Article(id=1249065618754970511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744560000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1747929600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-05-23, onlineDate=1775730050027, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730050027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730050027, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730050027, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065619098903447, articleId=1249065618754970511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Revolution features of microstructures and mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy thin-walled castings, columnId=1249065616670396851, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To meet the lightweigh requirements, the structure of castings is evolving towards thin-walled designs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution characteristics of the microstructures and mechanical properties of thin-walled structures made of nickel-based superalloys. Firstly, a thin-walled casting with wall thicknesses of 1, 1.25 mm and 1.5 mm is designed. Gravity casting experiments are conducted under two different process conditions, and the microstructural analysis and mechanical property tests are carried out for two types of castings, respectively. The values of microstructural characteristics are determined, including secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS), grain morphology and average grain size, as well as the size and volume percentage of the γ′ phase at different wall thicknesses of the castings under different cooling conditions. The corresponding hardness and tensile strength also are measured by experiments. The results show that SDAS increases by more than 29.9% as the wall thickness of the casting increases from 1 mm to 1.25 mm and 1.5 mm. The tensile strength of the casting fluctuates with the increase in wall thickness when the flask temperature is 900 ℃. However, the tensile strength of the casting increases as the wall thickness increases when the flask temperature is 25 ℃. The variation range of the castings cooling rates are determined through numerical simulation. The cooling rate range of castings with a sand mold temperature of 900 ℃ ranges from 16.0 ℃/s to 28.2 ℃/s while those produced with a sand mold temperature of 25 ℃ exhibit a cooling rate range of 26.2 ℃/s to 58.5 ℃/s.

, correspAuthors=Dashan SUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dashan SUI, Depeng ZHOU, Dafan DU, Anping DONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065625230975029, articleId=1249065618754970511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=镍基高温合金薄壁结构显微组织与力学性能演化特征, columnId=1249065616850751931, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为满足轻量化需求,铸件结构正朝着薄壁化方向发展,因此有必要研究镍基高温合金薄壁结构的微观组织和力学性能演化特征。首先设计包含壁厚1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm的薄壁铸件,分别在两种工艺条件下完成重力浇注,并对两种铸件进行微观组织分析和力学性能测试,获得铸件不同壁厚处的二次枝晶臂间距(secondary dendrite arm spacing,SDAS)、晶粒形貌和晶粒平均尺寸、γ′相尺寸与体积分数等微观组织特征值,以及相应的硬度和抗拉强度。结果表明:随着铸件壁厚由1mm增大到1.25 mm和1.5 mm时,SDAS增加了29.9%以上。当砂箱温度900 ℃时,铸件抗拉强度随着壁厚增加而波动;当砂箱温度25 ℃时,铸件抗拉强度随着壁厚增加而升高。通过数值模拟,确定铸件的冷却速率变化范围。砂箱温度900 ℃的铸件冷却速率范围为16.0~28.2 ℃/s;砂箱温度25 ℃的铸件冷却速率范围为26.2~58.5 ℃/s。

, correspAuthors=隋大山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
隋大山(1972—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造数值建模与工艺优化,联系地址:上海市华山路1954号上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院塑性成形技术与装备研究院(200030),E-mail:
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Pouring experiments

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CastingThickness/mmCooling environmentPouring
temperature/℃
Preheated temperature
of shell/℃
C11Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.25Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.5Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
C21Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.25Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.5Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
), ArticleFig(id=1249065634605244805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

浇注实验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CastingThickness/mmCooling environmentPouring
temperature/℃
Preheated temperature
of shell/℃
C11Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.25Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.5Casting in 900 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
C21Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.25Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
1.5Casting in 25 ℃ sand mold and air-cooled together1580900
), ArticleFig(id=1249065634726879624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Secondary dendrite arm spacing at different locations in the casting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LocationThickness/mmSDAS/μm
SurfaceCenter
C1112.4716.03
1.2520.4420.83
1.527.0034.46
C2
111.9813.08
1.2519.6622.07
1.521.5823.87
), ArticleFig(id=1249065634877874573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铸件不同位置的SDAS

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LocationThickness/mmSDAS/μm
SurfaceCenter
C1112.4716.03
1.2520.4420.83
1.527.0034.46
C2
111.9813.08
1.2519.6622.07
1.521.5823.87
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635066618258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Average grain sizes at different locations in the casting

