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Article(id=1276897011278409782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13205/j.hjgc.202603007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768060800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-11, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=1769616000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-29, onlineDate=1782365571087, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365571087, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365571087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365571087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896822652174534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774108800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365526116, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782722557449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=84, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897011475542072, articleId=1276897011278409782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=EN, title=Response of activated sludge microbial communities to influent quality shock loading and corresponding process control, columnId=null, journalTitle=Environmental Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study took a large municipal wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） in northern China as the research object， and systematically investigated the influence characteristics and response mechanism of abnormal influent shock load on the structure of activated sludge microbial community. The results showed that influent shock caused drastic changes in the structure of activated sludge microbial community： the abundances of core functional flora such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 55.30% and 44.35%， respectively； the community diversity was reduced， the nitrification function was weakened， and the concentration of effluent ammonia nitrogen increased. Meanwhile， shock-resistant flora such as the genus SJA-28 within Chlorobi proliferated rapidly， showing a 5.68‑fold increase in relative abundance compared to the normal period， which helped sustain the pollutant removal capacity of the system to some extent. These findings confirmed that the activated sludge system has strong shock resistance and self-recovery capacity. The implementation of regulatory measures such as shortening sludge retention time （SRT） and increasing the dosage of sodium acetate and phosphorus removal chemicals was shown to be conducive to the rapid recovery of functional flora. Based on these findings， it is suggested that in practical operation， SRT adjustment strategies should be flexibly adjusted according to influent quality characteristics and temperature conditions， so as to improve the stability and resilience of the wastewater treatment system in responding to shock loading.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chenchen GAO, Xingcan ZHENG, Jia YOU, Yi CHEN, Wei SHANG, Yongli SUN, Min YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897014742904906, articleId=1276897011278409782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=CN, title=进水冲击引发的活性污泥微生物群落变化及工艺调控, columnId=1276896823583310025, journalTitle=环境工程, columnName=水环境与水生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以北方某大型城市污水处理厂为研究对象，系统探究了进水水质异常变动对活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响特征及相应的调控策略。结果表明：进水冲击引起活性污泥微生物群落结构发生剧烈变化，变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）核心功能菌群的相对丰度分别下降了55.30%和44.35%，群落多样性降低，硝化功能减弱，出水氨氮浓度升高；与此同时，绿菌门（Chlorobi）SJA-28菌属等耐冲击菌群快速增殖，相对丰度较正常期增加了5.68倍，在一定程度上维持了系统对污染物去除能力，体现出活性污泥系统具有较强的抗冲击与自我恢复能力。通过实施缩短泥龄、增加乙酸钠与除磷药剂投加量等调控措施，可促进功能菌群的快速恢复，建议在实际运行中结合进水水质特征和温度条件等综合确定泥龄调控策略，提升污水处理系统应对冲击负荷的稳定性。

, authors=null, authorsList=高晨晨, 郑兴灿, 游佳, 陈轶, 尚巍, 孙永利, 杨敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高晨晨（1986—），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为城镇排水和污水处理的政策与技术研究。
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Sampling schedule of activated sludge

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样品编号12345
取样日期05-0805-3006-1706-2707-15
样品编号678910
取样日期07-3008-1609-0409-1510-01
