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Denitrification is a critical process for advanced nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, fundamentally governed by microbially driven electron transfer and electron allocation. As research has shifted from macroscopic treatment metrics toward microscopic regulation, elucidating denitrification mechanisms from an electron-flow perspective has emerged as a major research frontier. This review systematically summarized the theoretical framework of electron flow in denitrification systems, compared intracellular electron transport pathways and energy allocation characteristics between heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifiers, and highlighted the central role of the quinone pool in electron collection and redistribution. Furthermore, from the perspective of interspecies microbial interactions, recent advances in indirect interspecies electron transfer (IIET) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) were summarized, and competitive as well as cooperative interactions among microorganisms in mixed systems during electron donor and electron acceptor utilization were analyzed. Building on this framework, the impacts of carbon source characteristics, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and coexisting contaminants on electron transport chains and electron allocation pathways were further discussed. Finally, in light of current limitations in the in situ quantification of electron fluxes, future research directions were proposed, including the development of multi-scale in situ characterization techniques, novel electron-conductive materials, and intelligent electron-flow regulation models.

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反硝化过程是污水深度脱氮的关键环节,其本质是微生物驱动的电子传递平衡过程。随着脱氮研究从宏观指标向微观调控转变,从电子流视角探究反硝化机制已成为当前研究前沿。系统综述了反硝化过程中电子流的理论基础,比较了异养与自养反硝化菌胞内电子传递路径及其能量分配特征,重点阐述了以醌池为核心的电子汇集与再分配作用。同时,从微生物种间相互作用角度总结了间接种间电子传递(IIET)与直接种间电子传递(DIET)机制,分析了混合体系中不同微生物在电子供体与电子受体利用过程中的竞争与协同关系。在此基础上,进一步讨论了碳源类型、pH、氧化还原电位及共存污染物对电子传递链及电子分配路径的影响机制。最后,针对当前电子通量原位量化手段匮乏等挑战,提出了多尺度原位表征技术突破、新型电子传导材料开发及智能化电子流调控模型的未来研究方向,旨在为实现低碳、高效的生物脱氮工艺提供理论基础与技术支撑。

, authors=

江佳欣(2001—),女,研究生,主要研究方向为污水处理与资源化利用。

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方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水生物处理及资源化。
罗景阳(1989—),男,教授,主要研究方向为有机废弃物资源化。
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language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭海燕,奚志鹏,艾胜书,等 序批式MPR反应器处理低C/N城市污水运行方式优化研究[J]. 水处理技术,2023,49(9):107- 112., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277266494522257968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO H Y,XI Z P,AI S S,et al. 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Environmental Science& Technology,2020,54(12):7330- 7338., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277266481108873729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277266481117262338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, companyId=1277266481108873729, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Shallow Lake Integrated Management and Resource Development,Ministry of Education,College of