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CastingThickness/mmAverage grain size /μm
SurfaceCenter
C11345.1183.3
1.25430.4245.9
1.5554.0247.6
C2
1113.6121.3
1.25171.0162.7
1.5332.8212.7
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635251167639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铸件不同位置平均晶粒尺寸

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CastingThickness/mmAverage grain size /μm
SurfaceCenter
C11345.1183.3
1.25430.4245.9
1.5554.0247.6
C2
1113.6121.3
1.25171.0162.7
1.5332.8212.7
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635393773981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

γ′ phase sizes and volume fraction of castings

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CastingThickness/
mm
Phase size/nmVolume fraction/%
SurfaceCenterSurfaceCenter
C1155.0050.9930.4127.66
1.2561.9759.3432.7230.00
1.572.3461.5030.7929.95
C2
156.4244.6630.1529.32
1.2552.5752.9733.6732.44
1.542.2260.5227.4730.50
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635515408801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

铸件γ′相尺寸与体积分数

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CastingThickness/
mm
Phase size/nmVolume fraction/%
SurfaceCenterSurfaceCenter
C1155.0050.9930.4127.66
1.2561.9759.3432.7230.00
1.572.3461.5030.7929.95
C2
156.4244.6630.1529.32
1.2552.5752.9733.6732.44
1.542.2260.5227.4730.50
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635632849320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Vickers hardness for different positions of castings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CastingThickness/mmHV
SurfaceCenter
C11467.77437.56
1.25454.33439.06
1.5442.31443.52
C2
1472.35467.79
1.25455.37452.65
1.5458.95438.26
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635754484141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

铸件不同位置维氏硬度

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CastingThickness/mmHV
SurfaceCenter
C11467.77437.56
1.25454.33439.06
1.5442.31443.52
C2
1472.35467.79
1.25455.37452.65
1.5458.95438.26
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635838370225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Tensile strength of castings with different thicknesses

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CastingThickness/mmTensile strength/ MPa
C111100.5
1.25993.0
1.51017.3
C2
1981.2
1.251044.0
1.51171.0
), ArticleFig(id=1249065635926450612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

铸件不同壁厚的抗拉强度

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CastingThickness/mmTensile strength/ MPa
C111100.5
1.25993.0
1.51017.3
C2
1981.2
1.251044.0
1.51171.0
), ArticleFig(id=1249065636006142395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Cooling rates at different thin-wall locations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CastingThickness/mmCooling rate/(℃·s−1
SurfaceCenter
C1128.226.4
1.2527.824.3
1.517.616.0
C2
158.554.6
1.2547.141.2
1.531.026.2
), ArticleFig(id=1249065636085834173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618754970511, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同薄板位置的冷却速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CastingThickness/mmCooling rate/(℃·s−1
SurfaceCenter
C1128.226.4
1.2527.824.3
1.517.616.0
C2
158.554.6
1.2547.141.2
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镍基高温合金薄壁结构显微组织与力学性能演化特征
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隋大山 1, * , 周德鹏 1 , 杜大帆 2 , 董安平 2
航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 131-141
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航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 131-141
镍基高温合金薄壁结构显微组织与力学性能演化特征
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隋大山1, * , 周德鹏1, 杜大帆2, 董安平2
作者信息
  • 1上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 塑性成形技术与装备研究院,上海 200030
  • 2上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 上海市先进高温材料及其精密成形重点实验室,上海 200240

通讯作者:

隋大山(1972—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造数值建模与工艺优化,联系地址:上海市华山路1954号上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院塑性成形技术与装备研究院(200030),E-mail:
Revolution features of microstructures and mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy thin-walled castings
Dashan SUI1, * , Depeng ZHOU1, Dafan DU2, Anping DONG2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Forming Technology & Equipment,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030
  • 2Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-temperature Materials and Precision Forming,School of Materials Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000064
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为满足轻量化需求,铸件结构正朝着薄壁化方向发展,因此有必要研究镍基高温合金薄壁结构的微观组织和力学性能演化特征。首先设计包含壁厚1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm的薄壁铸件,分别在两种工艺条件下完成重力浇注,并对两种铸件进行微观组织分析和力学性能测试,获得铸件不同壁厚处的二次枝晶臂间距(secondary dendrite arm spacing,SDAS)、晶粒形貌和晶粒平均尺寸、γ′相尺寸与体积分数等微观组织特征值,以及相应的硬度和抗拉强度。结果表明:随着铸件壁厚由1mm增大到1.25 mm和1.5 mm时,SDAS增加了29.9%以上。当砂箱温度900 ℃时,铸件抗拉强度随着壁厚增加而波动;当砂箱温度25 ℃时,铸件抗拉强度随着壁厚增加而升高。通过数值模拟,确定铸件的冷却速率变化范围。砂箱温度900 ℃的铸件冷却速率范围为16.0~28.2 ℃/s;砂箱温度25 ℃的铸件冷却速率范围为26.2~58.5 ℃/s。

