Article(id=1249065617001746883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748534400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1754582400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-08, onlineDate=1775730049609, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775730049609, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775730049609, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730049609, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1249065613306569569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775730048728, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1775730148042, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249066029947757306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249066029951951611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, issueId=1249065613306569569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249065617312125386, articleId=1249065617001746883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=EN, title=Research progress on numerical simulation of directional solidification process for nickel-based superalloy, columnId=1249065614292231012, journalTitle=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Optimizing the directional solidification process of nickel-based superalloys is pivotal for enhancing the quality of hot-end castings in aero-engines. Traditional process optimization methods have heavily relied on empirical trial-and-error approaches, whereas numerical simulation technology is increasingly emerging as a pivotal tool. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in numerical simulation pertaining to the directional solidification process of nickel-based superalloys. It emphasizes modeling methodologies, simulation outcomes, and their practical applications in process optimization and defect control(such as stray grains and freckles) across various multi-physics fields, encompassing temperature fields, fluid flow and solute transport, stress-strain fields, and microstructural aspects(grains and dendrites). A synthesis of current research reveals that numerical simulation studies still grapple with several shortcomings: a high degree of dependence on approximate boundary conditions in models; inadequate refinement and limited global optimization capabilities within process windows; incomplete numerical representations of certain crystalline defects and complex defect interactions; and substantial computational resource demands for high-fidelity microstructural simulations. To tackle these challenges, future research trends are anticipated to concentrate on deepening and integrating multi-physics and cross-scale coupling models, leveraging artificial intelligence-driven simulation and optimization, enhancing the precise characterization of solidification mechanisms in multi-component alloys, and strengthening experimental-simulation collaborative validation systems through the integration of in-situ characterization techniques with simulations. By advancing in these areas, numerical simulation technology is poised to play a pivotal role in achieving precise control over the morphology and properties of complex castings, while effectively mitigating defects.