Environment,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277266481129845251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, companyId=1277266481108873729, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河海大学 环境学院 浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室,南京 210098)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277266481201148420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277266481209537029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, companyId=1277266481201148420, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Nanjing Research Institute of Environmental Sciences,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Nanjing 210042,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277266481444418054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, companyId=1277266481201148420, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,南京 210042)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277266493222023721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Extracellular electron transfer network in complex microbial systems, figureFileSmall=vDJFEqIy8T001EgzSUIdDA==, figureFileBig=CujLh7idvmOmamY//sJzdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266493670814250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=CN, label=图1, caption=复杂微生物体系中的胞外电子传递网络

注: S为电子供体微生物的底物;A为电子受体微生物的电子受体;P和 P'为新陈代谢的产物26

, figureFileSmall=vDJFEqIy8T001EgzSUIdDA==, figureFileBig=CujLh7idvmOmamY//sJzdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266493763088939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Effects of environmental factors on DNRA/denitrification partitioning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件/因子倾向路径机制要点文献
高C/NO3-或高Ac/N,NO3-限制DNRA电子供体相对过剩,DNRA高电子传递量占优[32]
NO3-充足、电子供体有限反硝化反硝化1 mol NO3-需电子少,更节能[33]
强还原ORP(极低Eh)、高硫化物/有机比DNRA低 ORP和硫化物等强还原剂促进DNRA酶系[34]
金属/Cr(VI)/Cd(II)毒性抑制部分反硝化酶DNRA优化NADH分配,促进反硝化链受阻,电子改道至Nrf途径[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1277266494031524396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

环境因子对 DNRA/反硝化分流的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件/因子倾向路径机制要点文献
高C/NO3-或高Ac/N,NO3-限制DNRA电子供体相对过剩,DNRA高电子传递量占优[32]
NO3-充足、电子供体有限反硝化反硝化1 mol NO3-需电子少,更节能[33]
强还原ORP(极低Eh)、高硫化物/有机比DNRA低 ORP和硫化物等强还原剂促进DNRA酶系[34]
金属/Cr(VI)/Cd(II)毒性抑制部分反硝化酶DNRA优化NADH分配,促进反硝化链受阻,电子改道至Nrf途径[35]
), ArticleFig(id=1277266494127993389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Typical effects of different carbon sources on electron pool and intermediate products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳源类型代谢特征与电子释放中间产物/稳定性特征来源
乙酸/乙醇/甲醇快速进入中心代谢,NADH生成速率高,ETS活性高反硝化速率高;若酶系不同步,NO2-、NO、N2O易峰值积累[44]
葡萄糖等可发酵小分子代谢途径更复杂、调控层级多可能出现更严重NO2-、N2O积累或旁路(DNRA、同化)增强[46]
纤维素/木质生物质先水解后利用,DOC缓释总速率略低但运行平稳;部分成分(木质素)限制降解、提高残留DOC[47]
可降解聚合物/PHB内/外源缓释,兼具储碳与供电子优化NADH分配,促进反硝化而抑制副产物与过度生物量生成[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1277266494216073774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896918601073525, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类型碳源对电子池和中间产物的典型影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碳源类型代谢特征与电子释放中间产物/稳定性特征来源
乙酸/乙醇/甲醇快速进入中心代谢,NADH生成速率高,ETS活性高反硝化速率高;若酶系不同步,NO2-、NO、N2O易峰值积累[44]
葡萄糖等可发酵小分子代谢途径更复杂、调控层级多可能出现更严重NO2-、N2O积累或旁路(DNRA、同化)增强[46]
