Article(id=1249065617400205774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1755446400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-18, onlineDate=1775730049704, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730049704, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730049704, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730049704, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=123, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065617626698204, articleId=1249065617400205774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Creep properties of a corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy at different temperatures, columnId=1249065616670396851, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Research Paper, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The creep properties of a corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy at 760 ℃/800 MPa, 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa are investigated. The creep fracture microstructure, fracture characteristic and dislocation morphology under different conditions are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results indicate that the alloy exhibits good creep performance at 760 ℃/800 MPa, 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, with its creep curves showing similar three-stage creep characteristics. As temperature increases and stress decreases, the creep lives of the initial and acceleration stages becomes shorter, while the creep life of the steady-state stage increases. Compared to 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, the creep rate during the initial stage is faster at 760 ℃/800 MPa. Under 760 ℃/800 MPa conditions, the γ′ phase retains its cuboidal morphology. The dislocation tangles forming in the matrix channels and stacking faults forming from some dislocation cutting γ′ phase have a reinforcing effect. The creep fracture morphology of the alloy involves cleavage-like and ductile dimple mixed fracture. At 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, the alloy exhibits obvious rafting behavior and topological inversion of γ′ phase and γ phase has finished. A high-density dislocation network forming at the γ/γ′ interfaces have a reinforcing effect. No stacking faults are observed to form. Dislocations cut into the γ′ phase during the later stage of creep.The creep fracture morphology is dominated by ductile dimple fracture. At 1120 ℃/130 MPa, a small amount of lamellar σ phases precipitate along specific directions in the alloy, indicating good microstructural stability.

, correspAuthors=Zhenxue SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhenxue SHI, Hui CHEN, Xiaoguang WANG, Shizhong LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065620789203529, articleId=1249065617400205774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金不同温度的蠕变性能, columnId=1249065616850751931, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

研究一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下的蠕变性能,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析蠕变断裂组织、断口特征和位错形貌。结果表明:合金在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下具有良好的蠕变性能,合金的蠕变曲线表现出基本相同的三阶段蠕变特征,随着温度升高和应力降低,蠕变初始阶段和加速阶段的寿命占比都缩短,而蠕变稳态阶段寿命占比增加。与980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa相比,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下起始阶段的蠕变速率较大。在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,合金γ′相基本保持立方化形态,基体通道中形成的位错缠结和切割γ′相形成的层错对合金进行强化,合金蠕变断裂形貌为类解理和韧窝混合断裂。在980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,合金发生明显的筏排化,γ′相和γ基体完成拓扑反转;γ/γ′相界面上形成了高密度的位错网对合金进行强化,未形成层错,蠕变后期位错切入γ′相,蠕变断裂形貌为韧窝断裂。在1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,蠕变过程中析出少量的片状σ相,合金具有良好的组织稳定性。

, correspAuthors=史振学, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
史振学(1975—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为单晶高温合金,联系地址:北京81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
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The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2014, 24(3): 668-677., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249065621011501655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249065621036667480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, companyId=1249065621011501655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory,AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249065621045056089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, companyId=1249065621011501655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国航发北京航空材料研究院 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MPa, figureFileSmall=Vnk+dFjQGSOknaplO9mrrA==, figureFileBig=Bgr4f8iUTBffb5uH1Tg5Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065625696539453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=CN, label=图5, caption=蠕变断裂试样距离断口5 mm处的显微组织 (a)760 ℃/800 MPa;(b)980 ℃/250 MPa;(c)1120 ℃/130 MPa, figureFileSmall=Vnk+dFjQGSOknaplO9mrrA==, figureFileBig=Bgr4f8iUTBffb5uH1Tg5Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065625830757189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=TEM images of creep ruptured specimens at different conditions (a)760 ℃/800 MPa, dislocation;(b)980 ℃/250 MPa, dislocation;(c)1120 ℃/130 MPa, dislocation;(d)1120 ℃/130 MPa, TCP phase, figureFileSmall=QpO6Yfb/pGaR3NWamzOZTg==, figureFileBig=SyFOls3b2LKpyGO+iokzNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065625918837578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=CN, label=图6, caption=合金在不同条件下蠕变断裂试样的透射电镜图(a)760 ℃/800 MPa, 位错;(b)980 ℃/250 MPa, 位错;(c)1120 ℃/130 MPa, 位错;(d)1120 ℃/130 MPa, TCP相, figureFileSmall=QpO6Yfb/pGaR3NWamzOZTg==, figureFileBig=SyFOls3b2LKpyGO+iokzNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249065626006917967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical compositions of experimental alloys(mass fraction/%)