, correspAuthors=Yunsong ZHAO, Zhihao YAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Aeronautical Materials. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yumeng WU, Haibin TONG, Fangzheng DING, Mai ZHANG, Guohan YU, Yuan LI, Yao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yunsong ZHAO, Zhihao YAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1249065618876600878, articleId=1249065617001746883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, language=CN, title=镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟研究进展, columnId=1249065614468391782, journalTitle=航空材料学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

镍基高温合金定向凝固工艺的优化对提升航空发动机热端铸件质量至关重要。传统工艺优化高度依赖经验试错法,而数值模拟技术正成为关键手段。本文系统综述镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟的最新研究进展,重点围绕温度场、流场与溶质传输、应力应变场及微观组织(晶粒与枝晶)等多物理场的建模方法、模拟结果及其在工艺优化与缺陷(如杂晶、雀斑)控制中的应用展开讨论。总结当前研究成果发现,当前数值模拟研究仍存在不足之处:模型高度依赖近似边界条件;工艺窗口的精细化与全局优化能力不足;部分晶体组织缺陷及复杂缺陷交互作用的数值模拟仍不完善;高保真微观组织模拟计算资源消耗大等。针对这些挑战,考虑未来发展趋势将聚焦于深化与集成多物理场-跨尺度耦合模型,通过应用人工智能驱动的模拟与优化,提升多元合金凝固机理的精准表征能力,同时完善实验-模拟协同验证体系,加强原位表征技术与模拟的结合。通过上述方向的发展,数值模拟技术有望在实现复杂铸件精准控形控性及缺陷抑制中发挥核心作用。

, correspAuthors=赵云松, 姚志浩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵云松(1987—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为镍基高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
姚志浩(1982—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院(100083),E-mail:
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ArticleFig(id=1249065630104753078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617001746883, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of major numerical simulation methods for directional solidification of nickel-based superalloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicCellular automaton (CA)Phase field (PF)Finite element method (FEM)
Primary scaleMesoscale (grains)Microscale, mesoscale (dendrites, phases)Macroscale (physical fields)
Spatial dimensions2D, 3D2D, 3D1D, 2D, 3D
Application scenariosGrain structure evolution; location prediction of defects (e.g., freckles, stray grains); simulation of loose porosity defects; mesoscale microstructure-process relationship researchDendrite tip kinetics, morphological stability; primary/secondary/tertiary dendrite arm growth; interdendritic segregation behavior; formation mechanism of low-angle grain boundaries; eutectic structure growth; influence of microscopic orientation evolutionGlobal temperature field simulation of casting/furnace; melt flow and solute transport; thermal stress/deformation prediction and process optimization; solidification defect prediction; influence analysis of process parameters (withdrawal rate, temperature)
PrecisionMediumHighMedium
), ArticleFig(id=1249065630201222072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024468962553931, articleId=1249065617001746883, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

镍基高温合金定向凝固数值模拟主要方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CharacteristicCellular automaton (CA)Phase field (PF)Finite element method (FEM)
Primary scaleMesoscale (grains)Microscale, mesoscale (dendrites, phases)Macroscale (physical fields)
Spatial dimensions2D, 3D2D, 3D1D, 2D, 3D
