Article(id=1276897020619133155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13205/j.hjgc.202603013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763827200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-23, revisedDate=1765468800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-12, acceptedDate=1767110400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineDate=1782365573314, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365573314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365573314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365573314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896822652174534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774108800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365526116, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782722557449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897020887568613, articleId=1276897020619133155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=EN, title=Influence of organic matter in fermentation supernatant on process and products of phosphorus recovery via vivianite crystallization, columnId=null, journalTitle=Environmental Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vivianite crystallization is recognized as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for phosphorus recovery in wastewater resource utilization. However, in practical phosphorus recovery processes, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in the supernatant of sludge anaerobic fermentation may interfere with vivianite crystallization, thereby affecting both the phosphorus recovery efficiency and the product properties. In this study, polysaccharides, proteins, acetic acid, propionic acid, and humic substances were selected as representative organic matter to systematically assess how their types and concentrations affect vivianite crystallization, and to elucidate their impacts on crystal morphologies and structure as well as the associated interaction mechanisms. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of different types of organic matter on phosphorus recovery via vivianite crystallization followed the order of humic substances > proteins > propionic acid > acetic acid > polysaccharides. The presence of humic substances significantly reduced the phosphorus recovery rate and crystal size, and led to the formation of irregular surface deposits on the crystals. This study provides a theoretical foundation for clarifying the interference mechanism of DOM in vivianite crystallization within fermentation broth and offers insights for its regulation. These findings are of great importance for guiding the optimization of the efficient phosphorus recovery processes in real wastewater systems.

