Article(id=1276896892286010041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13205/j.hjgc.202603003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765296000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-10, revisedDate=1766419200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-23, acceptedDate=1769011200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-22, onlineDate=1782365542717, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365542717, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365542717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782897756319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896822652174534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774108800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365526116, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782722557449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896894186029755, articleId=1276896892286010041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=EN, title=Progress on ozone mass transfer enhancement mechanisms in membrane contactor reactors and their applications in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment, columnId=null, journalTitle=Environmental Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ozonation is an effective advanced treatment technology for textile dyeing and finishing wastewater; however, its large-scale application is primarily constrained by its intrinsically low ozone mass transfer efficiency. Membrane contactor reactors (MCRs) can significantly enhance ozone mass transfer by constructing microscale gas-liquid interfaces, offering advantages such as high mass transfer efficiency and the absence of secondary pollution. Nevertheless, issues including membrane fouling, high material costs, and poor operational stability still limit their engineering-scale implementation. This study systematically reviewed recent advances in the mechanisms of ozone mass transfer enhancement in MCRs. The principles of gas-liquid interfacial mass transfer and the design characteristics of hollow fiber membrane contactor configurations were introduced. The regulatory effects of membrane material properties (e.g., the selection of hydrophobic PTFE/PVDF), operating parameters (gas-liquid flow rates, transmembrane pressure, and pH), and mass transfer models on the volumetric ozone mass transfer coefficient were critically analyzed. Furthermore, the application efficiency of MCRs in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment was evaluated, with particular emphasis on efficient dye removal, organic matter mineralization, and decolorization. Research demonstrated that optimized MCR systems could increase the volumetric ozone mass transfer coefficient by 5~10 times compared with conventional bubble column processes, thereby substantially enhancing the kinetics of pollutant degradation. However, challenges such as membrane fouling-induced flux decline, bromate by-product formation, and cost-benefit optimization remained to be addressed. Finally, future research directions were proposed, focusing on the rational design of multifunctional composite membranes integrating antifouling properties, corrosion resistance, and low cost; the elucidation of interfacial reaction mechanisms through coupling with intensified fields such as high-gravity and electrocatalytic processes; the development of intelligent parameter regulation systems based on process modeling; and comprehensive techno-economic and environmental risk assessments at the pilot scale. These efforts will provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the engineering application of MCR-ozone processes.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fan YANG, Zhenhua WANG, Gaoqi DAI, Jinming LUO, Deyou YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896895465292487, articleId=1276896892286010041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=CN, title=膜接触反应器强化臭氧传质机制与印染废水处理应用研究进展, columnId=1276896823583310025, journalTitle=环境工程, columnName=水环境与水生态, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

臭氧氧化技术作为印染废水深度处理的有效手段,其规模化应用受限于臭氧传质效率低的核心瓶颈。膜接触反应器(membrane contactor reactor,MCR)通过构筑微尺度气液界面,可显著强化臭氧传质过程,兼具传质效率高与无二次污染等优势,但膜污染、材料成本及运行稳定性等问题制约了其工程化推广。系统综述了MCR强化臭氧传质机制的研究进展,介绍了气液界面传质原理与中空纤维膜反应器构型设计规律,解析了膜材料特性(疏水性PTFE/PVDF选择)、工艺参数(气液流速、跨膜压差、pH值)及传质模型对臭氧体积传质系数的调控规律,评述了MCR在印染废水处理中对染料高效脱除、有机物矿化及色度控制的应用效能。研究表明:优化后的MCR系统臭氧体积传质系数比传统鼓泡塔工艺高5~10倍,大幅强化了污染物降解动力学,但膜污染引发的通量衰减、溴酸盐副产物生成及成本效益平衡仍需突破。最后,提出未来研究需重点关注抗污染-耐腐蚀-低成本协同的多功能复合膜材料的理性设计、超重力场/电催化等多技术耦合的界面反应机制解析、基于过程模型的智能参数调控体系构建、中试规模的技术经济性与环境风险综合评价方法等方向,为MCR-臭氧工艺的工程应用提供理论依据与技术参考。

, authors=

杨帆(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜接触臭氧反应器在印染废水处理中的应用。

, authorsList=杨帆, 王振华, 戴高奇, 罗金明, 余德游, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
罗金明(1989—),男,研究员,主要从事关键金属及新污染物去除与资源化相关的环境功能材料的设计/开发与基础/应用研究。
余德游(1992—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为印染废水污染控制。
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杨帆(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜接触臭氧反应器在印染废水处理中的应用。

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杨帆(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜接触臭氧反应器在印染废水处理中的应用。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, companyId=1277266487064789684, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Engineering Research Center of Ecological Dyeing and Finishing Technology (Ministry of Education),Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277266487077372598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, companyId=1277266487064789684, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3浙江理工大学 生态染整技术教育部工程研究中心,杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277266496447447776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Typical ozone membrane contacting configuration8, figureFileSmall=9IWBOFMF2GsBocEUBJ+O2Q==, figureFileBig=A0Gn4WalhIcWCaD3fznTnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266496510362337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=图1, caption=臭氧膜接触构型8, figureFileSmall=9IWBOFMF2GsBocEUBJ+O2Q==, figureFileBig=A0Gn4WalhIcWCaD3fznTnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266496602637026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rendering of the tubular membrane contactor with six static mixers arranged in a circle15, figureFileSmall=DMnGvsOfHyNE0a+P1LxIbQ==, figureFileBig=DXZtvA9JqTCWKNqfPC2YRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277266496669745891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=图2, caption=具有六个圆形排列的静态混合器的管式膜接触器的渲染15, figureFileSmall=DMnGvsOfHyNE0a+P1LxIbQ==, figureFileBig=DXZtvA9JqTCWKNqfPC2YRQ==, tableContent=null), 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caption=

Mass transfer of different membrane modules at approximately the same liquid velocity8

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料di/mmL/mVl/(m/s) Kexp/(m/s)Kcal/(m/s)
α-Al₂O₃7.80.3400.0112.15×10-73.78×10-6
PVDF2.60.2030.0103.96×10-66.39×10-6
PDMS1.60.2000.0841.16×10-67.64×10-6
PVDF0.50.2600.0124.17×10-61.07×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497240171243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

在液相流速基本相同条件下不同膜组件的传质情况8

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料di/mmL/mVl/(m/s) Kexp/(m/s)Kcal/(m/s)
α-Al₂O₃7.80.3400.0112.15×10-73.78×10-6
PVDF2.60.2030.0103.96×10-66.39×10-6
PDMS1.60.2000.0841.16×10-67.64×10-6
PVDF0.50.2600.0124.17×10-61.07×10-6
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497311474412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between MCR and several conventional contactors5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接触器类型

体积比表面积/

(m2/m3)

传质系数(KLa)/(10-2s-1)气/液流量比/%
气泡柱50~6000.5~1260~98
填充柱10~3500.04~72~25
文丘里150~25008~255~30
膜接触器1000~100005~501~99
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497391166189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

膜式接触器与一些传统接触器的比较5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
接触器类型

体积比表面积/

(m2/m3)

传质系数(KLa)/(10-2s-1)气/液流量比/%
气泡柱50~6000.5~1260~98
填充柱10~3500.04~72~25
文丘里150~25008~255~30
膜接触器1000~100005~501~99
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497479246574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Comparison of different membrane module types30

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形式优点缺点
板式膜组件构造简单,可单独更换膜片,不易被纤维屑等异物堵塞装置成本高,流动状态不良,浓差极化严重,易堵塞,不易清洗,膜堆积密度小
管式膜组件流动状态好,流速易控制,安装拆卸、换膜和维修方便,能够处理含有悬浮固体的溶液,机械清除杂质比较容易与平板膜组件相比,管式膜组件制备条件较难控制,单位体积内有效膜面积小,压力降大,管口密封也比较困难
螺旋卷式膜组件结构紧凑,单位体积内的有效膜面积大料液需要预处理,膜组件的制作工艺复杂,要求高,尤其用于高压操作时难度大,易污染,清洗难度大
中空纤维膜组件膜的堆积密度小,不需外加支撑材料,浓差极化可忽略,价格低廉制作工艺和技术复杂,易堵塞,不易清洗
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497550549743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