镍基高温合金  /  薄壁结构  /  微观组织  /  力学性能  /  数值模拟

To meet the lightweigh requirements, the structure of castings is evolving towards thin-walled designs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the evolution characteristics of the microstructures and mechanical properties of thin-walled structures made of nickel-based superalloys. Firstly, a thin-walled casting with wall thicknesses of 1, 1.25 mm and 1.5 mm is designed. Gravity casting experiments are conducted under two different process conditions, and the microstructural analysis and mechanical property tests are carried out for two types of castings, respectively. The values of microstructural characteristics are determined, including secondary dendrite arm spacing(SDAS), grain morphology and average grain size, as well as the size and volume percentage of the γ′ phase at different wall thicknesses of the castings under different cooling conditions. The corresponding hardness and tensile strength also are measured by experiments. The results show that SDAS increases by more than 29.9% as the wall thickness of the casting increases from 1 mm to 1.25 mm and 1.5 mm. The tensile strength of the casting fluctuates with the increase in wall thickness when the flask temperature is 900 ℃. However, the tensile strength of the casting increases as the wall thickness increases when the flask temperature is 25 ℃. The variation range of the castings cooling rates are determined through numerical simulation. The cooling rate range of castings with a sand mold temperature of 900 ℃ ranges from 16.0 ℃/s to 28.2 ℃/s while those produced with a sand mold temperature of 25 ℃ exhibit a cooling rate range of 26.2 ℃/s to 58.5 ℃/s.

