Article(id=1276896936749827056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13205/j.hjgc.202603015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770825600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-12, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=1772726400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineDate=1782365553319, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365553319, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365553319, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365553319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896822652174534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774108800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365526116, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782722557449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=168, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896936963736562, articleId=1276896936749827056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=EN, title=Removal performance and mechanism of tetracycline from water bodies by novel iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete, columnId=null, journalTitle=Environmental Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The widespread use of tetracycline has resulted in elevated antibiotic concentrations in natural water bodies, posing significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Although iron-manganese modified biochar (IMBC) can effectively remove tetracycline, its powdered form is prone to leaching during application, leading to reduced utilization efficiency and potential system clogging. In this study, foam concrete (FC) was employed as an immobilization matrix to fabricate a novel iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete (IMBC-FC) composite. The results showed that sufficient hydration reactions occurred during the immobilization process, endowing IMBC-FC with a highly porous structure that effectively avoided the masking of active sites on IMBC. The tetracycline removal efficiency of IMBC-FC reached 87.7%, and the impact of immobilization on the removal performance of IMBC was less than 10%. Removal pathway analysis indicated that oxidative degradation contributed approximately 56.9% to tetracycline removal, and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the system. Functional groups such as hydroxyl (—OH) and carboxyl (—COO⁻) generated during hydration likely participated in both ROS generation and electron transfer, thus synergistically facilitating the degradation process. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the engineering application performance of IMBC-FC was carried out in accordance with relevant standards for water treatment filter media and constructed wetland substrates. The results demonstrated that IMBC-FC exhibits excellent advantages in porosity, mechanical strength, and tetracycline removal efficiency, indicating its promising engineering application prospects. This study is expected to provide a reliable technical pathway and theoretical support for the efficient immobilization of metal-modified biochar.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuhan YU, Daoqi KANG, Baolei GUO, Weiqiang CHAI, Zhen HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896939270603775, articleId=1276896936749827056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=CN, title=新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土对水体中四环素的去除性能及其作用机制, columnId=1276896937064399859, journalTitle=环境工程, columnName=固废处理与资源化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

四环素的广泛使用,导致自然水体中抗生素浓度升高,对水生态系统和公共卫生安全构成严重威胁。金属改性生物炭(IMBC)虽能有效去除四环素,但其粉末形态在使用中易流失,导致利用率降低,还有可能引发系统堵塞。以泡沫混凝土(FC)为固定基质,通过FC与IMBC的复合制备了一种新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土(IMBC-FC)。结果表明:固定化过程发生了充分的水化反应,使得IMBC-FC具有高孔隙结构,有效避免了IMBC表面活性位点被遮蔽的问题,其对四环素的去除率达到87.7%,固定化对IMBC去除性能的影响低于10%。去除路径分析结果表明:氧化降解过程对四环素去除的贡献约56.9%,反应体系中的活性氧物种以单线态氧(1O2)为主,羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COO-)等官能团可能参与了ROS生成与电子传递过程。此外,参照水处理滤料及人工湿地填料的相关标准规范,对IMBC-FC的工程应用性能进行了综合评价,发现IMBC-FC在孔隙率、机械强度和四环素去除率等方面均表现优异,具有良好的工程应用前景,可为金属改性生物炭高效固定化应用提供有力的技术路径和理论支撑。

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于书涵(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为流域水环境污染治理。

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胡振(1985—),男,教授,主要研究方向污水处理与资源化。
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于书涵(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为流域水环境污染治理。

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于书涵(2003—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为流域水环境污染治理。

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language=CN, label=图5, caption=IMBC-FC与石英砂、黏土陶粒及IMBC工程应用指标, figureFileSmall=gbqsoom0gEK5EchmhO0rlQ==, figureFileBig=mcPdG6BR209FHBVCjb2A6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266710625391002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896936749827056, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Engineering application indicators of IMBC-FC and common commercial water treatment materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标孔隙率/%密度/(g/cm3强度/MPa磨损率/%去除率/%成本/(元/m3