), ArticleFig(id=1277266516991144643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276897011278409782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

活性污泥样品取样时间表

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样品编号12345
取样日期05-0805-3006-1706-2707-15
样品编号678910
取样日期07-3008-1609-0409-1510-01
), ArticleFig(id=1277266517083419332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276897011278409782, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Influent and effluent water quality in the WWTP

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ρ(COD)/（mg/L）ρ(BOD5)/（mg/L）ρ(NH3-N)/（mg/L）ρ(TN)/（mg/L）ρ(TP)/（mg/L）
进水出水进水出水进水出水进水出水进水出水
异常日平均值1733.026.0225.02.077.43.1169.07.028.90.40
其他日平均值716.925.5328.02.451.30.678.48.47.50.26
异常日与其他日比值2.41.00.70.81.55.32.20.93.861.52
), ArticleFig(id=1277266517179888325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276897011278409782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

污水处理厂进、出水质对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目ρ(COD)/（mg/L）ρ(BOD5)/（mg/L）ρ(NH3-N)/（mg/L）ρ(TN)/（mg/L）ρ(TP)/（mg/L）
进水出水进水出水进水出水进水出水进水出水
异常日平均值1733.026.0225.02.077.43.1169.07.028.90.40
其他日平均值716.925.5328.02.451.30.678.48.47.50.26
异常日与其他日比值2.41.00.70.81.55.32.20.93.861.52
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进水冲击引发的活性污泥微生物群落变化及工艺调控
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高晨晨 , 郑兴灿 , 游佳 , 陈轶 , 尚巍 , 孙永利 , 杨敏
环境工程 | 水环境与水生态 2026,44(3): 84-91
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环境工程 |水环境与水生态 2026 , 44 (3) : 84 -91
进水冲击引发的活性污泥微生物群落变化及工艺调控
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高晨晨 , 郑兴灿, 游佳, 陈轶, 尚巍, 孙永利, 杨敏
作者信息
  • 中国市政工程华北设计研究总院有限公司，天津 300074
通讯作者:
高晨晨（1986—），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为城镇排水和污水处理的政策与技术研究。
Response of activated sludge microbial communities to influent quality shock loading and corresponding process control
Chenchen GAO , Xingcan ZHENG, Jia YOU, Yi CHEN, Wei SHANG, Yongli SUN, Min YANG
Affiliations
  • North China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co.，Ltd.，Tianjin 300074，China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603007
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以北方某大型城市污水处理厂为研究对象，系统探究了进水水质异常变动对活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响特征及相应的调控策略。结果表明：进水冲击引起活性污泥微生物群落结构发生剧烈变化，变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）核心功能菌群的相对丰度分别下降了55.30%和44.35%，群落多样性降低，硝化功能减弱，出水氨氮浓度升高；与此同时，绿菌门（Chlorobi）SJA-28菌属等耐冲击菌群快速增殖，相对丰度较正常期增加了5.68倍，在一定程度上维持了系统对污染物去除能力，体现出活性污泥系统具有较强的抗冲击与自我恢复能力。通过实施缩短泥龄、增加乙酸钠与除磷药剂投加量等调控措施，可促进功能菌群的快速恢复，建议在实际运行中结合进水水质特征和温度条件等综合确定泥龄调控策略，提升污水处理系统应对冲击负荷的稳定性。

城市污水  /  活性污泥  /  进水冲击  /  功能菌群  /  调控策略

This study took a large municipal wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） in northern China as the research object， and systematically investigated the influence characteristics and response mechanism of abnormal influent shock load on the structure of activated sludge microbial community. The results showed that influent shock caused drastic changes in the structure of activated sludge microbial community： the abundances of core functional flora such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 55.30% and 44.35%， respectively； the community diversity was reduced， the nitrification function was weakened， and the concentration of effluent ammonia nitrogen increased. Meanwhile， shock-resistant flora such as the genus SJA-28 within Chlorobi proliferated rapidly， showing a 5.68‑fold increase in relative abundance compared to the normal period， which helped sustain the pollutant removal capacity of the system to some extent. These findings confirmed that the activated sludge system has strong shock resistance and self-recovery capacity. The implementation of regulatory measures such as shortening sludge retention time （SRT） and increasing the dosage of sodium acetate and phosphorus removal chemicals was shown to be conducive to the rapid recovery of functional flora. Based on these findings， it is suggested that in practical operation， SRT adjustment strategies should be flexibly adjusted according to influent quality characteristics and temperature conditions， so as to improve the stability and resilience of the wastewater treatment system in responding to shock loading.

