Article(id=1249065618352317316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750608000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1753804800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-30, onlineDate=1775730049931, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730049931, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730049931, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730049931, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=150, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065618599781261, articleId=1249065618352317316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Effect of grain refinement on the stress rupture property of K447A alloy, columnId=1249065616670396851, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Grain refinement can effectively enhance mechanical properties of materials at low and medium temperatures, however, it may weaken the stress rupture property above the equicohesive temperature. To study the effect of grain refinement on the stress rupture property of K447A alloy, the microstructure evolutions of alloys with three grain sizes and their corresponding stress rupture mechanisms under the conditions of 760 ℃/724 MPa, 815 ℃/600 MPa, 870 ℃/365 MPa and 980 ℃/210 MPa are investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results show that the equicohesive temperature of K447A alloy lies between 815 ℃ and 870 ℃. Grain refinement shows a temperature-dependent effect on the stress rupture life of K447A alloy. At 760 ℃/724 MPa, as the grain size decreases from 5.0 mm to 1.3 mm and then to 58 μm, the stress rupture life of K447A alloy increases from 83 h to 115 h and further to 194 h, respectively. At 815 ℃/600 MPa, the stress rupture life increases from 31 h to 84 h, as the grain size decreases, and then slightly drops to 76 h. At 870 ℃/365 MPa and 980 ℃/210 MPa, the stress rupture life shows a monotonic decreases with grain refinement. Therefore, grain refinement serves as an effective technology to improve the stress rupture property of K447A alloy below 870 ℃.The stress rupture process is dominated by intragranular deformation below 815 ℃, and grain refinement mainly extends the stress rupture life by shortening the slip band length and increasing the volume fraction of γ′ phase. Above 870 ℃, grain boundary sliding dominates the stress rupture process. The deterioration of the stress rupture property due to grain refinement can be attributed to the severe grain boundary slip at high temperatures, grain boundary oxidation and the formation of brittle AlN and a low-strength precipitation free zone(PFZ).

, correspAuthors=Chengbo XIAO, Jinshan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pinpin HU, Ning DING, Yue WANG, Yanjia LI, Mingjun ZHANG, Chengbo XIAO, Jinshan HE, Xitao WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065622143968206, articleId=1249065618352317316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=晶粒细化对K447A合金持久性能的影响, columnId=1249065616850751931, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

晶粒细化是提高合金中低温性能的有效手段,但在等强温度以上可能会损伤高温持久性能。本工作结合扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析研究K447A合金显微组织演化及持久断裂机制,并讨论K447A合金在760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa、870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下晶粒细化对持久性能的影响。结果表明,K447A合金持久等强温度介于815~870 ℃,晶粒细化对K447A合金持久寿命的影响具有明显的温度依赖性。在760 ℃/724 MPa条件下,随着晶粒尺寸从5.0 mm分别减小至1.3 mm和58 μm,K447A合金持久寿命从83 h分别提高至115 h和194 h;在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,随着晶粒细化,持久寿命先从31 h增加至84 h,之后略降至76 h;在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下,随着晶粒细化,持久寿命逐步减小。因此,晶粒细化是改善K447A合金在870 ℃以下持久性能的有效技术手段。K447A合金持久变形在815 ℃以下以晶内变形为主,晶粒细化主要通过限制滑移带长度和提高γ′相体积分数延长持久寿命;在870 ℃以上K447A合金持久变形以晶界滑移为主,晶粒细化对持久性能的劣化归因于高温晶界滑移加剧、氧化及由此导致的脆性AlN及低强度贫化区。

, correspAuthors=肖程波, 何金珊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
肖程波(1970—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造技术,联系地址:北京81号信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
何金珊(1989—),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向为先进能源用钢及高温合金服役损伤行为,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学(100083),E-mail:
