Article(id=1249065619602219929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000090, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1775730050230, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730050230, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730050230, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730050230, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065620948591525, articleId=1249065619602219929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Research progress in thermomechanical treatment process of TiAl alloys, columnId=1249065614292231012, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

TiAl alloys have attracted much attention due to its excellent specific strength, specific stiffness, and high-temperature performance, which has great potential for application in the aerospace industry. With the development of aerospace technology, the performance requirements for its equipment and service materials have further increased. Thermomechanical treatment plays a very important role in the field of manufacturing technology of aerospace equipment. The mature preparation processes for TiAl alloys are mainly ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy. TiAl alloys are obtained by both processes require subsequent thermomechanical treatment. Combining the processes of deformation with heat treatment, the microstructure of TiAl alloys can be effectively controlled, thereby improving the room-temperature brittleness and fracture toughness of alloys. On the basis of fully understanding the thermoplastic deformation behavior of TiAl alloys, further research on different hot working methods and processes, process parameter design and control of TiAl alloys are of great significance for reducing the processing cost of TiAl alloy products as well as promoting their production and application. This article mainly reviews the development status of thermomechanical treatment of TiAl alloys.The research progress in the thermoplastic deformation behavior as well as microstructure control of hotworking (hot forging, hot rolling, hot extrusion) and subsequent heat treatment of TiAl alloys is summarized. On the basis, this article proposes the development directions in thermomechanical treatment of TiAl alloys. The first is the research on thermomechanical treatment process of TiAl composite materials. On the basis of high-throughput material design, exploring the hot working and post-treatment process routes suitable for TiAl composites, is expected to develop a new type of TiAl material with excellent high-temperature comprehensive performance. The second is the optimization design of hot working process for large-sized TiAl alloy components. Combining machine learning methods to optimize the hot working parameters of large-sized TiAl alloy components, as well as predict the microstructure evolution during hot working, and developing new mold materials to effectively control the processing temperature, are expected to significantly improve the controllability and stability in the forming process of large-sized TiAl components. The third is the development of low-cost thermomechanical treatment technology of TiAl alloys, such as no package hot working technology and single-step heat treatment process. The fourth is the thermomechanical treatment control of new microstructures for TiAl alloys. On the basis of introducing nanostructures to refine the microstructure of TiAl alloys, a new type of TiAl alloy microstructure design is expected to carry out by thermomechanical treatment to further enhance the performance of TiAl alloys. The fifth is the efficient screening of thermomechanical treatment process parameters for TiAl alloys. Integrating multidisciplinary knowledge, constructing a large database of components, hot working/heat treatment parameters, microstructure, and properties, can reduce the costs and cycles of researches.