纤维素/木质生物质先水解后利用,DOC缓释总速率略低但运行平稳;部分成分(木质素)限制降解、提高残留DOC[47]
可降解聚合物/PHB内/外源缓释,兼具储碳与供电子优化NADH分配,促进反硝化而抑制副产物与过度生物量生成[48]
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反硝化过程中微生物间电子传递机制及调控研究进展
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江佳欣 1 , 方芳 1 , 张佳玲 2 , 罗景阳 1 , 操家顺 1
环境工程 | 水环境与水生态 2026,44(3): 46-57
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环境工程 |水环境与水生态 2026 , 44 (3) : 46 -57
反硝化过程中微生物间电子传递机制及调控研究进展
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江佳欣1 , 方芳1 , 张佳玲2, 罗景阳1 , 操家顺1
作者信息
  • 1河海大学 环境学院 浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室,南京 210098
  • 2生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,南京 210042
通讯作者:
方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水生物处理及资源化。
罗景阳(1989—),男,教授,主要研究方向为有机废弃物资源化。
Research progress on interspecies electron transfer mechanisms and their regulation in denitrification systems
Jiaxin JIANG1 , Fang FANG1 , Jialing ZHANG2, Jingyang LUO1 , Jiashun CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Shallow Lake Integrated Management and Resource Development,Ministry of Education,College of Environment,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China
  • 2Nanjing Research Institute of Environmental Sciences,Ministry of Ecology and Environment,Nanjing 210042,China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603004
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反硝化过程是污水深度脱氮的关键环节,其本质是微生物驱动的电子传递平衡过程。随着脱氮研究从宏观指标向微观调控转变,从电子流视角探究反硝化机制已成为当前研究前沿。系统综述了反硝化过程中电子流的理论基础,比较了异养与自养反硝化菌胞内电子传递路径及其能量分配特征,重点阐述了以醌池为核心的电子汇集与再分配作用。同时,从微生物种间相互作用角度总结了间接种间电子传递(IIET)与直接种间电子传递(DIET)机制,分析了混合体系中不同微生物在电子供体与电子受体利用过程中的竞争与协同关系。在此基础上,进一步讨论了碳源类型、pH、氧化还原电位及共存污染物对电子传递链及电子分配路径的影响机制。最后,针对当前电子通量原位量化手段匮乏等挑战,提出了多尺度原位表征技术突破、新型电子传导材料开发及智能化电子流调控模型的未来研究方向,旨在为实现低碳、高效的生物脱氮工艺提供理论基础与技术支撑。

反硝化  /  电子分配  /  胞内/外电子传递链  /  微生物竞争机制

Denitrification is a critical process for advanced nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment, fundamentally governed by microbially driven electron transfer and electron allocation. As research has shifted from macroscopic treatment metrics toward microscopic regulation, elucidating denitrification mechanisms from an electron-flow perspective has emerged as a major research frontier. This review systematically summarized the theoretical framework of electron flow in denitrification systems, compared intracellular electron transport pathways and energy allocation characteristics between heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifiers, and highlighted the central role of the quinone pool in electron collection and redistribution. Furthermore, from the perspective of interspecies microbial interactions, recent advances in indirect interspecies electron transfer (IIET) and direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) were summarized, and competitive as well as cooperative interactions among microorganisms in mixed systems during electron donor and electron acceptor utilization were analyzed. Building on this framework, the impacts of carbon source characteristics, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and coexisting contaminants on electron transport chains and electron allocation pathways were further discussed. Finally, in light of current limitations in the in situ quantification of electron fluxes, future research directions were proposed, including the development of multi-scale in situ characterization techniques, novel electron-conductive materials, and intelligent electron-flow regulation models.