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MPa;(4)980 ℃/210 MPa, figureFileSmall=rfgyYrpn/7EnwX68coRbew==, figureFileBig=5naGms51dA1UXzzddnf5yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631073640742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Stress rupture surface morphologies of K447 alloy under different conditions (a)CC sample;(b)FG sample;(c)MG sample;(1)760 ℃/724 MPa;(2)815 ℃/600 MPa;(3)870 ℃/365 MPa;(4)980 ℃/210 MPa, figureFileSmall=dTZrp45Nz7/RWADorqVAwQ==, figureFileBig=ZqZDhyQ9msgZX/7RaCy5SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631153332521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=图6, caption=K447A合金不同条件下持久断口形貌 (a)CC试样;(b)FG试样;(c)MG试样;(1)760 ℃/724 MPa;(2)815 ℃/600 MPa;(3)870 ℃/365 MPa;(4)980 ℃/210 MPa, figureFileSmall=dTZrp45Nz7/RWADorqVAwQ==, figureFileBig=ZqZDhyQ9msgZX/7RaCy5SA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631304327471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Microstructures of oxidation cracks in MG sample after stress rupture under different conditions (a)760 ℃/724 MPa;(b)815 ℃/600 MPa;(c)870 ℃/365 MPa;(d)980 ℃/210 MPa, figureFileSmall=MZGI1RIiESDmU8QdN2NVaw==, figureFileBig=zgiINZPFHEyiLelgE1Ha6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631430156597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MG试样不同条件下持久断裂后氧化裂纹显微组织 (a)760 ℃/724 MPa;(b)815 ℃/600 MPa;(c)870 ℃/365 MPa;(d)980 ℃/210 MPa, figureFileSmall=MZGI1RIiESDmU8QdN2NVaw==, figureFileBig=zgiINZPFHEyiLelgE1Ha6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631560180027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=EDS analysis at oxidation cracks in MG sample under different conditions of815 ℃/600 MPa(a) and 980 ℃/210 MPa(b), figureFileSmall=87V/kzQt5qAV15iLUmV9TQ==, figureFileBig=nQ9XQIsh3f0F6fNAqEDH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631669231938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=图8, caption=MG试样分别在815 ℃/600 MPa(a)和980 ℃/210 MPa(b)条件下氧化裂纹处能谱仪分析, figureFileSmall=87V/kzQt5qAV15iLUmV9TQ==, figureFileBig=nQ9XQIsh3f0F6fNAqEDH5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065631769895239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of K447A alloy(mass fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlTiCoCrTaWMoHfCBZrNi
5.41.210.18.53.0410.10.83.20.150.0150.055Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1249065631887335756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

K447A合金化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlTiCoCrTaWMoHfCBZrNi
5.41.210.18.53.0410.10.83.20.150.0150.055Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632004776274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Quantitative statistics of microstructures in K447A alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleAverage grain size/mmVolume fraction of
γ/γ′ eutectic/%
Volume fraction of
γ′ phase/%
Average size of
primary γ′ phase/nm
Average size of
secondary γ′ phase/nm
CC5.0±1.12.1±0.434.4±1.9724±35172±16
FG1.3±0.41.9±0.545.7±2.9703±27164±14
MG0.058±0.0171.8±2.452.1±2.4665±21115±8
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632101245273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

K447A合金的显微组织定量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleAverage grain size/mmVolume fraction of
γ/γ′ eutectic/%
Volume fraction of
γ′ phase/%
Average size of
primary γ′ phase/nm
Average size of
secondary γ′ phase/nm
CC5.0±1.12.1±0.434.4±1.9724±35172±16
FG1.3±0.41.9±0.545.7±2.9703±27164±14
MG0.058±0.0171.8±2.452.1±2.4665±21115±8
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632185131359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Composition analysis of PFZ and original γ matrix[11](atom fraction/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PositionNOAlTiCrCoMoHfTaWNi
PFZ-Pt.12.522.940.850.516.7210.220.450.360.553.2371.65
PFZ-Pt.22.473.160.460.586.5610.100.380.330.763.1072.10
Original γ[11]0.000.007.570.8510.2514.780.470.371.484.9059.33
), ArticleFig(id=1249065632277406052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065618352317316, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PFZ及原始γ基体成分分析[11](原子分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PositionNOAlTiCrCoMoHfTaWNi
PFZ-Pt.12.522.940.850.516.7210.220.450.360.553.2371.65
PFZ-Pt.22.473.160.460.586.5610.100.380.330.763.1072.10
Original γ[11]0.000.007.570.8510.2514.780.470.371.484.9059.33