数据

来源

注:“—”代表无法获取材料的此项指标。

IMBC0.4696.707200.00本研究
IMBC-FC66.230.555.092.8087.703100.00本研究
黏土陶粒40.321.015.002.7821.38[49]6000.00厂家标称值
石英砂45.001.607.002.601.90[50]4500.00厂家标称值
参考标准CJ/T 299—2008≥42.00≥0.50≥1.00≤4.00
), ArticleFig(id=1277266710692499867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896936749827056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IMBC-FC及常见商用水处理材料工程应用指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标孔隙率/%密度/(g/cm3强度/MPa磨损率/%去除率/%成本/(元/m3

数据

来源

注:“—”代表无法获取材料的此项指标。

IMBC0.4696.707200.00本研究
IMBC-FC66.230.555.092.8087.703100.00本研究
黏土陶粒40.321.015.002.7821.38[49]6000.00厂家标称值
石英砂45.001.607.002.601.90[50]4500.00厂家标称值
参考标准CJ/T 299—2008≥42.00≥0.50≥1.00≤4.00
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新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土对水体中四环素的去除性能及其作用机制
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于书涵 1 , 康道琪 1 , 郭宝磊 1 , 柴伟强 2 , 胡振 1
环境工程 | 固废处理与资源化 2026,44(3): 168-176
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环境工程 |固废处理与资源化 2026 , 44 (3) : 168 -176
新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土对水体中四环素的去除性能及其作用机制
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于书涵1 , 康道琪1, 郭宝磊1, 柴伟强2, 胡振1
作者信息
  • 1山东大学 环境科学与工程学院 南水北调东线河湖生态健康教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266237
  • 2济宁市生态环境局微山县分局,山东 济宁 272000
通讯作者:
胡振(1985—),男,教授,主要研究方向污水处理与资源化。
Removal performance and mechanism of tetracycline from water bodies by novel iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete
Shuhan YU1 , Daoqi KANG1, Baolei GUO1, Weiqiang CHAI2, Zhen HU1
Affiliations
  • 1Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of the Ministry of Education for River and Lake Ecological Health in the East Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project,School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Shandong University,Qingdao 266237,China
  • 2Weishan Branch of Jining Ecological Environment Bureau,Jining 272000,China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603015
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四环素的广泛使用,导致自然水体中抗生素浓度升高,对水生态系统和公共卫生安全构成严重威胁。金属改性生物炭(IMBC)虽能有效去除四环素,但其粉末形态在使用中易流失,导致利用率降低,还有可能引发系统堵塞。以泡沫混凝土(FC)为固定基质,通过FC与IMBC的复合制备了一种新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土(IMBC-FC)。结果表明:固定化过程发生了充分的水化反应,使得IMBC-FC具有高孔隙结构,有效避免了IMBC表面活性位点被遮蔽的问题,其对四环素的去除率达到87.7%,固定化对IMBC去除性能的影响低于10%。去除路径分析结果表明:氧化降解过程对四环素去除的贡献约56.9%,反应体系中的活性氧物种以单线态氧(1O2)为主,羟基(—OH)和羧基(—COO-)等官能团可能参与了ROS生成与电子传递过程。此外,参照水处理滤料及人工湿地填料的相关标准规范,对IMBC-FC的工程应用性能进行了综合评价,发现IMBC-FC在孔隙率、机械强度和四环素去除率等方面均表现优异,具有良好的工程应用前景,可为金属改性生物炭高效固定化应用提供有力的技术路径和理论支撑。

铁锰改性生物炭  /  泡沫混凝土  /  固定化  /  四环素  /  作用机制

The widespread use of tetracycline has resulted in elevated antibiotic concentrations in natural water bodies, posing significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Although iron-manganese modified biochar (IMBC) can effectively remove tetracycline, its powdered form is prone to leaching during application, leading to reduced utilization efficiency and potential system clogging. In this study, foam concrete (FC) was employed as an immobilization matrix to fabricate a novel iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete (IMBC-FC) composite. The results showed that sufficient hydration reactions occurred during the immobilization process, endowing IMBC-FC with a highly porous structure that effectively avoided the masking of active sites on IMBC. The tetracycline removal efficiency of IMBC-FC reached 87.7%, and the impact of immobilization on the removal performance of IMBC was less than 10%. Removal pathway analysis indicated that oxidative degradation contributed approximately 56.9% to tetracycline removal, and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the system. Functional groups such as hydroxyl (—OH) and carboxyl (—COO⁻) generated during hydration likely participated in both ROS generation and electron transfer, thus synergistically facilitating the degradation process. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of the engineering application performance of IMBC-FC was carried out in accordance with relevant standards for water treatment filter media and constructed wetland substrates. The results demonstrated that IMBC-FC exhibits excellent advantages in porosity, mechanical strength, and tetracycline removal efficiency, indicating its promising engineering application prospects. This study is expected to provide a reliable technical pathway and theoretical support for the efficient immobilization of metal-modified biochar.