nickel-based superalloy  /  thin-walled structure  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property  /  numerical simulation
隋大山, 周德鹏, 杜大帆, 董安平. 镍基高温合金薄壁结构显微组织与力学性能演化特征. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 131 -141 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000064
Dashan SUI, Depeng ZHOU, Dafan DU, Anping DONG. Revolution features of microstructures and mechanical properties of nickel-based superalloy thin-walled castings[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 131 -141 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000064
镍基高温合金因其优异的综合性能和良好的组织稳定性而广泛用于高温零部件[1-2]。K439B镍基合金是由北京航空材料研究院研制的服役温度达800 ℃以上的一种新型高温合金。张雷雷等[3-6]系统研究了K439B合金铸造过程微观组织和力学性能的演化规律以及800 ℃长期时效组织与性能特征。鄯宇等[7]采用有限元与元胞自动机相结合方法建立了K439B框型铸件数值模型,并与实际浇注实验比对确定了模型的准确性。零部件结构轻量化和一体化对装备整体性能的提升非常重要[8-10],因此热端零部件的薄壁特征越来越明显[11],亟需对K439B薄壁结构的组织性能开展深入研究。
已有学者对高温合金薄壁结构微观组织特征开展了研究。Nawrocki等[12]研究了冷却速率对Inconel 713C合金不同直径铸件二次枝晶臂间距λ2的影响,确定了λ2与平均冷却速率之间的函数关系。Koerber等[13]研究不同壁厚对单晶镍基高温合金MAR M247 LC一次枝晶臂间距λ1和二次枝晶臂间距λ2的影响时发现,平均λ1随壁厚的减小而略有减小,而平均λ2与铸型壁厚无关。李剑锋等[14]研究了薄壁高温合金微观组织的截面尺寸效应,总结出一次枝晶壁间距、二次枝晶臂间距以及γ′相尺寸随不同壁厚的变化规律。周德鹏等[15]研究了K439B合金1 mm和2 mm壁厚平板铸态组织特征,实验与模拟表明更薄的壁厚有着更高的冷却速率,叠加温度梯度进而影响枝晶臂间隙。
为进一步研究K439B镍基高温合金薄壁结构不同壁厚的微观组织和力学性能演化特征,设计包含壁厚为1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm的薄壁平板铸件,进行重力精密铸造实验。根据制备的薄壁铸件,观察测量SDAS、γ′相尺寸及体积分数和晶粒尺寸等微观组织特征数据,同时测量硬度和抗拉强度等力学性能数据,同时利用数值模拟软件,模拟铸件充型凝固时的温度梯度和冷却速率等参数,分析壁厚和冷却条件对薄壁铸件微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,为制订合理铸造工艺提供依据。
实验选用北京航空材料研究院研制的K439B镍基高温合金,合金的化学成分主要由Ni、Co、Cr、Al、W、Ti、Ta、Nb、C及B元素组成,其中Ti+Al的成分范围为4.7%~5.3%(质量分数)。
实验内容主要包括为重力浇注实验、微观组织观察、力学性能测试和有限元数值模拟等。设计如表1所示的浇注实验,其中C1和C2分别代表两种不同工艺条件(砂箱温度分别为900 ℃和25 ℃)下浇注出的铸件。
设计薄壁特征结构件如图1(a)所示,其中薄板尺寸为t mm×115 mm×200 mm(t为厚度)。首先通过光敏树脂3D打印技术制作蜡模,之后经过挂浆、撒砂、烘干结壳、脱蜡等工序制备厚度约为10 mm模壳。按照表1所列实验方案将模壳和砂箱在井式电阻加热炉中加热至900 ℃并保温,最后在真空感应熔炼炉中完成两个铸件的浇注,如图1(b)所示,其中浇注温度和浇注时间均为1580 ℃和3 s。
在各薄板取样,选取薄壁表面和心部切割制样,依次完成打磨、抛光和腐蚀,腐蚀剂配比为HNO3∶HF∶甘油=1∶1∶3,腐蚀时间3~4 min。之后分别使用Axio Image. M2 m光学显微镜观察分析枝晶形貌和特征,并完成二次枝晶臂间距(secondary dendrite arm spacing,SDAS)的测量;采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(ESCAN Mira3)获取铸态下微观组织各相特点以及晶粒尺寸、晶粒形态分布特点等信息,之后通过Imageproplus软件对γ′相的尺寸和体积分数进行测量。