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晶粒细化对K447A合金持久性能的影响
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胡聘聘 1 , 丁宁 2 , 王越 3 , 李妍佳 1 , 张明军 1 , 肖程波 1, * , 何金珊 3, * , 王西涛 3, 4
航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 150-160
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航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 150-160
晶粒细化对K447A合金持久性能的影响
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胡聘聘1, 丁宁2, 王越3, 李妍佳1, 张明军1, 肖程波1, * , 何金珊3, * , 王西涛3, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095
  • 2空军驻北京地区第六军事代表室,北京 100013
  • 3北京科技大学 钢铁共性技术协同创新中心,北京 100083
  • 4钢研国际新材料创新中心(深圳)有限公司,广东 深圳 518045

通讯作者:

肖程波(1970—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造技术,联系地址:北京81号信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
何金珊(1989—),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向为先进能源用钢及高温合金服役损伤行为,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学(100083),E-mail:
Effect of grain refinement on the stress rupture property of K447A alloy
Pinpin HU1, Ning DING2, Yue WANG3, Yanjia LI1, Mingjun ZHANG1, Chengbo XIAO1, * , Jinshan HE3, * , Xitao WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory,AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
  • 2The Sixth Military Representative Office of the Airborne Equipment Department in Beijing,Beijing 100013,China
  • 3Collaborative Innovation Center of Steel Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • 4CISRI International Advanced Materials Innovation Center(Shenzhen) Co.,Ltd.,Shenzhen 518045,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113
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晶粒细化是提高合金中低温性能的有效手段,但在等强温度以上可能会损伤高温持久性能。本工作结合扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析研究K447A合金显微组织演化及持久断裂机制,并讨论K447A合金在760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa、870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下晶粒细化对持久性能的影响。结果表明,K447A合金持久等强温度介于815~870 ℃,晶粒细化对K447A合金持久寿命的影响具有明显的温度依赖性。在760 ℃/724 MPa条件下,随着晶粒尺寸从5.0 mm分别减小至1.3 mm和58 μm,K447A合金持久寿命从83 h分别提高至115 h和194 h;在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,随着晶粒细化,持久寿命先从31 h增加至84 h,之后略降至76 h;在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下,随着晶粒细化,持久寿命逐步减小。因此,晶粒细化是改善K447A合金在870 ℃以下持久性能的有效技术手段。K447A合金持久变形在815 ℃以下以晶内变形为主,晶粒细化主要通过限制滑移带长度和提高γ′相体积分数延长持久寿命;在870 ℃以上K447A合金持久变形以晶界滑移为主,晶粒细化对持久性能的劣化归因于高温晶界滑移加剧、氧化及由此导致的脆性AlN及低强度贫化区。

K447A合金  /  晶粒细化  /  等强温度  /  显微组织  /  持久性能  /  断裂机制

Grain refinement can effectively enhance mechanical properties of materials at low and medium temperatures, however, it may weaken the stress rupture property above the equicohesive temperature. To study the effect of grain refinement on the stress rupture property of K447A alloy, the microstructure evolutions of alloys with three grain sizes and their corresponding stress rupture mechanisms under the conditions of 760 ℃/724 MPa, 815 ℃/600 MPa, 870 ℃/365 MPa and 980 ℃/210 MPa are investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). The results show that the equicohesive temperature of K447A alloy lies between 815 ℃ and 870 ℃. Grain refinement shows a temperature-dependent effect on the stress rupture life of K447A alloy. At 760 ℃/724 MPa, as the grain size decreases from 5.0 mm to 1.3 mm and then to 58 μm, the stress rupture life of K447A alloy increases from 83 h to 115 h and further to 194 h, respectively. At 815 ℃/600 MPa, the stress rupture life increases from 31 h to 84 h, as the grain size decreases, and then slightly drops to 76 h. At 870 ℃/365 MPa and 980 ℃/210 MPa, the stress rupture life shows a monotonic decreases with grain refinement. Therefore, grain refinement serves as an effective technology to improve the stress rupture property of K447A alloy below 870 ℃.The stress rupture process is dominated by intragranular deformation below 815 ℃, and grain refinement mainly extends the stress rupture life by shortening the slip band length and increasing the volume fraction of γ′ phase. Above 870 ℃, grain boundary sliding dominates the stress rupture process. The deterioration of the stress rupture property due to grain refinement can be attributed to the severe grain boundary slip at high temperatures, grain boundary oxidation and the formation of brittle AlN and a low-strength precipitation free zone(PFZ).