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CrCoMoWTaReAlHfCNi
7.110.41.54.37.13.65.80.20.01Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1249065626103386959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验合金的化学成分(质量分数/%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CrCoMoWTaReAlHfCNi
7.110.41.54.37.13.65.80.20.01Bal.
), ArticleFig(id=1249065626199855957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Creep properties of alloys at different conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Creep conditionElastic
strain/%
Time to 0.5% plastic
strain /h
Time to 1.0% plastic
strain /h
Time to 2.0% plastic
strain /h
Rupture
life/h
Rupture
strain/%
760 ℃/800 MPa0.552333367.822.6
980 ℃/250 MPa0.77130183224354.920.7
1120 ℃/130 MPa0.1847115155185.011.8
), ArticleFig(id=1249065626287936347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617400205774, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

合金在不同条件下的蠕变性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Creep conditionElastic
strain/%
Time to 0.5% plastic
strain /h
Time to 1.0% plastic
strain /h
Time to 2.0% plastic
strain /h
Rupture
life/h
Rupture
strain/%
760 ℃/800 MPa0.552333367.822.6
980 ℃/250 MPa0.77130183224354.920.7
1120 ℃/130 MPa0.1847115155185.011.8
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EDS analysis results of TCP phase in the ruptured specimen at 1120 ℃/130 MPa(mass fraction/%)

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ReCoWTaAlCrMoNi
17.86.35.55.24.94.62.7Bal.
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在1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下合金断裂试样析出TCP相的能谱分析结果(质量分数/%)

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ReCoWTaAlCrMoNi
17.86.35.55.24.94.62.7Bal.
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一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金不同温度的蠕变性能
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史振学 * , 陈卉 , 王效光 , 刘世忠
航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025,45(5): 123-130
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航空材料学报 | 研究论文 2025, 45(5): 123-130
一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金不同温度的蠕变性能
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史振学* , 陈卉, 王效光, 刘世忠
作者信息
  • 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095

通讯作者:

史振学(1975—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为单晶高温合金,联系地址:北京81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
Creep properties of a corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy at different temperatures
Zhenxue SHI* , Hui CHEN, Xiaoguang WANG, Shizhong LIU
Affiliations
  • Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory,AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000133
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研究一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下的蠕变性能,采用扫描电镜和透射电镜分析蠕变断裂组织、断口特征和位错形貌。结果表明:合金在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下具有良好的蠕变性能,合金的蠕变曲线表现出基本相同的三阶段蠕变特征,随着温度升高和应力降低,蠕变初始阶段和加速阶段的寿命占比都缩短,而蠕变稳态阶段寿命占比增加。与980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa相比,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下起始阶段的蠕变速率较大。在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,合金γ′相基本保持立方化形态,基体通道中形成的位错缠结和切割γ′相形成的层错对合金进行强化,合金蠕变断裂形貌为类解理和韧窝混合断裂。在980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,合金发生明显的筏排化,γ′相和γ基体完成拓扑反转;γ/γ′相界面上形成了高密度的位错网对合金进行强化,未形成层错,蠕变后期位错切入γ′相,蠕变断裂形貌为韧窝断裂。在1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,蠕变过程中析出少量的片状σ相,合金具有良好的组织稳定性。

单晶高温合金  /  蠕变性能  /  组织演化  /  断裂特征  /  位错形貌

The creep properties of a corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy at 760 ℃/800 MPa, 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa are investigated. The creep fracture microstructure, fracture characteristic and dislocation morphology under different conditions are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results indicate that the alloy exhibits good creep performance at 760 ℃/800 MPa, 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, with its creep curves showing similar three-stage creep characteristics. As temperature increases and stress decreases, the creep lives of the initial and acceleration stages becomes shorter, while the creep life of the steady-state stage increases. Compared to 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, the creep rate during the initial stage is faster at 760 ℃/800 MPa. Under 760 ℃/800 MPa conditions, the γ′ phase retains its cuboidal morphology. The dislocation tangles forming in the matrix channels and stacking faults forming from some dislocation cutting γ′ phase have a reinforcing effect. The creep fracture morphology of the alloy involves cleavage-like and ductile dimple mixed fracture. At 980 ℃/250 MPa and 1120 ℃/130 MPa, the alloy exhibits obvious rafting behavior and topological inversion of γ′ phase and γ phase has finished. A high-density dislocation network forming at the γ/γ′ interfaces have a reinforcing effect. No stacking faults are observed to form. Dislocations cut into the γ′ phase during the later stage of creep.The creep fracture morphology is dominated by ductile dimple fracture. At 1120 ℃/130 MPa, a small amount of lamellar σ phases precipitate along specific directions in the alloy, indicating good microstructural stability.