膜组件形式与比较30

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形式优点缺点
板式膜组件构造简单,可单独更换膜片,不易被纤维屑等异物堵塞装置成本高,流动状态不良,浓差极化严重,易堵塞,不易清洗,膜堆积密度小
管式膜组件流动状态好,流速易控制,安装拆卸、换膜和维修方便,能够处理含有悬浮固体的溶液,机械清除杂质比较容易与平板膜组件相比,管式膜组件制备条件较难控制,单位体积内有效膜面积小,压力降大,管口密封也比较困难
螺旋卷式膜组件结构紧凑,单位体积内的有效膜面积大料液需要预处理,膜组件的制作工艺复杂,要求高,尤其用于高压操作时难度大,易污染,清洗难度大
中空纤维膜组件膜的堆积密度小,不需外加支撑材料,浓差极化可忽略,价格低廉制作工艺和技术复杂,易堵塞,不易清洗
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497647018736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Characteristics and effects of the physical fields

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺主要作用机制强化传质效果
超声波空化效应(气泡溃灭产生微射流、冲击波、极端高温高压)降低液膜边界层厚度及传质阻力;破碎臭氧气泡为微气泡;促进自由基生成与化学反应
超重力高速离心剪切力提供巨大传质比表面积;将液体分散为微米级液滴/液膜/液丝;加速气液界面更新
电场电荷极化、电泳、介电泳调控气泡行为(尺寸、分布、运动);促进微气泡/微液滴生成
磁场洛伦兹力、影响分子/离子运动降低液体表面张力与黏度;影响自由基反应路径(自由基对理论)
电磁场热效应(分子摩擦)、非热效应(分子取向)加热介质;使极性分子定向排列,可能影响传质与反应
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497730904817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

物理外场的特征和影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工艺主要作用机制强化传质效果
超声波空化效应(气泡溃灭产生微射流、冲击波、极端高温高压)降低液膜边界层厚度及传质阻力;破碎臭氧气泡为微气泡;促进自由基生成与化学反应
超重力高速离心剪切力提供巨大传质比表面积;将液体分散为微米级液滴/液膜/液丝;加速气液界面更新
电场电荷极化、电泳、介电泳调控气泡行为(尺寸、分布、运动);促进微气泡/微液滴生成
磁场洛伦兹力、影响分子/离子运动降低液体表面张力与黏度;影响自由基反应路径(自由基对理论)
电磁场热效应(分子摩擦)、非热效应(分子取向)加热介质;使极性分子定向排列,可能影响传质与反应
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497823179506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Performance comparison of membrane materials and modification technologies for ozone mass transfer in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类别代表膜/改性方法原理适用废水类型优势局限
物理涂层PTFE/PVDF膜(疏水)利用膜孔气态填充,构建微界面传质高色度、低悬浮物废水传质系数高、抗污染、化学稳定长期耐臭氧性待验证、成本较高
化学改性氟硅烷改性PVDF表面接枝疏水基团,提升接触角含染料、胶体废水增强抗润湿性、降低膜污染改性层可能随时间降解
催化功能化MnO₂-TiO₂/陶瓷膜

催化臭氧分解生成

·OH,强化氧化

难降解有机物废水提升矿化率、协同降解与分离催化剂脱落、膜基质可能受损
复合功能膜CDP@PTFE(界面功能化)构筑气-固-液三相界面,富集污染物含抗生素、微污染物废水高效去除、抗污染、长期稳定制备复杂、成本高
无机膜疏水改性α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜表面疏水化,抑制润湿高盐、高温废水耐腐蚀、耐高温、机械强度高传质阻力较大、易润湿
电催化膜PTFE-碳纤维复合膜(ECMCO)电化学产H₂O₂协同臭氧生成·OH高浓度难降解有机物废水高效降解、能耗低、可缓解膜污染结构复杂、运行维护要求高
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497890288371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同膜材料与改性技术在印染废水臭氧传质中的性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术类别代表膜/改性方法原理适用废水类型优势局限
物理涂层PTFE/PVDF膜(疏水)利用膜孔气态填充,构建微界面传质高色度、低悬浮物废水传质系数高、抗污染、化学稳定长期耐臭氧性待验证、成本较高
化学改性氟硅烷改性PVDF表面接枝疏水基团,提升接触角含染料、胶体废水增强抗润湿性、降低膜污染改性层可能随时间降解
催化功能化MnO₂-TiO₂/陶瓷膜

催化臭氧分解生成

·OH,强化氧化

难降解有机物废水提升矿化率、协同降解与分离催化剂脱落、膜基质可能受损
复合功能膜CDP@PTFE(界面功能化)构筑气-固-液三相界面,富集污染物含抗生素、微污染物废水高效去除、抗污染、长期稳定制备复杂、成本高
无机膜疏水改性α-Al₂O₃陶瓷膜表面疏水化,抑制润湿高盐、高温废水耐腐蚀、耐高温、机械强度高传质阻力较大、易润湿
电催化膜PTFE-碳纤维复合膜(ECMCO)电化学产H₂O₂协同臭氧生成·OH高浓度难降解有机物废水高效降解、能耗低、可缓解膜污染结构复杂、运行维护要求高
), ArticleFig(id=1277266497969980148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Comparative analysis of MCR and conventional ozone mass transfer processes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度MCR鼓泡塔射流曝气
传质控制机制微孔界面非分散传质,无气泡聚并依赖气泡尺寸与分布,易聚并依赖高气速产生的湍流剪切
能耗与物耗泵能耗为主;臭氧利用率高(>90%),尾气可循环,运行成本低鼓风能耗大;臭氧利用率低,需过量投加,运行成本高能耗最高;但若设计得当,臭氧利用率高
设备紧凑性/占地设备紧凑,占地小;但存在膜污染风险,需定期清洗/更换设备简单、投资低,但占地大;易堵塞,产生泡沫结构紧凑,维护简单;但对进气压力和流量敏感
适用性与限制适合低悬浮物、高浓度有机物废水;可通过微剂量投加有效抑制溴酸盐生成适用性广,但副产物控制能力弱;易受水质波动影响适合大流量、中低污染负荷;副产物控制需优化混合
), ArticleFig(id=1277266498032894709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, articleId=1276896892286010041, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

MCR与传统接触器工艺对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度MCR鼓泡塔射流曝气
传质控制机制微孔界面非分散传质,无气泡聚并依赖气泡尺寸与分布,易聚并依赖高气速产生的湍流剪切
能耗与物耗泵能耗为主;臭氧利用率高(>90%),尾气可循环,运行成本低鼓风能耗大;臭氧利用率低,需过量投加,运行成本高能耗最高;但若设计得当,臭氧利用率高
设备紧凑性/占地设备紧凑,占地小;但存在膜污染风险,需定期清洗/更换设备简单、投资低,但占地大;易堵塞,产生泡沫结构紧凑,维护简单;但对进气压力和流量敏感
适用性与限制适合低悬浮物、高浓度有机物废水;可通过微剂量投加有效抑制溴酸盐生成适用性广,但副产物控制能力弱;易受水质波动影响适合大流量、中低污染负荷;副产物控制需优化混合
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膜接触反应器强化臭氧传质机制与印染废水处理应用研究进展
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杨帆 1, 3 , 王振华 1, 3 , 戴高奇 1, 3 , 罗金明 2 , 余德游 1, 3
环境工程 | 水环境与水生态 2026,44(3): 30-45
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环境工程 |水环境与水生态 2026 , 44 (3) : 30 -45
膜接触反应器强化臭氧传质机制与印染废水处理应用研究进展
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3浙江理工大学 生态染整技术教育部工程研究中心,杭州 310018, bio={"content":"

杨帆(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜接触臭氧反应器在印染废水处理中的应用。

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杨帆(2000—),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为膜接触臭氧反应器在印染废水处理中的应用。

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杨帆1, 3 , 王振华1, 3, 戴高奇1, 3, 罗金明2 , 余德游1, 3
作者信息
  • 1浙江理工大学 生物基纤维材料全国重点实验室,杭州 310018
  • 2上海交通大学 环境科学与工程学院,上海 200240
  • 3浙江理工大学 生态染整技术教育部工程研究中心,杭州 310018
通讯作者:
罗金明(1989—),男,研究员,主要从事关键金属及新污染物去除与资源化相关的环境功能材料的设计/开发与基础/应用研究。
余德游(1992—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为印染废水污染控制。
Progress on ozone mass transfer enhancement mechanisms in membrane contactor reactors and their applications in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment
Fan YANG1, 3 , Zhenhua WANG1, 3, Gaoqi DAI1, 3, Jinming LUO2 , Deyou YU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Fiber Materials,Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China
  • 2School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China
  • 3Engineering Research Center of Ecological Dyeing and Finishing Technology (Ministry of Education),Zhejiang Sci-Tech University,Hangzhou 310018,China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603003
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臭氧氧化技术作为印染废水深度处理的有效手段,其规模化应用受限于臭氧传质效率低的核心瓶颈。膜接触反应器(membrane contactor reactor,MCR)通过构筑微尺度气液界面,可显著强化臭氧传质过程,兼具传质效率高与无二次污染等优势,但膜污染、材料成本及运行稳定性等问题制约了其工程化推广。系统综述了MCR强化臭氧传质机制的研究进展,介绍了气液界面传质原理与中空纤维膜反应器构型设计规律,解析了膜材料特性(疏水性PTFE/PVDF选择)、工艺参数(气液流速、跨膜压差、pH值)及传质模型对臭氧体积传质系数的调控规律,评述了MCR在印染废水处理中对染料高效脱除、有机物矿化及色度控制的应用效能。研究表明:优化后的MCR系统臭氧体积传质系数比传统鼓泡塔工艺高5~10倍,大幅强化了污染物降解动力学,但膜污染引发的通量衰减、溴酸盐副产物生成及成本效益平衡仍需突破。最后,提出未来研究需重点关注抗污染-耐腐蚀-低成本协同的多功能复合膜材料的理性设计、超重力场/电催化等多技术耦合的界面反应机制解析、基于过程模型的智能参数调控体系构建、中试规模的技术经济性与环境风险综合评价方法等方向,为MCR-臭氧工艺的工程应用提供理论依据与技术参考。