iron-manganese modified biochar  /  foam concrete  /  immobilization  /  tetracycline  /  mechanism
于书涵, 康道琪, 郭宝磊, 柴伟强, 胡振. 新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土对水体中四环素的去除性能及其作用机制. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603015
Shuhan YU, Daoqi KANG, Baolei GUO, Weiqiang CHAI, Zhen HU. Removal performance and mechanism of tetracycline from water bodies by novel iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 168 -176 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603015
四环素类抗生素是全球产量和消费量第二大的广谱抗生素1,广泛应用于人和牲畜的疾病治疗2。然而,四环素在生物体内利用率普遍低于30%3,大部分以原型形式随排泄物进入污水处理系统4,并最终在自然环境中富集。据报道,四环素在湖北洪湖流域的峰值浓度高达2670 ng/L5,更作为环境压力诱导抗生素抗性基因的富集与扩散6,对水体生态安全和社会公共卫生安全构成严重威胁。当前,普遍采用高级氧化工艺、膜过滤、反渗透等技术去除水体中四环素,但也存在运行成本高昂、净化效率不高及潜在二次污染等缺陷,其规模化应用仍面临挑战7
生物炭作为一种由生物质在限氧或缺氧条件下热解得到的多孔碳材料,可以通过氢键8、π-π相互作用9和孔隙填充等多种吸附机制,实现四环素的高效去除,具备低成本、可再生等优势10,被认为有着广泛应用前景。然而,原始生物炭因官能团含量低、比表面积小等缺陷,对四环素的吸附容量仅为8.0~23.0 mg/g1113,难以满足实际应用需求。为提升生物炭对四环素的去除性能,Zhang等14利用KOH改性提升生物炭比表面积,使得四环素吸附容量提升了5.3倍。Mei等15通过铁氮改性,实现生物炭比表面积增加了3.4倍,并引入Fe—O特征吸收峰使得吸附容量提升了5.4倍。值得注意的是,大量研究表明金属改性可以引入活性位点,与氧化剂或H2O反应生成多种活性氧物种(reactive oxygen species,ROS),通过强化降解途径实现四环素的高效去除。其中,双金属改性,因其能够显著提高生物炭比表面积和官能团含量,同时有效抑制金属团聚,在近年来受到广泛关注,特别是铁锰改性生物炭(iron-manganese modified biochar,IMBC)更是成为当前的研究热点16。这主要是因为IMBC克服了原始生物炭活性位点贫乏与吸附力弱的固有缺陷,同时通过构建铁锰协同氧化还原体系,充分利用生物炭的电子传递介导作用与金属价态循环转化驱动ROS生成1718,从而显著提升对四环素的去除效能。
为了将金属离子充分负载于生物炭表面,一般需要通过球磨、高速离心等方式将生物炭加工为<0.1 mm的粉末19。然而,粒径降低会填充颗粒之间的空隙,不仅降低水力传导率,还会加剧金属改性生物炭使用过程中的流失与堵塞问题20。因此,粉末生物炭的固定化成为突破上述瓶颈的必然选择。目前,研究人员多采用物理成型或化学复合等手段,将粉末生物炭转化为尺寸更大的块状或球状材料。Kou等21以海藻酸钠与生物炭制备固定化微球,实现连续循环降解邻苯二甲酸酯6次仍保持90%以上的去除率,提升了生物炭在复杂环境下的抗冲击负荷能力。Chen等22将粒径<75.0 μm的磁性生物炭基质,通过离子交联法制备成复合微球以提升其在实际应用中的稳定性。但是,造粒或者包埋等过程不可避免的会遮蔽生物炭上的活性位点并阻碍传质过程,导致吸附与降解效率显著下降。Wu等23研究发现花生壳生物炭包埋固定后比表面积降低了90.0%,对氨氮去除率下降约60.0%。此外,传统的固定化材料在实际应用中稳定性差,易破碎,严重影响其长期运行效果24。因此,开发兼具高孔隙保留率、良好机械性能与环境稳定性,且易于规模化制备的生物炭固定化新策略,成为该领域亟待解决的关键难题。