denitrification  /  electron allocation  /  intracellular/extracellular electron transport chain  /  microbial competition mechanism
江佳欣, 方芳, 张佳玲, 罗景阳, 操家顺. 反硝化过程中微生物间电子传递机制及调控研究进展. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 46 -57 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603004
Jiaxin JIANG, Fang FANG, Jialing ZHANG, Jingyang LUO, Jiashun CAO. Research progress on interspecies electron transfer mechanisms and their regulation in denitrification systems[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 46 -57 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603004
反硝化过程是全球氮循环中的关键环节之一,在自然生态系统与人工污水处理系统中均发挥着重要作用1。该过程通过微生物代谢作用,将硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等氧化态氮逐级还原为N2,从而实现活性氮向惰性氮的转化,维持生态系统氮素平衡2。在全球尺度上,反硝化作用每年将300~400 Tg的氮素归还至大气中(其中,陆地约100 Tg/a,海洋为200~300 Tg/a)。随着人类活动导致的人为固氮量激增(目前已超过210 Tg/a),反硝化过程的压力显著增大。在该过程中产生的一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化二氮(N2O)等中间产物,属于重要温室气体和大气活性氮物种,特别是N2O,其大气浓度目前正以每年约0.3%的速度增长,且其全球变暖潜能值约为CO2的300倍,并具有极高的臭氧消耗潜势,这使得反硝化过程不仅关系水环境治理,也与全球气候变化密切相关3。因此,全方位了解反硝化过程的调控机制,对于同时实现高效脱氮与温室气体减排具有重要意义。
随着脱氮研究的深入,人们对反硝化电子传递的认知经历了从宏观表象到分子机制的深刻转变。20世纪中叶至末期的研究主要聚焦于反硝化还原酶(硝酸盐还原酶Nar、亚硝酸盐还原酶Nir、一氧化氮还原酶Nor、一氧化二氮还原酶Nos)的发现,及其在细胞膜与周质空间中的基本定位,确立了以泛醌(ubiquinone)和细胞色素(cytochromes)为核心的经典电子传递链模型4。进入21世纪初,随着生物电化学与微观成像技术的成熟,反硝化研究逐步由胞内电子传递拓展至群落尺度的胞外电子交换,相继揭示了以H2/甲酸盐为载体的间接种间电子传递(IIET),以及依赖导电菌毛或介质的直接种间电子传递(DIET)机制,构建起群落尺度的能量网络认知5。随着化学生物工程与多组学技术的融合,人们开始深入探讨复杂体系中微生物在电子供体/受体层面的动态竞争博弈,并重点关注新污染物(如微塑料、抗生素)对反硝化系统电子流向的分子干扰机制6。然而,目前研究多侧重于宏观脱氮指标与功能基因丰度的关联分析,缺乏对在不同微生物种群间以及胞内不同代谢路径间的电子分配的机理探究,当多种污染物共存或环境条件激烈波动时,反硝化体系的电子流对外界压力的响应机制尚不明确。
基于此,本文从电子传递与电子分配机制出发,对反硝化过程中的关键调控机制进行系统梳理与总结,重点讨论微生物群落之间及胞内不同反应路径之间的电子竞争与协同关系,并进一步分析了环境条件、底物供给及运行参数等对反硝化系统电子流分配及性能的影响机制,为深入理解复杂反硝化体系运行机理,优化脱氮与温室气体控制策略提供理论基础。
反硝化的本质是微生物通过受控的氧化还原反应,将电子从底物转移至氮氧化物以维持化学渗透梯度的过程。这一过程在胞内并非随机发生,而是依托于一套高度保守的膜蛋白复合体和电子载体。在典型异养反硝化体系中,有机物氧化产生的还原作用主要以胞内还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)或黃素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FADH2)的形式进入胞内电子传递链。NADH经NADH脱氢酶复合体将电子输入细胞膜上的醌类电子载体(quinone pool),如泛醌或甲萘醌等,形成还原态醌(QH2)。醌池作为胞内电子汇集与再分配的重要节点,其氧化还原状态直接影响下游反硝化酶系的电子供给强度和路径选择。Zhao等7研究发现,在含复杂电子途径的反硝化体系中,电子通过醌池与复合体Ⅲ(细胞色素bc1)等物质传递至不同的载体蛋白,如周质空间中的细胞色素c或小分子蓝铜蛋白,这些可溶性电子载体在电子传递链中承担“中继”作用,从而连接到各级氮氧化物还原酶系。反硝化过程中,各级氮氧化物还原由不同酶系催化完成,形成逐级还原路径:Nar通常位于细胞膜内侧,直接从醌池获取电子;Nir、Nor、Nos系列还原酶通常依赖细胞色素C(Cyt-c)或小分子蓝铜蛋白作为电子中介8。由于不同氮氧化物还原反应的中点电位存在差异,酶系对电子的争夺既受热力学驱动影响,也受动力学参数制约。Palmer等9量化了微生物群落中N2O还原过程的半饱和常数Km,其一般处于微摩尔级别(0.1~5 µmol/L),表明在环境中N2O相对容易被Nos接受并还原;相比之下,作为电子竞争起点的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原步骤往往表现出数十µmol/L甚至更高的Km值,这意味着这些底物在微量情况下对电子供应具有更高的动力学驱动力。