K447A alloy  /  grain refinement  /  equicohesive temperature  /  microstructure  /  stress rupture property  /  fracture mechanism
胡聘聘, 丁宁, 王越, 李妍佳, 张明军, 肖程波, 何金珊, 王西涛. 晶粒细化对K447A合金持久性能的影响. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 150 -160 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113
Pinpin HU, Ning DING, Yue WANG, Yanjia LI, Mingjun ZHANG, Chengbo XIAO, Jinshan HE, Xitao WANG. Effect of grain refinement on the stress rupture property of K447A alloy[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 150 -160 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113
整体铸造叶盘因工艺流程短、成本低等优点,已广泛应用于小型航空发动机领域[1-2]。普通熔模铸造工艺生产的整体叶盘通常具有毫米级的粗大晶粒,会造成合金力学性能下降,是限制其应用的关键因素之一[3-4]。晶粒细化可以改善等轴晶合金力学性能,是延长构件服役寿命的有效手段[5-10]。1983年,美国Howmet公司开发Grainex动力学细晶工艺(GX®),并将其应用于MAR-M247及IN718合金,使晶粒尺寸减小至0.12~1.25 mm[8]。次年,Microcast动力学细晶工艺(MX®)问世,由此浇铸GMR235及IN713合金晶粒尺寸降低至0.065~0.125 mm,其性能与锻造合金相当[9]。然而,MX®技术的细节及应用因技术封锁而鲜有报道。我国对高温合金动力学细晶工艺的研究开始于“八五”计划期间,北京航空材料研究所(现为中国航发北京航空材料研究院,以下简称航材院)研发国内第一台铸型搅动法细晶铸造设备,将K418合金晶粒度细化至ASTM E112-2013 M11~3级,疲劳寿命提高3倍以上[10]。近年来,航材院展开对第二代动力学细晶工艺的研发工作,将其命名为微晶铸造工艺[5]
晶粒细化对中低温性能的提升作用已被广泛认可[5-711]。Wang等[12]在K4169合金研究中发现,随着晶粒尺寸从4.0 mm减小至61 μm,合金在−196 ℃和23 ℃屈服强度分别提高221 MPa和228 MPa。Du等[13]通过将K417G合金晶粒尺寸从2.5 mm减小至75 μm,使室温抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高199 MPa和110 MPa;700 ℃抗拉强度和屈服强度均增加约75 MPa。Liu等[14]通过将K4169合金的晶粒尺寸从5 mm细化至61 μm,使室温低周疲劳寿命提高2倍以上。然而,随着加载温度提高,晶粒细化对合金力学性能的提升作用逐渐减弱,甚至会劣化合金高温性能[15]。随着实验温度从700 ℃提高至900 ℃,晶粒细化对IN792合金疲劳极限的提高幅度逐渐降低,从214 MPa减小至36 MPa[16]。都贝宁等[3]发现在950 ℃/235 MPa条件下,K417G合金蠕变性能随晶粒细化降低,这是因为随着温度升高,晶界强度的下降速率要高于晶内强度;当晶界强度与晶内强度相等,此时温度为该材料的等强温度(equicohesive temperature,ET)。随着温度继续升高至等强温度以上,K417G合金在950 ℃时晶内强度大于晶界强度,晶粒细化加剧高温晶界滑移,使蠕变性能劣化。
整体叶盘在长期服役过程中因受离心力作用,通常处于中高温应力断裂条件[17]。其中,盘体部分承受中等温度和较高应力,而叶片部分则承受较高热负荷和相对较低应力。因此,有必要研究不同条件下晶粒细化对持久性能的影响,获得合金等强温度范围,明确不同晶粒细化工艺最佳适用温度范围。本工作分别通过普通、细晶和微晶铸造工艺制备具有3种不同晶粒尺寸的K447A合金,对760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa、870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下显微组织演化和持久断裂机制进行系统分析,以明确不同条件下晶粒细化对K447A合金持久性能的影响机理,为K447A合金整体细晶叶盘的工程应用提供指导。
本工作所用实验材料为K447A等轴晶铸造高温合金,其化学成分见表1。在真空感应炉重熔母合金后,分别采用普通、细晶和微晶铸造工艺浇铸成3种不同晶粒尺寸的试棒,并进行1185 ℃保温2 h,空冷+870 ℃保温20 h,空冷的热处理。