municipal wastewater  /  activated sludge  /  influent shock loading  /  function flora  /  process control measures
高晨晨, 郑兴灿, 游佳, 陈轶, 尚巍, 孙永利, 杨敏. 进水冲击引发的活性污泥微生物群落变化及工艺调控. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 84 -91 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603007
Chenchen GAO, Xingcan ZHENG, Jia YOU, Yi CHEN, Wei SHANG, Yongli SUN, Min YANG. Response of activated sludge microbial communities to influent quality shock loading and corresponding process control[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 84 -91 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603007
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城镇污水处理系统的生物处理工艺单元承担着有机污染物迁移转化和氮、磷营养物去除的关键功能，活性污泥是生物处理工艺单元实现污染物去除的核心载体，其净化机制本质上依赖于微生物对污水中有机物和营养物质的代谢活动［1，2］。微生物群落的结构组成、数量分布与代谢活性，在很大程度上决定了系统的处理效能与运行稳定性。在适宜的环境条件下，活性污泥中各类功能微生物形成结构复杂、种群丰富的微生态体系，兼具高效吸附分解能力和良好沉降性能［3］，并能够通过自我调节与动态平衡机制响应进水水质波动、工艺参数变化及外界环境因子的扰动。污水处理系统的稳定运行和处理性能高度依赖于微生物群落的结构韧性及其动态响应能力，活性污泥中菌群多样性、优势菌种间的协同作用以及群落的环境适应能力，共同维系微生态系统及其功能的相对稳定，或在外部环境影响下重构新的稳态结构，从而直接影响有机物去除和生物除磷脱氮效果［4⁃5］。
长期以来，活性污泥微生物群落结构及其在不同驱动因素下的动态演变规律，一直是环境微生物学与污水处理工程领域的研究热点。已有文献指出，进水水质特性、工艺运行参数、地理气候特征和处理工艺条件等因素，均可显著影响活性污泥中微生物群落的组成与功能菌群的比例［6⁃8］。上述因素共同塑造了具有地域与工艺特色的活性污泥微生态系统，而系统又可通过群落结构调整和功能冗余机制，对外界环境变化作出适应性响应。目前，国内外研究者多在单因素条件或实验室可控环境下，对活性污泥微生物的动态变化和功能特征及调控机理开展了大量基础研究，积累了较为系统的理论认识。然而，在实际污水处理厂等工程运行场景中，尤其是针对进水冲击等突发性、不可控扰动条件下，微生物群落结构演变、功能响应过程及工程调控措施的有效性，仍缺乏系统性的现场实证研究。因此，本研究以北方某大型城市污水处理厂为研究对象，通过持续跟踪监测进出水水质变化与活性污泥微生物群落结构的动态特征，深入探究进水水质波动条件下微生物群落的响应规律，重点分析了泥龄调整、外加碳源与除磷药剂投加等工程调控措施对关键功能菌群恢复与系统稳定的积极作用，旨在从工程应用层面揭示活性污泥系统的微生物学响应特征，为提升运行管理人员对功能菌群、进水水质与处理效能之间复杂关系的认识，以及污水处理厂应对水质冲击、优化运行调控、保障系统长期稳定运行提供科学依据与实践指导。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　样品采集
选取北方某城市污水处理厂作为研究对象，该污水处理厂处理规模为10万m3/d，采用A2O工艺，出水执行GB 18918—2016《城镇污水处理 厂污染物排放标准》的一级A排放标准。研究过程采集5—9月的进水、出水和活性污泥样品，其中活性污泥样品采集频次为每月2次，采样点为污水处理厂生物池末端，样品标号与取样时间具体见表1；水质样品采集频次为每天1次，进水和出水的采样点分别为污水处理厂进水泵池和二沉池出水。