与异养反硝化菌依赖有机物氧化产生NADH作为电子来源不同,自养反硝化菌通常以无机还原性物质作为电子供体,通过无机物氧化反应获取电子并驱动反硝化过程10。其中,以硫自养反硝化体系最为常见,电子供体包括硫化物(S2-)、单质硫(S0)、硫代硫酸盐(S2O32-)等还原态硫化合物,此外也包括氢自养及铁自养反硝化途径11。许多硫氧化细菌,如Acidithiobacillus、A. thiooxidans,可利用细胞质膜上的硫化物——醌氧化还原酶(SQR)将H2S或S2-氧化为单质硫/多硫化物,从而直接还原膜池中的醌类10。周质或膜相关系统(例如Sox多酶复合物)将硫代硫酸盐、硫化物及相关中间体氧化为硫酸盐;电子传递给周质c型细胞色素,然后传递给醌池或末端氧化酶12。这一过程与异养反硝化中NADH向醌池供电子的阶段在功能上具有相似性,使醌池同样成为电子汇集与再分配的重要节点。在电子进入醌池之后,自养与异养反硝化体系在电子传递路径上逐渐趋同,共同依赖Nar、Nir、Nor与Nos等酶系,完成氮转化过程13。然而,自养反硝化菌在代谢策略上存在一个重要差异,即其不仅需要利用电子供给反硝化过程,还必须将部分电子用于CO2固定以合成细胞物质。在自养型硝酸盐还原铁氧化(NRFeO x )微生物中,Fe(Ⅱ)氧化产生的电子中有约12%用于CO2固定,而约88%用于反硝化作用(主要是NO生成)14。针对反硝化硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)进行的类似化学计量/能量计算表明,当Fe(Ⅱ)作为供体时,需要大量的电子(以及质子动力势中的质子)来提供ATP和还原力NAD(P)H以进行卡尔文循环的CO2固定,通常会导致生长所需的能量不足15。由于CO2固定过程需要还原力,通常为NAD(P)H,而无机供体氧化产生的电子多以较低还原势形式进入电子传递链,因此细胞常需通过逆向电子传递机制,将电子由醌池“提升”至更高还原势的NAD(P)H。
综上,尽管现有研究已系统阐明异养与自养反硝化菌胞内电子传递链的基本结构与功能分工,明确了醌池在电子汇集与再分配中的核心枢纽作用,揭示了Nar、Nir、Nor与Nos等酶系在热力学梯度与动力学参数共同作用下的电子竞争关系,但关于电子分配主控机制仍缺乏统一框架。实际体系中电子流向并非单纯由中点电位决定,而是受酶表达水平、膜电位状态、醌池还原度及质子动力势等多重因素耦合调控,其在动态负荷或电子受限条件下是否发生优先级重构尚未被定量解析。
在复杂的微生物群落中,电子既可在单个微生物细胞内部通过胞内电子传递链完成分配与利用,也可通过胞外电子传递,实现不同微生物种群之间的电子共享与协同代谢,从而影响群落结构与反硝化效率。因此,反硝化不再是单一细胞的孤立行为,而是通过种间电子传递(interspecies electron transfer, IET),即间接种间电子传递(IIET)和直接种间电子传递(DIET)所构建的协同网络。
IIET是传统认知中最为常见的协同代谢方式,其核心特征是电子并非直接在细胞之间传递,而是借助可扩散的化学载体完成转移16。在此过程中,一类微生物通过底物发酵或氧化反应释放还原性中间产物,另一类微生物则利用这些中间产物作为电子供体,实现能量代谢与电子受体还原的耦合17。氢气与甲酸盐是IIET中最典型的电子载体18。在互养代谢体系中,发酵菌或产氢菌将有机物分解为小分子产物并释放H2或甲酸盐,这些分子可在液相中扩散并被反硝化菌吸收。随后,反硝化菌通过膜结合氢酶或甲酸脱氢酶将其氧化,将电子输入胞内电子传递链,驱动硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐等受体的还原过程。除了小分子代谢产物外,环境中还存在多种可逆氧化还原物质可作为电子中介体19,如部分微生物分泌的酚嗪类物质、核黄素以及腐殖质类物质均具有可逆氧化还原特性,可在供体与受体之间循环传递电子。这类物质在获得电子后扩散至反硝化菌表面,再将电子传递至膜结合还原酶,随后重新进入氧化态并继续参与循环,从而实现远距离电子传输。Zheng等20量化了互养体系中氢气的扩散速率与反硝化速率的耦合关系,指出在高氮负荷下,反硝化菌会通过上调膜结合氢酶(hyn-type)的基因表达,主动诱导H2向胞内流转,从而维持电子传递链的电子充盈。Yao等21通过数学建模发现,在扩散受限的生物膜深层,IIET提供的电子流仅能满足Nar的基本代谢,这是导致低温脱氮效率下降、中间产物积累的主要原因。因此,电子中介体可被视为连接不同功能菌群的“电子穿梭体”,在复杂群落中对维持整体代谢协同具有重要作用。
近年来,DIET的发现为理解微生物群落中电子交换机制提供了新的视角。与IIET不同,DIET不依赖可扩散中间体,而是通过细胞之间或导电材料构建的电子通路实现电子的直接转移,从而显著降低扩散限制,提高电子传递效率。Reguera等22发现在自然体系中,部分电活性微生物可通过导电结构实现直接电子交换,如Geobacter等导电菌能够利用表面的导电菌毛(e-pili)或外膜细胞色素蛋白与邻近微生物形成物理连接,电子可沿这些导电结构在细胞之间直接传递。该机制使电子流动更类似于导线传输过程,从而提高电子交换速率并增强代谢协同程度。此外,非生物导电材料的引入进一步拓展了DIET的应用潜力。磁铁矿、生物炭以及多种纳米碳材料均具有一定导电性,可作为微生物之间的电子传输媒介。磁铁矿/磁性生物可以介导DIET并供养铁还原,可以将DIET速率显著提高20%~150%23。加入生物炭后,DIET关键菌群(如Geobacteraceae、Methanosaetaceae、 Methanosarcina、Syntropicobacteraceae等)明显富集,微生物网络复杂度与稳定性提升24。因此,当上述材料投加至反应体系后,导电颗粒可吸附并富集具有电子交换能力的菌株,在其表面形成电活性生物膜,从而构建稳定的电子传递网络25。这种“电子高速公路”效应可降低电子传递阻力,提高反硝化体系在低温、低碳源或冲击条件下的运行稳定性,并逐渐成为近年来强化生物脱氮的重要调控策略之一。
总体而言,IIET与DIET共同构成复杂微生物体系中的胞外电子传递网络(图1),利用热力学公式、微生物动力学模型(如Nernst-Monod和Butler-Volmer方程)以及传递动力学定律(欧姆定律与扩散定律),系统地定量对比了DIET与氢中介间接种间电子传递H2-MIET在生物物理与化学机制上的差异。使反硝化过程由单细胞代谢行为拓展为群落尺度的能量协同过程。对这些机制的深入理解,为后续解析不同菌群之间的电子竞争与协同关系提供了重要理论基础。
在实际生物脱氮体系中,反硝化过程通常由异养反硝化菌与自养反硝化菌共同参与,而电子供体在不同代谢途径中的分配不仅影响群落结构,也决定了系统整体脱氮性能。从电子流视角来看,电子竞争首先发生于微生物胞内代谢层面,随后扩展至不同功能微生物之间,并最终在混合体系中表现为竞争与协同并存的动态关系。
在反硝化功能群落内部,异养菌与自养菌的胞内电子流向受其生理代谢特征的本质约束,形成了独特的能量分配优先级。异养反硝化菌的电子流不仅受瞬时底物有效性的影响,更取决于胞内碳源循环——特别是聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)的分解与合成。以Pseudomonas Stutzeri等模式反硝化菌为例,使用PHB/PHA作为碳源时,电子更优先流向反硝化链和PHA合成途径用于生物量生长27;不仅如此,Estévez-alonso等28证实了在较低DO浓度环境中(0.9 mg/L),仅当硝酸盐供应充足时才能维持恒定的PHA生产速率,因此反硝化过程与PHA生产过程不可避免地会产生电子竞争。但近些年的研究表明PHA的生产与高效脱氮可以同时进行。Tu等29在好氧盛宴/缺氧饥饿模式下,利用进水SCOD约为4.0 g/L的热水解污泥发酵液,并在饥饿期以硝酸盐为电子受体,配合4 d污泥龄及末端好氧脉冲补料的策略下,筛选出了富集短杆菌属脱氮菌(Brachyobacterium denitrificans,占比60.18%)的混合微生物培养物,其展现出优异的PHA储存能力(挥发性脂肪酸PHA产量达到0.47 g/g),同时保持卓越脱氮性能(硝酸盐去除率达到98%)。与异养菌不同,自养反硝化菌(如硫氧化或氢氧化细菌)面临着更为严苛的能量分配补偿。以典型硫驱动自养反硝化为例,有限的硫化物电子通量需要在电子传递链还原NO3-/NO2-/N2O与反向电子传递和CO2固定(卡尔文循环)之间进行分配,体系中硫负荷率降低时,电子优先供给Nar,Nos获取的电子最少,体系中N2O容易积累13。在混和营养体系中,异养反硝化菌与自养反硝化菌共存。两者不仅竞争氮素受体,更在电子传递链的氧化还原平衡上存在干扰。异养菌的高代谢速率产生的还原力可能通过改变微环境的ORP来抑制自养菌对无机电子供体的利用。这种竞争不仅是底物的争夺,更是对局部微环境“电子压力”的重塑。