完全热处理后,将试棒分别按图1所示尺寸进行加工,按照HB5150—1996标准,采用SATEC M3型高温蠕变-持久试验机进行760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa、870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久性能测试。不同条件下,每种铸造工艺各取3支试样进行平行实验,实验结果取平均值。
分别将原始和持久断裂后的试样沿应力方向进行线切割,并对剖面进行打磨和抛光,用成分为1 mL HF+33 mL CH3COOH+33 mL HNO3+33 mL H2O的腐蚀液进行腐蚀,用成分为10% HClO4+90% C2H5OH(体积分数)的电解液进行电解抛光,电解电压、电流和时间分别为15 V、1 A和10 s。采用Zeiss Imager. M2M型光学显微镜(optical microscope,OM)、Shimadzu 1720H型电子探针显微分析(electron probe microanalysis,EPMA)及装有能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)和Symmetry S2型背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,EBSD)探头的Zeiss Gemini 450型场发射扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)进行显微组织演变及持久断口分析。晶粒尺寸采用等效圆法,利用EBSD进行连拍统计,总扫描区域为5 mm×10 mm,扫描步长为10 μm。枝晶偏析系数$ {K}_{i} $定义为:
$ K_i=C_{\mathrm{dendrite}}^i/C_{\mathrm{interdendrite}}^i $
式中:$ C_{\mathrm{dendrite}}^i $$ C_{\mathrm{interdendrite}}^i $分别为元素$ i $在枝晶干和枝晶间的浓度。利用EPMA对每种试样分别选取5个枝晶干和枝晶间典型区域进行成分测定,$ {K}_{i} $值越接近1,表示该元素在枝晶干和枝晶间分布越均匀。γ/γ′共晶组织体积分数采用网格法统计:在50倍视场下随机拍摄5张枝晶组织的OM图片并划分网格,格点刚好落在γ/γ′共晶组织的内部计数为1,落在共晶边界上计为0.5,落在共晶以外区域计为0,由此得到的落在γ/γ′共晶组织的格点数与总格点数之比为γ/γ′共晶组织体积分数。γ′相尺寸及体积分数采用面积法进行统计:在5000倍视场下随机拍摄5张枝晶干处γ′相形貌的SEM图片,对其进行二值化(黑白化)处理后,采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件对γ′相尺寸及体积分数进行定量统计。
将普通、细晶和微晶铸造试样分别标记为CC、FG和MG,其平均晶粒尺寸如表2所示。结合图2(a-1)~(c-1)中宏观晶粒形貌可知,CC试样具有粗大的毫米级晶粒,平均尺寸高达5.0 mm;FG试样平均晶粒尺寸为1.3 mm,相比CC试样减少74%;MG试样则具有微米级晶粒,平均尺寸为58 μm,相比FG试样减小96%。
图2(a-2)~(c-2)和(a-3)~(c-3)分别为不同铸造工艺K447A合金晶粒内部显微组织形貌。图2(a-2)~(c-2)可见,CC及FG试样均具有明显的枝晶组织,且枝晶间分布着大块葵花状γ/γ′共晶组织,体积分数分别为2.1%和1.9%。随着晶粒细化,枝晶组织逐渐细化。在MG试样中,枝晶特征已不明显,γ/γ′共晶组织呈链状沿晶界分布,体积分数约为1.8%。如图2(a-3)~(c-3)所示,3种试样强化相均为椭球状一次γ′相和立方状二次γ′相。随着晶粒细化,γ′相总体积分数从CC试样34.4%增加至FG试样45.7%和MG试样52.1%,平均尺寸也逐渐减小。这主要是由于晶粒细化压缩枝晶生长空间,减小溶质扩散距离,进而减弱成分偏析[1118],如图3所示。
图4为760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa、870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa 4种条件下CC、FG和MG试样持久寿命。可见,晶粒细化对K447A合金持久寿命的影响具有明显的温度依赖性。