, authors=null, authorsList=Suna WANG, Jiashun CAO, Xiya LIANG, Shilong WANG, Ran GE, Jingyang LUO, Fang FANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897022095528177, articleId=1276897020619133155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=CN, title=发酵液中有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷过程及产物的影响, columnId=1276896937064399859, journalTitle=环境工程, columnName=固废处理与资源化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在污水资源化利用过程中,蓝铁矿结晶被认为是一种高效且环保的磷回收技术。然而,在实际磷回收过程中,污泥厌氧发酵上清液中普遍存在的溶解性有机质(DOM)可能干扰蓝铁矿的结晶行为,影响磷的回收效率及产物性质。因此,以多糖、蛋白质、乙酸、丙酸和腐殖质为代表有机质,系统评估了有机质类型与浓度对蓝铁矿结晶的影响,解析了有机质对晶体形貌、结构的影响及互相机制。结果表明,不同类型有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷的抑制程度顺序为腐殖质>蛋白质>丙酸>乙酸>多糖,腐殖质的存在显著降低了磷回收率和晶体粒径,并在晶体表面形成不规则附着物。研究结果为明确发酵液中DOM对蓝铁矿结晶的干扰机制及其调控提供了理论依据,对实际污水中实现高效磷回收具有重要指导意义。

, authors=

王苏娜(1996—),女,讲师,主要研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用。

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方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水及固废资源化。
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王苏娜(1996—),女,讲师,主要研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用。

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王苏娜(1996—),女,讲师,主要研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用。

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发酵液中有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷过程及产物的影响
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王苏娜 1 , 操家顺 2 , 梁茜娅 2 , 王世龙 2 , 葛冉 3 , 罗景阳 2 , 方芳 2
环境工程 | 固废处理与资源化 2026,44(3): 146-154
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环境工程 |固废处理与资源化 2026 , 44 (3) : 146 -154
发酵液中有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷过程及产物的影响
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王苏娜1 , 操家顺2, 梁茜娅2, 王世龙2, 葛冉3, 罗景阳2, 方芳2
作者信息
  • 1江苏开放大学 建筑工程学院,南京 210036
  • 2河海大学 环境学院,南京 210098
  • 3江苏省环境监测中心,南京 210019
通讯作者:
方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水及固废资源化。
Influence of organic matter in fermentation supernatant on process and products of phosphorus recovery via vivianite crystallization