, correspAuthors=Yong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan WANG, Yaofeng LUO, Jingjun HE, Qing HU, Bin LIU, Yong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065622915720181, articleId=1249065619602219929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=TiAl合金热机械处理工艺进展, columnId=1249065614468391782, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

TiAl合金由于其优异的比强度、比刚度和高温性能而备受关注,在航空航天领域拥有巨大的应用潜力。随着航空航天科技的发展,对其装备及服役材料的性能要求也进一步提升。热机械处理在航空航天装备制造技术中占有十分重要的地位,是获得高性能TiAl合金的关键途径。本文主要从TiAl合金热机械处理的发展现状出发,综述TiAl合金热塑性变形行为、热加工(热锻造、热轧制、热挤压)方法与后续热处理组织调控等方面的研究进展,并提出TiAl复合材料的热机械处理工艺开发及参数遴选、大尺寸TiAl合金构件的热加工优化设计、低成本TiAl合金的热机械处理技术研发、新型TiAl合金微观组织的热机械处理调控、以及基于大数据构建的TiAl合金热机械处理工艺参数高效率筛选等发展方向。

, correspAuthors=刘咏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘咏(1973—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为粉末冶金高温结构材料,联系地址:湖南省长沙市岳麓区麓山南路932号中南大学岳麓山校区粉末冶金研究院(410083),E-mail:
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Intermetallics, 2023, 163(12): 108078., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249065650367439585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065619602219929, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=117, rfOrder=145, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG S K, TIAN S G, LI G Y, et al. Creep behavior and effect factors of a TiAl-Nb alloy at high temperature[J]. 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Comparision of deformation activation energy and stable processing regions for TiAl alloys and composites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompositionQ/(kJ·mol−1Hot processing windowReference
Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.4W-0.6B419.21096-1120 ℃, 0.001-0.005 s−1
1180-1200 ℃, 0.001-0.005 s−1
[39]
Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-1Cr5411100-1200 ℃, 0.01-0.001 s−1[37]
Ti-44Al-6Nb485.71200 ℃, 0.1-0.01 s−1[40]
Ti-45Al-8Nb-2Cr-0.2B429.41100 ℃, 0.005 s−1[38]
Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb3711100-1140 ℃, 0.01-0.005 s−1
1180-1210 ℃, 0.01-0.001 s−1
[27]
Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W4141150 ℃, 0.1 s−1[41]
Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.4W/2 vol.%Nb447.41090-1110 ℃, 0.05-0.001 s−1
1190-1200 ℃, 0.001 s−1
[42]
Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.4W-0.1B/
5 %Al2O3
336.51150-1200 ℃, 0.1-0.001 s−1This work
), ArticleFig(id=1249065631308521776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065619602219929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TiAl合金及复合材料热变形激活能(Q)与热加工窗口的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompositionQ/(kJ·mol−1Hot processing windowReference
Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.4W-0.6B419.21096-1120 ℃, 0.001-0.005 s−1
1180-1200 ℃, 0.001-0.005 s−1
[39]
Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-1Cr5411100-1200 ℃, 0.01-0.001 s−1[37]
Ti-44Al-6Nb485.71200 ℃, 0.1-0.01 s−1[40]
Ti-45Al-8Nb-2Cr-0.2B429.41100 ℃, 0.005 s−1[38]
Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb3711100-1140 ℃, 0.01-0.005 s−1
1180-1210 ℃, 0.01-0.001 s−1
[27]
Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.3W4141150 ℃, 0.1 s−1[41]
Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.4W/2 vol.%Nb447.41090-1110 ℃, 0.05-0.001 s−1
1190-1200 ℃, 0.001 s−1
[42]
Ti-45Al-7Nb-0.4W-0.1B/
5 %Al2O3
336.51150-1200 ℃, 0.1-0.001 s−1This work
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TiAl合金热机械处理工艺进展
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王岩 1, 2 , 罗耀峰 1 , 何京军 1 , 胡庆 1 , 刘彬 1, 2 , 刘咏 1, 2, *
航空材料学报 | 综述 2025,45(5): 26-43
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航空材料学报 | 综述 2025, 45(5): 26-43