膜接触反应器  /  臭氧传质  /  印染废水  /  传质机制  /  废水处理

Ozonation is an effective advanced treatment technology for textile dyeing and finishing wastewater; however, its large-scale application is primarily constrained by its intrinsically low ozone mass transfer efficiency. Membrane contactor reactors (MCRs) can significantly enhance ozone mass transfer by constructing microscale gas-liquid interfaces, offering advantages such as high mass transfer efficiency and the absence of secondary pollution. Nevertheless, issues including membrane fouling, high material costs, and poor operational stability still limit their engineering-scale implementation. This study systematically reviewed recent advances in the mechanisms of ozone mass transfer enhancement in MCRs. The principles of gas-liquid interfacial mass transfer and the design characteristics of hollow fiber membrane contactor configurations were introduced. The regulatory effects of membrane material properties (e.g., the selection of hydrophobic PTFE/PVDF), operating parameters (gas-liquid flow rates, transmembrane pressure, and pH), and mass transfer models on the volumetric ozone mass transfer coefficient were critically analyzed. Furthermore, the application efficiency of MCRs in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment was evaluated, with particular emphasis on efficient dye removal, organic matter mineralization, and decolorization. Research demonstrated that optimized MCR systems could increase the volumetric ozone mass transfer coefficient by 5~10 times compared with conventional bubble column processes, thereby substantially enhancing the kinetics of pollutant degradation. However, challenges such as membrane fouling-induced flux decline, bromate by-product formation, and cost-benefit optimization remained to be addressed. Finally, future research directions were proposed, focusing on the rational design of multifunctional composite membranes integrating antifouling properties, corrosion resistance, and low cost; the elucidation of interfacial reaction mechanisms through coupling with intensified fields such as high-gravity and electrocatalytic processes; the development of intelligent parameter regulation systems based on process modeling; and comprehensive techno-economic and environmental risk assessments at the pilot scale. These efforts will provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the engineering application of MCR-ozone processes.