single crystal superalloy  /  creep property  /  microstructure evolution  /  fracture characteristic  /  dislocation morphology
史振学, 陈卉, 王效光, 刘世忠. 一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金不同温度的蠕变性能. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000133
Zhenxue SHI, Hui CHEN, Xiaoguang WANG, Shizhong LIU. Creep properties of a corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy at different temperatures[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 123 -130 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000133
相对于定向柱晶高温合金和等轴晶高温合金,单晶高温合金由于基本消除晶界而获得优异的拉伸、疲劳、蠕变和抗氧化等综合性能,使其成为先进航空发动机涡轮叶片的首选制备材料[1-3]。蠕变为高温下作用于材料的应力,虽然低于其屈服应力,但仍会产生与时间相关的塑性变形。在长期恶劣的服役环境中,单晶高温合金叶片主要受到载荷为高速旋转产生的巨大离心力,叶片在高温条件下发生蠕变变形是不可避免的,制备材料的蠕变性能是发动机可靠性的一个重要衡量指标[4],因此研究合金的蠕变性能至关重要。
单晶高温合金的蠕变性能与其化学成分、定向凝固工艺、热处理工艺、晶体取向等因素密切相关[5-7]。在中温高应力和高温低应力等不同条件下单晶高温合金的蠕变变形特征、断裂机制、组织演变和位错形貌都不相同[8-9],而且发动机涡轮叶片不同部位的服役温度和承载应力也各不相同,因此需要研究叶片承制合金在不同温度与应力条件下的蠕变性能。
与陆基发动机相比,舰载发动机在海洋环境的高温、高湿、高盐雾、高酸性废气等多种因素耦合作用下,极易发生严重的腐蚀问题。随着舰载发动机的发展要求,涡轮叶片热腐蚀问题受到重点关注[10];由于燃油中含有硫,燃烧后形成硫酸盐沉积在涡轮叶片上,促进叶片的高温氧化,降低涡轮叶片的服役寿命[11]。本实验合金为满足舰载发动机的研制需求而发展的一种耐腐蚀单晶高温合金,该合金含有较高的Cr含量,具有良好的热腐蚀性能、抗氧化性能和力学性能,且具有良好的组织稳定性[12]。目前对于耐腐蚀单晶高温合金的蠕变性能研究较少,本工作主要研究该新型耐腐蚀单晶高温合金在不同温度的蠕变性能、断口特征、蠕变组织演化规律和位错形貌特征,为舰载发动机涡轮叶片的设计与合金应用提供数据支持。
实验材料为新型镍基耐腐蚀单晶高温合金,其化学成分见表1。在真空单晶炉上制成尺寸为ϕ15 mm×160 mm的单晶合金试棒。采用劳埃X射线背反射法确定试棒的结晶取向,[001]结晶取向偏差在10°以内。试棒经1270 ℃/1 h+1280 ℃/2 h+1290 ℃/2 h+1300 ℃/4 h, AC +1120 ℃/4 h, AC + 870 ℃/24 h, AC标准热处理后,加工成标准的蠕变试样,尺寸如图1所示。分别在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa、1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下测试合金的蠕变性能。采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察合金不同状态下的显微组织和断口。
图2为合金铸态组织和热处理组织。由图2可以看出,合金的铸态组织由 “十”字花样的枝晶组成,分为枝晶干和枝晶间区域,一次枝晶均匀分布,二次枝晶臂相互平行。枝晶间含有共晶相、显微疏松和极少量的碳化物。标准热处理后,合金枝晶干变得模糊,枝晶偏析基本消除,未见残余共晶和初熔,获得细小规则立方化较好的γ′相组织。
在不同条件下合金的蠕变曲线如图3所示。由图3可以看出,在不同测试条件下,合金均具有较长的蠕变寿命和良好的蠕变性能。不同条件的蠕变曲线基本具有三阶段蠕变特征:非常短的蠕变初始阶段、较长的稳态蠕变阶段和较短的蠕变加速阶段,但是不同条件下的各阶段寿命占比存在差别。在三种测试条件下,760 ℃/800 MPa的蠕变初始阶段和蠕变加速阶段寿命占比相对较长,980 ℃/250 MPa的蠕变初始阶段相对较短,蠕变加速阶段相对较长,而1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,蠕变初始阶段和蠕变加速阶段都较短,稳态蠕变阶段相对较长。因此,随着温度升高和应力降低,蠕变初始阶段和加速阶段的寿命占比都缩短,而蠕变稳态阶段寿命占比增加。