TiAl合金热机械处理工艺进展
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王岩1, 2, 罗耀峰1, 何京军1, 胡庆1, 刘彬1, 2, 刘咏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中南大学 粉末冶金研究院,长沙 410083
  • 2中南大学 粉末冶金全国重点实验室,长沙 410083

通讯作者:

刘咏(1973—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为粉末冶金高温结构材料,联系地址:湖南省长沙市岳麓区麓山南路932号中南大学岳麓山校区粉末冶金研究院(410083),E-mail:
Research progress in thermomechanical treatment process of TiAl alloys
Yan WANG1, 2, Yaofeng LUO1, Jingjun HE1, Qing HU1, Bin LIU1, 2, Yong LIU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Powder Metallurgy Research Institute,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000090
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TiAl合金由于其优异的比强度、比刚度和高温性能而备受关注,在航空航天领域拥有巨大的应用潜力。随着航空航天科技的发展,对其装备及服役材料的性能要求也进一步提升。热机械处理在航空航天装备制造技术中占有十分重要的地位,是获得高性能TiAl合金的关键途径。本文主要从TiAl合金热机械处理的发展现状出发,综述TiAl合金热塑性变形行为、热加工(热锻造、热轧制、热挤压)方法与后续热处理组织调控等方面的研究进展,并提出TiAl复合材料的热机械处理工艺开发及参数遴选、大尺寸TiAl合金构件的热加工优化设计、低成本TiAl合金的热机械处理技术研发、新型TiAl合金微观组织的热机械处理调控、以及基于大数据构建的TiAl合金热机械处理工艺参数高效率筛选等发展方向。

TiAl合金  /  热机械处理  /  热加工  /  热处理  /  工艺设计  /  组织调控

TiAl alloys have attracted much attention due to its excellent specific strength, specific stiffness, and high-temperature performance, which has great potential for application in the aerospace industry. With the development of aerospace technology, the performance requirements for its equipment and service materials have further increased. Thermomechanical treatment plays a very important role in the field of manufacturing technology of aerospace equipment. The mature preparation processes for TiAl alloys are mainly ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy. TiAl alloys are obtained by both processes require subsequent thermomechanical treatment. Combining the processes of deformation with heat treatment, the microstructure of TiAl alloys can be effectively controlled, thereby improving the room-temperature brittleness and fracture toughness of alloys. On the basis of fully understanding the thermoplastic deformation behavior of TiAl alloys, further research on different hot working methods and processes, process parameter design and control of TiAl alloys are of great significance for reducing the processing cost of TiAl alloy products as well as promoting their production and application. This article mainly reviews the development status of thermomechanical treatment of TiAl alloys.The research progress in the thermoplastic deformation behavior as well as microstructure control of hotworking (hot forging, hot rolling, hot extrusion) and subsequent heat treatment of TiAl alloys is summarized. On the basis, this article proposes the development directions in thermomechanical treatment of TiAl alloys. The first is the research on thermomechanical treatment process of TiAl composite materials. On the basis of high-throughput material design, exploring the hot working and post-treatment process routes suitable for TiAl composites, is expected to develop a new type of TiAl material with excellent high-temperature comprehensive performance. The second is the optimization design of hot working process for large-sized TiAl alloy components. Combining machine learning methods to optimize the hot working parameters of large-sized TiAl alloy components, as well as predict the microstructure evolution during hot working, and developing new mold materials to effectively control the processing temperature, are expected to significantly improve the controllability and stability in the forming process of large-sized TiAl components. The third is the development of low-cost thermomechanical treatment technology of TiAl alloys, such as no package hot working technology and single-step heat treatment process. The fourth is the thermomechanical treatment control of new