除反硝化菌外,废水处理体系中还存在大量非反硝化微生物,如好氧异养菌、发酵菌及产甲烷菌等,上述微生物同样依赖有机物或无机供体获取电子,从而与反硝化菌形成竞争关系。在电子受体层面的分流竞争中,硝酸盐异化还原成铵(DNRA)是反硝化过程最主要的竞争路径。环境因子对DNRA/反硝化分流的影响如表1所示。在高C/N比且电子通量过剩的微环境中,DNRA 菌凭借其1 mol NO3-还原可消耗8 mol电子的高容量特性,在电子获取速率上优于仅消耗5 mol电子的反硝化菌30。这种路径选择受胞内细胞色素电位及外部氧化还原环境的共同驱动,直接决定了系统中氮素的最终归宿。在电子供体层面同样存在底物截留,厌氧体系中的产甲烷菌(Methanogens)与硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)会对反硝化菌的电子供体(如乙酸、还原态硫化物)产生竞争性截留。已有研究表明:只有在电子供体有限时,具有更低半饱和常数Km、更高最大比生长速率μmax的群体(如SRB、某些反硝化菌)才更容易在H2、乙酸等底物竞争中胜出,即调节乳酸/SO42-或COD/SO42-比值可在反硝化/硫氧化菌/产甲烷菌之间切换主导群落:低电子供体比时,硫氧化菌与反硝化菌占优势;高比值或缺硫酸盐时,产甲烷与乙酸生成优势凸显。因此这种竞争关系取决于功能菌群对底物的亲和力系数及环境ORP的反馈调节31
然而,目前多数研究仍停留在单因素或经验关联层面,缺乏对“电子分配优先级”形成机制的统一理论框架。尤其在混合营养体系中,异养菌快速代谢所造成的局部还原环境是否会系统性压制自养电子通路,DNRA与反硝化分流是否主要由电子通量而非C/N比主导,以及不同功能菌群之间是否存在可预测的电子竞争阈值,仍缺乏定量证据。此外,电子竞争不仅影响氮素去向,也可能通过重塑微环境“电子压力”改变群落演替方向,但这一群落间的电子耦合反馈机制尚未被系统解析。因此,未来研究亟需从电子流守恒与分配规律出发,构建跨胞内与群落尺度的电子竞争模型,以揭示不同功能路径在动态负荷与电子限制条件下的优先级切换机制,为精准调控脱氮效率与氮素归趋提供理论基础。
在实际污水处理体系中,异养与自养反硝化菌通常以复合群落形式共存,形成多电子供体、多电子受体耦合的混合脱氮网络。在该体系中,电子流向并非由单一代谢途径决定,而是由底物结构、电子供体丰度、空间结构以及氧化还原环境共同调控。本质上,微生物间电子协同机制是群落尺度电子分配格局在资源约束条件下的自组织优化过程36。在有机碳与无机电子供体供应相对充足、环境条件稳定的情况下,异养反硝化菌与自养反硝化菌通常会同时参与硝酸盐还原过程。此时,两类菌群对电子受体的利用呈并行状态,系统总体反硝化速率主要由不同途径代谢速率的叠加决定37。由于电子供体供应较为充裕,菌群之间更多表现为对硝酸盐等电子受体的竞争利用,而非对电子供体的直接争夺。在混合供体条件下,外源硫与有机碳的充足供应显著抑制内源反硝化和硝酸盐同化还原,说明主要竞争集中在NO3-这一受体层面38。电极-生物膜系统中,H2与有机碳并存时,同样能观察到电子足够但Nir/Nos等还原酶之间仍存在对NOx-电子分配竞争的现象35。这种竞争关系在一定程度上有利于维持系统代谢通量与群落多样性,使不同功能菌群能够共同参与脱氮过程。
然而,当系统运行条件趋于不利,如外源有机碳供应下降、电子供体不足或体系pH发生偏移时,菌群之间的关系往往由竞争逐渐转向协同。对于低C/N废水,多个个体基础模型与生物膜实验均表明,当C/N为0.25~2,异养-自养反硝化以协同为主,出现共聚集或空间分层而非完全排斥,即通过代谢互补与电子共享弥补单一菌群电子供给不足的问题39。在此背景下,引入无机电子供体与导电介质是一种强化电子协同的重要策略。Zhao等40通过引入碳基导电载体证明了在缺乏碳源的废水中铁-反硝化作用的增强,当Fe(Ⅱ)作为唯一电子供体时,采用导电载体构建的生物反应器实现0.016 h-1的反硝化速率常数kDN,较非导电材料系统提升1.7倍。该增强效应源于导电载体促进直接电子传递并支持电活性微生物生长。对于C/N仅为0.76的低浓度废水,同时采用Fe(Ⅱ)与导电载体的生物反应器kDN达到0.095 h-1,较无Fe(Ⅱ)条件提升5倍。机制上,一方面Fe(Ⅱ)作为电子供体参与铁驱动反硝化过程,另一方面通过Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ)循环在生物膜内部形成可逆电子缓冲体系,增强胞外电子传递稳定性。群落结构分析进一步表明,添加Fe(Ⅱ)不仅能改变生物膜群落的组成,还能显著提高异养条件下导电生物膜载体中脱氮剂的富集程度。微生物分析表明,添加Fe(Ⅱ)可富集如假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的电活性细菌及黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)等反硝化菌。这种群落重构有助于建立以导电载体为核心的电子传递网络,使异养与铁驱动自养反硝化过程形成互补关系,而非单向竞争。
此外,在电子供体受限条件下,不同菌群之间往往通过代谢中间产物交换或种间电子传递实现能量补偿,从而维持体系电子通量的连续性。该协同机制可概括为3种主要形式:代谢互补型协同、IIET以及DIET。在代谢互补型协同中,异养菌首先分解复杂有机物产生小分子中间体(如乙酸、甲酸或H2),随后由自养或兼性反硝化菌进一步利用这些产物完成硝酸盐还原。此类“分步释放—逐级利用”模式可降低单一菌群的电子压力,提高整体电子利用效率。尤其在低C/N条件下,异养菌产生的微量H2或有机酸可成为自养反硝化的重要补充电子来源,实现跨代谢途径的电子耦合40。Gao等41在Fe0-S.oneidensis-P.aeruginosa 的共培养体系中发现S.oneidensis可以从Fe0收集电子并经Fe/外膜复合体直接供给反硝化菌,弥补其自身供电子不足。在存在导电颗粒或生物膜结构的条件下,部分研究发现不同微生物之间还可能通过直接或间接电子传递方式建立能量连接,实现电子重新分配42。Liang等43研究发现Shewanella与反硝化群落、厌氧氨氧化菌共存时,通过黄素、细胞色素和导电铁矿物构建电子共享网络,显著提高脱氮速率、降低NO2-积累。因此,在混养反硝化体系中,竞争与协同并非彼此对立的两种状态,而是在环境条件变化下不断调整的动态过程。当电子供体与环境条件适宜时,体系表现为多途径并行的竞争利用;而在资源受限或运行压力增强时,不同功能菌群通过代谢互补与电子共享形成协同关系,以维持整体脱氮能力的稳定。