泡沫混凝土(foam concrete,FC)是一类通过物理或化学发泡手段引入大量封闭气孔而形成的轻质多孔材料25,因其较大的比表面积和良好的孔隙结构成为固定生物炭的理想载体26。Zhang等27通过将生物炭引入泡沫混凝土浆料构建了稳定的孔隙结构,有效缓解了生物炭的流失与强度不足问题。此外,水泥水化反应生成的C-S-H胶凝产物可连通孔隙并赋予材料高持水特性,Xiong等28研究表明生物炭改变了FC内部的水力分布特征,其束缚水信号峰由1.0 ms向0.1 ms偏移,有效降低了水分流速从而延长水力停留时间,扩展了载体与水体中污染物的接触界面,为提高活性位点利用率提供了可能29。然而,目前关于利用FC实现IMBC固定化应用的研究仍相对有限,混凝土水化凝固过程对IMBC微观结构与污染物净化性能的具体影响机制,以及固定化材料对四环素的去除效能和作用机理尚缺乏系统深入的研究。
因此,本研究创新性利用FC工艺高效固定粉末状IMBC以制备新型铁锰改性生物炭泡沫混凝土(iron-manganese modified biochar foam concrete,IMBC-FC),并采用SEM、XRD、FTIR以及微焦点X射线计算机断层扫描技术,系统解析其形貌特征与固定化机制。并通过吸附动力学实验、ROS鉴定及降解中间产物分析,深入揭示IMBC-FC对水体中四环素的高效净化机制,为金属改性生物炭的工程化应用提供了新的理论指导与技术路径。
生物质原料菖蒲取自山东省济宁市新薛河人工湿地,经洗净、烘干、研磨并过100目筛备用。水泥、聚羧酸泵送剂购自山东大元实业股份有限公司,铝粉购自山东春丰建材有限公司。四环素(纯度≥97.5%)、FeCl3·6H2O、KMnO4和NaOH试剂购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司,均为分析纯,实验用水均为超纯水。
取10.0 g生物质,加入到含有7.0 g NaOH的80.0 mL FeCl3·6H2O与KMnO4[铁锰离子总浓度为0.30 mol/L,n(Fe)∶n(Mn)为1∶2]溶液中,混合物振荡12 h后再超声3 h并静置过夜。混合物弃去上清液后,置于管式炉(Lindberg/Blue M,Thermo Fisher Scentific)中在N2氛围下以10 ℃/min的升温速率升至800 ℃并进行2 h的热解,随后冷却至室温并用超纯水洗涤至中性,干燥后制得IMBC。
以500.0 g水泥为固定化材料,按照水灰比为1.2的比例加入600.0 g超纯水,依次添加25.0 g聚羧酸泵送剂与75.0 g GLS-65(70)型加气铝粉膏,并按照质量分数11.1%掺入前述制备的IMBC颗粒,先低速(300 r/min)搅拌0.5 min再高速(1000 r/min)搅拌2.0 min,充分搅拌后放入100 mm×100 mm×100 mm的塑料模具成型,并在其表面用塑料薄膜覆盖,放置1 d后脱模。根据JG/T 266—2011《泡沫混凝土》规范要求,采用28 d标准养护龄期作为IMBC-FC制备成功的时间节点。在该龄期下,水泥基质水化反应趋于完成,材料强度通常可达到其最终强度的90.0%以上30。按相同配比及制备工艺,制备不含IMBC的FC。
采用扫描电子显微镜(Sigma 500,ZEISS)分析材料表面形貌31;利用傅里叶变换红外光仪(Nicolet iS5,Thermo Fisher Scentific)在4000~200 cm-1波数范围内分析材料表面的官能团类型32;利用X射线衍射仪(SmartLab,Rigaku)表征其微晶结构33。进一步地,从制备样品中切取直径为20.0 mm、高度为50.0 mm的圆柱形试样,采用微焦点X射线计算机断层扫描仪(Phoenix V|tome|xs,Waygate Technologies)对IMBC-FC的内部三维微观结构进行非破坏性表征,以分析材料内部孔隙结构特征及其空间分布34。CT孔结构数据在R Studio软件(9.2.418)环境下,采用R语言(4.3.3)进行处理。原始孔径及孔隙计数数据经导入后,对缺失值及非正值数据进行剔除。数据整理与统计分析通过dplyr包(1.1.4)完成,并在对数坐标尺度下表征材料孔径分布特征。对孔径<1 mm的孔隙占比进行分析,使用matrixStats包(1.5.0)以孔隙计数为权重对代表性孔径参数D50进行计算。