Application scenariosGrain structure evolution; location prediction of defects (e.g., freckles, stray grains); simulation of loose porosity defects; mesoscale microstructure-process relationship researchDendrite tip kinetics, morphological stability; primary/secondary/tertiary dendrite arm growth; interdendritic segregation behavior; formation mechanism of low-angle grain boundaries; eutectic structure growth; influence of microscopic orientation evolutionGlobal temperature field simulation of casting/furnace; melt flow and solute transport; thermal stress/deformation prediction and process optimization; solidification defect prediction; influence analysis of process parameters (withdrawal rate, temperature)
PrecisionMediumHighMedium
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镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟研究进展
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吴雨萌 1, 2 , 佟海滨 3 , 丁方政 3 , 张迈 1 , 于国瀚 1, 4 , 李远 1 , 王尧 1, 5 , 张剑 1 , 赵云松 1, * , 姚志浩 2, *
航空材料学报 | 综述 2025,45(5): 44-60
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航空材料学报 | 综述 2025, 45(5): 44-60
镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟研究进展
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吴雨萌1, 2, 佟海滨3, 丁方政3, 张迈1, 于国瀚1, 4, 李远1, 王尧1, 5, 张剑1, 赵云松1, * , 姚志浩2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095
  • 2北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100083
  • 393160部队,北京 100072
  • 4北京科技大学 碳中和研究院,北京 100083
  • 5东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

赵云松(1987—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为镍基高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
姚志浩(1982—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院(100083),E-mail:
Research progress on numerical simulation of directional solidification process for nickel-based superalloy
Yumeng WU1, 2, Haibin TONG3, Fangzheng DING3, Mai ZHANG1, Guohan YU1, 4, Yuan LI1, Yao WANG1, 5, Jian ZHANG1, Yunsong ZHAO1, * , Zhihao YAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Science and Technology on Advanced High Temperature Structural Materials Laboratory,AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,Beijing 100095,China
  • 2School of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • 3Unit 93160,Beijing 100072,China
  • 4Institute for Carbon Neutrality,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • 5School of Materials Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000096
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镍基高温合金定向凝固工艺的优化对提升航空发动机热端铸件质量至关重要。传统工艺优化高度依赖经验试错法,而数值模拟技术正成为关键手段。本文系统综述镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟的最新研究进展,重点围绕温度场、流场与溶质传输、应力应变场及微观组织(晶粒与枝晶)等多物理场的建模方法、模拟结果及其在工艺优化与缺陷(如杂晶、雀斑)控制中的应用展开讨论。总结当前研究成果发现,当前数值模拟研究仍存在不足之处:模型高度依赖近似边界条件;工艺窗口的精细化与全局优化能力不足;部分晶体组织缺陷及复杂缺陷交互作用的数值模拟仍不完善;高保真微观组织模拟计算资源消耗大等。针对这些挑战,考虑未来发展趋势将聚焦于深化与集成多物理场-跨尺度耦合模型,通过应用人工智能驱动的模拟与优化,提升多元合金凝固机理的精准表征能力,同时完善实验-模拟协同验证体系,加强原位表征技术与模拟的结合。通过上述方向的发展,数值模拟技术有望在实现复杂铸件精准控形控性及缺陷抑制中发挥核心作用。

高温合金  /  数值模拟  /  定向凝固  /  工艺优化  /  多物理场  /  微观组织

Optimizing the directional solidification process of nickel-based superalloys is pivotal for enhancing the quality of hot-end castings in aero-engines. Traditional process optimization methods have heavily relied on empirical trial-and-error approaches, whereas numerical simulation technology is increasingly emerging as a pivotal tool. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in numerical simulation pertaining to the directional solidification process of nickel-based superalloys. It emphasizes modeling methodologies, simulation outcomes, and their practical applications in process optimization and defect control(such as stray grains and freckles) across various multi-physics fields, encompassing temperature fields, fluid flow and solute transport, stress-strain fields, and microstructural aspects(grains and dendrites). A synthesis of current research reveals that numerical simulation studies still grapple with several shortcomings: a high degree of dependence on approximate boundary conditions in models; inadequate refinement and limited global optimization capabilities within process windows; incomplete numerical representations of certain crystalline defects and complex defect interactions; and substantial computational resource demands for high-fidelity microstructural simulations. To tackle these challenges, future research trends are anticipated to concentrate on deepening and integrating multi-physics and cross-scale coupling models, leveraging artificial intelligence-driven simulation and optimization, enhancing the precise characterization of solidification mechanisms in multi-component alloys, and strengthening experimental-simulation collaborative validation systems through the integration of in-situ characterization techniques with simulations. By advancing in these areas, numerical simulation technology is poised to play a pivotal role in achieving precise control over the morphology and properties of complex castings, while effectively mitigating defects.

nickel-based superalloys  /  numerical simulation  /  directional solidification  /  process optimization  /  multi-physics fields  /  microstructure
吴雨萌, 佟海滨, 丁方政, 张迈, 于国瀚, 李远, 王尧, 张剑, 赵云松, 姚志浩. 镍基高温合金定向凝固过程数值模拟研究进展. 航空材料学报, 2025 , 45 (5) : 44 -60 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000096
Yumeng WU, Haibin TONG, Fangzheng DING, Mai ZHANG, Guohan YU, Yuan LI, Yao WANG, Jian ZHANG, Yunsong ZHAO, Zhihao YAO. Research progress on numerical simulation of directional solidification process for nickel-based superalloy[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025 , 45 (5) : 44 -60 . DOI: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000096
镍基单晶及定向柱晶高温合金作为航空发动机涡轮叶片等热端部件的核心材料,需要在极端高温、高压及腐蚀环境下保持优异的高温蠕变抗力和疲劳性能。目前常见的定向凝固技术包括功率降低(PD)法[1]、高速凝固(HRS)法[2]和液态金属冷却(LMC)法[3]等,这些方法的共同特征是在凝固过程中通过垂直温度梯度的控制,使晶粒组织沿热流方向定向生长。
单晶高温合金铸件定向凝固过程中,常产生杂晶(stray grain)[4]、雀斑(freckle)[5]、小角度晶界(low angle grain boundary, LAGB)[6]、疏松(porosity)[7]等缺陷。这些缺陷的形成与合金成分、组织形态及凝固工艺参数紧密相关,缺陷的存在显著降低铸件的成品合格率,大幅增加制造成本。为提升铸件质量,需深入理解凝固过程的物理机制。目前,高温合金定向凝固工艺优化与缺陷控制的研究手段主要包括实验法与数值模拟法。实验法受限于难以实时观测凝固动态,且高温合金成本高昂,导致重复性工艺探索的成本较高[8-9]。数值模拟技术以物理规律作为基础,通过数学建模与计算揭示宏观及微观物理场的演化规律,成为研究缺陷形成机理、优化工艺参数及制定缺陷抑制策略的有效工具[10]
早期数值模拟研究聚焦定向凝固过程中各类宏观物理过程,如传热、液体流动、受力变形等,并开发出有限差分法、有限体积法和有限元法等计算方法。目前,国内外学者运用数值模拟方法对高温合金定向凝固过程进行模拟,可实现温度场、流场、晶粒组织等宏观物理场和微观组织模拟,在此基础上实现对多种定向凝固缺陷的预测并开展定向凝固工艺优化。随着各类表征技术的发展和计算能力的提高,研究者们对合金的微观组织有了更进一步的认知,数值模拟技术也不断朝着模拟晶体宏微观组织演变的方向发展。近年来,分子动力学方法[11]、元胞自动机方法[12]以及相场法[13]在镍基高温合金组织演变数值模拟研究中发展迅速,将宏观物理场与微观组织相结合可以预测凝固过程中的微观结构演变,捕捉从宏观尺度的热传递到微观尺度的枝晶生长和溶质分配[14]的现象,已成为定向凝固过程数值模拟的重要发展趋势。然而,目前的数值模拟研究仍然存在高度依赖边界条件、部分晶体组织缺陷未能实现数值模拟以及工艺窗口优化精细度不足等问题。因此,有必要结合新兴的人工智能等手段方法,进一步发展定向凝固数值模拟技术,以更好地辅助实际生产。
本文将系统梳理数值模拟方法在高温合金铸件定向凝固过程中的应用,主要针对HRS及LMC定向凝固工艺,对高温合金定向凝固过程的宏观温度场、应力场、介观晶粒组织与微观枝晶组织等方面的模拟方法和研究进展进行归纳总结。在此基础上,对高温合金定向凝固数值模拟技术的未来发展趋势作出展望。
当前工程领域广泛应用的定向凝固技术主要有HRS(高速凝固)法与LMC(液态金属冷却)法,两种工艺均通过抽拉装置驱动载有熔融合金的型壳从高温区向低温区逐步转移,在垂直温度梯度作用下形成单晶或柱状晶组织[15]。HRS工艺中,型壳与炉体加热段及冷却段之间的热量传递主要依赖辐射机制;而LMC工艺中,型壳与加热区的热交换仍采用辐射方式,与冷却区的换热则通过液态金属的对流传导实现。此外,随着抽拉单元的持续下移,型壳各区域的传热边界条件呈现动态演变特征。