因此从电子流动的本质来看,微生物间协同并非简单的“互利共生”,而是群落尺度电子分配格局的重构过程。在电子供体受限条件下,单一菌株往往难以同时满足还原当量平衡与能量收益最大化的需求,导致电子在胞内积累或末端还原受阻。通过代谢中间产物交换或种间电子传递,不同菌群可建立跨物种电子通路,降低单细胞电子压力,提高还原当量再氧化效率,并优化自由能捕获效率。这种群落层面的“电子经济学优化”机制,使体系在低资源条件下仍能维持稳定电子通量与脱氮功能。
反硝化过程中的电子传递并非孤立的生物化学反应,而是受环境条件、底物特性及共存物质共同驱动与调控的复杂动力学过程。电子流的产生、传递速率以及在不同还原酶之间的分配比例,直接决定了脱氮系统的转化效率与中间产物(如NO2-、N2O)的积累水平。研究表明,影响这一过程的核心因素可归纳为以下4个维度:1) 碳源特性,它作为电子供体,通过代谢途径的多样性决定了胞内还原力(如NADH)的供给强度;2) pH值与质子动力势,它们构成了电子传递的环境势场,通过调节跨膜质子梯度与酶中心稳定性来影响呼吸效率;3) 氧化还原电位(ORP),它作为热力学驱动力,决定了电子由供体向受体流动的自发性与强度;4) 共存污染物(如微塑料、抗生素、重金属等),则通过诱导氧化胁迫、抑制关键酶蛋白或干扰胞外电子传递网络,改变电子流的分配方向与通量强度。以上因素交织作用,共同调控反硝化电子传递链的动态网络。
在反硝化体系中,碳源不仅为细胞提供合成所需的碳骨架,同时也是驱动电子流动的主要来源。碳源的化学结构与降解途径直接影响胞内还原力生成速率,从而决定电子池的充盈程度与电子流分配方式。碳源结构的复杂程度决定代谢快慢。不同碳源对电子池和中间产物的典型影响如表2所示。易降解碳源(如乙酸盐、甲醇等)可通过特定代谢途径迅速进入中心代谢循环,快速生成大量NADH,为电子传递链提供高通量电子流44,快速释放电子的模式虽可显著提升反硝化速率,但若电子传递速率与下游还原反应不同步,则可能导致中间产物(如NO2-)阶段性积累。若电子供应大于下游酶(Nir、Nor、Nos)处理能力,易造成NO2-、NO、N2O的阶段性积累:在葡萄糖组中,NO2-、NO、N2O的最大积累量分别是乙醇组的1.5,7.4,26.6倍,说明“电子-酶活不同步”会放大中间产物风险45
相比之下,复杂有机物(如淀粉、纤维素等)需经胞外水解及逐级代谢过程,其电子释放呈现持续而缓慢的缓释特征,有助于维持电子供给与还原反应之间的平衡,从而增强系统运行稳定性。农业废弃物如玉米芯、小麦秸秆等或木质基碳源中,功能CAZymes(糖苷水解酶等)与糖酵解关键酶(GAPDH、PK等)富集以保证电子持续供应,使长期脱氮效率可与乙酸相当,同时减弱瞬时负荷冲击49。不同碳源在分解过程中产生的还原型电子载体比例存在差异,如NADH与FADH2生成比例不同,进而影响电子进入电子传递链的方式。Leng等50在异养硝化-好氧反硝化(HNAD)过程中分离出一种名为Acinetobacter johnsonii ZHL01的菌株,氮平衡分析表明,该菌株可分别同化58.29%和反硝化16.58%的氮。同化作用、硝化/反硝化作用及呼吸作用过程均受小分子碳源不同代谢途径产生的还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)浓度调控。当某些底物利用过程中FADH2比例上升时,电子进入醌池的方式发生改变,从而影响醌池整体氧化还原状态。
pH不仅影响微生物生长环境,同时也是电子传递链运行的重要调节因子。由于反硝化过程本质上为电子与质子协同传递反应,pH变化直接影响电子传递效率。在中性细菌中,即使外界pH值在5.5~9.0,胞质pH值通常也能被稳定维持在7.5~7.7,因此pH主要通过作用于周质/胞外侧来影响电子传递链和PMF51。所以在多种N转化酶中,随着pH偏离中性,电子与质子的协同传递效率将逐步下降,导致整体呼吸效率降低52
根据化学渗透理论,反硝化过程中电子沿电子传递链传递的同时,质子被排出胞外,从而形成跨膜质子梯度并驱动ATP合成。当环境pH降低时,胞外质子浓度升高,质子外排阻力增加,导致跨膜质子梯度形成受阻,从而对电子传递过程形成反馈抑制,降低整体呼吸效率。反硝化四步反应对应的酶对pH的耐受度存在显著差异。其中,Nos酶对酸性环境极度敏感。在低pH(<6.5)条件下,Nos酶的活性中心(CuZ cluster)易发生构型改变,导致其获取电子的能力断崖式下降53。在碱性侧(pH>7.5),部分酶(如cNOR)因质子转运受限,周转率可随着pH值上升而降低20倍以上,而Nos酶在pH<7.0时无法正确组装,综合导致中性偏碱环境(pH=7.0~7.5)下常表现为N2O净生成的峰值区,pH≈8时N2O消耗能力增强51
ORP可被视为体系整体电子供受状态的宏观指标,反映电子供体与受体之间的热力学势差,从而决定电子流动方向与强度。反硝化通常在中低ORP条件(-50~-300 mV)下最活跃。以Ochrobactrum anthropi为例,硝酸盐还原只在ORP为-70~-80 mV下启动,进一步降低初始ORP可显著增强酶活和反硝化效率,说明足够“还原”的环境是电子链全速运行前提54。反硝化电子传递链本质上为电子由高能级向低能级逐级释放能量的过程。当体系ORP降低时,通常表明环境中电子供给能力增强,使电子供体与受体之间的电位差增大,从而为电子传递提供更大的驱动力。在种间电子传递中,核黄素、腐殖质等中介体需在氧化态与还原态之间交替。ORP决定了这些中介体的存在形式。如果ORP过高,中介体倾向于保持氧化态,无法携带电子;如果ORP过低且缺乏电子受体,中介体则会被“过度还原”,失去循环能力。比如在Shewanella-Methanosarcina和多种地杆菌共培养的体系中,腐殖质/核黄素作为电子穿梭体,需在一个既能被还原又被再氧化的ORP区间内维持循环,可将种间电子传递速率提高2~3倍以上52。因此,维持一个动态平衡的ORP范围是保障IET协同高效运行的前提。
随着环境问题的演变,微塑料、抗生素及重金属等共存污染物对反硝化电子流的干扰成为近年研究的热点。许多共存污染物(如纳米银、光化学活性物质)会诱导微生物产生活性氧(ROS)。为了清除ROS,微生物被迫将原本用于反硝化的电子流转向防御系统(如谷胱甘肽还原途径),显著降低了系统脱氮效率。Pang等55发现微塑料可与纳米CuO形成团聚,并且改变铜离子释放与氧化应激水平,对糖酵解和NADH电子转移相关基因的抑制在共暴露条件下会部分恢复,表现为对单一污染物毒性的“拮抗”调节。类似地,在好氧颗粒污泥中,长期暴露于微/纳米塑料后,群落内群体感应(QS)削弱,活性代谢物(如核黄素)供应不足,胞外电子传递能力下降12%~20%,反硝化电子传递链活性降至对照的约63%,直接导致脱氮效率下降56
同时,部分重金属离子(如Cu2+、Zn2+)可能与关键酶蛋白活性中心结合,破坏电子传递通路,使电子无法顺利传递至末端还原反应。Cu2+与溴阻燃剂TBBPA共存时,进一步抑制电子传递相关基因和关键脱氮酶活性,并通过刺激胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌阻碍底物跨膜传输,导致电子供体不足与电子传递活性双重下降,氮去除率下降24.5%57。Zn2+在同步部分亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化与反硝化(SNAD)体系中积累于胞内,诱导氧化胁迫,增加电子传递阻抗、降低黄素/细胞色素c含量和ATP水平,导致多种脱氮相关酶活性下降,且暴露扰乱了QS机制,导致调节胞外电子传递和微生物代谢的酰基高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)分泌减少,进一步削弱胞外电子传递与代谢网络58。长期暴露于污染物压力环境下,微生物可能通过调整基因表达以适应环境变化,部分与电子传递相关的蛋白表达可能下降,从而在群落层面降低电子流分配效率。PFOA暴露下,携带抗性基因的反硝化菌被强烈富集(脱氮菌相对丰度为67.8%),在Fe(Ⅱ)作为电子供体的条件下,经孔蛋白-细胞色素c胞外电子传递系统强化硝酸还原,总氮去除率提高178.6%59