为评价IMBC-FC的工程应用性能,本研究对其孔隙特征、渗透性能、力学稳定等进行了系统评价。利用GB/T 19587—2017《气体吸附BET法测定固态物质比表面积》测定比表面积,参照CJ/T 299—2008《水处理用人工陶粒滤料》检测磨损率,强度与密度指标依据GB/T 43487—2023《泡沫混凝土及制品试验方法》进行检测。孔隙率采用质量-体积法计算获得,渗透系数参照常水头法进行评估。此外,参考了DB32/T 4883—2024《人工湿地工程技术标准》与DB37/T 3394—2018《人工湿地水质净化工程技术指南》作为IMBC湿地填料性能参数要求的设定依据。
通过四环素去除实验探究IMBC、IMBC-FC与FC吸附性能及吸附机制。向250.0 mL锥形瓶中加入600.0 mg吸附材料与50.0 mg/L四环素溶液100.0 mL,在25 ℃、150 r/min条件下恒温振荡反应。平衡实验振荡时间设定为5 h,反应结束后,抽取上清液并使用0.45 μm水系微孔滤膜过滤,利用紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-2450,Shimadzu)在357.0 nm处测定吸光度值,根据四环素浓度-吸光度标准曲线,计算溶液中四环素的残余浓度以及不同材料对四环素的去除率。同时,分别在反应开始后第15 min、30 min、1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h、32 h、40 h、48 h、56 h、64 h和72 h时采集溶液并测定残余四环素质量浓度35,并采用拟一级和拟二级动力学模型对实验数据进行回归分析。实验结束后,采用0.1 mol/L NaOH对反应后材料表面吸附的四环素进行解吸,根据解吸出的四环素质量估算吸附作用对四环素的贡献36
使用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(Triple Quad 5500+ QTRAP+X-5,SCIEX)探究IMBC-FC去除四环素的中间产物,并进行降解产物分析,测试条件为BEH-C18色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm×1.7 μm),流动相为25%的甲醇和75%的甲酸混合溶液(质量分数0.1%),流速为0.3 mL/min。采用电子顺磁共振光谱(EMXnano,Bruker),在pH为7.0、25 ℃条件下对IMBC-FC反应体系可能存在的ROS进行检测。使用5,5-二甲基-1-吡咯啉-N-氧化物(DMPO)作为自旋捕获剂用于捕获·OH和·O2-,使用2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(TEMP)作为自旋捕获剂捕获1O2
FC与IMBC-FC的SEM结果如图1所示。可知:FC表面具有较为均匀的孔隙结构,观察到的层叠状形貌是混凝土典型的C-S-H凝胶结构3738。引入IMBC后,IMBC-FC表面出现了均匀分布的颗粒状形貌,这是因为IMBC颗粒深度嵌入并锚定于C-S-H凝胶的层间空隙中30。为了进一步分析IMBC-FC三维孔隙结构,利用X射线计算断层扫描(X-CT)对材料进行三维空间重建。结果表明,在引入IMBC后,FC孔隙空间结构发生了变化,驱动孔隙特征从单一孤立微孔结构向连通、通道化孔隙发展39。根据FC与IMBC组分对X射线吸收率的差异进行了组分密度渲染分析(见图1e、1f),黑色区域对应材料内部的发泡孔隙,灰白色区域为IMBC颗粒,黄色区域代表密度最高的水泥基质,构成了材料的承载骨架。IMBC的灰白色像素点在三维空间中表现出良好的分散性,灰色区域与黄色区域高度重合,而非固定于孔隙表面。这一现象说明,在浆料搅拌与化学发泡过程中,IMBC均匀嵌入水泥浆体中,并随水泥水化反应的完成被固定在硬化水泥石的微观结构内,形成了稳定的空间网络结构。对X-CT的孔隙及其计数数据进行处理以分析材料孔径分布特征。相较于FC,IMBC-FC孔径呈下降趋势,其孔径<1.0 mm的孔隙占比达到70.1%,D50为0.71 mm,低于FC的0.78 mm,孔隙率由60.53%提升为66.23%,表明固定化过程促进FC内部衍生出丰富的微小孔隙,降低了IMBC-FC平均孔径。