Suna WANG1 , Jiashun CAO2, Xiya LIANG2, Shilong WANG2, Ran GE3, Jingyang LUO2, Fang FANG2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Construction Engineering,Jiangsu Open University,Nanjing 210036,China
  • 2College of Environment,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China
  • 3Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center,Nanjing 210019,China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603013
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在污水资源化利用过程中,蓝铁矿结晶被认为是一种高效且环保的磷回收技术。然而,在实际磷回收过程中,污泥厌氧发酵上清液中普遍存在的溶解性有机质(DOM)可能干扰蓝铁矿的结晶行为,影响磷的回收效率及产物性质。因此,以多糖、蛋白质、乙酸、丙酸和腐殖质为代表有机质,系统评估了有机质类型与浓度对蓝铁矿结晶的影响,解析了有机质对晶体形貌、结构的影响及互相机制。结果表明,不同类型有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷的抑制程度顺序为腐殖质>蛋白质>丙酸>乙酸>多糖,腐殖质的存在显著降低了磷回收率和晶体粒径,并在晶体表面形成不规则附着物。研究结果为明确发酵液中DOM对蓝铁矿结晶的干扰机制及其调控提供了理论依据,对实际污水中实现高效磷回收具有重要指导意义。

磷回收  /  蓝铁矿  /  有机质  /  结晶  /  厌氧发酵

Vivianite crystallization is recognized as an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for phosphorus recovery in wastewater resource utilization. However, in practical phosphorus recovery processes, the dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in the supernatant of sludge anaerobic fermentation may interfere with vivianite crystallization, thereby affecting both the phosphorus recovery efficiency and the product properties. In this study, polysaccharides, proteins, acetic acid, propionic acid, and humic substances were selected as representative organic matter to systematically assess how their types and concentrations affect vivianite crystallization, and to elucidate their impacts on crystal morphologies and structure as well as the associated interaction mechanisms. The results showed that the inhibitory effects of different types of organic matter on phosphorus recovery via vivianite crystallization followed the order of humic substances > proteins > propionic acid > acetic acid > polysaccharides. The presence of humic substances significantly reduced the phosphorus recovery rate and crystal size, and led to the formation of irregular surface deposits on the crystals. This study provides a theoretical foundation for clarifying the interference mechanism of DOM in vivianite crystallization within fermentation broth and offers insights for its regulation. These findings are of great importance for guiding the optimization of the efficient phosphorus recovery processes in real wastewater systems.