microstructures for TiAl alloys. On the basis of introducing nanostructures to refine the microstructure of TiAl alloys, a new type of TiAl alloy microstructure design is expected to carry out by thermomechanical treatment to further enhance the performance of TiAl alloys. The fifth is the efficient screening of thermomechanical treatment process parameters for TiAl alloys. Integrating multidisciplinary knowledge, constructing a large database of components, hot working/heat treatment parameters, microstructure, and properties, can reduce the costs and cycles of researches.

TiAl alloy  /  thermomechanical treatment  /  hot working  /  heat treatment  /  process design  /  microstructure regulation
王岩, 罗耀峰, 何京军, 胡庆, 刘彬, 刘咏. TiAl合金热机械处理工艺进展. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 26 -43 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000090
Yan WANG, Yaofeng LUO, Jingjun HE, Qing HU, Bin LIU, Yong LIU. Research progress in thermomechanical treatment process of TiAl alloys[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 26 -43 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000090
《中国制造2025》明确将航空航天装备列为十个重点发展领域之一,这对在空天环境下服役的高温结构材料提出了更为苛刻的要求。其中,航空发动机材料不仅要耐高温、抗氧化,还要具备轻质、高强的特点以提升推重比并节省燃料[1-2]。TiAl合金作为一种金属间化合物,具有密度低(3.7~4.3 g/cm3)、比强度和比刚度高、抗氧化和抗蠕变性能良好等优点,已成为新一代航空发动机材料的有力候选者[3-5]。特别是在600~800 ℃的温度范围内,TiAl 合金表现出与镍基高温合金和钛合金相近甚至更高的比强度[6],因此得到了工业界和学术界的广泛关注[7]。航空发动机低压涡轮叶片使用TiAl合金替代镍基高温合金,可使发动机减重20%~30%,显著提高发动机性能和燃油效率。此外,TiAl合金还可用于制造航空发动机中的高压压缩机叶片、飞行器的热防护部件,以及汽车发动机中的涡轮、阀门等。
虽然TiAl合金在航空和汽车工业等领域的应用已取得了突破,但该合金的室温脆性和较低的断裂韧度,制约了其在安全性和可靠性要求极高的航空航天领域的大规模采用。TiAl合金的微观组织一般以γ相和α2(α)为主,还含有一定量的B2相,其较成熟的制备工艺主要为铸锭冶金[8-9]和粉末冶金[10-11],两种工艺路线获得的TiAl合金均需要后续的热机械处理,结合变形与热处理工艺实现合金微观组织结构的有效调控,从而改善TiAl合金的室温脆性和断裂韧度。其中,TiAl合金的变形方法主要包括热锻造、热挤压和热轧制三种,由于变形温度较高,且热加工窗口窄,一般采取等温或近等温加工方式。但TiAl合金的本征脆性使得该材料即使在高温下加工,也需要精准控制变形参数[12-14],这极大地提高了其加工难度。在充分了解TiAl合金热塑性变形行为的基础上,进一步开展TiAl合金不同热加工工艺方法与流程、工艺参数设计与控制等的研究,对于降低TiAl合金产品的加工成本,促进其生产应用具有重要意义。同时,TiAl 合金的性能对其组织结构形态十分敏感,越来越高的性能要求使得后续的热处理工序尤为关键[15-17]。适当的热处理可以促进γ相与α2(α)相之间的有序化转变,提高合金的有序度,进而增强其强度;热处理还能够有效细化晶粒、减少缺陷,从而提升合金的塑性和韧性[18]。因此,开发成本较低并且能够显著提升合金综合性能的热机械处理方法是未来TiAl合金复杂构件制造的研究重点之一。
本文从TiAl合金热机械处理所涉及的热塑性变形行为、热加工组织调控及变形组织的后续热处理调控三个方面,结合本团队部分研究成果,介绍TiAl合金的相关研究进展,并对TiAl合金热机械处理技术现存的问题及今后的研究发展方向进行了总结和展望。
TiAl合金的热加工是一个热激活过程,其中流变应力是反映材料热塑性变形行为的关键性指标之一。TiAl合金的热塑性变形行为复杂,受变形温度、应变速率、应变量等多种因素影响,其热变形能力差主要与有序金属间化合物相扩散速率低导致的热加工窗口窄有关[19-20]。因此,在热机械处理之前,通常需要先明确TiAl合金的高温流变应力随变形条件的变化规律,遴选出较好的热加工参数,这对于材料加工特性的衡量和组织性能的控制均具有重要的意义。同时,鉴于TiAl合金多相的组织特征,其变形过程中的组织演化十分复杂,且强烈依赖热加工参数[21],因此对于TiAl 合金变形机制,特别是不同变形条件下的动态再结晶(dynamic recrystallization, DRX)机制的理解可以为实际的热加工提供理论指导。
热变形的本构模型是流变应力与热变形参数(变形温度、应变速率和应变量)之间的基本数学关系式,表征了材料变形过程中流变应力对各热变形参数耦合影响的动态响应。目前本构模型主要可以分为唯象型本构模型、物理型本构模型和人工神经网络模型[22]。最常用的TiAl合金本构模型是唯象型本构模型中的Arrhenius本构模型,在该模型中,变形温度T和应变速率$ \dot{\varepsilon } $的影响也可以用Zener-Hollomon(Z)参数综合描述(Z=$ \dot{\varepsilon }\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{Q}{\mathrm{R}T}\right) $Q为变形激活能)。利用上述模型,在实验的基础上,国内外研究者已构建了不同成分TiAl合金的流变应力本构关系,并计算了其激活能。
大量研究表明,TiAl合金高温变形抗力和激活能(Q)的大小与合金元素和相组成有关。Chen等[23]建立了Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb 合金的Arrhenius 本构模型,获得的Q值为296.5 kJ/mol,其与高Nb-TiAl 合金相比Q值较低的原因主要归结于Nb元素含量低使得固溶元素对位错运动抑制作用减弱;适当提高温度、降低应变速率可以降低合金的应力指数,对减少锻造裂纹倾向有益。Ge等[24]建立了Ti-44Al-8Nb-1.5Mn-1.0Cr-0.2B-0.2Y 合金的Arrhenius本构模型,得到的Q值为375 kJ/mol,分析认为大量β相的存在降低了合金的高温变形抗力,故相较于其他合金,该合金的激活能较低。TiAl合金的高温变形能力还与其初始状态密切相关。中南大学对挤压态Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo合金的热变形行为进行了研究[25],获得的热变形Q值(390 kJ/mol)与Du等[26]报道的热挤压态Ti-47.5Al-Cr-V合金的Q值相近(409 kJ/mol),这一结果高于其他相似成分热等静压态合金的Q值(371[27]、360 kJ/mol[28]),主要是因为挤压态合金细小的初始晶粒使得晶界强化效果增强,从而提高了合金的变形阻力。引入第二相进行复合化对TiAl合金的热变形抗力也有较大的影响。Yuan等[29]通过粉末冶金方法制备Ta 颗粒增强Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.2W基复合材料,其高温塑性流变行为研究表明,20%(体积分数,下同)Ta颗粒添加后复合材料的热变形Q值在240~280 kJ/mol,显著低于其他TiAl合金,材料的热变形能力明显提高。因此,成分设计(合金化与复合化)、初始相结构与组织的调整均有助于提高TiAl合金的热变形能力。