在镍基高温合金定向凝固过程的数值模拟研究中,有限差分(FD)法和有限元(FE)法是两种宏观物理场的主流计算方法[16-17]。有限差分法通过将连续的空间和时间离散化为差分网格,利用差分方程近似微分方程进行求解,其优势在于算法简单、计算效率高,适用于规则几何域的传热、流动及溶质扩散问题[18]。有限元法基于变分原理和加权残差法,通过分片插值函数逼近物理场,适用于复杂几何和非均匀材料的模拟[19]
在高温合金定向凝固研究中,温度场仿真是支撑其他物理场分析的核心前提。无论是应力应变分析、组织演化模拟还是缺陷预测等数值方法的有效实施,均需以精确的温度场仿真数据为支撑。为实现高温合金定向凝固过程宏-微观温度场及组织演变的耦合模拟,首要任务是构建宏观传热过程的物理模型,从而可靠预测温度场的时空分布规律。在此过程中,铸件与型壳系统的能量传递行为可通过统一的传热控制方程[20-22]进行数学表征。
温度场模拟通过量化关键参数(温度梯度G、冷却速率R等)、预测界面行为及缺陷,为工艺对比提供科学依据,推动从“经验试错”向“预测驱动”的转变,是优化高温合金定向凝固工艺不可或缺的工具。Yan等[23]基于温度场模拟结果研究单晶高温合金铸件在不同定向凝固工艺下的糊状区形状,包括HRS和LMC两种方法,结果表明:由于凝固过程冷却速率和温度梯度的增加,LMC过程中的糊状区形状比HRS过程更窄且更水平,理论上可以为所研究的单晶铸件提供更致密的组织和更小的一次取向偏离度。针对不同结构单晶及定向柱晶叶片的定向凝固过程,李杨等[24]使用ProCAST有限元模拟软件系统研究了叶片温度场演化规律及糊状区形貌的动态特征:凝固初始阶段,引晶段附近的固液界面形态趋于平直,糊状区宽度较窄且温度梯度较高;随着凝固进程推进至叶身区域,固液界面逐渐下凹,糊状区宽度扩展;当凝固前端到达缘板部位时,界面曲率进一步增大,糊状区范围显著扩展;至榫头区域凝固末期,糊状区占据更大空间。该分布规律最早由Kermanpur等[20]通过实验与模拟验证,并在后续的叶片温度场研究中形成共识[25-31]
温度场作为工艺优化的核心控制指标,具备直观性与易操作性双重优势。基于温度场模拟结果,工程实践可获取关键参考依据,进而通过参数优化与预验证调整工艺方案,显著提升工艺改进效率。当前,研究人员已开发出引晶条、反向提拉[32]、导热模块、型壳梯度厚度设计及变速抽拉等多种技术,通过多种方式抑制杂晶缺陷。具体而言,引晶条可从单晶铸件底部延伸至榫头等杂晶敏感区域,尽管截面突变区因温度骤降易诱发过冷,但单晶可沿引晶路径生长并与分支融合,从而阻断新晶粒形核[33-35]。结合高温合金铸件定向凝固温度场演化规律可知,杂晶的形成与生长源于单晶填充铸型过程中的空间非均匀性。在复杂铸件(如涡轮叶片)中,由于几何形状的不规则性,热流传递路径呈现显著不对称性,廉媛媛[36]在研究中发现当缘板与叶身连接处的横向温度梯度超过轴向梯度的50%时,过冷度可达5~8 K,超过高温合金的临界形核过冷度(约3 K)。实验统计表明,该区域杂晶密度与横向/轴向梯度比值呈正相关。同时,模壳材料的热导率、比热容等参数的空间差异会显著改变局部热流分布,而型壳表面温度分布的非均匀性直接导致金属液内部温度场的空间差异,傅恒志团队[37]通过凝固界面曲率半径(R)定量表征温场不均匀程度,发现当R<50 mm时,杂晶缺陷发生率急剧上升。周向温度梯度变异系数(CV=σ/μ)被用于表征温度场均匀性。他们在特定高温合金体系中的研究表明,当CV>0.15时,雀斑缺陷数量呈现增加趋势,但该阈值的普适性需结合具体合金成分和工艺条件验证。在非均匀辐射温度场作用下,叶身截面突变区的型壳表面散热速率加快,通过设计变厚度型壳与可拆卸隔热板可有效降低温度场的不均性[38-39]
变速抽拉作为改善固/液界面形态的经典方法,其原理最早由Giamei等[3]在LMC技术研究中提出。针对单晶叶片边缘杂晶缺陷问题,为实现叶身段温度场稳定及糊状区连续性生长,近期Ren等[40]、Hu等[41]、张海华等[42]通过数值模拟探讨了变速抽拉工艺对温度场与糊状区形貌的调控作用,如图1[40]所示,通过设计一种结合数值模拟结果实时调整抽拉速率的方法,在采用计算得到的变速抽拉工艺后,叶片凝固过程辐射和温度的分布显著改善,固液相线更加平直,平台中的过冷现象大幅减少,应用该方法有望减少单晶叶片的雀斑缺陷。
Liu等[43]、刘国怀等[44]、Xiao等[45]、Reddy等[46]、杨亮等[47]利用温度场数值模拟结果,对高温合金定向凝固的抽拉速率工艺窗口设置进行优化,结合实验验证,优化后的工艺参数能够获得完整的单晶组织和较少的晶体组织缺陷。不同铸件优化得到的工艺窗口虽然不同,但通常总体趋势是随着抽拉速率的提高,凝固体系中的温度梯度显著增加,导致糊状区宽度收缩,同时枝晶生长前沿曲率与等温线曲率同步增大,一次枝晶臂间距缩短;反之,当沿凝固方向的温度梯度降低时,生成结晶缺陷倾向增强。
高温合金定向凝固过程中,熔体流动引发的溶质迁移行为会导致铸件内部形成特征性的通道型宏观偏析结构。在宏观偏析预测领域,研究者在模型中常将糊状区枝晶结构等效为多孔介质[48],通过数值模拟该介质内溶质再分配与流动衰减的耦合过程,可有效解析溶质羽流形成及偏析通道发展的机制。需要指出的是,通道偏析的形成涉及固液相变、熔体流动、传热传质等多物理场的非线性耦合作用,其复杂性主要源于这些过程强相互作用。
在定向凝固过程中,固/液界面前沿因溶质再分配作用会形成局部富集区域。受重力场作用,低密度溶质富集区产生浮力驱动自然对流,这种流动不仅改变凝固界面形貌[49],严重情况下还会引发雀斑缺陷,熔体流动行为的数学描述基于动量守恒方程[48]。在流体动力学数值模拟中,为确保严格满足质量守恒和动量守恒定律,需对每个计算单元求解连续性方程与Navier-Stokes方程,该方程组构成金属液流动行为的基本控制方程。
通过数值模拟可有效揭示镍基高温合金定向凝固过程中的流动、传热及溶质传输行为,并预测通道偏析的最终形貌特征。Ren等[50]研究指出,虽然凝固过程中可能形成多股烟囱状流动结构,但仅部分烟囱流能够形成稳定的偏析通道。糊状区内熔体流动的非均匀性及其引发的动态扰动会干扰溶质富集区的稳定积累,从而抑制通道偏析的持续扩展。然而,当稳定的通道偏析形成后,糊状区排出的溶质在热溶质对流驱动下持续注入通道内部,导致溶质浓度梯度进一步增大,促使偏析通道自维持性发展。值得注意的是,铸件表面因存在显著的横向热损失,且局部流动场受主液相区对流影响较弱,更易形成稳定的通道偏析;相反,铸件中心区域因受主流区强对流作用及热梯度分布影响,通道偏析难以持续向上生长。
在高温合金定向凝固过程中,固/液界面前沿因溶质再分配作用会形成低密度溶质富集区域。该富集液相在浮力驱动下上浮,对枝晶臂产生冲刷作用,其动态压力远超高温合金枝晶的高温抗拉强度,在晶体取向差较大时,溶质羽流流速显著提升[51],冲刷力增强导致枝晶熔断及破碎现象,最终形成雀斑缺陷[49],形成机制示意图如图2[50]所示。为实现雀斑缺陷的数值预测,需建立温度场-溶质场-流场多场耦合模型,并采用基于Rayleigh数的临界判据[52]评估局部区域雀斑形成倾向。需要指出的是,雀斑缺陷的形成受合金成分、凝固工艺参数及铸件几何特征[5]等多因素共同影响,属于复杂成因的铸造缺陷,在工程实践中常出现在铸件截面突变区域。Zhang等[19]的仿真结果表明,在仅考虑自然对流的情况下,固体-液体界面前沿的流速和界面形态在截面变化的过渡区域显著改变。当固液界面穿过过渡区域时,界面前沿的流速突然增加,因为界面形态发生了变化。Ren等[53]、Ma等[54]学者的研究表明,定向凝固过程中侧向热流是诱发雀斑链在铸件表层形成的重要原因,通道偏析的分布特征对冷却条件变化及铸件几何形态表现出高度敏感性。当铸件横截面积增大时,熔体中溶质浓度被稀释,导致雀斑链难以形成;反之,截面尺寸减小会加剧溶质富集程度,促进通道偏析的生成。在具有几何突变(如尖角、薄壁)特征的区域,溶质富集引发的烟囱流受主液相区流动干扰较小,使得溶质能够在底部持续积累。同时,此类区域的枝晶生长速率显著高于其他区域,这两个因素共同作用加速通道偏析的形成与扩展。