phosphorus recovery  /  vivianite  /  organic matter  /  crystallization  /  anaerobic fermentation
王苏娜, 操家顺, 梁茜娅, 王世龙, 葛冉, 罗景阳, 方芳. 发酵液中有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷过程及产物的影响. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603013
Suna WANG, Jiashun CAO, Xiya LIANG, Shilong WANG, Ran GE, Jingyang LUO, Fang FANG. Influence of organic matter in fermentation supernatant on process and products of phosphorus recovery via vivianite crystallization[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603013
随着城市化进程加快和人口增长,水体富营养化问题日益严峻。磷作为限制性营养元素,其过量排放已成为导致水生环境中有害藻类水华频发的主要因素1。与此同时,全球磷矿资源逐渐枯竭,促使磷的回收与再利用成为亟需解决的资源与环境双重问题2。目前,污水中常见的磷回收方法包括化学沉淀法、吸附法及结晶回收法等3。化学沉淀法虽操作简便,但药剂消耗大、污泥产量高,回收产物资源化价值有限;吸附法可有效去除磷,但普遍存在吸附容量有限、再生过程复杂以及回收磷资源化程度较低等问题,制约了其工程应用。相比之下,结晶回收法通过形成不溶性磷酸盐实现磷的固相回收,具有回收效率高、操作相对简单且产物具备资源化潜力等优势,因而受到广泛关注。目前较为成熟的结晶技术主要包括鸟粪石和羟基磷灰石结晶,但二者通常需在偏碱性条件下运行,并伴随CO2吹脱和碱液投加,导致运行成本增加4。近年来,蓝铁矿[vivianite,Fe3(PO42·8H2O]结晶法因其良好的适应性和潜在经济价值,逐渐成为污水中磷回收的重要研究方向之一34
通常情况下,经过污水处理厂处理后,约有90%的磷会残留在剩余污泥中。在实际磷回收过程中,含磷废水或污泥中磷的释放通常伴随着高浓度溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的存在,其成为影响蓝铁矿结晶和生长以及回收产品纯度的重要因素56。Zhang等7发现,当用海藻酸钠模拟胞外聚合物时,其不仅抑制磷的回收效率,还使收获的蓝铁矿晶体形态从树枝状改变为板状/棒状。值得关注的是,有机质的多样性和复杂结构可能导致其与蓝铁矿晶体相互作用机制的不同。而有机质中存在的各种官能团,如羧基、苯基、羰基、羟基等,使其易于与蓝铁矿晶体发生相互作用,并最终干扰蓝铁矿晶体的形成8。然而,已有研究对DOM影响机制的认识尚不统一,尤其在不同类型有机质的干扰作用及其相互作用机制方面,仍缺乏系统研究。
为了有效从污泥厌氧发酵液中回收磷,了解有机质对蓝铁矿结晶的影响至关重要。因此,本文根据发酵液中有机化合物的种类,以含量较多的多糖、蛋白质、腐殖质、挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸和丙酸)为代表性物质,评估不同类型、不同浓度有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷效率及晶体性质的影响,并利用多种分析方法深入探究有机质与蓝铁矿晶体之间的相互作用机制,以期为蓝铁矿结晶法从污泥厌氧发酵液中高效回收磷提供理论依据。
所用化学试剂包括:FeSO4·7H2O、Na2HPO4、HCl、NaOH、钼酸铵、酒石酸锑钾、抗坏血酸、多糖(葡萄糖)、蛋白质(牛血清白蛋白)、腐殖质(黄腐酸≥90%)、乙酸、丙酸,均为分析纯,购自上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司以及上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。所用去离子水来自Milli-Q系统(Millipore,Inc),为了减少Fe2+的氧化,所有用于反应和分析的溶液都用高纯度N2进行吹脱,保证水中溶解氧在0.2 mg/L以下。
主要仪器设备:电子天平(EX-J124,天津德安特传感技术有限公司);磁力搅拌器(MYP11-2,上海梅颖浦仪器仪表制造有限公司);真空冷冻干燥机(FD-2B-80,上海继谱电子科技有限公司);pH计(PHB-4,上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司);紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV 1800,上海奥析科学仪器有限公司);傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet iS50,美国赛默飞世尔有限公司);X射线衍射仪(XRD,Ultima Ⅳ,日本理学有限公司);激光粒度仪(Mastersizer 2000,英国马尔文仪器有限公司);扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Hitachi Regulus8100,日本日立公司)。