在760 ℃/724 MPa条件下,K447A合金持久寿命随着晶粒细化而单调增加,从CC试样83 h逐步增加至FG试样115 h和MG试样194 h。该条件下,晶粒最细小的MG试样具有最佳持久性能。在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,晶粒尺寸由CC试样5.0 mm减小到FG试样1.3 mm时,K447A合金持久寿命从31 h增加至84 h,提高170%;但随着晶粒尺寸进一步减小至MG试样58 μm,合金持久寿命由84 h降低至76 h。该条件下,随着晶粒细化,合金持久寿命先增加后减少,具有中等晶粒尺寸的FG试样持久性能最优。当温度进一步升高到870 ℃和980 ℃时,晶粒细化会劣化K447A合金持久性能,晶粒最粗大的CC试样持久性能最好。随着晶粒尺寸从CC试样5.0 mm减小至MG试样58 μm,870 ℃/365 MPa条件下持久寿命从285 h降低至172 h,980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久寿命从72 h降低至29 h,分别缩短40%和60%。
对不同条件下CC、FG和MG试样的持久纵截面及断口进行显微组织表征,分别如图5图6所示,通过分析断口形貌、变形过程及二次裂纹特征确定K447A合金持久断裂机制。
CC试样在760 ℃/724 MPa、815 ℃/600 MPa和870 ℃/365 MPa条件下持久纵截面显微组织分别如图5(a-1)~(a-3)所示,试样表面、晶界及枝晶间均未观察到二次裂纹,晶粒内部有大量滑移带剪切γ′相。这说明,3种条件下,CC试样的塑性变形主要集中于晶粒内部滑移带上[18]。值得注意的是,图5(a-3)中晶界附近也观察到微裂纹及微孔,如黑色箭头所示。这说明在870 ℃/365 MPa条件下,CC试样的塑性应变开始向晶界集中。随着温度进一步升高,如图5(a-4)所示,在980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久断裂后,CC试样枝晶间区域产生二次裂纹,晶粒内部并未观察到滑移带。此外,在图5(a-4)局部放大图中观察到沿着晶界分布的微孔及局部开裂的晶界。图6(a-1)~(a-4)分别为CC试样在4种条件下断裂后宏观断口形貌,可见清晰的枝晶组织,这表明CC试样持久裂纹倾向于沿着枝晶组织开裂,各条件下均存在穿晶断裂。此外,结合图5中纵截面二次裂纹的分析可知,在760 ℃/724 MPa及815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,CC试样无晶界开裂现象;而在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下,有少量晶界孔洞及晶界裂纹产生。这说明CC试样在760 ℃/724 MPa及815 ℃/600 MPa条件下表现为穿晶断裂,在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下表现为以穿晶扩展为主的穿晶沿晶混合断裂。
FG试样在760 ℃/724 MPa和815 ℃/600 MPa条件下持久纵截面分别如图5(b-1)和(b-2)所示,图中未观察到二次裂纹,晶粒内部有滑移带剪切γ′相,说明变形主要集中在晶粒内部滑移带上。在870 ℃/365 MPa条件下持久断裂后,FG试样中观察不到滑移带,枝晶间区域产生大量二次裂纹,开始有沿晶界分布的孔洞及晶界裂纹萌生,如图5(b-3)所示。当温度进一步升高,980 ℃/210 MPa条件下FG试样持久断裂后二次裂纹数量相比于870 ℃/365 MPa条件下明显增多,晶界开裂加剧,裂纹深度达2.4 mm,远大于相同条件下CC试样。图6(b-1)~(b-4)为FG试样不同条件持久断裂后断口宏观断口形貌,断口可见明显枝晶形貌,说明各条件下均存在穿晶断裂。结合图5(b-1)~(b-4)二次裂纹表征可知,FG试样仅在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa持久条件下有晶界裂纹产生。这说明FG试样在760 ℃/724 MPa及815 ℃/600 MPa持久条件下为单一穿晶断裂,而在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa持久条件下为穿晶沿晶混合断裂,且穿晶断裂占主导地位。
MG试样在760 ℃/724 MPa和815 ℃/600 MPa条件下持久断口纵截面分别如图5(c-1)和(c-2)所示。与CC和FG试样类似,晶粒内部同样观察到多处滑移带剪切γ′相,并留下图5(c-2)中黑色箭头所示的剪切台阶。这表明应变主要由晶粒内部滑移带承担。不同的是,MG试样表面有多处晶界裂纹,但因数量较少,MG试样仍以穿晶为主断裂。在870 ℃/365 MPa条件下持久断裂后,MG试样无滑移带形成,且萌生大量表面晶界二次裂纹及沿晶界分布的孔洞,数量及尺寸远大于相同条件下FG试样。当温度升高,MG试样在980 ℃/210 MPa条件断裂后晶界开裂相比于870 ℃/365 MPa条件进一步加剧,甚至样品内部也萌生大量晶界裂纹及孔洞,而鲜少观察到晶内裂纹,持久断口呈海绵状,可见多处晶界裂纹,如图6(c-3)和(c-4)所示。这说明MG试样持久断裂转变为穿晶沿晶混合型,且沿晶断裂占主导地位。