采用XRD分析FC负载金属改性生物炭前后的物相组成,如图2a所示。可知:FC晶型以Ca3Al2O6(PDF#32-0148)为主,是典型的混凝土晶相结构。而固定IMBC后,不仅在小角度区域出现了炭的散射信号,也出现了混凝土材料普遍存在的Ca2SiO4(PDF#24-0034)晶型;同时Mn2O3(PDF#24-0508)与CaFeSi2O6(PDF#41-1372)的出现说明IMBC已被成功固定于FC内部。图2b为不同材料的FTIR光谱分析结果,IMBC-FC在3296 cm-1处出现了特征峰归属于—OH的伸缩振动。Ye等40使用生物炭作为部分水泥浆料所制备的混凝土材料,也发现—OH特征峰信号强度显著增强,这是因为添加生物炭有助于C-S-H凝胶生成,且水化程度越高,混凝土的抗压强度越高;1632 cm-1附近的吸收峰与吸附水的H—O—H弯曲振动以及芳香骨架C̿    C振动有关;1400 cm-1附近的吸收峰归属于—COO-的弯曲振动;而870 cm-1与1160 cm-1处出现的特征吸收峰对应了Si—O伸缩振动。与FC相比,IMBC-FC的Si—O伸缩振动向高波数方向的移动,被认为是水化过程中C-S-H相形成和聚合程度增加的特征性证据41。在指纹区,IMBC-FC出现了Fe/Mn—O特征吸收峰。IMBC-FC表面出现的—OH、H—O—H与Fe/Mn—O特征峰表明固定化过程成功引入了IMBC官能团,且增强了水化过程,促进低结晶C-S-H相生成并保持高孔隙度的结构特征42
IMBC、FC和IMBC-FC 3种材料去除四环素性能结果如图3a所示。可知:IMBC在300 min达到平衡,并实现了96.7%的去除率,IMBC-FC在480 min内达到87.7%的去除率。而FC去除率最低,仅为36.7%。虽然固定化过程导致部分IMBC颗粒位于材料内部,降低了空间可及性,但去除率仅下降9%,说明表面固定化过程并未显著削弱IMBC的去除能力。结合X-CT与FTIR分析结果推测,固定化过程不仅实现了IMBC在FC基体中的均匀分散,而且形成的高孔隙度C-S-H凝胶相为污染物传质提供了充足的扩散通道,保障了IMBC活性位点与四环素的充分接触,从而实现了IMBC-FC对四环素的高效去除。3种材料去除四环素的动力学拟合结果表明:拟二级动力学R2更接近于1,表明四环素吸附过程更可能受化学吸附控制。这与林冰峰等43报道的铁锰改性生物炭去除四环素过程符合拟二级动力学的结论保持一致。
固定化对IMBC去除四环素路径的影响结果见图3b。可知:降解在IMBC和IMBC-FC对四环素的去除过程中均占据主导地位,贡献率分别为69.5%和56.9%。IMBC-FC仍表现出与IMBC相似的去除路径,这是因为固定化并未破坏或者遮蔽IMBC的表面官能团。固定化后IMBC-FC中吸附去除的贡献率略有提升,IMBC和IMBC-FC中吸附对四环素去除的贡献率分别为27.2%和30.8%。这归因于IMBC-FC平均孔径更小,多级孔隙结构延长了污染物在孔道内的滞留时间44,从而提高了吸附的贡献。
进一步分析了IMBC-FC降解四环素的机理并构建降解路径。ROS在同类催化降解体系中往往发挥关键降解作用1845,本研究对IMBC-FC与IMBC反应过程中可能存在的ROS进行了检测。结果显示:在IMBC-FC反应体系中检测到单线态氧(1O2)特征信号,这与IMBC体系产生的活性物种高度一致,表明1O2是驱动四环素高效降解的关键ROS。Xu等46和Hou等47的研究也表明,铁锰改性生物炭能够通过生成1O2实现对双酚A的有效去除。由于ROS生成需要消耗IMBC-FC表面官能团和H2O,导致—OH特征峰强度下降(图4a)。此外,—COO-吸收峰强度增强,表明羧酸类官能团可能参与了电子转移。同时,低波数区Fe/Mn—O振动峰稳定存在,说明IMBC-FC的金属结构保持了良好的稳定性48。IMBC-FC的固定化过程提升了表面—OH与—COO-含量,调控了材料表面官能团,为单线态氧的生成提供了有利的反应环境,有利于维持IMBC功能的正常发挥。