采用Na2HPO4作为模拟废水中PO43--P的来源,污水厂常见的硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O)作为蓝铁矿结晶的沉淀剂。使用无氧去离子水制备0.2 mol/L PO43-储备液、0.3 mol/L Fe2+储备液以及5 g/L的有机质储备液。在制备Fe2+储备液的过程中需加入一定量的H2SO4,使溶液pH呈酸性,以维持Fe2+的稳定性,防止发生水解和氧化反应。通常,经污泥厌氧发酵后,上清液中多糖、蛋白质、乙酸和丙酸的浓度达到数百至数千mg/L,而PO43-和腐殖质的浓度则在几十到几百mg/L910。因此,模拟废水中多糖、蛋白质的浓度梯度均设置为0,100,300,500,700 mg/L;乙酸和丙酸的浓度梯度均设置为0,100,300,500,700,1000 mg/L;腐殖质的浓度梯度为0,10,30,50,70 mg/L;初始PO43-浓度为150 mg/L。取一定量的PO43-和Fe2+储备液转移到500 mL容量瓶中,n(Fe)/n(P)控制为1.5,并分别加入不同浓度的有机质储备液,加水稀释至标线,作为模拟有机物废水。
在有效工作体积为500 mL的锥形烧瓶反应器以及25 ℃的室温条件下进行蓝铁矿结晶试验。首先,在连续充N2条件下,将模拟有机物废水转移至500 mL的锥形烧瓶中,并使用0.1 mol/L HCl或1 mol/L NaOH将初始pH快速调节至7.0。然后,立即用硅胶塞将反应器密封,并以500 r/min连续搅拌60 min。沉淀30 min后,从反应器中提取30 mL混合溶液,使用0.45 μm醋酸纤维膜过滤,分析PO43-的含量。将形成的产物用无氧去离子水洗涤3次,然后冷冻干燥24 h用于晶体性质的检测。每组试验均按照上述程序进行。所有试验至少进行3次,并取平均值。
试验过程中溶液的pH变化通过pH计直接测定,磷酸盐浓度采用磷钼蓝—抗坏血酸分光光度法7进行测定;回收晶体的粒度借助Mastersize 2000型马尔文粒度分析仪在弱碱条件下进行测定;回收晶体的结构利用UltimaⅣ X射线衍射仪对样品的晶型结构进行测定,将冷冻干燥后的沉淀产物压片后进行分析,设置条件为采用Cu阳极,Cu Kα波长为1.5418 Å,电压为40 kV,电流为30 mA,扫描范围为5°~80°,扫描速度为10°/min,所得图谱用MDI Jade 6软件分析,通过与标准库数据比对,得出分析结果;利用Hitachi Regulus8100扫描电子显微镜测定晶体的微观形态;利用Nicolet iS50傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对晶体组成和结构进行分析9,用压片法进行常规测试,扫描范围为4000~400 cm-1,把样品粉末放在两块金属板中,当红外光照射到样品上时,根据样品表面电荷分布变化测量红外辐射的功率,从而获得以波数为横坐标的红外光谱图,确定样品中的官能团,进行定性分析。
不同浓度、不同类型有机质对磷回收率的影响如图1所示。可知:在不添加有机质的情况下,经30 min的反应后,磷回收率可达(94.30±1.01)%。随着溶液中多糖浓度的增加,磷回收率逐渐下降到(90.87±0.91)%;在含有高浓度蛋白质(700 mg/L)的溶液中,磷回收率下降至(86.19±1.59)%。这种差异主要源于蛋白质分子中丰富的羟基、酰胺基等含氧/含氮官能团更易与溶液中的Fe2+形成络合物,从而削弱Fe²⁺与PO43-的结合能力,导致磷回收率显著下降。相比之下,多糖中的官能团与Fe²⁺的结合能力相对较弱,对磷回收过程的干扰也较小,因此其对磷回收率的影响更小。
在低浓度条件下,乙酸对体系中磷回收率的影响较小,整体保持相对稳定,说明低浓度乙酸对结晶过程的干扰有限。而当系统乙酸浓度升至500 mg/L及以上时,磷回收率开始显著降低。700 mg/L乙酸的加入使系统中磷回收率降低至(89.75±1.28)%,较对照组下降了5百分点。可见,乙酸浓度对蓝铁矿的结晶有一定的影响。不同浓度丙酸对系统中磷回收率的影响趋势与乙酸相似,2种有机酸在低浓度下都表现出较低的抑制作用,而在高浓度下抑制作用增强11。2种有机酸对系统中蓝铁矿结晶的影响表现出相似的行为。
但当溶液中腐殖质浓度从0增加到70 mg/L时,磷回收率从(94.30±1.01)%下降到(82.76±1.90)%。可见,腐殖质的存在对蓝铁矿结晶过程中磷的回收产生了不利影响,这可能归因于以下2个原因:一是腐殖质对初始成核沉淀物的活性生长位点的阻断作用;二是腐殖质与Fe2+络合的竞争抑制机制1213
从磷的回收率可以看出,不同种类有机质对蓝铁矿结晶的影响程度顺序为腐殖质>蛋白质>丙酸>乙酸>多糖。在本研究中,尽管腐殖质的投加浓度低于其他有机质,其对蓝铁矿结晶的影响最为显著。这主要归因于腐殖质分子量较大、结构复杂,富含羧基和羟基等活性官能团,这些官能团可与蓝铁矿表面发生较强的化学相互作用,使其在结晶过程中更易吸附并干扰晶体的成核与生长过程5。值得注意的是,蛋白质在高浓度下(700 mg/L)同样对磷回收率产生了显著抑制作用,表明其在实际厌氧发酵液中亦是重要的干扰组分。腐殖质由于较强的表面作用能力,即使在较低浓度下也能产生显著影响;而蛋白质单分子作用强度弱于腐殖质,但在高浓度条件下,大量分子在晶体表面累积吸附,从而对蓝铁矿结晶磷回收率产生明显抑制。多糖类物质(如葡萄糖)由于官能团类型和数量有限,化学活性较低,与蓝铁矿晶体之间的相互作用相对较弱,在本研究条件下对结晶过程的影响不明显。乙酸和丙酸是较简单的有机酸,其分子结构相对较小,含有的官能团也较少,因此与蓝铁矿表面的相互作用亦相对较弱,对结晶过程的影响程度低于腐殖质和蛋白质。