使用显微硬度计(HV-1000STN)在薄板表面和心部分别进行硬度测试,测试多个硬度点并取平均值,载荷为4.903 N,保压15 s。每个薄壁结构取三个拉伸试样,如图2所示,并使用INSTRON电子万能试验机(量程100 kN)进行室温拉伸,拉伸速率为1.2 mm/min(应变速率为0.0004 s−1)。
采用ProCAST模拟软件完成数值建模和计算,获取铸件充型凝固时的温度梯度和冷却速率等参数,对铸件微观组织和力学性能演化进行理论分析。
利用蔡司金相显微镜(Axio Imager 2)拍摄的试样枝晶形貌如图3图4所示。
根据经典的Kurz-Fisher模型[16],二次枝晶臂间距λ2的计算公式为:
$ {\lambda }_{2}=\beta {C}_{\mathrm{R}}^{-\frac{1}{3}} $
式中:$ \beta $是与合金成分及扩散系数相关的常量;$ {C}_{\rm R} $为冷却速率。
测得铸件不同位置的SDAS如表2所示。薄壁铸件的冷却速率较高,SDAS较小,无法满足三次枝晶的生长,从图3图4的金相结果中可以看出两个铸件均未出现三次枝晶。由于冷却速率随着壁厚增大而降低,铸件C1整体冷却速率要低于铸件C2。随着壁厚的增加,C1和C2的SDAS均随之增大;对于同一铸件相同壁厚的薄壁结构,表面的SDAS小于心部;不同铸件相同壁厚时,铸件C1的SDAS要大于铸件C2。另外能够明显地看出在铸件C2中出现了更多疏松,心部位置及较厚薄板也相对更容易出现疏松,这是因为更高的冷却速率使得金属液快速凝固,内部的补缩通道过早关闭,熔体之间因无法获得足够补缩而出现疏松缺陷。由表2中的二次枝晶壁间距SDAS结果可知,在900 ℃砂箱中浇注的铸件C1,其1.25 mm和1.5 mm厚度薄板表面的SDAS,相较于1 mm厚度薄板分别增加了63.9%和116.5%,心部SDAS分别增加了29.9%和115.0%。而25 ℃砂箱浇注的铸件C2的SDAS也具有类似变化规律,但在相同臂厚和位置处,铸件C2的SDAS要小于C1
图5为两个铸件不同壁厚薄板表面的EBSD图。铸件表面晶粒尺寸分布不均,在较大尺寸的晶粒之间分布着许多细小的晶粒,随着壁厚的增加,晶粒尺寸分布逐渐均匀化,同时C2的细小晶粒占比更大。另外随着壁厚的增加,铸件表面的晶粒尺寸随之增加。对于C1,1 mm薄壁表面平均晶粒尺寸为345.1 μm,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁分别为430.4 μm(增大24.7%)和554.0 μm(增大60.5%);对于C2,1 mm薄壁表面平均晶粒尺寸为113.6 μm,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁则分别为171.0 μm(增大50.5%)和332.8 μm(增大93.0%)。对于C2,板厚的变化对晶粒尺寸的影响更加明显。另外由于C2是常温砂箱保温冷却,相较于C1的900 ℃砂箱保温有更大的冷却速率,因此在同一壁厚薄板下,C2有着更为细密的晶粒分布和更小的晶粒尺寸,具体表现为1 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸减小了67.1%,1.25 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸减少了30.3%,1.5 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸减少了40.0%。由此可见,冷却条件的变化对更薄的位置影响更大。
图6为两个铸件不同壁厚薄壁心部的EBSD图。晶粒形态分布规律均为薄壁表面分布着柱状晶,心部分布着等轴晶。但两个铸件在两种晶粒形态的分布面积分数则所有不同,明显看出C2在中心位置的等轴晶尺寸更小,两侧表面生长的柱状晶挤占了等轴晶的生长空间。在平均晶粒尺寸上,C1的1 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸为183.3 μm,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸分别为245.9 μm和247.6 μm,增加了34.2%和35.1%;C2的1 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸为121.3 μm,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸分别为162.7 μm和212.7 μm,增加了34.1%和75.0%。C2与C1相比在1 mm和1.5 mm薄壁平均晶粒尺寸分别减小了33.8%、33.7%和14.1%。虽然C2在三个厚度薄壁壁厚方向上同样有着更小的晶粒尺寸,与表面位置规律相同,但是差距却在减小。由此可以看出C2从表面到心部,平均晶粒尺寸分布较C1更为均匀。这是因为在快速冷却下,短时间内整个薄壁均可达到较大过冷度,形成大量晶核,晶核彼此之间的生长会被相邻晶粒抑制,从而使晶粒尺寸更加均匀。
