶各向异性三者之间的相互作用。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000119
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 录用日期:2025-09-05
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    北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191

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裴延玲(1979—),女,博士,教授,研究方向为高温结构材料与防护涂层,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路 37号北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院(100191),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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