1.2　实验方法
1.2.1　水质检测方法
检测指标包括进出水化学需氧量（COD）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP），测试方法参照《水和废水监测分析方法》［9］第四版。
1.2.2　DNA提取与高通量测序
采用标准的DNA提取方法［10］从活性污泥样品中提取基因组DNA。利用Illumina测序平台进行高通量测序，重点关注细菌和古菌的16S rRNA基因序列。通过生物信息学分析，确定微生物群落的组成和多样性。
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　进、出水水质变化特征
通过对污水处理厂5—9月进水中的COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN、TP 5项指标进行了连续监测，结果见图1—3。结果表明：5项水质指标均在7月11日出现一次显著异常波动。其中，当日进水COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均浓度分别为1733，225，77.64，169，28.9 mg/L，分别为同期其他监测日进水浓度均值的2.42，0.69，1.51，2.16，3.86倍（详见表2）。异常日进水水质特征表现为COD、TN、TP负荷显著提高，但BOD5浓度反而低于常规水平，仅为其他日均值的0.69倍，说明此次受水质冲击的污染物以难生物降解的有机物为主，可生化性明显下降。相比于进水端显著的水质波动，出水水质整体保持相对稳定，仅NH3-N异常日及后续5日内出现较为明显的水质波动，其出水浓度由0.58 mg/L升高至1.11~4.50 mg/L，异常期间与其他监测日的出水NH3-N浓度比值最高达7.75，而COD、TN和TP等其他出水指标变化幅度较小，未出现明显失稳现象。
2.2　微生物群落结构变化
在进水冲击负荷影响下，活性污泥系统中微生物群落的丰度动态与功能表现呈现显著变化。根据进水异常波动情况，将活性污泥微生物群落的变化划分为正常期、异常期、恢复期3个阶段。正常期为进水水质波动未引发异常前的正常运行阶段，异常期为进水水质发生突发性冲击后的阶段，恢复期为微生物群落在进水冲击解除后逐步恢复至正常期的阶段。根据表1安排进行活性污泥采样。其中，编号1—4代表正常期活性污泥样品，编号5、6为异常期活性污泥样品，编号7—10为恢复期活性污泥样品。
2.2.1　门水平微生物变化
在正常期（样品1—4），变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）是活性污泥中的主要优势菌群，其相对丰度分别为36.5%和27.0%（图4）。该类菌群在有机物降解以及氮、磷等营养物去除过程中发挥着核心作用［11，12］。同时，绿菌门（Chlorobi）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）等菌群在正常期维持较低但稳定的丰度水平，主要起到辅助代谢和环境适应的作用，共同确保了活性污泥系统结构和功能的稳定性。进入异常期（样品5、6）后，变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著下降，分别降至16.3%和15.9%。相应地，绿菌门的相对丰度显著升高至36.2%，在进水冲击条件下获得竞争优势并占据主导地位，成为该阶段的优势菌门。进入恢复期（编号7—10）后，微生物群落结构逐渐恢复，绿菌门的相对丰度回落至2.46%。变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度恢复至35.0%和29.3%，标志着活性污泥微生物群落结构组成和功能特征已基本恢复至正常期水平。
2.2.2　纲水平微生物变化