材料发生塑性变形时在不出现失稳破坏的情况下,能够达到的变形能力通常称之为材料的加工性能。材料的加工性能对塑性变形十分重要,而热加工图是最直观的描述材料热加工性能的手段。目前广泛采用的热加工图为Prasad等提出的基于动态材料模型(dynamic material modeling, DMM)的加工图[30],它将外界能量与材料发生塑性变形消耗的能量联系起来,用能量耗散效率(η)值来判断合金的加工性能,并进一步采用失稳准则[31]预测合金的不稳定区域,将η图与失稳图叠加即形成热加工图。热加工图目前已在TiAl合金热加工性能的评价和热加工参数优化方面得到了广泛应用。
由于TiAl合金成分的多样,使其构建的热加工各不相同,优化出的热加工参数也有所差异。一般来说,TiAl合金热变形η值随着应变量的增加而有所提高[32]。Xin等[33]考虑应变量的影响,利用应变迭代法建立的热变形本构方程获得包含应变变量的高Nb-TiAl 合金三维能量耗散图。研究发现,在η值相同的变形条件下所获得的变形组织相近;这一新型三维热加工图实现了TiAl合金热变形组织的预测和热加工参数的优化。热加工图中不同的η值反映了TiAl合金在不同变形条件下热变形机制的差异。Kong等[34]建立Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.2Y 合金的热加工图,理想的热加工区分别对应α2相的无序化及超塑性区,超塑性区域的η值达到0.6,样品发生完全DRX、组织均匀且细小。TiAl合金中相成分的不同对η值也有一定的影响。Tian等[35]对Ti-44.25Al-3.84Nb-1.59Mo-0.1B-0.1Y合金热加工图的研究发现,由于大量β相的存在,合金在不同变形条件下的η值普遍较高,即使在低温较高应变速率区间,η值仍大于0.3,其高温变形能力明显提高。Jiang等[36]的研究也表明,通过提高TiAl合金中Mo元素的含量可获得较高β相含量的组织,可以减小失稳的发生,这主要源于β相的“润滑作用”。因此,β相的引入有利于TiAl合金热加工性能的提高。
适当的复合化手段有助于提高TiAl合金的热变形能力。中南大学利用放电等离子烧结方法制备Al2O3,f/TiAl复合材料并评价其热加工性能,获得的热变形Q值(336.5 kJ/mol)远低于其他TiAl合金(371~541 kJ/mol)[27,37-41]和Nb颗粒增强TiAl基复合材料的热变形Q值(447.4 kJ/mol)[42],同时Al2O3纤维的加入也明显拓宽Al2O3,f/TiAl复合材料的热加工窗口(表1)。这说明Al2O3纤维对TiAl合金热加工性能起到有益的作用。
通常,TiAl合金在进行热加工时的微观变形机制主要有位错运动、孪生变形和DRX等[43]。合金在进行热加工时,首先是在晶粒内形成高密度的位错,从而导致合金内部产生应力集中的现象。随着变形量的增加,位错进一步增殖发展、相互交织缠结;位错运动过程中遇到晶界或者杂质形成位错墙,在应力的作用下,位错向位错墙处不断累积,形成为亚晶。在位错不足以消耗大量持续应力的作用时,晶粒内将发生机械孪生,促进变形的进行。随着变形量的进一步增加,合金的组织内部存储足够发生DRX的畸变能,触发DRX的进行,从而生成细小的再结晶晶粒。
TiAl合金的热变形机制与变形条件紧密关联。Wang等[44]通过单轴热压缩实验对Ti-43Al-4Nb-1.4W-0.6B-0.2Y合金在不同Z值条件下的变形机制进行研究。分析认为,DRX和孪生是低Z条件下主要的变形机制;而在高Z下,除DRX外还伴随着片层团、γ晶粒和β相的弯曲。Jiang等[45]对Ti-43.9Al-4.3Nb-0.9Mo-0.1B-0.4Si合金的研究则发现,在高Z和中Z条件下,位错攀移和孪生伴随DRX是合金主要的变形机制。虽然不同变形条件下TiAl合金的热变形机制有所差异,但DRX仍是TiAl合金最主要的变形软化机制。由于TiAl合金中不同相的晶体结构不同,其DRX行为也并不一致。Li等[37]对Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-Cr合金的研究表明,合金中β相的DRX最先发生,高温下的相转变使得TiAl合金中的β相和α相均能够累积足够的位错从而发生DRX形核。关于片层组织在TiAl合金热变形过程中对DRX的作用,Xu等[46]认为热变形会导致片层严重弯折,这些弯折带是DRX形核的优先位置,且γ相和α2相的DRX共同导致片层的分解。而Li等[47]则认为DRX晶粒首先出现在片层团边界处,而片层团的分解则是由α2相的DRX造成的。
中南大学针对热等静压态Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的热变形机制展开系统研究[27]。当应变速率在0.001~0.1 s−1范围时,合金的主要软化机制为DRX;在无序化转变温度(Te)以下时,由于α2相滑移系的缺失,DRX主要发生在γ相;当温度升高到Te以上时,伴随着α2相的无序化转变,α相的DRX有所增加。而当应变速率为1 s−1时,在Te以下温度变形的合金出现微裂纹和孔洞;高于Te时没有观察到微裂纹,此时动态回复(dynamic recovery, DRV)是合金流动软化的主导因素。同时,片层组织在变形过程中发生扭折和分解,较高的温度和较低的应变速率有利于片层组织中DRX的发生。
作为TiAl合金热变形的主要软化机制,TiAl合金DRX的形核机理一直是其热变形行为研究关注的焦点。TiAl合金的DRX形核方式主要包括不连续动态再结晶(discontinuous dynamic recrystallization, DDRX)和连续型动态再结晶(continuous dynamic recrystallization, CDRX),DDRX通常以应力诱导晶界弓出为特征,CDRX通常以亚晶渐进式旋转为特征。研究表明,在TiAl合金中两种DRX形核机制往往共同存在,且与变形参数存在较强的关联性[48]。但截至目前,不同变形参数下TiAl合金中不同相的DRX形核机制还没有形成统一的结论。Chen等[49]认为在Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr合金的热变形过程中γ相的DDRX和CDRX共存。Xu等[50]分析不同变形参数下Ti-43Al-4.5Nb-2Cr-(Cu, Fe, Si, W, Se)合金的变形组织,也发现γ相中CDRX与DDRX同时存在,但CDRX仅发生在大尺寸的γ晶粒中,而α相主要发生CDRX。Li等[37]观察了不同条件下Ti-43Al-6Nb-1Mo-Cr合金的变形组织。发现在不同温度下,γ相的DDRX、γ相的CDRX和α相的DRV分别主导合金的变形过程。Tian等[35]研究Ti-44.25Al-3.84Nb-1.59Mo-0.1B-0.1Y 的变形组织,分析认为γ相主要发生DDRX,α相则依赖于CDRX方式形核。关于TiAl合金DRX的形核机制,已达成的基本共识是α相的软化机制主要为CDRX。通常认为,由于α相的层错能与γ相相比较高,位错迁移能力差,因此α相中较难发生需要长程迁移的DDRX模式。
中南大学对热挤压态Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo合金在不同Z值下的DRX形核机制展开研究(图1[25]。在较高Z值下变形时,合金中γ相和α2相的DRX形核机制主要由CDRX主导,α2/γ层状结构中出现弯曲和扭折现象,DRX形核也发生在片层结构的边界以及弯曲和扭折的位置;在较低Z值条件下,合金中γ相的DDRX和CDRX共存,而α2相的形核仍以CDRX为主,原始的α2/γ片层发生破碎和分解,同时形成新的片层结构。研究还发现,增强体的添加对TiAl合金的DRX形核机制也有重要的作用。Al2O3纤维有利于提高Al2O3,f/TiAl复合材料的DRX程度,并细化Al2O3纤维附近TiAl基体的晶粒。在高应变速率条件下变形后,Al2O3纤维附近的应力集中为孪晶交截的形成提供条件,形变孪晶和孪晶交截诱导的DRX被激活[51]
DRX形核机制对TiAl合金中的织构演化有明显的影响[20,52-53]。中南大学对热挤压态合金热变形组织的进一步研究表明(图2[25],挤压态试样中存在两个{0001}基面织构,经不同Z参数条件下变形后,合金中的织构类型转变为{1120}〈0001〉横向织构或倾斜的{1120}〈0001〉横向织构。由于DDRX后新生成的DRX晶粒与母晶粒之间的取向是随机的,通常不会产生DRX晶粒的择优取向和强晶体织构,因此在较高Z值下变形的合金两相的织构强度均显著降低。而在较低Z值条件下,CDRX机制的亚晶粒旋转虽然轻微改变亚晶粒的取向,但由于变形机制的相似性,亚晶粒和母晶粒都有向同一方向旋转的趋势,因此α2相经过CDRX过程后,织构强度明显增强,而γ相在变形过程中DDRX和CDRX机制的共存使得织构强度增加得不明显。