在不同测试条件下合金的蠕变性能如表2所示。由表2可见,蠕变测试时,试样加载初期首先发生弹性应变,不同测试条件下的弹性应变量不同,980 ℃/250 MPa最大,760 ℃/800 MPa次之,而1120 ℃/130 MPa最小,这主要由不同温度下合金的弹性模量和加载应力的不同所致。与980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa相比,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下起始阶段的蠕变速率较大,塑性应变0.5%和1.0%的寿命分别为2 h和3 h,只占总寿命的0.54%和0.82%。
图4为合金不同测试条件蠕变断口形貌。在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,蠕变断口无缩颈特征,断口由高低不平、取向不同的解理小平面和撕裂棱组成,可见不明显的河流状花样;高放大倍数下可见解理平面上存在少量的方形韧窝,韧窝底部为四方形小平面,小平面中心为圆形显微孔洞,源于铸造过程的显微疏松、热处理过程中产生固溶孔洞或者塑性变形过程中产生的蠕变空穴。因此760 ℃/800 MPa条件下合金蠕变断裂机制为类解理和韧窝混合断裂,这与DD9合金的中温持久断裂特征相同[13]。在980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,断口表现出明显的缩颈特征,并有大量的韧窝,其深度存在差别;随着温度升高,韧窝的尺寸增大,大部分韧窝仍为方形,只是其方形特征不如760 ℃/800 MPa条件下的明显,方形韧窝中的小圆孔尺寸更大,其特征与CMSX-4合金断口特征相同[14]。因此,980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下合金蠕变断裂机制为韧窝断裂。综上所述,耐腐蚀单晶高温合金不同温度下的断裂机制与其他单晶高温合金具有相同的规律。
图5为合金蠕变断裂试样距离断口5 mm处的纵剖面组织,应力加载方向如图中箭头所示。由图5可以看出,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,γ′相基本保持立方化形态,对比热处理组织其尺寸稍有增加,未发生筏排化现象;但由于蠕变伸长导致γ′相和γ通道的尺寸沿垂直应力方向明显大于平行应力方向,且γ通道呈波浪弯曲状,不再是未变形前热处理后的平直形态。在980 ℃/250 MPa条件下,合金已发生明显的筏排化,且处于解筏阶段,通过筏排形状可大致判断筏排垂直于应力方向;γ相已不再为连续的基体组织,其形状长短各异,形成孤立的岛状组织,周围为连续的γ′相,这就是所谓的“拓扑反转”现象[15]。在1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,γ′相的筏排化程度明显高于980 ℃/250 MPa条件下的筏排化程度,筏排的厚度增加,也发生相同的“拓扑反转”现象,合金中沿一定方向析出少量的片状TCP相。这说明合金具有良好的组织稳定性,这与该合金高温长期时效的研究结果一致[12]
单晶高温合金在760 ℃的持久或蠕变过程中,由于温度较低,化学元素的扩散速率也较低,γ′相一般不会发生筏排化。DD9合金在760 ℃/600 MPa条件下经过大于10000 h的蠕变变形,DD6合金在760 ℃/758 MPa条件下经过大于500 h的持久变形,γ′相都仍保持立方状[16-17],本实验结果与上述研究结果一致。在高温低应力持久或蠕变条件下,温度较高,化学元素的扩散速率也较高,γ′相形成筏排组织。完善的筏排结构能够有效地降低合金变形速率,进而提高合金的蠕变寿命[18]。γ′相粗化方向由应力加载方向及合金γ相和γ′相的晶格错配度决定[19]。实验合金的晶格错配度为负值,在拉应力下筏排化垂直于应力方向。筏排化形态受扩散温度的影响,随着温度升高,筏排厚度增加。
高温合金的一个关键指标为组织长时稳定性。由上述结果可以看出,合金只在1120 ℃/130 MPa断裂组织中析出了少量TCP相,其尺寸为2~15 µm,体积分数约为0.05%。由图5还可以看出,TCP相沿固定的方向析出。TCP相具有非常复杂的结构,其晶胞尺寸大于合金基体相和强化相的晶胞尺寸,所以TCP相析出障碍很大[20]。TCP相沿原子密排面析出,能够降低体系能量,减少障碍,因此观察到的TCP相沿一定方向析出[21]。对合金1120 ℃/130 MPa下断裂试样中TCP相进行能谱分析,结果见表3。可以看出,TCP相中含有Re、Co、W、Ta、Al等元素。TCP相降低合金的蠕变性能,这是因为TCP相为脆性相,容易产生显微裂纹;且TCP相含Re等强化元素,它的析出会导致基体强度降低,也容易导致显微裂纹的产生。
图6为不同条件下合金蠕变断裂组织的透射电镜形貌。由图6可以看出,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,位错在γ相中运动,局部位错密度较大并形成了位错缠结,部分位错以单个位错、位错对形式切割γ′相,有些位错分解形成两个不全位错和层错[22]。由于位错分解形成不全位错加层错的位错组态可抑制位错的交滑移、增加位错运动的阻力,因此有利于提高合金的蠕变抗力[23]。中温下单晶合金中开动八面体滑移系,滑移系较少,位错运动没有形成位错网,只形成了位错缠结。在980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,合金开动八面体和六面体滑移系,γ/γ′相界面形成高密度的位错网,部分位错以单个位错和位错对的形式切入γ′相,未见层错,这是因为单晶合金随蠕变实验温度升高,层错能增加,位错切入γ′相分解形成层错的阻力增加[23]。1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下可见片状的TCP相,经选区衍射分析,TCP相为σ相。