不同浓度、不同类型有机质条件下回收的蓝铁矿晶体尺寸变化如图2所示。可知:在不添加有机质的情况下,回收的蓝铁矿晶体尺寸在25 µm左右。当溶液中存在多糖、乙酸或丙酸时,与对照组相比,回收的蓝铁矿晶体平均尺寸(D50)没有显著变化(见图2a、2c、2d)。这些有机质的存在并未对蓝铁矿晶体的尺寸分布产生显著影响。而当溶液中存在蛋白质时,随着蛋白质浓度的升高,回收的蓝铁矿晶体的平均晶体尺寸降低至22.03 µm,这可能是因为高浓度蛋白质的存在显著增加溶液黏度,降低了晶体之间的碰撞机会,影响了生成晶体颗粒的聚集过程。此外,当腐殖质浓度增加到70 mg/L时,晶体的平均尺寸减小到20.35 μm,这可能是因为腐殖质在蓝铁矿晶体表面的吸附掩盖了晶体表面的生长位点,阻碍了晶体生长14。同时,收获的蓝铁矿晶体尺寸的减小使其沉淀的时间更长。类似地,Chen等11研究了厨余垃圾水热炭化过程水中有机与无机杂质对蓝铁矿结晶的影响,指出在腐殖酸存在的条件下,蓝铁矿结晶过程受到抑制,所形成的固体产物呈叶片状且晶体尺寸明显减小。在实际的磷回收过程中,由于沉降效率低,细颗粒易从反应器中流失15。因此,为了有效促进磷的回收,应尽量将废水中的有机质含量降至最低水平。
图3为不同类型不同浓度有机质条件下回收的蓝铁矿晶体的XRD光谱。可知:在不添加有机质的情况下,磷回收产物的XRD光谱在11.148°、13.144°、18.089°、23.089°、27.769°、30.167°、33.077°处出现了强烈而清晰的衍射峰。根据Jade 6.0软件分析结果,其对应于Miller指数(110)、(020)、(200)、(101)、(031)、(211)和(-141)7。回收产物的XRD图谱与蓝铁矿晶体的标准图谱(PDF#30-0662)一致,明确了其为蓝铁矿16
在加入不同有机质后,观察到回收产物衍射峰的位置未发生明显差异,表明有机质的加入并不会改变晶体的类型或晶格参数,这意味着晶体的基本结构仍然保持不变。然而,不同有机质的加入却对衍射峰的相对强度产生了不同程度的影响。这可能是由于有机质与晶体表面发生相互作用,部分遮挡了X射线的有效衍射路径,或有机质的引入改变了晶体的表面形貌,从而影响了衍射峰的强度5。由图3可知:多糖和蛋白质的加入对晶体衍射峰强度的影响较小,但在高浓度乙酸、丙酸和腐殖质加入后,衍射峰的相对强度减弱。特别是随着腐殖质浓度的增加,(110)和(020)晶格表面的相对强度逐渐降低,这表明腐殖质的存在对蓝铁矿晶体的表面形态产生了影响14。随着峰值强度的降低和角度的改变,观察到了更嘈杂的图谱,这表明溶液中腐殖质的存在影响了蓝铁矿晶体的强度及其纯度15,导致晶体生长发育的不规则性或不均匀性,从而使衍射峰更加模糊或难以区分。
图4为不同类型不同浓度有机质条件下回收的蓝铁矿晶体的SEM图像。在无有机质时,获得的蓝铁矿晶体呈独特的花状或层状结构,由光滑原始的板状晶体组成,这与先前研究结果一致9。不同类型有机质的加入,使得晶体的形状呈不同的变化。一般情况下,蓝铁矿的晶体形态可以是棒状、树枝状、条状、蝴蝶状和板状,这与生长参数密切相关17
图4可看出:多糖和蛋白质的加入对晶体形貌的影响较小,晶体的轮廓依旧是清晰的花状。但在乙酸或丙酸的存在下,晶体的形状转变为大小不均匀的块状,失去了规则的形状,在收获的蓝铁矿晶体表面观察到一些无定形材料,这可能是由于有机酸通过络合作用吸附在晶体表面18。此外,当添加高浓度的有机酸时,晶体轮廓变得模糊,这可能是由于高浓度的有机酸增加了反应体系的酸性,提供了更多的H+,加速了与晶体表面的化学反应,从而导致晶体表面的一些部分被溶解变得凹凸不平,使轮廓模糊。这表明高浓度有机酸的存在导致晶体形态的变化,进一步证实了XRD结果。此外,与未添加腐殖质的原生晶体相比,添加腐殖质后,收获的蓝铁矿晶体表面附着了一些无定形材料,这可能是腐殖质通过静电、氢键、化学键等吸附作用附着在晶体表面,也证实了上述研究中磷回收率降低、粒径减小的现象。Dalas等19和Zhou等14也发现了类似结果。Zhou等14的研究结果表明,腐殖质的存在会通过腐殖质在晶体表面的吸附来掩盖鸟粪石晶体的活性生长位点,导致特定晶面的生长被阻断。
为了进一步探究有机质和蓝铁矿之间的相互作用,用FTIR光谱分析了收获的蓝铁矿晶体,如图5所示。可知:在无有机质存在的情况下,可在3700~3200,1631,1048,552,815 cm-1处观察到特征峰。其中,3700~3200 cm-1范围内的强宽带可能归属于羟基的拉伸振动20。1631 cm-1处的吸收带归属于水分子的弯曲振动9。1048,552 cm-1处的峰值与磷酸基团的不同振动带有关21。此外,在815 cm-1处观察到的波段归因于蓝铁矿的水振动模式。FTIR光谱结果为蓝铁矿的识别提供了进一步的支持22
图5a可知:在反应体系中加入葡萄糖后,回收的蓝铁矿产物没有产生新的吸收峰,且特征峰的位置没有出现显著变化,这说明添加葡萄糖对蓝铁矿结晶产物的形成、形态和结构无影响。已有研究表明,葡萄糖的O—H特征峰在3245 cm-1处,C—H特征峰在2893~2946 cm-1处,—CHO特征峰在2699 cm-19,产物中未发现表征醛基的特征峰,所以晶体表面没有吸附葡萄糖。由图5b可知:加入蛋白质后,回收产物出现了新的吸收峰,位于1650 cm-1处。牛血清蛋白中1650 cm-1的特征峰表征酰胺Ⅰ带,1545 cm-1表征酰胺Ⅱ带,1248 cm-1表征酰胺Ⅲ带9。因此,回收产物中出现的新特征峰来自于C̿    O的拉伸振动,象征酰胺基团,该结果表明蛋白质有参与到蓝铁矿晶体的形成中来。Fe2+与蛋白质形成二元络合物,然后PO43-与二元络合物中固定的Fe2+相结合,形成不溶性的蛋白质,即蓝铁矿络合物。