membrane contactor reactor  /  ozone mass transfer  /  textile dyeing and finishing wastewater  /  mass transfer mechanism  /  wastewater treatment
杨帆, 王振华, 戴高奇, 罗金明, 余德游. 膜接触反应器强化臭氧传质机制与印染废水处理应用研究进展. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 30 -45 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603003
Fan YANG, Zhenhua WANG, Gaoqi DAI, Jinming LUO, Deyou YU. Progress on ozone mass transfer enhancement mechanisms in membrane contactor reactors and their applications in textile dyeing and finishing wastewater treatment[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 30 -45 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603003
印染废水作为纺织工业的主要污染源,具有组分复杂、色度高、有机物浓度大及难降解等特点,对生态环境构成严重威胁。传统生物法及化学氧化法等处理技术应用于印染废水深度处理时,常面临效率低、能耗高及易产生二次污染等问题。臭氧氧化技术作为一种高效的高级氧化工艺,凭借臭氧分子的直接氧化和羟基自由基(·OH)间接矿化协同作用,在印染废水深度处理中展现出较彻底的矿化能力,并具有二次污染风险较低的优势12。然而,臭氧在水相中固有的低溶解度(20 ℃时约为40 mg/L)与缓慢的传质动力学,导致其在水中的实际利用率普遍低于30%。传统鼓泡曝气反应器则因气泡聚并、气液接触时间短等问题,进一步制约了臭氧传质效率与氧化效能。尽管通过增加水深或压力提升传质可在一定程度上强化传质,但由此带来的能耗与建设成本显著提升,因此亟需开发新型高效的传质强化技术以突破其工程化瓶颈。
优化气液接触方式是提升臭氧传质效率的前沿方向36。膜接触反应器(membrane contactor reactor,MCR)利用微孔疏水膜(如聚四氟乙烯PTFE、聚偏氟乙烯PVDF)构建稳定的气液界面,通过无泡传质机制有效克服传统鼓泡法的固有局限。MCR可提供较传统鼓泡塔高1~2个数量级的比气液接触面积,其臭氧体积传质系数可达传统工艺的5~10倍,同时有效避免气相逃逸,有助于降低运行成本。实验室规模研究已证实MCR在难降解染料靶向脱除、COD深度矿化及色度控制方面具有高效性710。然而,其工程化推广仍面临一定挑战:有机物及胶体物质吸附引发的膜污染导致膜通量衰减1114,臭氧的强氧化性对聚合物膜材料造成的老化问题,以及潜在的溴酸盐等副产物生成带来的环境风险41518。为推进MCR技术的实际应用,亟需深入解析其传质强化机制,并针对性提升膜组件的抗污染与抗老化性能,从而为印染废水低碳高效深度处理提供可靠的新技术途径1920
MCR强化臭氧氧化过程涉及气-液-固多相复杂体系。尽管国内外学者在MCR的基础与应用研究方面已取得系列进展,但针对实际印染废水中染料、助剂及无机盐等复杂基质对臭氧传质与反应过程的干扰机制,尚未得到系统阐明。为厘清上述关键科学问题并推动技术发展,本文聚焦MCR强化臭氧传质的核心机制及其在印染废水处理中的应用效能。首先,系统阐述气液界面传质基本原理与中空纤维膜反应器构型设计的关键要素;进而,深入解析膜材料特性(侧重疏水性PTFE/PVDF的选择)、关键工艺参数(气液流速、跨膜压差、pH值)及传质模型对臭氧体积传质系数的调控规律82122;最后,全面评述MCR在印染废水处理中特征污染物(如染料)高效脱除、有机物矿化及色度控制方面的实际应用效能与影响因素,旨在为MCR-臭氧技术在印染废水低碳深度处理中的优化设计与规模化应用提供理论基础与技术参考。
MCR作为一种新型高效气液传质装置,其核心机制在于通过微孔膜实现气液两相的非分散接触。典型的MCR主要结构包括膜组件、臭氧发生器、反应池和循环系统。其中,膜组件为气液两相提供了高效的传质界面,其材料性质(如耐臭氧性、疏水性、孔隙结构)直接决定了反应器的传质效率、运行稳定性和长期性能1011
应用于臭氧氧化体系的膜材料需具备优异的耐臭氧腐蚀性能。根据膜材质,主要分为有机聚合膜、无机膜和有机-无机杂化膜23。不同膜材料在相近液相流速下,其传质性能存在显著差异,如表1所示。有机聚合膜(如聚偏氟乙烯PVDF、聚四氟乙烯PTFE、聚丙烯PP、聚二甲基硅氧烷PDMS)可通过分子设计调节其机械性能、热稳定性及传质选择性。无机膜主要由陶瓷、金属、玻璃或沸石制成,结构上可分为多孔(如陶瓷)或致密(如金属、玻璃),其中陶瓷膜24是应用最广泛的类别。有机-无机杂化膜则结合了有机与无机材料的特性625
在有机膜材料中,PTFE和PVDF依托其分子结构中强健的C—F键,展现出卓越的耐臭氧稳定性。Bein等8研究发现,在实验臭氧浓度下连续运行后,PTFE和PVDF膜仍可保持较高机械强度和膜通量,性能显著优于其他聚合物材料。相比之下,PDMS膜虽具有显著的柔性及免背压优势,但其非多孔结构会导致极高的传质阻力(约4.71×104 s/m)。更重要的是,其硅氧烷基团易受臭氧攻击,诱发SiO x 网络的形成,进而导致长期运行中膜通量衰减11。总体而言,PTFE和PVDF在现有研究中表现出相对更好的臭氧耐受性,但其长期(>1000 h)运行数据仍较为缺乏,是未来工程应用中需重点验证的方向。
陶瓷膜凭借其优异的化学稳定性、热稳定性及机械强度,也被视为臭氧膜接触器的潜在候选材料132627。然而,陶瓷膜表面固有的羟基使其呈亲水性,易导致水相渗透进入膜孔,显著增加传质阻力。相比之下,疏水膜的孔道内充满气体,而臭氧和氧气在气相中的扩散系数远高于水相,故疏水膜能提供更低的传质阻力。为克服陶瓷膜的亲水性限制,表面疏水改性成为重要研究方向。例如,Stylianou等28采用三氯甲基硅烷改性α-A2O3膜,成功使其接触角提升至143°,表现出良好的疏水性。在2个月的连续高浓度臭氧接触试验中,疏水性能未见衰减,验证了其化学稳定性。尽管如此,综合传质性能和稳定性考量,PTFE和PVDF膜在臭氧MCR应用中展现出显著优势。PTFE膜在长期运行中未出现明显性能衰减,表现出优异的稳定性;PVDF膜则可通过控制结晶度(优化至45%~55%)有效规避氧化风险,维持良好性能8。此外,与陶瓷膜相比,聚合物膜在制备中空纤维形态方面更具优势,能提供更高的比表面积(即单位体积膜面积)。陶瓷膜材虽可制成管状膜(内径为5~15 mm)和毛细管膜(内径为0.5~5 mm),但制备内径<0.5 mm的中空纤维膜则面临更大技术挑战6,这在一定程度上限制了陶瓷膜组件在追求高比表面积传质界面时的应用潜力。
臭氧膜接触构型如图1所示。
与传统气液接触器相比,MCR在体积比表面积、传质系数及操作灵活性方面展现出显著优势,详见表2。而膜组件的构型将直接影响其传质效率与工程适应性,常见形式有板式膜、管式膜(图2)、螺旋卷式膜等,其优缺点如表3所示。
在众多膜组件形式中,中空纤维膜因其极高的比表面积和优异的传质效率而备受青睐。Schmitt等6对比研究证实了这一点:中空纤维膜接触器的气液界面面积可达1640~6562 m2/m3,膜接触器的体积比表面积为1000~10000 m2/m3,显著高于传统鼓泡塔(600 m2/m3)和填料塔(10~500 m2/m3)。为进一步强化传质,研究人员开发了特殊结构的中空纤维膜组件。Sabelfeld等29研究了螺旋缠绕结构的PTFE中空纤维膜组件,该结构通过诱导Dean涡流,有效降低了液体边界层阻力,在雷诺数Re=671条件下,将臭氧通量提升至直纤维结构的7倍。其强化机制符合Dean数理论,并由数学模型验证了次级流动的增强作用。然而,这种强化伴随着压降的增加(实验测得液相流经该螺旋组件的总压降为2~12 kPa)。这种传质效率提升与能耗增加的权衡关系,为工业放大设计中的关键参数优化提供了重要依据。
为突破单一传质强化思路,研究者探索了耦合反应-分离功能的创新设计。以Heng等31开发的同心圆式膜反应器为代表,其以内层为Al2O3的毛细管(孔径为0.6 μm)作为臭氧膜接触器,外层为6 μm厚的 ZSM-5分子筛渗透汽化膜(孔径为0.55 nm)处理邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KHP)模拟废水,实现了水分的选择性移除[产水速率11~15 kg/(m2·h)]与反应区污染物的原位浓缩,使反应区总有机碳(TOC)浓度富集至初始值的1.5倍,较单一膜接触器提升47%,同时产出ρ(TOC)<2.5 mg/L的清洁渗透液。Wang等32基于三相臭氧接触系统,进一步提出了“反应-吸附”协同机制,以功能化疏水膜CDP@PTFE(接触角为128°)构筑气-固-液三相界面。在处理含环丙沙星(CIP)的废水时,臭氧表观反应速率常数kapp随液相臭氧浓度梯度(5→20 mg/L)升高而显著增长(0.78×10-2 min-1→3.24×10-2 min-1),2 h内CIP去除率达94.39%,较传统鼓泡法提升约126%,同时该系统对四环素、磺胺甲噁唑等新兴污染物的去除率均超过85%,展现了良好的广谱处理能力。