等轴晶合金持久变形可分为晶内变形和晶界滑移[19-20]。由图5图6可知,在760 ℃/724 MPa和815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,CC、FG和MG试样持久断裂为穿晶断裂。这说明,在这两个条件下,K447A合金晶界强度高于晶内强度,持久变形以位错在晶粒内部滑移带内运动为主。晶粒尺寸越小,滑移带长度越短,进而减小晶粒内部应变局域化程度,降低裂纹萌生概率[21]。都贝宁等[3]研究结果表明,当晶粒尺寸从2.5 mm减小至75 μm,K417G合金在760 ℃/645 MPa条件下蠕变寿命从60.7 h增加至105.4 h。析出强化合金的持久强度还与γ′相含量有关[22-23]。Jackson等[24]研究发现,当γ′相体积分数从30%提高到45%时,MAR-M200合金在982 ℃/220 MPa条件下持久寿命延长近2倍。因此,晶粒细化及由此导致的γ′相体积分数增加,使FG和MG试样在760 ℃/724 MPa条件下持久寿命相比于CC试样分别提高39%和134%。同样地,在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下,随着晶粒尺寸从CC试样的5 mm减小至FG试样的1.3 mm,持久寿命从31 h增加至84 h;当晶粒进一步细化至MG试样的58 μm时,持久寿命相比FG试样略降低约8 h,这可能与图6(a-2)中表面晶界裂纹萌生有关。尽管晶粒细化及由此增加的γ′相体积分数显著延长MG试样持久寿命,但增多的晶界加剧表面晶界裂纹产生,减少MG试样的实际承载面积,由此导致的缺口效应会产生局部应力集中[25],削弱晶粒细化对合金的强化效果。因此,MG试样在该条件下持久寿命低于FG试样。尽管如此,MG试样持久寿命在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下达76 h,约为CC试样的2.5倍,这说明晶粒细化是改善K447A合金在815 ℃以下持久性能的有效技术手段。
在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下,CC、FG和MG试样中均萌生晶界裂纹或沿着晶界分布的孔洞,并呈穿晶沿晶混合断裂。这说明在这两个条件下,K447A合金持久变形由晶界滑移控制。Thibault等[20]研究发现,晶粒尺寸较大的合金晶界处具有更加均匀的应变分布,进而抑制由晶界应变集中所导致的裂纹萌生。晶粒细化会增加单位体积内晶界面积,加剧高温下晶界滑移,促进晶界裂纹萌生[26]。因此,如图5(a-3)~(c-3)所示,由晶粒细化导致的晶界滑移加剧,使CC、FG及MG试样在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下晶界裂纹及孔洞数量增加,持久寿命也逐步缩短。这说明对于K447A合金来说,较为粗大的晶粒组织能更好地保证870 ℃以上持久性能,晶粒细化技术不再适用。综上所述,随着持久温度从760 ℃和815 ℃提高至870 ℃和980 ℃,K447A合金从以晶内变形为主的穿晶断裂转变为以晶界滑移为主的穿晶沿晶混合断裂,这说明K447A合金持久等强温度介于815~870 ℃。
由CC、FG和MG试样在不同条件下持久断裂机制分析可知,对于晶粒细化的FG及MG试样来说,晶界是在870 ℃以上持久变形过程中裂纹萌生的主要位置。因此,以MG试样为例,进一步对比不同条件下晶界氧化的差异。
MG试样在760 ℃/724 MPa和815 ℃/600 MPa条件下持久断裂后表面晶界裂纹的氧化情况相似,如图7(a)、(b)和图8(a)~(d)所示。Al与O原子具有较高亲和力,在试样表面发生外氧化,形成一层连续的Al2O3膜。相比于原子排列相对规则的晶粒内部,晶界处原子排列更为疏松且紊乱,体积密度更小,所以原子在晶界的跳动速率会比晶内的完整点阵中更大[27]。因此,作为高扩散速率通道,晶界相比于晶内更有利于O原子扩散[2028]。MG试样共晶组织沿晶界链状分布,使晶界处Al原子富集。因此,与表面相连且与应力加载方向大致垂直的晶界优先氧化形成Al2O3。脆性氧化物在高应力作用下易开裂,将会进一步促进裂纹沿着晶界向试样内部侵入。氧化反应导致裂纹两侧的Al原子消耗而形成γ′相贫化区(precipitation free zone,PFZ)[29-30]。然而,这两种条件下,氧化裂纹数量较少,氧化裂纹长度不超过30 μm,PFZ厚度仅为0.8 μm,对合金持久性能的劣化作用相对较小。