在正常期（样品1—4），β-proteobacter纲和Sphingobacteriia纲是活性污泥系统中的核心功能菌群，其相对丰度分别为16.93%和20.53%（图5）。其中，β-proteobacter纲能够进行硝化、反硝化及有机物降解过程，在系统污染物去除过程中发挥关键作用；Sphingobacteriia纲主要通过分解蛋白质、纤维素等复杂有机物并生成可利用的小分子底物，为β-proteobacter纲等功能菌群提供代谢支撑，二者在系统中形成协同作用，共同保障处理效能的稳定。进入异常期（样品5、6），β-proteobacter纲和Sphingobacteriia纲的相对丰度显著下降，分别降至4.56%和11.45%。此时，具有较强环境适应能力的Chlorobia纲迅速增殖，其相对丰度增至36.22%，成为该阶段的优势菌群。随着系统进入恢复期（编号7—10），β-proteobacter纲和Sphingobacteriia纲的相对丰度回升，分别达到17.29%和22.77%，接近正常期水平，而Chlorobia纲的相对丰度下降至2.46%。上述变化表明：在运行条件逐步稳定的过程中，以抗冲击为主的应急功能菌群逐渐退出主导地位，活性污泥微生物群落结构恢复至正常稳态。
2.2.3　优势菌属群落变化特征
在正常期（样品1—4），活性污泥系统中的核心功能菌群包括硝化菌群（Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira）、聚磷菌（Accumulibacter phosphatis）、拟杆菌门的Saprospiraceae菌属，以及反硝化菌群（Comamonadaceae、Thauera和Denitratisoma）（图6）。上述功能菌属在正常运行条件下均维持相对稳定的丰度水平，其相对丰度分别为4.50%、2.8%、10.96%和7.7%，共同支撑了系统的有机物降解、硝化、反硝化及生物除磷功能。进入异常期（样品5、6），上述功能菌群的相对丰度均显著下降，尤其是硝化菌和聚磷菌，其相对丰度分别降至0.50%和0.20%，表明对环境变化较为敏感的功能菌群受到明显抑制。而绿菌门SJA-28菌属的相对丰度显著升高至35.99%，推测与其较强的耐冲击能力和环境适应性有关，在核心功能菌受抑制的情况下，承担了维持系统污染物去除能力的作用。随着系统进入恢复期（样品7—10），运行条件逐步稳定，敏感功能菌群逐渐恢复，硝化菌和聚磷菌的相对丰度分别回升至3.13%和1.40%，反硝化菌群的相对丰度也回升至8.30%。绿菌门的SJA-28菌属的相对丰度下降至2.26%，表明其应急优势逐渐减弱，活性污泥微生物群落结构整体向正常稳态回归。
2.3　微生物群落响应机制
2.3.1　功能微生物与水质变化的响应
活性污泥功能微生物种群变化与进水水质波动呈现出显著的响应关系，微生物群落通过快速适应水质条件变化，在一定程度上保障了污水处理厂在水质波动条件下的稳定运行［13］。尤其是在进水COD和氮磷负荷显著增加的情况下，微生物群落通过功能菌群的替代和补位，维持了污水处理的基本功能。在进水水质发生异常波动时，对环境敏感的硝化菌（Nitrosomonas、Nitrospira）、聚磷菌（Accumulibacter phosphatis）及反硝化菌（Thauera）等核心功能菌群的丰度显著下降，直接导致了硝化功能受到抑制，对应出水NH3-N浓度由0.58 mg/L升高至1.11~4.50 mg/L，表明活性污泥的硝化功能受损。而在异常期（样品5、6），绿菌门SJA-28菌属等具有较强耐受性的菌群迅速增殖，表现出极强的环境适应性。Li等［14］在低温厌氧氨氧化系统中发现，SJA-28菌群能够与厌氧氨氧化菌竞争NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N，可通过竞争氮源参与多种氮代谢途径的耦合。Xin等［15］研究发现SJA-28菌群的相对丰度与进水NH4+-N浓度呈显著正相关，这也进一步说明SJA-28菌群在异常期快速增殖成为优势菌群，分担了活性污泥系统进水高NH4+-N、TN冲击带来的氮类物质的代谢压力，缓解了功能菌群受到抑制导致的氨氮累积，维持了系统对污染物去除能力，避免出水水质进一步恶化。
活性污泥系统对难降解污染物表现出一定的适应能力，即水质波动引发难降解有机物负荷增加，会诱导耐受性功能微生物种群的快速响应。本研究中，异常水质波动主要表现为COD负荷显著升高而BOD5相对较低，表明进水中难生物降解有机物占比增加。难降解有机物的增加对污水处理系统稳定性构成了威胁，尤其对微生物群落的适应性与功能维持提出了更高要求，而污水处理厂活性污泥微生物群落通过结构调整和功能补偿对冲击负荷作出响应，其中，绿菌门等具有较强环境适应性的菌群在处理难降解污染物过程中发挥了重要作用。通过群落演替与功能重构，系统得以在突发性进水冲击条件下保持整体运行性能，保障出水水质相对稳定。