在热塑性变形基本规律和机理研究的基础上,国内外学者针对TiAl合金的热机械加工方法开展大量工作。由于TiAl合金的变形温度较高,且热加工窗口窄,必须采取等温或近等温加工方式,这对设备和工艺提出较高的要求。通过优化热加工工艺,可以有效控制TiAl合金的微观组织演变,从而获得具有优良性能的TiAl合金构件。以铸锭冶金和粉末冶金为基本工艺路线,TiAl合金常用的热机械加工方法包括热锻造、热挤压、热轧制等[54]
TiAl合金的热锻造是在一定温度下通过锻压机对TiAl合金坯料施加载荷,使合金在压力和温度的双重作用下变形,从而在高温动态下获得晶粒细小、均匀的组织。TiAl合金的热锻造绝大多数采用等温锻造和包套锻造两种方式。
等温锻造是在锻造过程中将环境温度维持在坯料变形温度,避免材料温度下降而导致开裂,同时在恒定的温度条件下,通过选择合适的锻造速度,可以提高锻造后材料的性能。同传统锻造相比,等温锻造工艺锻造温度更高、变形速度更慢,因此材料受力及流动状态更好、成品率也更高。该工艺不仅可以成形TiAl合金零部件,也可以作为均匀和细化TiAl合金组织的重要工序。王淑云等[55]对Ti-47Al-2Cr-1Nb合金进行了两次等温锻造研究,相比于铸态组织,经两次等温锻造后的微观组织得到明显的细化,获得了细小均匀的双态组织。Zhang等[56]对Ti-44Al-4Nb-4V-0.3Mo-Y合金在β+γ两相区温度下进行等温锻造,获得由细小的γ晶粒和块状的β(B2)相组成的均匀组织,相比于在β+α两相区锻造,消除了残余片层,且组织更为细小。
TiAl合金等温锻造的设备成本和加工要求都非常高,对模具材料的承温能力也提出极大的挑战。现有的设备大多无法维持TiAl合金理想的加工温度,实际上属于近等温锻造。多步近等温锻造有利于TiAl合金的晶粒细化。He等[57]采用玻璃粉浆料覆盖Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Cr-0.4(W, Mo)合金坯料,将模具加热至900 ℃后进行三步锻造,得到总压下量60%的锻饼,无裂纹且组织细小。多向近等温锻造对TiAl合金锻坯组织的细化效果更为显著[58]。葛庚午[12]对Ti-44Al-8Nb-1.5Mn-1.0Cr-0.2B-0.2Y合金进行多种工艺的近等温锻造,优化出适宜的加工参数为1280 ℃、0.01~0.05 s−1,提高模具温度能够显著降低坯料的开裂倾向,且多步锻造、多向锻造均可以明显改善锻坯组织的均匀性。有限元模拟有助于系统性地研究锻造温度、应变速率、高径比以及工艺方式对锻造过程的影响,是非常重要的热加工工艺分析手段。进一步利用DEFORM软件对高铌TiAl合金的热锻造进行有限元模拟,研究发现高径比的增加可以提高坯料心部温度,但同时也会增加变形的不均匀性;较高的温度和较大的应变速率能够保持合金温度,增加变形均匀性;在模拟结果的指导下实现高铌TiAl合金的多步近等温锻造开坯。
目前等温和近等温锻造已在TiAl合金航空构件的制备上得到应用。德国GKSS公司采用等温锻造方法制备的Ti-47Al-1.5Nb-1Cr-1Mn-0.2Si-0.5B 锻坯,直径达到600 mm[59]。德国Leistritz公司采用Mo合金作为模具材料,在1150 ℃进行两步等温锻造,制备出Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B 航空发动机高压压气机叶片[60]。北京科技大学Ge等[61]将Ti-44Al-8Nb-1.5Mn-1Cr-0.2B-0.2Y合金铸锭三次重熔之后切取圆柱形锻件,在锻压机上进行近等温锻造,获得无裂纹的锻造薄饼。经过后续系统研究,已成功实现TiAl合金的单步和多步近等温锻造,一次变形量可达80%,锻坯质量良好[62]
包套锻造是另一种常用的TiAl合金热锻造方式,属于近等温锻造工艺。包套锻造通过在锻造前外加包套包裹TiAl合金坯料,抵消锻造过程中产生的二次拉应力,防止氧化并保持材料温度,在一定程度上解决了变形过程中的开裂问题,更适合要求高变形速率的TiAl合金。与等温锻造相比,包套锻造对锻造设备的要求更低,在普通液压机上即可进行,且可以采用更高的变形速率(达到10−1 s−1),是一种方便、高效并且节约成本的锻造技术。其缺点在于流程较长,无法直接成型零部件。包套锻造后,TiAl合金变形组织均匀性得到明显改善,锻造组织更加细小均匀[63]。Niu等[64]在1250 ℃、0.01 s−1条件下对Ti-43Al-6Nb-1B合金进行三步包套锻造,每一道次间进行1250 ℃、1 h 的热处理,总变形量达80%,获得的锻饼无裂纹,组织转变为细小的双相组织。Cheng等[65]基于前期研究结果提出一种双道次锻造+退火的包套锻造工艺,成功制备出组织均匀、再结晶完全的大型锻坯。为了降低坯料锻造过程中的温降,实现变形温度的均匀性,在包套设计时常采用在包套与坯料之间添加保温棉等隔热手段,以防止开裂并获得均匀的微观组织[66]。同时,针对包套的厚度、高径比等展开有限元模拟,也对指导锻造包套的设计具有重要的作用。研究表明,随着包套厚度的增加,合金温度的分布更为均匀,但厚度超过一定值后,温度分布变化较小;此外,端面温度下降更快,故端部的外加保温措施十分必要[67]
通过合理的包套设计,哈尔滨工业大学、西北工业大学等研究团队均已利用包套锻造获得大尺寸TiAl合金锻坯。中南大学采用粉末冶金方法结合包套锻造[68]成功制备出直径达450 mm的TiAl合金锻饼(图3)。
目前,针对TiAl复合材料的热锻造的研究还鲜有报道。中南大学采用304不锈钢包套,利用三道次包套锻造,成功制备Al2O3,f/TiAl复合材料锻坯,总变形量达70%,道次间进行1200℃、0.5 h中间退火,锻造结束后进行850℃、3 h炉冷退火,去除包套后样品表面完整、无宏观裂纹(图4(a)~(d)),且Al2O3短纤维均匀分布在TiAl基体中,TiAl基体晶粒特别均匀细小(图4(e)、(f))。
TiAl合金在高温下经过轧机的轧制变形,可以获得所需尺寸的板材。热轧制能够有效降低TiAl合金的变形抗力,提高板材的成形质量[69]。同时,坯料在热轧制过程中处于多向压应力状态,有利于TiAl合金的组织细化,提高合金的力学性能和热稳定性。相比于热锻造方法,热轧制过程更容易引起TiAl合金坯料侧边开裂[70],因此,需要更严格地控制变形温度、轧制速度和轧下量。变形温度的选择应根据TiAl合金的具体成分和性能要求来确定,以确保材料在轧制过程中具有良好的变形能力,防止坯料开裂,但过高的温度也可能导致合金的严重氧化。轧制速率应适中,以避免速度过快导致板材表面出现裂纹或过热,影响板材的质量。道次变形量需根据板材的厚度和所需的变形量来确定,以保证板材在轧制过程中能够均匀变形[71]
由于热轧制设备一般为开放式,故为保证变形温度的稳定并防止氧化,TiAl合金的热轧制几乎都采取包套热轧的方式。包套的存在能够使制备的TiAl合金板材表面光滑,对于板材具有明显的保护作用[72]。国内外科研人员已针对TiAl合金的热轧制工艺进行了较多研究。Wang等[21]分析不同温度下轧制的Ti-43Al-9V-0.2Y合金的组织,发现在1250 ℃下轧制的合金组织中出现马氏体α2和针状γ 相的新特征,轧制温度的上升还导致纤维织构的显著变化;相较于1200 ℃轧制的样品,1250 ℃下轧制样品的强度更高、耐磨性更好。Zhang等[71]研究轧制变形对Ti-45Al-9Nb-0.3Y合金组织和硬度的影响,合金在轧制方向、横向和法线方向上的组织均为典型的近γ组织;随着轧制变形量的增加,β(B2)相的体积分数降低。周海涛等[73]对高Nb-TiAl合金进行多步热轧制,确定最优轧制工艺参数为应变速率低于0.5 s−1、前期道次变形量不高于25%、变形温度高于1150 ℃;利用优化的工艺参数进行五次大变形轧制后,得到平均晶粒尺寸小于5 μm的双态组织板材,其强度较高且室温塑性较好。
目前,TiAl合金轧制板材已用于超音速飞行器和发动机结构部件中[74-76],其整体工艺路线实践最多的仍是铸锭冶金和粉末冶金。在利用铸锭冶金进行TiAl合金板材轧制制备方面,德国GKSS研究中心[76]、奥地利Plansee AG公司[77]等机构以及哈尔滨工业大学[78]、北京科技大学[79-80]、燕山大学[81]等单位均开展系统研究并取得较多的成果。国内目前已制备出的最大板材尺寸为1000 mm×70 mm×2 mm[79],与国外研制出的TiAl合金轧制板材最大尺寸(1800 mm × 500 mm × 1 mm)[77]尚存在差距;轧制板材组织多为双态组织,平均晶粒尺寸在3.5 μm[78];最优室温抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为1053、911 MPa和1.8%[80]