除实验研究外,计算流体力学(CFD)模拟已成为深入解析反应器内流体行为、优化构型设计及预测传质效率的有力工具3334。Sabelfeld等29以Dean涡流为核心机理,构建了1D质量传递模型并辅以 Wilson-plot 验证,定量证明螺旋中空纤维可在层流工况(Re=56~671)下将液膜传质阻力降低7~12倍,臭氧通量最高提升7倍,溶解臭氧浓度可达5~90 mg/L,螺旋结构还使气相传质阻力降低约30%,而膜阻力占比仅为1%~7%。上述数据说明,螺旋结构在提升传质效率的同时,也显著降低了膜面积需求,具有明显的经济与技术优势;三维CFD进一步揭示35,螺旋结构虽因流体路径延长和二次流效应,达到稳态所需的时间较管式反应器更长,但显著增强的湍流强度使其在长期运行(18.5 h)中维持70%的OTC去除率,共同体现了在反应器构型设计中权衡流体驻留时间与传质效率的重要性。
臭氧传质过程的定量描述与预测均依赖于数学模型的发展,其模型体系从经典的解析理论演进至融合计算流体动力学(CFD)与机器学习(ML)的跨尺度智能方法36,以应对MCR内复杂的气-液-固多相传质与反应过程14
臭氧传质过程的建模最初主要依托双膜理论、渗透理论和表面更新理论三大经典框架。上述理论随着多尺度耦合方法与智能算法的引入而不断深化。
早期的双膜理论将气液传质过程简化为界面两侧静止气膜与液膜内的分子扩散,认为传质阻力集中于这两层虚拟膜内。该模型因其数学形式简洁,被广泛应用于稳态传质过程的初步分析。然而,其假设的静止膜层与真实流场中动态更新的界面不符,无法准确描述瞬态传质过程和非均匀流场下的复杂现象。为此,研究者提出了更贴近实际的渗透理论与表面更新理论。渗透理论在分析瞬态传质时,引入了“气液微元接触时间”的重要概念,指出微元在界面停留有限时间后即被主体流更新,其传质速率与接触时间的平方根成反比。而表面更新理论则进一步建立了量化模型,将液相传质系数表达为kL=D·s,式中,s为表面更新频率,成为影响传质效率的核心动力学参数。该经典理论框架为后续耦合复杂流动与反应的跨尺度模型及数据驱动模型奠定了理论基础。
鉴于中空纤维膜接触器内臭氧传质-反应过程实验研究的复杂性及高成本,从理论层面深入解析其机理至关重要。当前,计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟和机器学习(ML)建模是2种主流的跨尺度研究手段。CFD凭借其高保真解析流场与传质过程的能力,已被广泛应用于评估各类MCR内的流体动力学行为、传热传质及臭氧浓度分布333437。例如,Berry等38的研究将CFD与薄膜理论相结合,针对无孔PDMS单管膜建立了无泡臭氧传质模型。该工作借助COMSOL Multiphysics软件,求解气相、膜相和液相中O3与和O2的浓度分布,从而定量辨识各相传质阻力,为后续膜材料与组建结构优化提供了关键理论依据,反应器原理见图3
与此同时,机器学习方法因其在处理复杂非线性关系方面的巨大潜力,近年来被广泛应用于膜过程的建模与优化中34。例如,Obidallah等19与Wang等39分别采用CFD模拟生成中空纤维膜接触器内臭氧浓度的空间分布数据,并以此为基础数据集,对比了支持向量回归(SVR)、正交匹配追踪(OMP)、决策树及卷积神经网络(CNN)等多种机器学习模型的预测性能。其模型输入参数均为径向坐标r(m) 与轴向坐标z(m),输出为液相臭氧浓度c(mol/m3)。数据来源于特定构型(如PVDF中空纤维膜接触器)在稳态层流至湍流过渡区(Re为500~2000)下的CFD仿真结果,数据集规模超过10000点,经归一化与离群值处理后用于训练。两项研究均表明:经过优化算法(如蝙蝠算法、萤火虫群算法)调整后的SVR模型预测表现最佳(均方误差MSE<0.004,决定系数R2>0.996),但其可靠性受限于训练数据所覆盖的工况边界,现有模型主要针对特定几何构型的中空纤维膜(如内径0.5~2.6 mm、长0.2~0.3 m的PVDF/PTFE膜)及层流-过渡流雷诺数范围(Re=800~2000)。若将模型外推至管式膜、螺旋卷式膜等不同组件构型,或处理含高浓度染料、表面活性剂及无机盐的复杂印染废水(污染物浓度>100 mg/L、电导率>5 mS/cm),以及高湍流强度(Re > 4000)或跨膜压差超出训练区间(2~0.12 kPa)的工况时,模型可能因流场分布与反应动力学的非线性偏离而产生显著预测偏差,此时,需结合实验校准提升其外推可靠性40
在系统梳理传质模型的发展脉络后,进一步深入剖析MCR内臭氧分子的具体传质机制,是理解其强化本质,进而得出工艺优化的关键。
MCR通过微孔疏水膜构建非分散气液界面,实现无泡传质,从根本上克服了传统鼓泡塔中因气泡聚并导致的界面面积小、气液接触时间短等瓶颈。MCR中的臭氧传质过程通常采用双膜理论描述。该理论的核心假设认为:气液界面处的传质总阻力由气膜阻力、液膜阻力和膜材料阻力3部分串联构成841。据此,臭氧的总液相传质系数可表示为:
1KL=1Hkg+1Elkl+1Hkm
式中:KL为臭氧的液相总传质系数,m/s;H为亨利常数(也称为溶解度或分配系数);kg为气膜传质系数,m/s;kl为液膜传质系数,m/s;km为膜传质系数,m/s;El为液相反应增强因子,无量纲。
与惰性气体不同,若液相中存在能与臭氧反应的组分,臭氧将在液膜内迅速消耗,导致界面附近浓度梯度显著增大,从而强化传质,因此必须引入液相反应增强因子ElEl≥1)。
膜传质系数km是MCR的关键特性参数,其表达式为:
km=εDmτδ
式中:ε为膜孔隙率,无量纲;δ为膜厚度m;τ为孔道曲折因子,无量纲;Dm为臭氧在膜孔内的有效扩散系数,m2/s。Kukuzaki等36研究表明,膜材料的润湿性显著影响Dm:亲水膜(如未改性SPG膜)膜孔易被水填充,导致Dm接近液相扩散系数(极低),传质阻力集中于膜孔内(km=2.9×10-6 m/s);而疏水膜因膜孔保持气态填充,Dm接近气相扩散系数值,km提升至1.2×10-5 m/s,与传统鼓泡塔相比,MCR的微米级孔隙结构(孔径为0.1~0.7 μm)有效消除了气泡聚并现象,使比表面积提升至103~104 m2/m3
臭氧的传质驱动力由其在气液界面的浓度梯度决定,平衡液相浓度C*遵循亨利定律C=H×PO,式中:H为亨利常数,mol/(m3·kPa);PO为臭氧分压。值得注意的是,亨利常数H具有显著的温度依赖性。例如,25 ℃时亨利常数H=0.082 mol/(m3⋅kPa),温度升至40 ℃时下降至0.054 mol/(m3⋅kPa),这将导致平衡浓度降低34%,削弱传质推动力。
臭氧在水相中的传质行为可用拟一级反应动力学描述,在实际运行中还需考虑其自身分解反应:
dCdt=KLa(C*-C)-kdC
式中:KLa为体积传质系数,min-1C*为平衡液相浓度,mg/L;C为液相主体臭氧浓度,mg/L;kd为臭氧一阶自分解速率常数,min-1。比表面积a(m2/m3)与膜组件构型密切相关。中空纤维膜凭借其高孔隙率(0.55~0.59)和均匀孔隙网络,当水流速为8 dm3/min,Re=820时,其KLa值可达到5.4×10-4 s-1[8
实验研究中常对式(3)进行积分,并代入边界条件t=0,C=0,得到式(4)42
lnC*C*-C=(KLa+kd)t
无量纲分析进一步揭示了流动状态对传质的影响。在疏水膜MCR中,层流状态下,液相传质系数KL 随流速显著提升,符合Kreulen修正的Lévêque模型。
Sh=(3.673+1.623Gz)13
式中:Sh为Sherwood数,无量纲;Gz为Greatz数,无量纲。该模型对PVDF和PTFE膜的预测误差<30%。
气-液膜接触器利用疏水性多孔膜作为屏障分离气体和液体(图4)。原料气要需克服气相边界层、膜自身和液相边界层三重串联阻力才能被液相吸收。相较于传统接触器,MCR膜接触器的核心优势在于其极高的比表面积以及气液两相流体力学行为的独立可控性。
前期研究有力验证了材料疏水性对传质性能的决定性作用。Bein等8基于108组实验数据对比发现,PTFE/PVDF疏水膜的实验传质系数(5.62×10-5 m/s)与Lévêque理论预测值(1.07×10-5 m/s)偏差值控制在20%~30%;而亲水性α-Al2O3膜因存在部分润湿,实验值显著偏离理论预测(偏差达到94%)。