为验证固定化对降解历程的影响,研究对比了IMBC与IMBC-FC体系对水体中四环素的降解路径,实验结果表明:2种体系中观测到的中间产物种类与质荷比保持一致(图4b)。由于四环素分子在C2、C3、C4和C6位含有氨基、羟基及甲基等活性基团,这些部位更易发生氧化或断裂反应,因此四环素在该体系中可能存在2条主要降解途径。PathwayⅠ:四环素首先在易反应位点发生开环反应,生成m/z=318的中间体,随后该中间体进一步氧化,依次生成m/z为274、162的产物;PathwayⅡ:四环素先发生开环与去甲基反应,生成m/z=280的中间体,继而经氧化生成m/z=162的中间体。这些中间体最终进一步断裂降解为m/z=88的小分子有机物。IMBC-FC体系产生的1O2及其对四环素分子的降解产物与IMBC体系相吻合,进一步证实了将IMBC固定在FC上并未影响其对四环素的降解路径。
参考《人工湿地水质净化工程技术指南》标准相关要求,将IMBC-FC与陶粒、石英砂等常见商用水处理材料进行系统对比,以综合评估其工程应用性能及效益,结果见表1图5。可知:IMBC-FC在维持5.09 MPa高机械强度的同时,孔隙率达66.23%,显著优于传统滤料黏土陶粒的40.32%;IMBC-FC对四环素的去除率可达87.70%,远高于石英砂(1.90%)与陶粒(21.38%);此外,其堆积密度为0.55 g/cm3,磨损率仅为2.80%,表明其兼具低廉的运输成本与优良的结构稳定性。IMBC-FC在净化效能、机械强度及材料稳定性方面表现优异,具备替代传统滤料并实现抗生素废水规模化处理的工程应用潜力。
本研究进一步对比了不同材料的制备成本。根据估算,IMBC的生产成本高达7200元/m3,而本研究通过优化IMBC-FC制备工艺,发现 IMBC负载量为150.00 kg/m3,能够有效防止IMBC活性位点被遮蔽,生产成本可控制在约3100元/m3,分别仅为黏土陶粒与石英砂成本的1/2与2/3;同时,其较高的渗透系数(1.44 mm/s)和比表面积(24.24 m2/g)还可降低实际运行的水头损失,进一步节约能耗以降低运行成本。综上,IMBC-FC的性能符合水处理滤料以及人工湿地填料的相关标准规范要求,兼具四环素净化效能与成本优势,具有良好的工程应用前景。
本研究成功将IMBC与FC复合,制备出兼具高效污染物去除能力和良好工程适用性的新型IMBC-FC材料,不仅解决了粉末状金属改性生物炭易流失的难题,IMBC-FC材料还表现出优异的四环素去除性能与工程化应用潜力。材料的XRD与FTIR分析结果表明:固定化过程中FC的水化反应驱动了C-S-H凝胶充分发育,使得IMBC-FC形成高孔隙度结构,有效避免了改性生物炭表面活性位点被遮蔽的问题,实现了固定化与四环素净化性能的高效协同。去除路径分析显示:氧化降解对四环素去除的贡献率为56.9%,EPR分析证实1O2为主导ROS,并且水化生成的—OH与—COO-官能团参与活性氧生成与电子传递,协同促进降解。工程应用指标对比分析显示:IMBC-FC不仅制造成本低于常规商用水处理滤料,并且在四环素去除率、磨损率及孔隙率等方面表现优异,具备良好的规模化工程应用潜力。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603015
  • 接收时间:2026-02-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-12
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
  • 录用日期:2026-03-06
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    1山东大学 环境科学与工程学院 南水北调东线河湖生态健康教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266237
    2济宁市生态环境局微山县分局,山东 济宁 272000

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胡振(1985—),男,教授,主要研究方向污水处理与资源化。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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