在粉末冶金TiAl合金轧制板材制备方面,德国GKSS研究中心已研制出尺寸为750 mm×350 mm×0.25 mm 的高Nb-TiAl合金箔材[76],箔材的最小厚度可达到75 μm[82]。在国内,中科院金属所、哈尔滨工业大学等单位也采用此路线轧制出力学性能较好的板材,板材的室温抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达到668、608 MPa和2.56%[83]。中南大学采用粉末冶金方法,在1280 ℃、总变形量最大73%的条件下包套轧制出质量良好、尺寸为650 mm×370 mm×2 mm的高Nb-TiAl合金薄板材(图5(a)和(b));板材组织为双态组织,平均晶粒尺寸为15 μm;轧板室温抗拉强度高达870 MPa[84]
与热轧制相同,热挤压过程中TiAl合金在模具内也受到强烈的三向压应力作用,这有助于减少缺陷并优化微观组织。挤压比是衡量热挤压变形量的参数,变形过程中的变形区温度场、速度场以及应变场都会随着挤压比的变化而改变。与其他金属挤压过程不同的是,TiAl合金的挤压载荷在达到峰值之后未出现明显降低,而是围绕一定的数值波动,这种波动与TiAl合金挤压过程中的加工硬化有关[85]。除挤压比之外,挤压温度与挤压速度都是挤压过程需要控制的参数。由于热挤压设备通常也呈开放式,无法实现等温加工,因此为了保持温度并避免氧化,TiAl合金的热挤压工艺也几乎都采取包套热加工的方式。
已有结果显示,热挤压通常能获得更均匀、更细小的TiAl合金组织结构[86]。相比于热锻造和热轧制,针对TiAl合金热挤压制备的研究近些年才取得较大的进展。国内科研团队已对TiAl合金包套热挤压工艺展开基础研究并利用该方法制备TiAl合金棒材及矩形坯料[87]。Liu等[88]通过对Ti-42Al-6V-1Cr合金进行包套热挤压和退火处理,获得细小的近片层组织,该组织表现出较高的强度和良好的塑性,其室温抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到1113 MPa和2.4%。Jia等[89]利用304不锈钢包套,在1290 ℃下以7∶1的挤压比对TNM合金进行热挤压,证明在α相转变温度(Tα)以上挤压控制合金片层取向、提高力学性能的可行性,合金沿挤压方向的抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到1100 MPa和1.26%。Xu等研究发现,Ti-42Al-9V-0.3Y合金在1275~1325 ℃温度下进行热挤压可以获得较好的综合性能[90];由于晶粒的细化、β相的引入和ω0的消除,Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.8Mo-0.3Y合金经热挤压后力学性能有所改善、热加工性能良好[91]。中科院金属所针对TiAl合金热挤压包套厚度设计和挤压温度的影响展开研究,发现包套厚度的增加有利于挤压过程中坯料温度的保持[92];挤压温度对TiAl合金棒材组织均匀性有较大的影响,在α+γ 两相区进行包套热挤压,棒材心部与边缘组织存在明显差异,随着挤压温度的升高,心部变形组织中再结晶片层晶粒体积及其尺寸增大,等轴γ晶粒体积分数减少,在1280 ℃挤压的棒材经α单相区热处理后心部与边缘的片层晶粒尺寸相差最小[93]。中南大学对热等静压Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo合金坯料进行1250 ℃、1 h的预热,以40 mm/s挤压速度、4.4∶1挤压比进行包套挤压,获得长度超过700 mm的矩形截面挤压件(图5(c)[94]
挤压比的提高有助于铸态组织的破碎细化。北京科技大学闫梦婕[95]以烧结态Ti-48Al合金为原料,在1300 ℃、9∶1挤压比的条件下对合金进行包套挤压,与锻造态合金相比,合金的室温抗拉强度和伸长率均有所提高,同时还解决了包套热锻过程中合金边缘开裂的问题。孙铁龙[96]利用两次热挤压技术成功制备出累积挤压比约33的大变形高Nb-TiAl合金,棒材尺寸达到ϕ40 mm×2100 mm;挤压后获得以细小γ相为主的新型准近γ组织,其平均晶粒尺寸为8.9 μm,实现优异的强度和塑性平衡,室温屈服强度为839.2 MPa、伸长率达4.82%。北京航空材料研究院刘宏武等[97]对Ti-44Al-5V-1Cr合金进行了1250 ℃、11∶1挤压比的包套热挤压,获得平均片层尺寸在12~23 μm范围内的均匀细小的全片层组织。
在热挤压态TiAl合金的微观组织演化方面,刘亮亮等[98]发现热挤压态Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B合金的组织由细小等轴晶粒带、残余片层以及形貌不等的γ晶粒构成。刘先锋[92]对挤压态Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B合金的研究显示,挤压变形后晶界γ相存在颗粒状、块状和长条状三种形态,β0相在挤压过程中被碎化和拉长而呈现纤维状,ω0相在变形过程中从β0相中析出。Qiang等[99]研究TNM合金在1290 ℃热挤压和随后冷却过程中β相的微观结构和晶体学特征,发现在挤压结束到水淬的过渡期,热诱导α→β相变与异常α晶粒生长交织发生,晶内β析出物周围的α颗粒被异常生长的α颗粒吞噬后形成β颗粒。研究还发现[100],包套热挤压可使TiAl合金坯料中形成强烈的织构,而合金强度和伸长率的同时提高与片层组织的择优取向密切相关。
热处理是改善热成形TiAl合金微观组织、提高其力学性能的有效方法之一。热处理工艺的不同会导致TiAl合金相成分、组织类型、片层间距、晶粒尺寸等微观组织关键参数的差异,直接影响合金的强度、塑性、韧性及高温稳定性。TiAl合金经热处理后可能形成α2/γ片层组织与等轴γ晶粒组成的混合组织;部分合金中还可能含有少量的β(B2)相,通常以颗粒状形式沿片层界面分布,可显著提高合金的高温抗蠕变性能,但过量β相会引发晶界脆化。因此,TiAl合金的热处理组织调控主要体现在调整片层组织、等轴γ晶粒与β相的比例以及细化片层与晶粒尺寸等方面。
TiAl合金热处理的难点在于,由于该合金的温度敏感性高,在高温下易造成晶粒迅速粗化,而其相和组织的多样性又会导致微观组织的不均匀,因此合金的组织调控难度较大。同时,TiAl合金还具有较大的淬裂性,在快速冷却过程中易产生裂纹,这也限制了合金热处理工艺的冷却方式。由于TiAl合金成分的变化较大,目前还没有一个较为统一的标准热处理制度,其热处理温度的制定多结合相图在相变点附近设定,主要的热处理工艺包括单步热处理[101]、两步热处理[102]、多步热处理[103]、循环热处理[104]等。
多步热处理和循环热处理常用于铸造态和热等静压态TiAl合金的组织调控[8,105]。针对经热机械加工后TiAl合金的热处理工艺的报道十分有限,已有文献大多采用单步热处理和两步热处理工艺。徐丽华等[101]将两次包套锻造后的TiAl合金试样加热到1310 ℃、保温1 h后,得到细小的、由等轴γ晶粒和片层组织组成的双态组织。Yan等[106]采用单步高温热处理将热挤压Ti-48Al合金组织转变为近片层组织,显著提高了合金的拉伸强度。美国GE公司实际应用的粉末冶金Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr 合金,经热等静压和等温锻造后,进行1200 ℃/1 h+900 ℃/3 h的高温处理-退火两步热处理,以调控片层组织与γ 晶粒的比例,满足不同的性能要求。曾敏[107]针对热轧态的粉末冶金Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo合金,首先进行1310 ℃、保温0.5 h的短时高温处理,随后炉冷至900℃保温2 h、空冷至室温,获得了较为细小的全片层组织。中南大学利用淬火-回火两步热处理对挤压态Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo合金的显微组织进行调控,利用淬火过程中亚稳相的形成以及回火过程中亚稳相的转变,实现了室温与800 ℃下强度与伸长率的明显提高[108]