这一现象表明:维持膜孔气相连续性(要求接触角θ> 90°)是获得高效传质的前提。Kukuzaki等36研究证实,疏水膜(接触角> 90°)的臭氧通量较亲水膜提高了5.7倍。例如,氟硅烷修饰的PVDF膜(接触角110°)在处理染料废水时,臭氧通量较未处理膜提升30%,但在连续运行16 h后膜通量衰减率达到30%44
除物理强化外,传质过程还可通过快速化学反应得到显著强化。对伴有化学反应的气液传质体系,通常引入Hatta数Ha来量化化学反应速率与传质速率的比值48,从而评估传质增强程度。
Ha=DO3kO3kl
式中:DO3为臭氧在水中的扩散系数,m2/s;kl为液相侧臭氧传质系数;kO3为臭氧一级衰减速率常数,s-1。当Ha<0.02时反应极慢;0.02≤Ha<0.3为慢速动力学区域,反应完全或主要在液体中进行;0.3≤Ha<3为中速或中速反应区;Ha≥3为快速动力学阶段臭氧在液膜中被完全消耗,抑制了液相中的臭氧化反应。
Kämmler等4研究发现:在较高Ha条件下(Ha>1),臭氧在液膜中被快速消耗,导致体相溶解臭氧浓度较低,从而在实现天然有机物(NOM)有效脱色的同时,显著抑制了溴酸盐的生成。这表明通过优化操作条件以提高Ha数,可强化臭氧的传质-反应过程,并提高对目标污染物去除的选择性。
上述传质模型为理解反应对传质的促进作用提供了框架。值得注意的是,模型多基于纯水或含单一污染物(如酚类物质)体系,忽略了MCR在真实水体中的润湿与污染,且未考虑实际印染废水处理中更复杂的基质效应,并对增强因子的计算做了理想化的处理。实际废水中包含多种染料、表面活性剂、无机盐和胶体,各组分与臭氧的反应速率常数差异巨大,且存在竞争与协同效应,导致液相主体及界面处的反应物浓度与臭氧消耗速率处于动态变化中,难以获取真实废水中的臭氧亨利常数H、扩散系数DL、具有代表性的Ha数以计算稳定的El。有研究表明,在处理富含腐殖质的实际水体时,臭氧传质增强因子可达到20~30,但在工程设计时,因废水组分的异质性和难表征性,这一增强效应常被忽略,这可能致使对膜组件传质能力的低估或对所需膜面积的高估。此外,废水中表面活性剂等物质可能改变膜-液界面特性,甚至引起膜孔润湿,从而增加模型未涵盖的额外传质阻力。因此,工程设计时需考虑对模型进行修正,如引入“机制校正系数”“扩展增强因子模型”“膜润湿与污染的动态模型”等。未来,模型的发展还需采用基于大量实际运行数据训练的智能模型进行辅助设计与预测348
在明确传质机制与关键参数基础上,调节实际操作中工艺条件成为优化传质效率的关键。系统研究气体流速、臭氧浓度、液相流速及pH等关键参数的影响规律,对于MCR的优化设计与稳定运行至关重要。
气体流速与臭氧浓度是调控传质效率的关键参数。气体流速存在临界值:在临界值以下,增加气体流速可通过增强湍流和更新气液界面显著提升传质效率。Prada-Vásquez等21研究发现,不锈钢膜接触器在气体流量为0.30~0.85 dm3/min时,臭氧体积传质系数(KLa)可达到6.1 min-1,较传统鼓泡塔(0.3~1.6 min-1)提升约3倍。Khrueakham等45研究发现,当气体流速从0.13 m/s增至0.53 m/s时,臭氧通量将从1.33 mg/(m2·s)提升至3.72 mg/(m2·s),但超过临界值(约0.4 m/s)后传质效率增幅趋缓,这一规律在疏水陶瓷膜有泡曝气体系下也得到了证明42。Li等46进一步证明,低气体流速(20 mL/min)下臭氧利用率高达88.5%,而流速增至80 mL/min时,气相臭氧逃逸增加导致利用率下降,表明实际应用中需根据处理目标(效率vs经济性)优化气体流速。
在固定气体流量下,提高气相臭氧浓度可增强传质推动力,但其效应存在饱和点。Wang等32发现,当臭氧浓度从5 mg/L增至20 mg/L时,表观反应速率常数kapp从0.78×10-2 min-1提升至3.24×10-2 min-1。姚福春等147研究结果显示,在臭氧发生器转化率有限(8%~12%)的情况下,单纯提高臭氧浓度易导致尾气臭氧逸散风险增加,建议结合pH调节等其他参数协同优化以提升传质效率。
液相流速对臭氧传质过程具有双重影响。适度增加液速可降低液膜边界层厚度,提升液相传质系数;但过高液速会缩短水力停留时间,降低污染物降解效率。Chen等3研究发现,当液相流速从0.06 L/min增至0.24 L/min时,传质系数从5.50×10-6 m/s提升至1.94×10-5 m/s,这是因为边界层厚度减小、扩散阻力降低43。姚福春等147研究发现,当液相流速超过临界值(约0.9 m/s)后,污染物降解效率因停留时间不足而下降。此时需通过提高pH值(pH=11)或初始污染物浓度(20 mg/L苯酚)进行补偿,在优化条件下可实现高达0.16 g/(m2·h)的臭氧传质通量。
pH值通过调控臭氧分解路径显著影响传质动力学与反应机制。在酸性条件下,臭氧分子相对稳定,以直接氧化为主,·OH生成量少;在碱性条件下,臭氧可自分解生成高活性·OH,显著增强氧化能力(氧化还原电位提升约40%),并可通过提升反应速率间接强化传质效率。Chen等3研究发现,当pH值从3增至9时,O3传质系数从1.12×10-5 m/s提升至2.69×10-5 m/s。Khrueakham等45脱色实验证实,pH=3时活性蓝19脱色主要依赖臭氧分子直接氧化,pH=11时·OH贡献率超过70%,但2种条件下的脱色效率均>99%。需要注意的是,pH过高(如>10)时,过量OH-会与·OH发生猝灭反应(·OH + OH-→O·- + H2O),反而会降低有效自由基浓度和污染物去除率。
除优化反应器运行工艺参数外,引入额外的物理场能量是进一步突破传质限制的有效策略。电场、超声波、超重力等物理外场通过改变气液界面行为或流体力学条件,为强化臭氧传质提供了新的技术路径。主要物理外场类型及其作用特征如表4所示48
电场强化主要利用电荷极化作用调控气液界面行为。在膜接触器等水处理应用中,电场参数(如电压、频率、电极间距)需根据具体应用场景进行优化。电极间距引起的电场极化作用是调控气泡行为的关键:较小间距(如1~3 cm)可增强场强,但易导致气泡聚集破裂形成大气泡,反而不利于传质2。李楠等49研究发现,当电极间距为3 cm、脉冲电压升至2000 V时,液相臭氧浓度从16.03 mg/L增至22.94 mg/L(提升43.1%),体积传质系数KLa从8.58×10-2 min-1提高至16.15×102 min-1(提升89.11%),尾气臭氧浓度降低4.63%。刘钟阳等50在8 kV交流电场下测得KLa值提升41%。强化机制的核心主要是由电场力(如介电泳力)调控气泡尺寸、分布和运动轨迹,促进微气泡生成并抑制聚并。然而,微观极化电荷分布、能量转换效率及规模化经济性仍需深入研究,未来需结合数值模拟等手段,进一步优化脉冲频率、波形等电场参数。
超声波强化主要依赖空化效应。超声空化产生的极端局部条件(瞬时高温约为5000 K,高压约为180 MPa)和强烈微射流/冲击波可有效降低滞流液膜边界层厚度及传质阻力,可将大气泡破碎为传质效率更高的微气泡,促进水分子均裂生成·OH等自由基,强化氧化反应。Zhao等51研究发现,20 kHz超声波可将臭氧传质系数(KLa)从0.2 min-1提升至0.43 min-1;功率超过1000 W时,空泡屏蔽效应导致增益下降。为平衡效率与能耗,Xu等52通过实时监测溶解臭氧浓度动态调节超声功率,成功降低能耗40%,为智能超声调控提供了实验依据。
超重力技术通过高速旋转填料床(RPB)实现强化。其核心是利用数百倍重力加速度的离心力将液体切割为微米级液滴、液丝或液膜,从而提供巨大的气液接触比表面积,加速气液界面更新与传质。Chen等5354对比发现,RPB中臭氧传质系数(KLa=0.0574~0.131 s-1)远超鼓泡塔(0.00588~0.0171 s-1)和搅拌釜反应器(0.02~0.04 s-1)。处理活性黑5模拟染料废水时,RPB的KLa值达0.0975 s-1,较搅拌釜(0.0248 s-1)提升近3倍,主要归因于RPB高气液接触面积和强湍流效应。郭亮等55处理硝基苯废水时发现,在超重力因子为100、液体流量为90 L/h条件下,臭氧水相浓度和KLa值分别是曝气反应装置的2.3,2.5倍。Zeng等56将超重力臭氧与Fenton法耦合处理含酚废水,COD去除率从76.3%提升至86.3%,可生化性提高35%,这主要得益于超重力场强化臭氧传质并促进·OH生成。尽管RPB具有设备紧凑、投资成本低、操作灵活等优势,但其核心挑战在于水力停留时间(HRT)极短,常需多级循环处理,导致运行能耗较高。未来需优化填料结构(如表面改性、孔隙设计)和操作参数(如转速、液量),以适度延长有效接触时间,实现臭氧高效利用与污染物深度矿化的平衡。
电磁/磁场强化研究相对较少,其具体作用机制(如磁场对液体物性的影响、电磁场对分子排列的作用)及其对臭氧传质的定量强化效果仍需更系统的研究。
膜材料的革新是强化臭氧传质与降解效能的核心驱动力,其发展已从早期的单一疏水改性,演进至催化功能化集成,并进一步扩展到抗污染界面设计,形成了多维度协同强化的技术路径。