综上,截面突变通过改变局部渗透率,显著影响熔体流动行为。Sun等[55]通过二维CAFE耦合模型,系统研究了镍基高温合金在横截面突然收缩的定向凝固过程中雀斑缺陷的演化规律,重点关注合金元素(W、Co、Ti、Ta)及铸件截面突变对雀斑形成的影响。结果表明,在定向凝固过程中,截面收缩为向上流动的液体引入高渗透路径,从而可增强雀斑倾向;降低W元素浓度能够在一定程度上抑制沿铸件边缘的雀斑形成。Qin等[37]为控制叶片平台结构处的雀斑缺陷,结合数值模拟研究了定向凝固过程中的流场分布情况。结果显示,当界面到达平台时,在固液界面前观察到复杂的三维流动,随着固液界面接近平台,其前方的流场速度增加。为解决平台处的雀斑缺陷,设计出两种厚度不均匀的模具,改善了固液相线形貌凹陷的问题。Zhang团队[56]实现工业涡轮叶片定向凝固过程的“数字孪生”建模,开发出基于物理机制的数值预测新方法,其预测结果如图3所示。该方法采用分步建模策略:首先运用ProCAST软件计算凝固炉内辐射热场的全局分布;继而采用基于体积平均法的多相凝固耦合模型,对叶片内部流动行为与凝固进程进行数值再现。仿真数据表明,该方法对雀斑缺陷的预测结果与实验数据具有良好的一致性。涡轮叶片凸台处形成雀斑的高风险位置是由于定向凝固炉的遮挡效应,即面向中心杆(较冷)的凸台面(即阴影面)温度较低,溶质富集的枝晶间液体具有较高的重力势能向上流动,使其成为羽流/雀斑形成的首选位置。在炉壁侧,温度剖面、糊状区的形状均为水平,沿糊状区各处形成羽流的概率相等,一旦羽流形成,就会被整体对流带走,不会发展成稳定的通道。
当前,高温合金铸件的宏观应力与变形行为主要借助有限元法进行数值模拟分析。其模拟流程为:首先通过温度场求解获取热载荷,随后将它们输入至静力学平衡方程、本构方程及变形协调方程中。应力与应变之间的关联由本构方程确立,其中塑性本构行为采用增量理论进行数学描述。基于上述积分形式的控制方程,采用位移基函数法对固体变形场进行离散化求解。通过引入虚功原理与高斯定理,结合单元插值函数及节点位移参数,可解析推导出单元内部任意点的应变分布。
在高温合金定向凝固过程的应力应变模拟中,传统弹塑性本构模型与基于滑移理论的晶体塑性有限元方法均被广泛应用。晶体塑性有限元模型中,总变形梯度F分解为塑性剪切Fe和弹性变形Fp两部分,根据二阶张量的规范分解准则,速度梯度张量L可分解为对称的变形率张量D与偏对称的旋转率张量R之和,二者分别表征晶格的弹性变形与刚性旋转行为[57]
定向凝固过程中,类似空心涡轮叶片等复杂结构的铸件,因薄壁区域冷却快、厚壁区域冷却慢等因素会产生显著的热应力梯度。由非均匀冷却引发的残余应力是单晶叶片在后续热处理或高温服役过程中发生再结晶的主要诱因,再结晶将破坏单晶结构的完整性,形成晶界并显著劣化合金的高温力学性能。许自霖[58]利用ProCAST软件对单晶叶片定向凝固温度场进行模拟,并将温度数据导入Abaqus平台开展应力应变耦合分析。结果显示,排气边与上缘板交界区域检测到较大的等效塑性应变,其峰值超过2%。李忠林[59]针对单晶空心涡轮叶片的应力应变分布进行数值模拟,发现排气边上下两侧、型芯内部截面突变处、缘板根部及引晶条连接处存在高塑性应变集中现象。上述模拟结果与叶片实际生产中常见的再结晶位置一致性较高,验证了数值模拟在铸件残余应力与应变分析中的可靠性。
基于应力场模拟技术,可定量评估不同工艺参数对残余应力的作用机制,从而指导并优化工艺参数以避免热裂纹与塑性变形的产生。李杨等[24]、Hu等[41]、Xiao等[45]通过数值模拟系统研究定向凝固工艺参数对铸件应力应变场分布的影响规律,结果表明:随着抽拉速率的提升,温度梯度呈下降趋势,而热应力随之增大。图4给出李杨团队[24]针对某大尺寸空心定向柱晶叶片的残余应力分布及多工艺条件下的应力曲线模拟结果。分析发现,受陶芯低退让性及铸件几何结构限制,凝固过程中叶盆、叶背、叶盆缘板R角及叶背缘板R角区域存在明显的应力集中现象。在对比不同工艺参数的影响时发现:模具预热温度升高可显著降低各位置等效应力值,而仅调整浇注温度对等效应力分布的调控作用有限。综合研究显示,当浇注温度与模具温度均设置为1560 ℃时,铸件各区域温度梯度显著增大,有利于定向凝固柱状晶的择优生长,同时应力集中区域的等效应力值相对较低,可有效降低裂纹萌生风险。
在凝固及冷却阶段,固相的热膨胀效应与枝晶所受热溶质对流冲击共同导致枝晶结构变形。除晶粒形核与熔断外,枝晶变形还会诱发条纹晶[60-61]、取向偏差[62]、小角度晶界[63]等缺陷,严重损害铸件性能。Yamaguchi等[64-65]通过相场模型与物质点法的多尺度耦合,实现单枝晶及多枝晶变形过程的精确模拟,揭示出晶界附近半固态区域的剪切效应及变形诱导的小角度晶界形成机制。Ren等[66]基于矢量相场法与两相流模型,结合特定边界条件设计,模拟单枝晶压缩形成多晶结构的全过程,数值模拟再现枝晶形貌从高度分枝向低分枝结构的动态转变,以及后续破碎重组为粗化结构的过程,最终生成具有多取向晶界的多晶组织,其微观结构与实验观察结果一致。Yang等[67]通过耦合枝晶生长、热溶质对流、热应力及流体诱导变形的多尺度模型(CA-FVM+FEM),揭示了低角度晶界(LAGBs)形成机制,并提出优化工艺措施。研究结果显示,热溶性对流诱导的应力随一次枝晶尖高度的增加而发展,其数值显著高于热应力;高应力区域集中于枝晶桥接初始位置,未桥接区域次之,完全凝固区无应力集中,枝晶根部直径突变处易发生局部塑性应变集中,引发不可逆弯曲。
高温合金组织对其最终力学性能具有重要影响,当前金属材料微观组织模拟领域的主流技术涵盖分子动力学、元胞自动机CA及相场法三类方法。分子动力学方法受限于微观原子尺度,难以满足宏观组织模拟需求;相比之下,元胞自动机法和相场法则在介观及宏观尺度上与定向凝固的物理过程高度适配,成为高温合金铸件微观组织模拟的核心技术手段。如第2章所述,定向凝固过程中的熔体流动(流场)和伴随的溶质传输对微观组织的形成,特别是枝晶形貌、晶粒竞争生长以及雀斑等缺陷的产生具有至关重要的影响。因此,先进的微观组织模拟方法(尤其是CA和相场法)越来越注重与宏观温度场、流场和溶质场的耦合,以期更真实地反映多物理场协同作用下的组织演化行为。
元胞自动机方法由冯·诺依曼提出,通过整合宏观温度场与溶质场参数,Rappaz团队[12]首次将其应用于凝固组织生长模拟,并逐步扩展至高温合金晶粒演化的仿真分析。CA算法的核心在于每个元胞根据预设规则与邻近网格交互,从而动态模拟微观组织的演化过程。该模型涵盖晶粒形核与生长两个阶段:在高温合金定向凝固中,底部激冷区的形核机制较为复杂,可通过在铸件模型底端引入单层含随机扰动的晶种,结合瞬时形核模型近似表征初始过冷条件下的形核行为;而糊状区的形核主要发生于液相过冷区域,晶核依附于异质基底形核,此类过程通常采用高斯连续形核模型[68]进行数学描述晶粒生长过程中,固-液界面处的生长速率v与过冷度(ΔT)呈函数关系,则可以用Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi(KGT)模型[48]计算。
晶粒组织数值模拟技术通过多尺度建模揭示晶粒生长规律,有助于研究人员开展工艺参数优化及缺陷控制。为了准确预测微观结构,除了正确的几何、合金化学、金属液流动和加工条件设置外,还需要正确建模晶粒成核和树枝状生长。Liu等[69]、Szeliga等[70]、Torfeh等[71]、Durga等[72]分别提出校准不同牌号合金晶粒显微组织预测参数的方法,并将其应用于单晶铸造模拟,经实验验证,使用该方法确定的模拟参数,实验与模拟中晶粒取向偏差方面达到较好的一致性,对于晶粒结构模拟参数设置具有一定的指导意义。