2.3.2　微生物群落结构的动态调节特征
活性污泥微生物群落通常处于动态平衡状态，进水水质冲击会打破原有平衡，而微生物群落通过快速调整结构与功能，构建了新的动态平衡体系，从而实现对水质波动的适应并维持系统稳定运行［16］。通过对进水水质冲击前后活性污泥微生物群落结构的动态监测发现，微生物群落能够以较快速度对环境胁迫作出响应，体现出显著的动态调节特征。在正常期（样品1—4），微生物群落表现出较高多样性与均匀度，即香农指数为4.469，均匀度指数为0.716，该时期物种组成丰富且分布均衡，群落结构复杂且稳定，以拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门等多类群均衡共存为特征，优势度仅为0.016，表明无明显单一优势类群，系统处于功能稳定的成熟状态。当受到进水水质冲击进入异常期（样品5、6）时，微生物群落多样性与均匀度明显下降，香农指数降至3.599，均匀度指数降至0.574，而优势度升高至0.024，表明群落结构趋于简化，特定耐受性或适应性菌群被显著富集。该阶段微生物群落通过强化部分功能类群的优势地位，以应对环境胁迫，表现出明显的应激调节策略。随着系统进入恢复期（样品7—10），群落多样性指标呈现逐步回升趋势，香农指数恢复至4.325，均匀度指数提高至0.671，异常期显著增加的功能菌属迅速回落至接近正常期水平，同时原正常期占优势的核心功能类群重新建立生态位。
上述动态变化过程表明：活性污泥微生物群落具有较强的生态抵抗力与恢复力。在进水冲击影响下，群落通过降低整体多样性、强化特定功能类群优势来维持系统的基本处理功能；当胁迫因素解除后，又能够依托物种间的竞争与协作机制，逐步恢复至稳定状态。该群落结构的动态调节能力，是污水生物处理系统应对进水水质波动，保持处理效能稳定的基础。
2.4　进水冲击影响下的运维调控作用分析
2.4.1　泥龄调整对功能恢复的作用
泥龄作为调控活性污泥微生物群落结构与功能的关键参数［17］，在进水冲击负荷的影响下，污水处理厂通过泥龄调整促进了活性污泥系统功能的恢复。污水处理厂在正常期、异常期、恢复期的总泥龄平均值分别为17.93，11.73，18.17 d，好氧泥龄平均为8.65，5.66，8.77 d，异常期总泥龄和好氧泥龄较正常期和恢复期均显著缩短。进水异常波动带来的冲击作用会破坏微生物细胞结构、抑制代谢酶活性，导致部分微生物丧失生理功能而成为无效菌群，该类失活菌群若长期滞留于系统中，会占据营养资源与生存空间，阻碍活性微生物的竞争与增殖，导致群落结构僵化、整体代谢活性下降。异常期缩短泥龄可显著加快微生物群落的更新速率，即通过缩短微生物在系统中的停留时间，快速淘洗掉因进水冲击影响已丧失活性的菌群，减少其在群落中的占比，避免无效菌群累积带来的资源浪费与环境负担；同时，较短的泥龄提高了群落周转效率，为仍保持活性、对冲击环境具有适应能力的微生物创造了竞争优势，助力其快速增殖并重新构建群落结构，实现微生物群落结构的去劣存优，提升群落整体活性与对冲击环境的适应能力。值得注意的是，泥龄调控对世代周期不同的微生物具有差异化影响，缩短泥龄有助于反硝化菌的恢复，但对世代时间较长的硝化菌群可能产生一定抑制作用，同时，温度对硝化细菌等功能微生物的代谢活性也有显著影响［18］。GB 50014—2021《室外排水设计标准》、CJJ 60—2022《城镇污水处理厂运行、维护及安全技术规程》均明确规定，采用A2O工艺的污水处理厂，夏季水温>20 ℃时，总泥龄应控制在10~20 d；冬季水温为10~15 ℃时，则需延长至20 d及以上。本研究的进水水质异常变动发生在夏季，生物池水温约为25 ℃，适宜的温度条件有利于微生物代谢与生长速率提高，此时硝化菌所需世代周期相对较短，将泥龄控制在较低值也能够满足其生长需求，在一定程度上缓解了因泥龄缩短带来的硝化菌群流失问题，同时促进了反硝化菌群的重建。
因此，在实际运行调控中，需综合考虑进水水质、温度条件及功能恢复目标，在满足设计参数和排放标准的基础上，科学合理确定泥龄调控范围。在冬季低温条件下，应尽量避免通过缩短泥龄进行调控，确保污水处理厂总泥龄≥15 d，其他季节可根据出水水质达标情况适当调整泥龄，夏季水温>20 ℃时，可将总泥龄缩短至≥10 d，好氧区泥龄缩短至≥5 d，以保障系统应对冲击的韧性与功能稳定性。
2.4.2　药剂投加与功能菌群的变化