膜基材的优化是提升MCR性能的基础,需协同调控其物理结构、界面性质与化学功能,以强化臭氧传质并扩展其氧化能力5758。Li等46研究表明,在电催化膜接触器等耦合体系中,膜基质对传质的阻力主要源于其孔隙结构,而膜孔径与厚度的影响相对较小。高孔隙率膜(如75%)较低孔隙率膜(70%)能提供更大的有效传质面积,从而产生更高的·OH产率,这凸显了优选高孔隙率基材的重要性。
除了物理结构,膜表面的亲疏水性将直接影响气液界面稳定性与传质效率。用于气液传质的多孔膜接触器易发生膜孔润湿,即液相渗透填充膜孔,显著增加传质阻力,严重制约臭氧传质效率。因此,疏水改性是抑制润湿、稳定气液界面的有效策略。
疏水改性旨在通过降低膜表面能,防止膜孔润湿,从而减少液相传质阻力,这一基础策略已广泛应用于多种膜材料。例如,对PVDF中空纤维膜进行氯、氟有机硅烷接枝改性,可将水接触角从74.7°显著提升至112.4°,使改性膜在连续20 h臭氧处理中表现出优异的稳定性,通量衰减率仅为12%,总能耗降低33.2%,同时对多种染料实现90 min内脱色率>97%,COD和TOC去除率同步提升7;类似地,采用三氯甲基硅烷(triClMS)α-Al2O3陶瓷膜进行改性,接触角从39°大幅提升至143°,有效抑制膜孔润湿,并在臭氧氧化体系中表现出较高的臭氧利用率(>90%),同时在高浓度臭氧长期接触下仍保持良好的化学稳定性28。此外,Ciardelli等59利用TiO2/γ-Al2O3涂层修饰的三通道陶瓷膜,在1.75 ×105 Pa下可使臭氧传质系数提升3倍,30 min内对活性蓝19染料的脱色率达83%。
然而,疏水改性主要强化物理传质过程,未能解决臭氧氧化过程中的关键限制:当液相臭氧浓度提高并接近饱和时,虽有利于污染物直接氧化,但传质推动力随之降低,导致传质效率下降。此外,单一臭氧分子对部分难降解有机物的氧化效率有限。
为此,催化功能化改性成为重要研究方向。该策略通过在膜材料中引入催化活性组分(如金属氧化物MnO2、Fe2O3或负载型催化剂),促进臭氧分解生成高活性·OH6065,从而显著提升氧化效能。催化臭氧化可分为均相催化(主要使用溶解性过渡金属离子)和非均相催化(主要使用固体催化剂)11。目前,主要通过2种策略制备催化膜。
第1种策略是将催化剂掺杂到膜基质,使催化剂均匀分布在膜的内部及表面,在过滤过程中持续原位产生活性氧物种(ROS),强化污染物氧化降解。刘思然66研究发现:由湿法纺丝技术制得的Fe3O4/PVDF中空纤维膜在0.1 MPa压力下处理罗丹明B模拟废水时表现出优异的催化性能,罗丹明B的截留率可达95.3%,膜通量为23.75 L/(m2·h)。经5次循环测试后,渗透通量和截留率仍能保持稳定。第2种策略是将催化剂涂覆于膜表面,大幅提高·OH产率6768,使苯酚等目标污染物的转化率与TOC去除率显著提升。
近年来,催化膜的设计趋向于多功能复合与结构创新。Li等69通过静电纺丝与原位生长技术,构建了PTFE@ZIF-8催化膜,不仅在宽pH范围(包括强酸/强碱)内对染料及抗生素表现出高达99.99%的光催化降解效率,还兼具超疏水/超亲油特性,其油水分离通量高达2157 L/(m2·h),且经10次循环后性能依然稳定。
Herrmann等70设计的PVDF-TiO2螺旋静态混合器膜,将膜接触器的气液传质功能与静态混合器的湍流强化特性及TiO2的光催化活性相结合,使甲基蓝的比降解速率提升50%。然而,也有研究发现,在处理磺胺甲恶唑时,产生的·OH会攻击PVDF膜基质本身,导致PVDF链段断裂,分子量下降11%,拉伸强度降低约15%。这一“自损伤”效应凸显了开发兼具高催化活性、优异化学稳定性与长效抗污染性能的膜材料,仍是未来研究的重点。
此外,催化功能膜通过传质-反应协同机制,不仅提升了污染物降解效率,还在一定程度上缓解了膜污染。如,He等14构建的3D MnO2中空微球催化臭氧化与平板 PVDF 膜过滤耦合体系,将腐殖酸由“大分子疏水”转化为“小分子亲水”,从而使膜污染阻力下降75%,跨膜压差保持稳定,实现了污染控制与膜污染缓解的双重目标。
对臭氧传质机制理解与工艺精准优化依赖于实验观测与数值模拟的协同与互证。实验手段直接测定宏观性能与规律,为模型提供验证基础;数值模拟则从微观流场与反应动力学层面解析内在机制,指导工艺优化。二者深度融合,共同推动了对膜接触器内复杂传质-反应过程的深刻理解。
实验手段通过可控条件下的直接观测,揭示操作参数、反应器构型及传质条件对传质与处理效能的影响,并为模型校准提供关键数据。例如,Herrmann等15在管式膜接触器内引入静态混合器以增强气液界面的径向混合,实现臭氧总传质系数KL提升64%,膜通量增加75%,目标微污染物降解效率提高达13倍的效果。Kämmler等4对比研究了单管PDMS与多管PTFE膜接触器处理富腐殖质地下水的性能,系统考察了臭氧剂量、气体浓度、水力停留时间及哈塔数Ha对脱色与溴酸盐浓度控制的影响。实验发现,在传质受限条件(Ha>1)下,单管接触器可实现45%的脱色率,且溴酸盐浓度控制在10 μg/L以下;而多管接触器因臭氧分布不均导致的溴酸盐生成量显著升高,印证了反应器构型与传质条件对氧化选择性的关键作用。
数值模拟,尤其是CFD技术,能够从微观尺度解析流动、传质与反应的耦合细节,揭示实验现象背后的物理化学机制。例如,Herrmann等15基于COMSOL Multiphysics构建了多物理场耦合模型,研究重现了臭氧分布均匀化过程,阐明了其通过消除膜表面“臭氧热点”(局部浓度降低40%)来抑制溴酸盐生成的微观机制。该模拟预测的KL值与Schmitt等71的PTFE膜接触器实验数据量级一致,并通过考量雷诺数差异合理解释了37%的偏差,体现了模型的可靠性。此预测结果与Kämmler等4的实验规律形成了机理上的互证,为操作参数的调整提供了指导。
值得注意的是,实际与模拟的对比分析也体现了实际体系的复杂性,Chen等3针对反向构型(液相壳程/气相腔程)膜接触器,建立了包含增强因子的传质模型,以量化污染物(苯酚)对臭氧传质的化学强化效应,研究发现总传质系数KL的理论值与实测值存在偏差,且传统认为可忽略的气相流速反而表现出显著影响,即在反向构型下,气相流速从0.25 L/min升至1.00 L/min时,KL提升约94%,这是由于狭小管程内湍流增强削弱了气相传质阻力。该偏差反映出实验数据在修正和完善模型中的不可或缺性。此外,苯酚降解动力学数据显示,模型预测的增强因子显著高于实测值(1.03~2.43),揭示了实际体系中边界层非稳态浓度分布对快速反应体系的限制作用。
印染废水成分复杂,常含有大量合成染料(如偶氮染料、蒽醌染料)、助剂、重金属等,具有高色度、高化学需氧量(COD)和强抗降解特性,属于典型的难处理工业废水。传统处理技术(如吸附、混凝、絮凝、生化、氧化等)在处理此类废水时,常面临效率低、能耗高或二次污染等问题72。MCR凭借其独特的非分散传质机制,可大幅强化臭氧的溶解与传质,为实现印染废水中难降解有机物的高效氧化与深度矿化提供创新技术途径。
高色度废水主要来源于染色工序,以残留染料为主要特征污染物,色度极高,COD中等水平,pH范围较宽(酸性至碱性)。研究表明,MCR在此类废水处理中的核心目标是实现染料的高效、广谱脱色,如活性蓝19(RB 19)、活性红120(RR 120)和蒽醌类酸性蓝1134345
在90 min的反应时间内,MCR对活性蓝19(RB 19)的脱色率可达98.6%,显著优于芬顿(91.2%)和光芬顿(82.6%)工艺,且其出水BOD5/COD值由0.10提升至0.21,并伴随大量NO3-和SO42-的释放,证实废水可生化性和矿化能力得到改善。对于含偶氮键的活性红120(RR 120)染料废水, MCR在水力停留时间4 h条件下,实现68%的脱色率和32%的COD去除率。对于蒽醌类酸性蓝113,MCR在60 min内脱色率高达97%,升温至40 ℃后可达99%,其降解一级动力学速率常数(0.065 min-1)显著高于直接红23(0.023 min⁻¹),表明MCR在处理高色度印染废水时,不仅能高效脱色,还可实现一定程度的污染物矿化与可生化性提升。
此类废水来源于退浆、精炼等前处理工序,含有大量浆料(如PVA、淀粉)、表面活性剂、油脂等,COD浓度高,可生化性差,且易引起严重的膜污染,对MCR的长期稳定运行构成挑战73
MCR不仅能截留污染物,更能实现污染物的深度化学矿化74,即将其最终转化为CO2、H2O及无机离子。Atchariyawut等43研究表明:MCR处理活性红120后,溶液电导率由2.7×10⁻⁴ mS/cm升至5.8×10-4 mS/cm,pH值从7.44降至3.18,同时检测到SO42-与NO3-的大量释放,证实染料分子的芳香环结构被破坏并矿化为小分子酸及无机盐。He等14采用3D-MnO2催化臭氧+PVDF膜过滤耦合体系,处理含双酚A(BPA)与腐殖酸(HA)时,150 min内BPA去除率达到95.4%,HA的SUVA值由9.46 L/(mg·m)降至1.24 L/(mg·m),即芳香度下降87%;分子量分布显示>2500 Da的大分子HA基本被降解为<250 Da的亲水小分子,膜表面污染物中疏水组分比例由80%降至4%,膜通量保持相对稳定,实现了在高效降解的同时,协同缓解膜污染。Li等69采用烧结与原位生长ZIF-8改性PTFE膜,在光催化处理四环素(20 mg/L)时,180 min内降解率达79%,用于分离二氯甲烷/水混合物时,该膜通量高达2157L/(m·h),分离率>99%,并在10次循环后保持性能稳定。