在单晶高温合金螺旋晶粒选择器的优化设计中,通过耦合宏观尺度的ProCAST仿真平台与介观尺度的元胞自动机模型,在软件的CAF模块可有效再现定向凝固过程中的晶粒筛选机制。Guo等[73]、Zhang等[74]、Wang等[75]系统探讨螺旋选晶器的关键结构参数(包括起始段长度、螺旋通道直径、螺旋升程及螺旋体直径等)对晶粒选择效率及结果的影响,并通过数值模拟验证其作用机理。如图5[74]所示:在选晶器起始段,随着与水冷盘间距的增大,具有择优〈001〉取向的晶粒逐渐取代非〈001〉取向晶粒占据主导地位;在螺旋通道区域,靠近通道内壁底部的晶粒因几何约束效应更易被筛选为最终单晶;结合起始段热流导向与螺旋结构的三维限制作用,最终获得近〈001〉取向的单晶组织。该研究表明抽拉速率的调控与选晶器起始段、螺旋段的几何参数优化均对晶体取向精度及微观结构均匀性具有显著影响。Wang等[75]对选晶器几何参数的影响进行定量化研究,结果显示增加起始段长度(L)或减小其宽度(D)可显著优化晶体取向,当L/D>2时,晶体取向趋于稳定,继续增大L/D值则无显著改善;而改变螺旋参数对最终单晶取向无规律性影响,这是由于晶粒选择具有随机性,单晶可在螺旋爬升角达400°时完成筛选,与螺旋角度无关。
晶粒组织模拟结果能够为定向凝固工艺参数优化及雀斑等缺陷的抑制提供直观验证依据[76]。雀斑作为高温合金铸件中的典型缺陷,其宏观组织特征表现为沿凝固方向呈链状排列的细碎晶粒簇,主要由无特定晶体取向的等轴晶粒构成。此类无序取向晶粒间形成的晶粒边界与杂晶缺陷类似,均会对叶片的高温服役性能产生负面影响。针对雀斑缺陷的形成机制,Gao等[77]结合ProCAST宏观仿真平台与三维元胞自动机有限元(CAFE)模型,系统研究涡轮叶片缘板平台区域的雀斑形成机理及抽拉速率的调控效应。研究表明:雀斑缺陷的生成与局部过冷度及平台结构温度场的非均匀分布存在密切关联。当抽拉速率提升时,液相线宏观曲率呈现凹化趋势,且雀斑缺陷的发生概率随之上升。该课题组[78]还研究合金元素、冷却速率和铸件几何形状对雀斑形成的影响,提出一种二维CAFE模型,该模型耦合宏观液体流动、热量和溶质质量的传输,以及介观晶粒生长和微观偏析。模拟显示,截面收缩在定向凝固过程中为向上流动的液体引入高渗透路径,从而增强雀斑形成倾向;通过降低不稳定元素(W)的初始浓度,可以抑制沿铸件边缘的雀斑形成。
在定向凝固工艺参数优化方面:基于元胞自动机-有限差分(CAFD)方法与模糊控制理论的协同耦合,Zhang等[79]开发出一种智能预测模型优化复杂的单晶定向凝固过程,通过输入液相区宽度和浇铸与模具界面处的温差等关键参数,获得优选的抽拉速率。Saadati等[80]通过温度场和CAFE方法的模拟结果,对比静态固态冷却(SSC)技术与HRS技术,可知两种方法均可获得无缺陷晶粒组织的优选工艺窗口。模拟结果显示,与HRS方法相比,利用热导层和绝缘层提供定向凝固条件的SSC方法可提供更高的冷却速率、温度梯度和糊状区的移动速度。此外,由于其更强的散热能力,SSC方法在糊状区形成凸形固液相线,这对于生产无缺陷单晶叶片至关重要。Kavoosi等[81]探讨了两种不同型壳材质对IN738LC高温合金熔模铸造工艺过程中,微观与宏观组织结构及凝固动力学行为的作用机制,其基于CAFE方法模拟的晶粒组织特征与实验结果高度一致。模拟结果显示,在氧化铝模具中,细柱状晶粒从壁部生长,中心等轴晶粒的平均直径小于3 mm;而在锆模具中,柱状晶粒较粗,中心晶粒的平均直径大于4 mm。
在定向凝固模组结构优化研究中,杨文超等[82]开发出一种基于双层叠加模组的高效单晶叶片批量制备技术,并通过温度场与晶粒组织耦合模拟验证了该结构的工艺可行性。研究证实,套筒的引入可显著优化叶片凝固温度场分布,有效抑制杂晶形成,将单晶叶片合格率提升约30%;同时,该模组还确定避免杂晶生成的临界工艺参数为抽拉速率(100 μm/s)。针对第四代单晶高温合金叶片组模生产过程中的缘板杂晶问题,撒世鹏等[83]围绕温度场不均诱因展开研究,系统模拟叶片不同排列方式(如平行模组中柱排列)下的温度场及晶粒组织演化规律,并定量评估引晶杆对杂晶的抑制作用。数据表明,叶盆侧正对模组中柱排列模式下,横向温度场分布均匀性显著提升,引晶杆区域无杂晶生成,此工艺方案有望成为该代次单晶叶片生产的优选排列方式。
CA法还可用于模拟枝晶组织。为研究镍基单晶高温合金定向凝固中孔隙缺陷的形成机制,Liu等[84]构建介观尺度数值模型,可实现枝晶间疏松演变的动态模拟,该模型通过耦合多物理场方程,有效揭示出凝固收缩与溶质扩散的协同作用机理。通过结合X射线微断层扫描实验和模拟,将临界收缩压降纳入这一新的模型中后,成功预测出不同加工条件对疏松孔径大小和分布的影响。模型预测结果显示,疏松主要分布于一次枝晶和二次枝晶根部,在枝晶生长中期,孔隙率和平均孔径迅速增加。针对涡轮叶片平台结构区域的凝固特性,Yang团队[85]基于CAFD耦合算法数值再现了枝晶竞争生长过程,系统分析工艺参数(抽拉速率、温度梯度)对枝晶组织特征的作用规律。研究发现,提升温度梯度可改善枝晶排列有序性。Yan等[86]开发出一种确定性元胞自动机(DCA)模型,基于该模型可实现三维(3D)多晶生长下的枝晶分布模拟以及定向凝固过程枝晶演化行为,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。
近年来,得益于计算机算力的突破性进展,相场法[87-89]在材料科学领域的应用范围持续扩展。区别于传统随机性模拟方法,相场法基于金兹堡-朗道(Ginzburg-Landau)二级相变理论构建确定性数值模型,具有严格的理论物理基础。Kobayashi[13]首次建立纯物质凝固过程的相场数学模型,并逐步发展出适用于多元多相体系的相场算法。在高温合金定向凝固研究中,相场法主要聚焦于枝晶形貌演化的高精度模拟。该方法将各相体积分数{ϕαxt)}及溶质浓度{cαxt)}定义为空间-时间依赖的标量场(其中,ϕα为α相体积分数,cα为α相溶质成分,x为空间位置坐标)。基于Ginzburg-Landau理论框架,相场模型中定义了自由能泛函[89]。相场动力学方程的构建遵循热力学势能最小化原则,通过自由能泛函对相场参数的变分运算可推导出相场演化控制方程[88]
深入解析枝晶组织演化规律[89-91]对定向凝固工艺优化具有重要指导价值。鉴于高温合金多组元、高合金化的特性,传统二元相场模型难以准确表征其复杂枝晶生长行为。针对此问题,学者们通过集成热力学数据库与动力学参数,成功构建多元耦合相场模型[88-89],提升枝晶生长模拟的预测精度。借助多相场数值模拟技术,可系统研究合金成分、凝固参数与枝晶形貌特征(包括一次臂间距、微观偏析程度[89])之间的定量关系,从而建立工艺-组织的联系。
相场数值模拟技术能有效揭示不同凝固参数对枝晶组织特征的调控机制。Li等[92]和Guo等[93]通过二维相场法分别研究溶质相互作用以及二次、三次枝晶臂的动态行为对晶界处枝晶生长行为的影响,解释实验中发现的不利取向枝晶在生长过程中覆盖有利取向枝晶的反常现象,这种“反常覆盖”现象是由于溶质扩散长度大,枝晶间溶质场显著重叠导致的,晶界的平均取向与两个竞争晶粒的次级枝晶生长方向的绝对差值有关,Li还首次提出“动态间距调整”机制,但该现象的三维扩展体系需进一步研究。后续Guo等[94]验证对比了二维、三维空间中的“反常覆盖”现象成因,结果显示:三维中液态空间取代次级枝晶臂竞争,成为新枝晶生长的主要驱动力,晶粒淘汰率随取向偏离度增大而单调递增,证明二维相场模拟存在一定局限性。Xu等[18]通过三维相场模拟对比HRS与LMC工艺下的枝晶生长行为,结果显示:HRS工艺下枝晶形貌较为粗大,一次枝晶间距显著增加,证实定向凝固工艺参数对枝晶组织形貌及间距分布具有决定性调控作用。Yang等[95]研究了不同温度梯度下一次枝晶臂的形成,并进行定向凝固中多晶生长的模拟,以研究枝晶的竞争性生长。研究结果表明:在单晶定向凝固过程中,随着温度梯度的增加,平均主枝间距及其分布范围均减小。在多晶定向凝固过程中,最大高度枝晶的生长不仅取决于其倾斜角度,还取决于相邻枝晶的位置。