近年来,研究人员开展了热机械加工TiAl合金的热处理工艺设计,调控出纳米结构从而提升TiAl合金的性能。Zheng等[15]对锻造态Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B(TNM)合金进行了1280 ℃、1 h固溶处理以及700、800 ℃,6 h的时效处理,成功获得了最宽片层小于50 nm的纳米片层结构;在室温和700 ℃塑性变形过程中,长周期有序堆垛结构(long period stacking ordering structure, LPSO)形成,与位错滑移和机械孪晶变形的片层结构相比,LPSO结构变形的纳米片层结构表现出更好的室温延展性/屈服强度和更高的高温屈服强度,这为设计具有优异高温力学性能的TiAl合金开辟一条新的途径。中南大学研究团队采用热处理诱发相变的思路,针对锻造态粉末冶金Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr设计了新型的循环热处理、短时热处理和时效处理的多步热处理工艺,成功将纳米结构引入合金中(图6),形成了由纳米片层晶团和等轴纳米γ晶粒组成的纳米双相结构合金。该合金在室温和700 ℃下的抗拉强度分别为839、714 MPa,力学性能相较于锻造态合金明显提高,在相似成分合金中具有明显的强度优势[109]
此外,在热机械处理组织调控过程中还发现了一些新型的组织结构。Niu等[110]对Ti-45Al-6Nb-1Mo合金进行了“α挤压工艺”,即将不锈钢包套密封的坯料经1265 ℃、保温4 h后取出快速涂覆玻璃粉润滑,然后以7∶1的挤压比进行包套热挤压,挤压棒材再在(α + γ + β0)三相区进行1200 ℃、4 h退火,铸态的粗片层组织得到了显著细化,同时还产生了具有优异超塑性变形能力的三相组织。Zheng等[111]对锻造态TNM合金进行了固溶-时效两步热处理,触发大量胞状反应,在TNM合金中形成了三相三态和三相双态结构,显著提高合金在室温与800 ℃下的强度与塑性。上述热机械处理工艺的实践为TiAl合金的组织调控提供了新的思路。
TiAl合金热机械处理工序中热加工的主要目的是细化组织且提高其均匀性,结合后续的热处理,以实现合金微观组织的进一步调控。TiAl合金的典型微观组织包括全片层(full lamellar, FL)、近片层(near lamellar, NL)、双态(duplex, DP)和近γ(near gamma, NG)组织[6]。总的来说,NG组织的综合力学性能较差;DP组织的抗蠕变性和断裂韧性较差,但塑性最好;NL组织的综合力学性能较为平衡;而粗大的FL组织具有较好的抗蠕变性和断裂韧性,但是其强度和塑性较差。
研究表明,TiAl合金的强度与晶粒尺寸的关系符合 Hall-Petch 公式[112],即材料的强度随着晶粒尺寸的降低而提高。对于FL组织,片层间距与强度之间也满足 Hall-Petch关系,而且在晶粒尺寸较小时,片层间距的影响更为显著。这主要是因为TiAl合金的强度主要是由晶界和片层界面控制,而片层界面的面积是晶界的几倍,因此晶界的作用相对较小。晶粒尺寸和片层间距的减小也可以明显改善TiAl合金的塑性。因此,增加片层含量、细化组织对TiAl合金的拉伸性能有利。如前所述,经不同工艺的热机械处理后,TiAl合金的组织细化显著,强度和塑性均有明显提升[58,78,96,111]
在TiAl合金典型组织中,FL组织具有最佳的蠕变抗力,这主要可归因于片层组织中不含γ晶粒,并且片层结构内高的晶界密度阻碍了位错运动的缘故[113]。经热机械处理后,片层间距和晶粒尺寸的变化对TiAl合金抗蠕变性能产生较大的影响[114]。尤其是在FL或NL组织中,片层间距的大小对TiAl合金的蠕变抗力至关重要。减小片层间距能有效阻碍位错的运动以及界面上位错的发射,因此片层间距越细小对蠕变抗力越有利。当片层团尺寸大于100 μm时,片层团尺寸以及α2、γ相的体积分数对蠕变抗力的影响较小[115];当片层团尺寸小于100 μm时,可能会发生动态再结晶,导致蠕变速率的增加[113]。Trofimov等[116]研究了镦锻和热处理对β凝固TiAl合金蠕变性能的影响,发现随着片层含量的增加和片层间距的减小,蠕变抗力增加,利用这一热机械处理工艺,可以实现良好的拉伸与蠕变性能的平衡。Zhang等[117]利用锻造和固溶处理的热机械处理工艺制备了TiAl-Nb合金,蠕变性能测试显示合金在800 ℃、220 MPa条件下的蠕变寿命增加至339 h,热处理后形成的锯齿状互锁结构是其具有较高抗蠕变性的主要原因之一。
综上,热机械处理为TiAl合金的组织调控提供了更大的发挥空间,利用热机械处理实现TiAl合金组织的细化或调控出新型的组织结构,有望实现TiAl合金不同力学性能的平衡,推动其工程化应用进程。
TiAl合金作为新型轻质航空航天材料的候选者,亟需优化性能以推进其工程应用进程。经过国内外研究人员几十年的努力,TiAl合金已在航空航天和汽车等领域的关键部件上得到应用。热机械处理是进一步调整TiAl合金微观组织、实现高性能TiAl合金制造的重要环节,主要涉及热塑性变形行为基础理论、不同热加工方法的工艺优化以及后续的热处理组织调控等研究。虽然上述相关领域已取得了重大进展,但尚未成熟,仍有一系列问题有待解决,如针对复合化的TiAl合金热加工方法的筛选与参数优化;如何利用DRX形核机制与织构演化的关系调控热变形合金的织构强度及各向异性;如何实现低成本TiAl合金热机械处理工艺的高效设计;如何设计简单、新型的后热处理工艺调控出细化且相比例合理的微观组织,等等。
未来TiAl合金热机械处理领域应主要聚焦以下几方面的研究:
(1)TiAl合金单一材料性能提升的空间有限,复合材料韧化作为一种有效的技术,可以大幅度提高TiAl合金的强度和韧性,对改善其热加工性能也可起到有益作用。目前针对TiAl复合材料热机械加工技术的研究还十分有限。在高通量材料设计的基础上,探索适合于TiAl复合材料的热加工和后处理工艺路线,结合复合化和热机械处理技术,有望开发出高温综合性能优异的新型TiAl材料。
(2)TiAl合金大尺寸复杂构件的热加工组织均匀性控制仍是难点,除了工艺参数的优化之外,等温环境的维持以及新型模具材料的开发均是面临的突出问题。结合机器学习方法开展大尺寸TiAl合金构件热加工工艺参数的优化设计,以及热加工过程中的组织演变预测,同时开发新型模具材料以有效控制加工温度,有望显著提升大尺寸TiAl构件成形过程的可控性和稳定性。
(3)TiAl合金的生产成本较高,这也是限制其大规模应用的因素之一。在提高合金性能的同时,还要考虑热机械处理的成本控制。因此,需要优化现有工艺、发展低成本热加工和后处理技术,如无包套热加工技术、单步热处理工艺等,以降低生产成本,提高材料利用率,实现TiAl合金性能提升与成本控制的平衡。
(4)结合热加工和后续的热处理,进行新型TiAl合金微观组织的设计,在引入纳米结构细化TiAl合金组织的基础上,调控三相三态或三相双态结构,进一步提升TiAl合金的性能。同时,开展DRX形核机制与织构演化关系的基础研究,发展针对织构演化调控的热机械处理方法以解决其力学性能各向异性的问题。
(5)利用材料基因工程积累大量的数据从而形成数据库,是加速航空航天TiAl合金关键部件工程化进程的关键。针对不同成分TiAl合金的热机械处理工艺,未来应融合多学科知识,构建成分-热加工/热处理参数-组织-性能大数据库,实现TiAl合金热机械处理工艺的高效筛选和高质量实现,降低研发成本和周期。
目前,在航空领域,热机械处理工艺路线制备的锻造TiAl合金已在不同类型的喷气涡扇发动机低压涡轮叶片上投入使用,未来TiAl合金低压涡轮叶片的总需求还将不断扩大。同时,TiAl合金在航空发动机高压压气机叶片等部件的应用也在推进中。在航天领域,由变形TiAl合金制造的航天飞行器热防护系统、火箭顶部整流罩以及航天发动机整体叶盘已在推广应用。在汽车领域,由锻造TiAl合金制造的汽车柴油发动机涡轮增压器涡轮叶轮以及由热挤压态TiAl合金制造的汽车发动机排气阀的需求也在不断增加。可以预见,伴随着航空航天和汽车工业节能、减排、降噪的发展趋势,热机械处理制备的TiAl合金在其他构件的应用前景将更加广阔。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000090
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
  • 录用日期:2025-07-10
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    1中南大学 粉末冶金研究院,长沙 410083
    2中南大学 粉末冶金全国重点实验室,长沙 410083

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刘咏(1973—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为粉末冶金高温结构材料,联系地址:湖南省长沙市岳麓区麓山南路932号中南大学岳麓山校区粉末冶金研究院(410083),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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