铸件不同位置的平均晶粒尺寸如表3所示,分析壁厚对晶粒尺寸在铸件表面和心部差异的影响,结果表明,C1在1、1.25、1.5 mm薄壁的差异分别为46.9%、42.9%、55.3%;C2的1、1.25、1.5 mm薄壁差异分别为6.4%、4.8%、46.1%。两个铸件有着相同的变化规律,即随着壁厚的增加,表面与心部在晶粒尺寸上差异更大。这是由于壁厚较薄时,表面与心部的温度梯度较小,进入过冷状态的时间接近,也导致形核密度区域一致,晶粒尺寸差异小,反观较大的壁厚,其表面和心部温度梯度大,表面会更早进入过冷状态,以及更大的冷却速率,使得表面有更大的形核率和生长时间,与心部位置的晶粒尺寸差异相应增大。
K439B镍基高温合金是以γ相为基体,γ′相作为弥散强化相的高温合金。在其铸态组织中会出现γ基体相、γ′强化相、晶界间链状MC碳化物、晶内块状MC碳化物,晶界处颗粒状的M23C6 碳化物以及枝晶间的γ/γ′共晶组织等。γ′相作为合金最主要的强化相,其尺寸和体积分数是影响合金性能的重要因素,需要分析不同铸造工艺条件对γ′的影响。虽然之后的热处理及时效处理会引起γ′相的变化,但是国内研究学者发现,铸态合金 γ′相的尺寸及体积分数较大时,经过热处理的合金中γ′相的尺寸和体积分数仍然较大[17],因此铸态状态下γ′相尺寸和体积分数是后续热处理的重要前提数据。图7图8分别是C1和C2各部分的γ′相SEM图。C1和C2各部分γ′相尺寸及体积分数分别如图9表4所示。
张雷雷[18]通过相图热力学计算获知,γ′相会从600~1080 ℃开始析出,发生γ → γ′转变,在887 ℃时,MC会和γ退化反应转化成γ′和M23C6,即MC+γ→M23C6 + γ′。这意味着在相变温度区间的时间越久,γ′相就越有足够时间析出并长大,从而出现γ′尺寸和体积分数增大。在相同壁厚情况下,900 ℃砂箱保温的铸件C1会比25 ℃砂箱的铸件C2具有更大的γ′相尺寸和体积分数,这与文献[18]的分析结论相符。另外根据相变原理,γ′相形核的临界半径rc和临界形核功$ \mathrm{\Delta }{G}_{\mathrm{c}} $[19]
$ {r}_{\rm c}=\frac{2p}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mu } $
$ \Delta {G}_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{16\mathrm{\pi }{p}^{3}}{3{\mathrm{\Delta }\mu }^{2}} $
$ \Delta \mu \propto \Delta T $
$ \Delta \mu \propto \Delta c $
式中:$ p $为单位面积的γ/γ′相界面自由能;$ \mathrm{\Delta }\mu $为过饱和度;$ \mathrm{\Delta }T $为过冷度;$ \mathrm{\Delta }c $为溶质过饱和度。当$ \mathrm{\Delta }\mu $越大时,γ′相临界半径越小,且长大速率越高。另外,薄壁铸件由表面向心部逐渐凝固,Al、Ti等γ′相形成元素在心部富集,后凝固的心部位置$ \mathrm{\Delta }c $更大,利于γ′相形核与增长。但是铸件表面的冷却速率高于心部,更高的冷却速率意味着过冷度$ \mathrm{\Delta }T $更大,造成更大的形核密度与增长速率,此时冷却速率大,利于γ′相形成。卢毓华等[17]研究不同冷却速率下GH4096高温合金中γ′相析出行为,结果表明在较高冷却速率下GH4096高温合金的一次γ′相的尺寸和面积分数增加。
在相同溶质过饱和度的情况下,一定的冷却速率范围内,随着冷却速率的增大,γ′相的尺寸和体积分数会出现先降低后增大的趋势,存在一个转折点。但心部与表面的溶质过饱和度不同,从实验结果分析,铸件表面位置的转折点对应的冷却速率会更低。综合以上原因,铸件C1和C2不同壁厚薄板表面和心部出现了如图9所示的曲线规律。
表5为铸件各位置硬度测试数据。对于C1,随着壁厚的增加,表面位置的硬度相应减小,由前文可知随着壁厚的增加,表面处的SDAS和晶粒尺寸随之增大,虽然γ′相的尺寸在增大,但是由于SDAS和晶粒尺寸变化更为明显,影响也更大,从而表现为硬度随壁厚增大而减小。其心部位置处的硬度随壁厚增加而轻微增大,这是因为此时SDAS和晶粒尺寸在不同壁厚之间的差距减少,叠加γ′相的变化,此消彼长后就表现在硬度随壁厚变化微小。
对于C2,由于更高的冷却速率,SDAS和晶粒尺寸比较小,变成影响硬度的主要因素,随着壁厚增大,SDAS和晶粒尺寸减少,硬度也就随之减少,表面和心部的硬度变化均符合该规律。同一壁厚的情况下,C1的表面和心部硬度普遍比C2的小。