MG试样在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久断裂后表面晶界裂纹的氧化更剧烈,如图7(c)、(d)和图8(e)~(h)所示。在870 ℃及980 ℃这两个较高温度下,氧化对持久性能明显的劣化作用可从以下3个方面来考虑:第一,高温促进原子热运动,加速O原子扩散,相比760 ℃及815 ℃条件,MG试样形成更厚的氧化产物。由于热膨胀系数不同,高温下氧化产物更易因与基体的不协调变形而开裂[31],使O原子可以直接从表面氧化裂纹的尖端向样品内部扩散,跳过表面氧化层内扩散过程,进而加速裂纹萌生和扩展。因此,如图7(c)所示,MG试样在870 ℃/365 MPa条件下晶界氧化裂纹深度和数量,远大于760 ℃/724 MPa和815 ℃/600 MPa条件。第二,如图7(c)和(d)红色箭头所示,MG试样在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久断裂后形成大量黑色针状析出相,经EDS成分分析为AlN。试样表面氧化皮的破坏使N原子得以向内扩散,而随着氧化层深处O原子耗尽,高活性Al原子与N原子反应形成块状AlN[31-32]。Huang等[33]在DS951合金研究中发现,针状AlN难以变形和释放应力,会加剧蠕变试样的脆性,劣化合金性能。如图7(c)和(d)所示,由于氧化加剧及AlN形成,晶界裂纹两侧的Al原子贫化范围更大,MG试样在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下PFZ厚度分别达到2.9 μm和13 μm。第三,由于缺少γ′相,PFZ析出强化被削弱。根据图7(d)中黄色标识所在位置,对PFZ进行EDS点扫描分析,将其与未经持久测试的MG试样γ基体成分进行对比[11],结果如表3所示。Roth等[34]研究发现,元素$ i $的固溶强化效果与其浓度正相关。本工作中,相比于未经持久测试的MG样品γ基体,PFZ的O和N原子浓度增大,Al、Ti、Cr、Co、Mo、Hf、Ta、W等固溶强化元素浓度显著降低,可见PFZ固溶强化效果明显下降。强度较低的PFZ无法有效抑制裂纹继续扩展[35-36],进而劣化合金持久性能。综上所述,高温氧化加剧和由此导致的脆性AlN及低强度PFZ对K447A合金在870 ℃/365 MPa和980 ℃/210 MPa条件下持久性能的劣化起到重要作用。
(1)随着晶粒细化,K447A合金持久寿命在760 ℃/724 MPa条件下单调增加,在815 ℃/600 MPa条件下先升高后降低,在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下逐步减小。
(2)K447A合金持久等强温度介于815~870 ℃。K447A合金的持久变形在760 ℃/724 MPa及815 ℃/600 MPa条件下为以晶内变形为主的穿晶断裂;在870 ℃/365 MPa及980 ℃/210 MPa条件下为以晶界滑移为主的穿晶沿晶混合断裂。
(3)晶粒细化对K447A合金在815 ℃以下持久性能的提升主要源自对滑移带长度(塑性应变局域化)的抑制和通过减弱显微偏析增加γ′相的体积分数;晶粒细化对K447A合金在870 ℃以上持久性能的劣化归因于高温晶界滑移加剧、氧化及由此导致的脆性AlN及低强度贫化区。
(4)基于K447A合金持久性能的最优化,针对不同服役温度优先选择不同铸造工艺:760 ℃以下服役时优选微晶铸造工艺;815~870 ℃服役时优选细晶铸造工艺;870 ℃以上服役时优选普通铸造工艺。
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113
  • 接收时间:2025-06-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-23
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    1中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095
    2空军驻北京地区第六军事代表室,北京 100013
    3北京科技大学 钢铁共性技术协同创新中心,北京 100083
    4钢研国际新材料创新中心(深圳)有限公司,广东 深圳 518045

通讯作者:

肖程波(1970—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为高温合金精密铸造技术,联系地址:北京81号信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
何金珊(1989—),女,博士,副研究员,研究方向为先进能源用钢及高温合金服役损伤行为,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学(100083),E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hkclxb/CN/10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000113
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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