单晶高温合金的组织为γ基体中γ′相以共格方式析出。蠕变初期位错在基体通道中发生滑移和交滑移。随蠕变进行位错在基体通道中塞积,产生应力集中与形变强化,使蠕变速率降低,直至进入蠕变稳态阶段。在稳态蠕变期间,中温变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切γ′相,并形成层错;在高温下合金变形机制为位错绕过机制,基体通道中的位错具有不同的柏氏矢量,在进行长程交滑移的同时,相遇并发生位错反应,于是在γ/γ′相界面上形成了高密度的位错网,能有效阻碍后续位错的切入[7]。在蠕变加速阶段,较多位错切入γ′相中,形变抗力降低,随着蠕变变形进行,显微裂纹产生并扩展,试样有效承载面积不断减小,承载有效应力不断增大,形变速率逐渐增加,最终导致蠕变断裂。
合金在不同温度下具有不同的蠕变特征是因为合金组织和位错变化不同而导致的。单晶高温合金的组织结构为立方γ′相共格分布在γ基体中。合金受到拉伸载荷时,位错首先在基体通道中发生滑移和交滑移。随时间增加,运动位错在基体通道中塞积,产生应力集中,并引起形变硬化效应,致使合金的应变速率降低,直至蠕变进入稳态阶段。与高温条件相比,760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,温度较低,开动的滑移系较少,形成的位错也较少,产生的形变硬化较慢,因此具有较长的蠕变初始阶段。
进入稳态蠕变阶段,760 ℃/800 MPa条件下位错形成大量的位错缠结,位错切入γ′相形成层错,位错缠结和层错都对合金起到强化作用。合金在980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,开动八面体和六面体滑移系,γ/γ′相界面形成了高密度的位错网,能够阻止后续位错切入γ′相[7];与760 ℃/800 MPa条件下相比,温度较高,合金元素扩散速率较高,γ′相筏排化。稳态蠕变期间,合金基体中的高密度位错产生的形变硬化效应和共格应力场使得合金具有较低应变速率[23]
在蠕变加速阶段,较多位错切入γ′相中,蠕变抗力减小,显微裂纹产生并扩展,试样有效承载面积不断减小,蠕变速率逐渐增大,最终导致蠕变断裂。由于中温下开动的是八面体滑移系,裂纹沿(111)面扩散,形成了类解理和韧窝混合断口,而高温下形成了韧窝断口。高温条件下随着筏排解筏,合金的共格相界面逐渐消失,与中温下γ′相仍保持立方状相比,蠕变速率增加较快,因此合金在中温下具有较长的蠕变第三阶段。
(1)合金热处理后获得细小规则立方化较好的γ′相组织,合金在760 ℃/800 MPa、980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下具有良好的蠕变性能,合金的蠕变曲线表现出基本相同的三阶段蠕变特征,随着温度升高和应力降低,蠕变初始阶段和加速阶段的寿命占比都缩短,而蠕变稳态阶段寿命占比增加。与980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa相比,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下起始阶段的蠕变速率较大。
(2)760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,合金γ′相基本保持立方化形态,基体通道中形成的位错缠结和切割γ′相形成的层错对合金进行强化,合金蠕变断裂形貌为类解理和韧窝混合断裂。
(3)980 ℃/250 MPa和1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,合金发生明显的筏排化,γ′相和γ基体完成“拓扑反转”;γ/γ′相界面上形成高密度的位错网对合金进行强化,未形成层错,蠕变后期位错切入γ′相,蠕变断裂形貌为韧窝断裂。在1120 ℃/130 MPa条件下,蠕变过程中析出少量的片状σ相,合金具有良好的组织稳定性。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000133
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18
  • 录用日期:2025-08-18
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    中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095

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史振学(1975—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为单晶高温合金,联系地址:北京81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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