为降低共存污染物对反硝化电子传递链的干扰,近年来相关研究逐步从“毒性识别”转向“调控缓解”与“系统适应”层面的机制优化。首先,在过程调控层面,通过调节C/N比、投加缓冲碳源或构建缓释型电子供体体系,可在一定程度上弥补因ROS清除或酶失活造成的电子流损耗,从而维持电子传递链的基本通量60。其次,投加导电材料(如生物炭、磁铁矿、石墨烯等)或天然电子穿梭体,可强化胞外电子传递(EET)网络,提高电子在群落间的分配效率,减轻污染物对单一酶促路径的抑制效应61。研究表明,复合菌群在重金属耐受与去除上显著优于单菌,通过代谢互补、不同金属抗性系统与电子利用途径的协同,实现更高的金属还原或固定效率6263
综上所述,无论是碳源类型、pH条件、ORP,还是共存污染物胁迫,其对反硝化过程的影响本质上均可归结为对电子流供给强度、传递路径与分配结构的重构。然而,现有研究多集中于单因素效应或酶活/基因表达层面的表征,缺乏从“电子通量平衡”与“电子流网络重构”角度出发的统一理论框架。不同环境扰动下电子供给速率、酶催化能力与电子竞争路径之间的耦合阈值尚未被定量解析,电子在多功能菌群间的分配机制亦缺乏系统模型支撑。因此,构建以电子通量为核心的多尺度耦合模型,揭示环境因子驱动下电子流失衡与N2O选择性积累的内在机制,是推动反硝化调控理论由经验优化迈向机制预测的关键科学问题。
首先,电子通量的原位量化手段依然匮乏。目前对于电子流分配的讨论多基于宏观底物变化或末端产物的推导。Jin等64通过计算电子产量与NO3-/COD变化,可定量电子分配到硝酸、氧等受体的比例,如单室反硝化微生物燃料电池中定量得出16.7%电子被NO3-消耗,其他流向O2。然而,在实际反硝化体系中,电子传递过程具有显著的空间与时间非均一性,尤其在生物膜和颗粒污泥内部,微环境条件在微米尺度上即可发生显著变化,不同微区可能同时存在电子竞争与协同过程。如何在复杂结构内部实现电子流的原位监测,成为当前研究的重大技术挑战。传统三电极体系下的恒电位/计时电流、循环伏安法(CV)、电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)已广泛用于表征反硝化生物阴极和电活性生物膜的整体电子通量与传递阻抗,可反推出限制步骤和形式电位,但仍属于平均信号59,难以直接揭示细胞间乃至酶分子尺度的电子传递速率与路径。电化学技术多适用于生物电化学体系,在传统活性污泥系统中空间分辨率有限;此外,NADH/NAD+比值的测定通常需要破坏细胞结构,难以实现真正意义上的原位、动态追踪。因此,发展高分辨率、低干扰的电子通量原位监测技术,仍是未来该领域的重要突破方向。
其次,微生物间的电子关系并非始终处于竞争状态,在特定条件下可能转变为电子共享或代谢协同。具体表现为在合成代谢体系中,当底物浓度低、反应靠近热力学极限时,单一菌种难以获得足够的吉布斯自由能ΔG,往往通过氢/甲酸或DIET建立热力学互赖的合成营养关系,从竞争向协同转变26。然而,目前关于这一转换发生的条件与阈值仍缺乏系统认识。如在何种碳源浓度、电子供体供应水平或氧化还原环境条件下,菌群会从各自独立利用底物的竞争模式转向种间协同利用电子的状态,尚未形成统一的判别标准。现有研究多基于实验现象观察,缺乏对电子流密度、电子受体利用效率及能量收益等关键参数,且导电材料或电子中介体投加虽然被证实可促进种间电子传递23,但长期运行中是否会导致微生物对外部电子传导路径产生依赖,仍缺乏长期系统性研究。这一问题直接关系到电子调控策略在工程实践中的稳定性与可持续性。
最后,目前广泛应用的反硝化动力学模型,如活性污泥数学模型,多基于底物浓度和经验动力学参数进行描述65,未能将胞内电子载体状态(如NADH/NAD+)或电子传递过程作为独立变量纳入模型体系,这使得模型在复杂工况中预测能力明显受限。此外,在共存污染物干扰、电化学辅助脱氮或导电材料强化体系中,电子传递路径可能发生重构,而传统模型难以捕捉这些变化,导致预测误差显著增大。因此,将电子载体状态、电子竞争过程及种间电子传递机制纳入模型体系,构建基于电子流分配的新脱氮模型,是未来重要发展方向。
针对上述挑战,未来反硝化电子传递领域的研究应聚焦于以下方向:
1)在机制解析层面,应建立“电子通量可测化”的原位表征体系,而非仅停留于宏观ORP或功能基因表达指标。未来研究可围绕以下技术组合展开:结合单细胞拉曼光谱与稳定同位素标记,定量解析不同功能菌在电子供给条件变化下的代谢通量分配;利用高分辨扫描电化学显微镜测定生物膜或颗粒污泥表面微区电子释放速率,构建空间电子流分布图;通过体外重构关键酶(Nar、Nir、Nos)反应体系,测定其在不同还原型辅酶比例下的电子竞争动力学参数。上述方法可建立“电子供给速率-酶催化能力-中间产物积累阈值”的定量关系,为N2O形成的预测模型提供实验参数。
2)在调控路径层面,应从“增强电子通量”转向“精准电子分配”。未来研究可重点验证3类可操作策略:构建缓释型固相碳源体系,通过控制水解速率实现电子释放与酶处理能力的匹配,并量化其对N2O/N2产率比的影响;筛选具有明确氧化还原电位窗口的天然电子中介体(如腐殖质衍生物),并系统测定其在不同ORP区间内的循环效率与电子转移常数;在低C/N体系中引入微电场调控,通过外加低电位定向增强Nos酶电子供给,验证N2O还原速率是否显著提升。上述策略均应以电子通量变化和气体产物分布为核心评价指标,而非仅以总氮去除率作为判断标准。
3)在碳中和背景下,反硝化电子传递的研究将超越氮循环本身。在工程转化层面,应探索电子流导向型反硝化系统构建。未来研究可在实验尺度反应器中建立生物电化学耦合系统,将有机废水中的电子部分导入阴极驱动特定还原反应,并比较“传统异养反硝化”与“电辅助反硝化”在碳源消耗强度与温室气体排放方面的差异。同时,可设计光电半导体-微生物耦合微反应器,测试光生电子对Nos活性与N2O净排放的影响,并评估其能量输入/脱氮收益比。通过建立明确的能量-电子-氮转化效率评价体系,判断其工程可行性,而非停留在概念验证阶段。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603004
  • 接收时间:2026-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-06
  • 修回日期:2026-02-27
  • 录用日期:2026-03-02
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    1河海大学 环境学院 浅水湖泊综合治理与资源开发教育部重点实验室,南京 210098
    2生态环境部南京环境科学研究所,南京 210042

通讯作者:

方芳(1982—),女,教授,主要研究方向为污水生物处理及资源化。
罗景阳(1989—),男,教授,主要研究方向为有机废弃物资源化。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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