与未添加有机质条件下形成的蓝铁矿相比,在乙酸和丙酸存在下获得的蓝铁矿样品在 FTIR光谱中呈现出明显差异,尤其是在1446,938 cm-1处出现了新的吸收峰。在1446 cm-1附近出现的峰归因于乙酸中固有的甲基(—CH3)的C—H弯曲振动23。这种光谱偏移表明乙酸和蓝铁矿形成过程之间存在潜在的相互作用,这种作用可能会引发蓝铁矿结构中乙酸衍生部分的整合或修饰24。此外,丙酸的引入在约938 cm-1处出现了1个新的峰,伴随着峰范围从811 cm-1到820 cm-1的移动和强度变化。这些结果共同证明了丙酸的羧基(—COOH)与蓝铁矿表面上的Fe2+之间的表面络合现象。这种复杂的表面相互作用最终导致丙酸吸附到蓝铁矿晶格上,可能引起晶体表面性质的深刻变化,最终影响其生长特性。
腐殖质是一类结构复杂的天然有机大分子,含有多种活性基团,包括羧基、酚羟基、醇类羟基、氨基等,使其能够与金属离子或矿物表面发生多种作用8。当腐殖质的浓度从0增加到70 mg/L时,FTIR图谱中3425 cm-1处的羟基伸缩振动峰逐渐向低波数方向移动至3230 cm-1处,羟基的拉伸振动强度增加,这可能与分子之间氢键的形成有关25。在添加腐殖质后,1048,552 cm-1处的峰值波数的轻微变化可能与磷酸酯中的P—O—C拉伸有关,这与腐殖质中的C—O拉伸振动重叠526。这种重叠和变化进一步佐证了腐殖质大分子结构对晶体表面生长位点的物理覆盖和空间位阻效应。此外,FTIR谱图中1631 cm-1处峰向1623 cm-1处移动,并伴随峰强度变化,表明腐殖质的—COOH基团和Fe2+在蓝铁矿表面发生络合作用,导致腐殖质吸附在蓝铁矿晶体上5
综合磷回收率变化、XRD衍射峰强度衰减、晶体形貌演变及FTIR光谱等试验结果,总结出不同类型有机质在蓝铁矿结晶过程中的影响机制:多糖类物质(如葡萄糖)由于官能团较少、化学活性低,与蓝铁矿晶体表面几乎不发生相互作用,因此其添加对蓝铁矿的结晶过程影响不显著,晶体形貌和结构保持稳定,表明其对晶体生长不具抑制作用9。蛋白质通过酰胺基团与Fe2+形成络合,但单分子作用强度相对有限,部分Fe2+仍保持反应活性,可继续与PO43-生成蓝铁矿,因此在低浓度条件下对晶体生长抑制作用不明显,晶体形貌和结构未发生显著变化;但是,在高浓度条件下(如700 mg/L),蛋白质分子数量增加,通过累积吸附作用可显著干扰蓝铁矿晶体的成核与生长,从而对磷回收效率产生明显抑制作用,因此其在实际厌氧发酵液中亦为重要的干扰组分。丙酸和乙酸虽可与Fe2+形成弱络合,但结构简单、官能团较少,对晶体表面的作用相对较弱;而高浓度的有机酸增加了反应体系的酸性导致晶体形貌发生变化。相比之下,腐殖质对蓝铁矿结晶的影响最为显著,即使在较低浓度下添加也产生了最大程度的干扰,这主要归因于腐殖质分子量大、结构复杂,富含羧基和羟基等多种活性官能团。FTIR图谱也显示,腐殖质能够同时通过羧基形成稳定络合(使部分Fe2+失活),并通过羟基参与强烈的配位或氢键作用5。这种多位点强化学作用和显著的空间位阻效应,有效抑制了晶体的成核与聚集生长,从而显著干扰结晶过程并导致产物形貌的改变和衍射峰强度的衰减。
本文系统评估了不同浓度、不同类型有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷的影响程度,解析了有机质对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷效率以及回收晶体性质的影响,结合光谱分析探讨了有机质与蓝铁矿晶体相互作用的机理。主要结论如下:
1)从磷回收率结果发现,有机质浓度的增加会使其对蓝铁矿结晶回收磷的抑制作用增强,不同种类有机质对蓝铁矿结晶磷回收效率的影响程度为腐殖质>蛋白质>丙酸>乙酸>多糖。
2)有机质的存在没有改变回收产物晶体的类型,但使得晶体的形状和大小呈现出了不同变化。蛋白质和腐殖质的加入减小了产物粒径。高浓度有机酸和腐殖质的存在影响了蓝铁矿晶体的形貌。
3)有机质与Fe2+之间的络合是导致磷回收率下降的主要原因。腐殖质由于其分子量大、结构复杂且含有多种活性官能团,可通过络合Fe2+并在蓝铁矿表面形成强吸附作用,显著抑制蓝铁矿的结晶与生长。
4)在实际工程应用中,建议对发酵液进行预处理以优先去除或降解大分子有机质(如腐殖质),或通,过调整关键操作参数,如提高n(Fe)/n(P)、优化pH等手段,减弱有机质对蓝铁矿结晶的抑制,从而提高磷回收率。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603013
  • 接收时间:2025-11-23
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-23
  • 修回日期:2025-12-12
  • 录用日期:2025-12-31
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    1江苏开放大学 建筑工程学院,南京 210036
    2河海大学 环境学院,南京 210098
    3江苏省环境监测中心,南京 210019

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方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水及固废资源化。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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