印染废水中的胶体、助剂等易引起膜污染,是制约MCR长期稳定运行的关键挑战。为此,催化-膜耦合工艺成为研究前沿,主要包括光催化-MCR臭氧耦合和电催化-MCR臭氧耦合75。Herrmann等70研制了一种螺旋形PVDF-TiO2MCR,应用于亚甲基蓝的光催化臭氧化降解去除,发现该结构可将臭氧传质系数提升70%,使亚甲基蓝的比光催化降解率提高50%。然而,该研究也警示了强氧化环境下聚合物膜基质的降解风险,强调需进一步开发稳定的膜材料。Li等46构建了一种电催化膜接触反应器(ECMCO),将膜接触臭氧化(MCO)与电过氧化过程(electro-peroxone)耦合。该系统以PTFE-碳纤维复合膜为阴极,通过电化学还原O2生成H2O2,进而催化O3分解产生·OH,显著提升了对硝基苯(NB)的降解效率(去除率高达82.7%)。该过程不仅提升了臭氧传质,还通过电催化层产生的·OH氧化膜表面污染物,从而缓解膜污染。然而,由于电催化层与主体液相传质限制,大部分·OH未能有效用于污染物降解,未来需进一步研究高孔隙率、薄催化层的复合膜以提升性能。
综合来看,针对印染废水处理的臭氧膜接触技术已发展出多种膜材料与改性策略(表5),其在技术原理、适用废水类型、优势与局限方面各有侧重,为针对性的材料选择与工艺设计提供参考。
尽管MCR在强化臭氧传质与印染废水深度处理中展现出巨大潜力,但其从实验室走向规模化工程应用仍面临多重挑战。厘清瓶颈并明确未来突破方向,对推动该技术的实际应用至关重要。
膜污染是制约MCR长期稳定运行的首要瓶颈,其根源在于印染废水中复杂的污染物组分,如腐殖酸、染料大分子和胶体颗粒,通过氢键、疏水作用及静电吸附等机制,在膜表面协同沉积形成致密污染层。经典膜污染分析常采用Hermia模型,将污染过程完全孔堵塞、中间孔堵塞、标准孔堵塞以及表面滤饼层形成4种物理类型(图5)。然而,在MCR-臭氧耦合体系中持续的臭氧暴露及其强氧化性赋予了该系统独特的“污染-自清洁”动态特征,使得污染机制超越了一般的物理沉积。
一方面,臭氧及其衍生的·OH能够将沉积在膜表面疏水性大分子(如腐殖酸、染料胶体)氧化为亲水性小分子物质,显著降低膜污染阻力,并使滤饼层在常规反冲洗中更易被去除。另一方面,臭氧氧化可能与复杂有机物(尤其是印染废水中的染料、助剂)反应,生成醛类、羧酸等小分子副产物,可能渗透进入膜孔内部并在孔壁吸附,符合Hermia模型中的“标准孔堵塞”机制,增加额外的传质阻力1131。此外,强氧化性环境(尤其是高浓度O3与·OH)中,聚合物膜基质本身可能遭受攻击导致膜材料机械性能劣化,形成化学老化的特殊污染形式。催化功能化膜(如负载MnO₂、FeO),其表面性质与污染物之间的相互作用更为复杂。催化层虽可通过促进臭氧分解生成·OH来强化污染物降解、缓解滤饼层形成,但催化剂的潜在脱落或金属离子浸出也可能对膜孔结构造成影响或引起二次污染。
因此,未来的污染控制策略与模型构建,开发针对性的抗污染表面改性技术(如调控表面电荷、构建超疏水界面)与优化流体动力学条件,是控制膜污染、保障系统持久高效运行的关键研究方向714197677
为提升氧化效率而开发的催化功能化膜,面临着严峻的长期化学稳定性挑战。在强氧化性环境(尤其是高浓度臭氧与·OH作用下),聚合物膜基质本身可能成为被攻击的目标。例如,Herrmann等和Zoumpouli等7078研究表明,PVDF基光催化膜在运行中,其聚合物链会因自由基的无差别攻击而发生断链,导致分子量下降、机械性能(拉伸强度与伸长率)显著劣化。更严重的是,膜材料的降解溶出物会进入水体,不仅造成材料失效,还会与目标污染物竞争消耗氧化剂,反而抑制处理效能。这揭示了一个关键矛盾:为强化反应而引入的催化活性,可能加速膜载体自身的损耗。因此,未来开发下一代膜材料的核心目标,是协同实现高催化活性、优异抗污染性与卓越化学稳定性,确保其在苛刻的氧化环境中能够长期服役。
处理含溴离子Br-的印染废水或受污染水源时,臭氧氧化过程中生成溴酸盐(BrO3-,一种潜在致癌物)的风险不容忽视。MCR的优势在于其可通过精确控制传质过程来抑制此类副产物。其核心原理是避免形成局部“臭氧热点”,促进臭氧均匀分解。主要控制策略包括:采用微剂量多点投加技术,通过膜界面以极低浓度持续供给臭氧,从源头上降低局部过饱和风险;通过反应器构型优化(如使用单管式而非多管式设计)和内部流场强化(如增设静态混合器),确保气液分布均匀;以及将系统控制在传质限制区域(Ha>1),使污染物反应速率快于臭氧传质速率,从而消耗界面的臭氧,减少其与Br-过度反应的机会415167980。上述物理与工艺调控手段,为在不添加额外化学药剂的前提下实现安全氧化提供了可行路径。
尽管MCR相较于传统臭氧接触器工艺具有显著优势(表6),但将实验室成功的MCR原型放大至工业规模,是一个涉及“三传一反”、材料工程和过程控制的复杂系统工程,主要挑战为:1)传递过程非线性耦合。放大后流场分布不均加剧,导致传质效率提升与反应器尺寸增加呈非线性关系(规模效应递减),且传质强化往往以压降和能耗的显著增加为代价1540。2)材料与性能均一性。大规模膜组件中,成千上万根纤维间难以保证流体分布绝对均匀,催化剂负载的一致性也面临挑战,导致整体性能通常低于实验室小试的理想值40。3)系统集成与智能控制。工业化系统需协调气液流速、臭氧浓度、pH等多达10余个操作参数,传统控制方法难以实现多目标动态优化。而依赖于高保真度计算流体力学模型的精准设计,又面临计算成本高昂的瓶颈340。4)技术-经济-环境平衡。基于此,最终必须综合考虑处理效能、能耗、膜寿命、副产物风险及投资运行成本,建立全面的评价体系以找到最优工艺窗口727880。MCR的工程化放大不能仅凭经验,必须依托多尺度建模、智能算法与系统工程的协同创新。
MCR凭借其微尺度、非分散的气液传质界面,为解决臭氧在水相中溶解度低、传质慢这一长期制约其工程化应用的瓶颈,提供了极具前景的技术方案。本文通过综述显示,以疏水性中空纤维膜(如PTFE、PVDF)为核心的MCR系统,能够将臭氧的体积传质系数提升至传统鼓泡曝气工艺的5~10倍,在处理成分复杂的印染废水时,展现出了高效的脱色与矿化能力,为印染废水的深度处理与回用奠定了坚实的技术基础。值得注意的是,MCR技术从实验室验证迈向大规模工程应用,仍面临一系列相互关联的系统性挑战:膜污染引发的长期运行性能衰减、强氧化性环境下膜材料自身的化学与机械失稳,以及规模化放大过程中伴随的副产物控制与能耗平衡等复杂问题。这些挑战共同构成了该技术实现产业转化的关键壁垒。
未来,推动MCR-臭氧技术的突破性发展,必须坚持材料-工艺-系统三位一体的协同创新路径。首要方向是开发新一代多功能复合膜材料,需同时兼具高传质效率、卓越的耐臭氧氧化稳定性、可调控的催化活性以及长效的抗污染特性。其次,需深入探究MCR与超重力、电化学、光催化等过程耦合的界面反应强化机制,通过多技术协同效应突破单一过程的极限。同时,应借助人工智能与物联网技术,构建能够实现多变量实时优化与精准调控的智能控制系统,并通过系统中试研究与全生命周期评价,建立可靠的技术-经济-环境(TEA-LCA)综合评价体系,为工程决策提供科学依据。通过跨学科的深度交叉与产学研的紧密协作,MCR-臭氧耦合工艺有望在印染废水等高难度工业废水的低碳高效处理领域实现重大突破,为我国乃至全球的工业水污染治理与水资源可持续利用提供一条创新且实用的技术路径。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603003
  • 接收时间:2025-12-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-23
  • 录用日期:2026-01-22
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    1浙江理工大学 生物基纤维材料全国重点实验室,杭州 310018
    2上海交通大学 环境科学与工程学院,上海 200240
    3浙江理工大学 生态染整技术教育部工程研究中心,杭州 310018

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罗金明(1989—),男,研究员,主要从事关键金属及新污染物去除与资源化相关的环境功能材料的设计/开发与基础/应用研究。
余德游(1992—),男,副教授,主要研究方向为印染废水污染控制。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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