为应对进水冲击对功能微生物及出水水质的影响，污水处理厂在异常期调整了运行策略，增加了碳源与除磷药剂的投加量，如图7、8所示。其中碳源采用乙酸钠、除磷药剂采用聚合硫酸铁。由图7可知：污水处理厂在异常期的碳源药剂月度投加量较正常期增加了19%，在功能菌群相对丰度显著降低的背景下，其补充发挥了关键作用：一方面为受抑制的功能菌群直接提供易利用的代谢底物，缓解因进水BOD₅不足导致的活性丧失，促进菌群结构恢复；另一方面，为反硝化菌群等关键功能类群的增殖与代谢恢复提供物质基础，支持其在恢复期内逐步回升至接近正常水平，从而加速系统反硝化功能的整体恢复。此外，绿菌门SJA-28菌属在此期间承担了部分污染物去除功能，也在一定程度上减轻了系统对额外碳源的依赖。
除磷药剂主要是通过化学作用强化污水中磷的去除，异常期为了确保污水处理厂出水磷能够稳定达标，聚合硫酸铁的投加量增加了126%（图8）。投加药剂发生化学沉淀作用可快速去除进水中过量TP，也对除磷功能菌群的恢复起到了强化作用。较高的磷负荷会对以Candidatus_Accumulibacter为代表的生物除磷菌群的代谢活动产生抑制，而聚合硫酸铁的大量投加有效降低了出水的磷浓度，缓解了高磷冲击对菌群的压力，为异常期近乎消亡的除磷菌群保留了存活基数；同时，化学除磷对出水TP的保障，减轻了生物除磷系统的处理压力，为恢复期除磷菌群的逐步增殖和功能重启创造了稳定的水质环境，避免菌群因持续高负荷冲击而难以恢复。
碳源和除磷药剂投加总量的增加与活性污泥主要功能菌群、反硝化菌和除磷菌功能恢复趋势基本一致，乙酸钠主要从底物供给层面维持了功能菌群活性并进一步促进其增殖，聚合硫酸铁缓解了进水总磷的冲击压力并创造适宜条件，二者协同作用，既保障了异常期系统处理效能未进一步崩溃，又加速了恢复期功能菌群的结构复位与代谢功能重启，为活性污泥系统从冲击状态快速回归稳定运行提供了关键助力。进一步核算了药剂投加的经济成本，其中，碳源（乙酸钠）的药剂成本由正常期（样品1—4）的0.074 元/m³增加至0.088 元/m³；除磷药剂（聚合硫酸铁）的成本由正常期的0.011元/m³增加至0.021 元/m³，即异常期因碳源与除磷药剂投加量增加导致成本共增加0.024 元/m³。对日处理量为10万t级的污水处理厂而言，按照运行成本0.8~1 元/m³估算，因进水冲击额外增加的药剂成本在全年运行成本中占比极小。
3　结论
收起
进水水质冲击对活性污泥微生物群落结构产生了显著影响，具体表现为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为代表的核心功能菌群相对丰度显著下降，而以绿菌门（Chlorobi）为代表的耐冲击类群相对丰度急剧上升，形成群落结构在门、纲、属水平上的系统性响应。
活性污泥微生物群落表现出较强的自我恢复能力，在适宜环境条件下可逐步恢复至接近正常期的群落结构与功能状态。异常期，绿菌门SJA-28菌属等耐冲击类群通过其生理适应性快速增殖，部分承担并维持了系统的污染物去除功能，在一定程度上缓解了出水水质的进一步恶化。
异常期适度缩短泥龄有利于加速失活菌群的淘洗，但需结合温度条件重点关注泥龄缩短对硝化菌群的潜在影响；而碳源与除磷药剂投加量的增加，则为功能菌群的代谢恢复提供了底物支持与化学辅助，共同促进了微生物群落的定向修复与系统功能稳定。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603007
  • 接收时间：2026-01-11
  • 首发时间：2026-06-25
  • 出版时间：2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期：2026-01-11
  • 修回日期：2026-01-21
  • 录用日期：2026-01-29
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    中国市政工程华北设计研究总院有限公司，天津 300074

通讯作者:

高晨晨（1986—），女，正高级工程师，主要研究方向为城镇排水和污水处理的政策与技术研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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