表6为铸件各厚度薄板抗拉强度数据,图10为对应的室温拉伸曲线。图11为铸件C2的1 mm和1.25 mm拉伸试样的SEM断口形貌。对于C1,1 mm薄壁的抗拉强度为1100.5 MPa,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁的抗拉强度分别减少至993.0 MPa和1017.3 MPa,材料的塑性也随之降低。随着壁厚的增加,晶粒尺寸相应增大,降低了材料的塑性和强度,但是其γ′相的尺寸也在随之增大,起到了阻碍位错运动,增加材料强度的作用。此外,根据文献[18]的相变:γ+MC→γ′+M23C6,在γ′相尺寸增大的同时,伴随着晶界处颗粒状的M23C6析出,对位错运动同样起到钉扎的作用,阻碍晶界变形,从而提高室温下的材料抗拉强度,因此表现为材料的塑性随着壁厚增大降低,但是强度随着壁厚的增大先降低后增大的趋势。对于C2,薄板试样的抗拉强度和塑性则表现出相反的趋势,其1 mm薄壁的抗拉强度为981.2 MPa,1.25 mm和1.5 mm薄壁的抗拉强度分别增加至1044.0 MPa和1171.0 MPa,且试样的塑性也随之略有增加。在与C1同一壁厚的情况下,其γ′相的尺寸相对较小,γ′相和M23C6对合金的强化作用也相对较小,另外C2有着更小的晶粒尺寸,可增大其抗拉强度和塑性,但是C2具有更大的冷却速度,其薄壁凝固时间更短,难以补缩,容易在薄壁内部形成疏松,造成应力集中,使得材料常温下抗拉强度和塑性明显下降,且壁厚越薄,疏松缺陷会越严重。综合以上原因,C2的室温抗拉强度和塑性表现为随着壁厚的增加而不断增加。
为进一步解释上述实验结果,通过ProCAST模拟软件建立数值模型,如图1(c)所示。模拟得到C1和C2在薄板充型完成时的温度云图,分别如图12图13所示,可以看出两个铸件在薄壁部分充型完成时的温度均高于液相线,铸件能够完成充满,但不同的是,C2在充型完成时,其薄板平面沿浇注方向有着更大的温度梯度,且最低温度也要普遍低于C1相同壁厚的薄板。
另外在各铸件薄壁的心部和表面随机取10个点,求平均值后获得平均冷却速率如表7所示。各处冷却速率表现为:铸件C1的1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm厚度薄板的冷却速率范围分别为26.4~28.2 ℃/s、24.3~27.8 ℃/s和16.0~17.6 ℃/s;铸件C2相应范围分别为54.6~58.5 ℃/s、41.2~47.1 ℃/s和26.2~31.0 ℃/s。对于C1和C2,壁厚由1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm依次增大时,其冷却速率相应减小。与2.1节中实验测得的SDAS和晶粒尺寸变化趋势基本一致。其中二次枝晶间距与温度梯度的关系也基本符合Kurz-Fisher模型公式。
(1)在900 ℃砂箱中浇注的铸件C1,其1.25 mm和1.5 mm厚度薄板表面的SDAS,相较于1 mm厚度薄板分别增加了63.9%和116.5%,心部SDAS分别增加了29.9%和115.0%;而25 ℃砂箱浇注的铸件C2的SDAS也具有类似变化规律,但在相同壁厚和位置处,铸件C2的SDAS要小于C1。γ′相的尺寸和体积分数受相变温度区间时长、过冷度和溶质过饱和度等多因素影响,其中铸件C1,随壁厚增大其表面和心部γ′相尺寸均逐渐增大;对于铸件C2,薄板表面γ′相尺寸随壁厚增加而减小,心部γ′相尺寸随壁厚增加而增大。
(2)铸件表面硬度同时受到晶粒尺寸、SDAS和γ′相尺寸及体积分数影响。晶粒尺寸越高、SDAS越小,γ′相尺寸及体积分数越高,硬度会越高。对于抗拉强度,除了受微观组织影响,疏松类缺陷也会产生影响。铸件C1的1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm厚度薄板抗拉强度分别为1100.5、993.0 MPa和1017.3 MPa;铸件C2的三种厚度薄板抗拉强度分别为981.2、1044.0 MPa和1171.0 MPa,其1 mm厚度薄板虽然有更高硬度、更小的晶粒尺寸和SDAS,却因为疏松带来的应力集中,使得抗拉强度和塑性明显下降。
(3)铸件C1的1、1.25 mm和1.5 mm厚度薄板的冷却速率范围分别为26.4~28.2、24.3~27.8 ℃/s和16.0~17.6 ℃/s;铸件C2相应范围分别为54.6~58.5、41.2~47.1 ℃/s和26.2~31.0 ℃/s。并且,冷却速率更高,对应铸件薄壁处的晶粒尺寸和SDAS越小。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000064
  • 接收时间:2025-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-14
  • 录用日期:2025-05-23
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作者信息
    1上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 塑性成形技术与装备研究院,上海 200030
    2上海交通大学 材料科学与工程学院 上海市先进高温材料及其精密成形重点实验室,上海 200240

通讯作者:

隋大山(1972—),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造数值建模与工艺优化,联系地址:上海市华山路1954号上海交通大学材料科学与工程学院塑性成形技术与装备研究院(200030),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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