溶质偏析是高温合金定向凝固的核心问题,相场法通过量化溶质再分配行为,能够动态追踪两相界面和溶质扩散,为工艺优化提供依据。基于相场法,Yang等[89]对多元镍基高温合金中各元素的偏析行为进行了系统量化研究,并模拟定向凝固过程中一次枝晶臂间距的演化规律。研究显示:当晶粒倾角θ低于20°时,一次枝晶臂间距与θ=0°时的基准值未呈现显著差异;而当θ超过20°后,一次枝晶臂间距随倾角增大呈显著递增趋势。此外,Yang等[96]通过耦合热力学数据库的多元多相场模型,模拟高温合金共晶组织的动态生长过程,在γ′相周围观测到γ相的重熔现象,证实γ/γ′组织的形成源于共晶反应过程。
截至目前,虽然使用相场法求解定向凝固过程已开展较为广泛的研究,但目前距离实现高保真模拟仍存在以下问题:1)相场法数值模拟计算量极大,随着计算能力发展,可考虑通过并行计算、GPU加速等方法缓解,但仍未完全解决;2)传统定量相场基于二元合金推导而来,溶质场方程为单一元素,多元相场需要结合相图改进模型;3)传统相场求解一个相方程,只能考虑同一个晶体取向,多取向计算需要增加相方程或采用其他数值手段。以上问题导致目前相场法与实际生产中的工艺优化结合效果低于预期,在未来的研究中有待进一步解决以使其在指导科研生产过程中发挥更大作用。
微观组织模拟因其庞大的计算资源需求与冗长的计算周期,目前尚难以实现宏观尺度构件全局微观组织的完整仿真。在此技术瓶颈下,宏-微观跨尺度耦合模拟技术应运而生,并逐步发展为当前数值模拟的主流方向。在定向凝固多尺度模拟中,通常采用宏观模型对全域的流场、温度场等物理量进行求解,随后提取局部区域的温度场等边界条件输入微观组织模型进行计算,最终通过宏-微观数据结合,得到全铸件微观组织演化规律。
张航[97]通过整合宏观温度场与介微观晶体生长模型,综合考虑温度梯度分布及晶粒生长动力学,实现三维枝晶生长与溶质扩散的多尺度耦合分析。Xu等[18]结合实验与模拟手段,系统研究LMC定向凝固单晶涡轮叶片的制备过程,构建了温度场-晶粒生长-溶质扩散多场耦合模型,成功模拟二维枝晶在叶片各截面上的分布规律,模拟结果与实验数据呈现良好的一致性。Yan等[98]开发出一种结合介观晶粒和微观枝晶组织的综合传热模型,以预测LMC定向凝固过程中温度分布和微观结构演变,模型模拟结果如图6所示。该模型采用插值算法处理宏观-微观网格耦合问题,使用该模型优化定向凝固工艺参数抽拉速率,在模拟得到的糊状区形貌、晶粒组织以及枝晶生长过程基础上获得优选的工艺参数。随着高效计算技术的突破及多物理场耦合模型的迭代优化,此类多尺度方法在揭示高温合金定向凝固机理与工艺优化中的优势愈发凸显,多尺度耦合模拟将在高温合金定向凝固机理研究与工艺优化中占据核心地位。
为清晰展示各方法的特性,表1总结归纳了CA法、相场法、FEM的适用尺度和典型应用场景等。如表1所示,CA法、相场法和FEM在尺度、精度、效率和适用目标上存在显著差异,却形成互补。当前研究的重点和未来发展方向在于发展高效的宏-介-微观多尺度耦合方法,以克服单一方法的局限性,实现对镍基高温合金定向凝固过程从宏观工艺到微观组织的完整、高精度模拟。这需要结合计算能力的提升、算法的优化以及多物理场模型的深度集成。
镍基高温合金定向凝固过程的数值模拟技术历经数十年发展已取得显著进展,现有模型在凝固传热、流动行为及晶粒组织生长等领域的应用日趋成熟,成为优化定向凝固工艺的关键技术支撑。在缺陷预测方面,数值模拟已成功实现缩松、雀斑、杂晶等典型铸造缺陷的定量化预测。然而,当前研究仍存在若干技术瓶颈:其一,模拟需依赖高度近似的定解条件(几何构型、初始状态与边界约束),大部分物理现象对边界条件敏感性较高,导致普适性受限,目前通过实验测定边界条件的方法比较匮乏(比如界面换热系数、晶体生长参数等),导致模拟的结果只能实现定性预测,很多计算无法与实验过程直接耦合;其二,工艺优化仍依赖传统试错模式,数值模拟多停留于局部参数探索,工艺窗口的精细化程度不足。由此可见,作为数字孪生技术的核心工具,数值模拟在高温合金定向凝固领域的潜力尚未完全释放。
近年来,凝固微观组织与相变行为的跨尺度模拟成为研究焦点。从宏观(毫米)、介观(微米)到原子尺度(纳米),元胞自动机、相场法及第一性原理[99]等多尺度方法在金属材料模拟中广泛应用。与此同时,集成计算材料工程(ICME)通过多尺度模型耦合与全流程数据贯通,为凝固模拟提供了创新方法论。面向未来,高温合金定向凝固数值模拟技术将重点突破以下方向:
(1)多物理场-跨尺度耦合模型的深化与集成:尽管多尺度耦合模拟在理论上展现出巨大潜力,其在实际工业生产中的广泛应用仍面临严峻挑战,未来发展需进一步开发多物理场耦合算法,构建跨尺度、全尺度集成模型。通过集成相场法、元胞自动机与有限元等多种方法,实现从枝晶生长动力学到铸件宏观变形的无缝衔接,揭示多尺度交互作用对缺陷形成的影响机制。借助集成计算材料工程(ICME)框架,将热力学数据库、动力学参数与多尺度模拟平台深度融合,提升多元合金凝固过程预测的准确性。
(2)人工智能驱动的模拟与工艺优化:传统数值模拟依赖“试错式”参数调整,效率较低。基于机器学习的高通量模拟与数据挖掘技术可突破这一瓶颈,通过训练神经网络建立工艺参数-组织性能的映射关系,实现缺陷的智能预测与工艺窗口的快速优化。此外,强化学习算法可结合实时仿真数据动态调整抽拉速率、温度梯度等关键参数,推动定向凝固工艺从“经验驱动”向“数据驱动”转变。
(3)多元合金凝固机理的精准表征:现有模型对高合金化镍基高温合金中多组元交互作用的描述仍显不足。未来可考虑结合第一性原理计算与分子动力学模拟,揭示合金元素对界面稳定性、枝晶形貌及偏析行为的影响规律。发展耦合热力学数据库的多元相场模型,定量预测γ/γ′共晶组织、拓扑密堆相(TCP)等微观结构的演化,为新一代高温合金设计提供理论支撑。
(4)实验-模拟协同验证体系的完善:加强原位表征技术(如同步辐射X射线成像、高温共聚焦显微镜)与数值模拟的协同应用,通过多模态数据对比验证模型的可靠性。建立标准化实验数据库,涵盖不同工艺条件下的温度梯度、枝晶间距、缺陷分布等关键参数,为模型校准与迭代优化提供数据基础。
总之,镍基高温合金定向凝固数值模拟技术将朝着多尺度、智能化、高保真的方向发展。通过多学科交叉与技术创新,该领域有望在复杂铸件精准控形控性、缺陷“零容忍”制造等挑战中取得突破,为航空发动机等高端装备的可靠性与寿命提升提供核心技术支撑。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.11868/j.issn.1005-5053.2025.000096
  • 接收时间:2025-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-30
  • 录用日期:2025-08-08
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    1中国航发北京航空材料研究院 先进高温结构材料重点实验室,北京 100095
    2北京科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100083
    393160部队,北京 100072
    4北京科技大学 碳中和研究院,北京 100083
    5东北大学 材料科学与工程学院,沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

赵云松(1987—),男,博士,研究员,研究方向为镍基高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市81信箱1分箱(100095),E-mail:
姚志浩(1982—),男,博士,教授,研究方向为高温合金材料等领域,联系地址:北京市海淀区学院路30号北京科技大学材料科学与工程学院(100083),E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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