Article(id=1276896970950185860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13205/j.hjgc.202603005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764259200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-28, revisedDate=1767024000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-30, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1782365561473, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1774108800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365561473, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365561473, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365561473, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896822652174534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, year='2026', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='206', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774108800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-22', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365526116, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782722557449, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278394320713589677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, issueId=1276896822652174534, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896971138929542, articleId=1276896970950185860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1273696621738037261, language=EN, title=Research progress on bipolar membrane electrodialysis for resource and environmental applications, columnId=null, journalTitle=Environmental Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of increasingly severe global sustainability challenges, Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) technology is emerging as a pivotal solution driving transformation in the chemical, environmental, and resource management sectors. This technology not only demonstrates remarkable efficiency and economic benefits in critical areas such as resource extraction, pollution control, and CO₂ capture but also exhibits substantial potential for large-scale commercial implementation. This review systematically outlines the working principles and fabrication methods of bipolar membranes, along with their applications across various industrial fields, highlighting their significant capacity to advance greener and more efficient industrial processes. Representative case studies in resource recovery, pollution mitigation, and CO₂ capture are presented to illustrate the promising industrial prospects of BMED and validate its practical value in enabling sustainable resource utilization and environmental protection.

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在全球可持续发展挑战日益严峻的背景下,双极膜电渗析技术以其独特的优势,正逐渐成为推动化工和环境与资源管理领域变革的关键技术。该技术不仅在资源提取、污染控制和二氧化碳捕获等关键方面显示出显著的效率和经济效益,而且展现了在大规模商业应用过程中的巨大潜力。综述了双极膜的工作原理、制备方法及其在不同行业领域的应用,揭示了双极膜在促进工业过程绿色化和高效化方面的巨大潜力。列举了双极膜在资源回收、污染控制和二氧化碳捕获等关键方面的应用案例,展示了其在工业应用方面的前景,证明了其在资源回收、污染控制和环境保护方面的实用价值。

, authors=

王权福(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电化学水处理技术及高盐废水资源化。

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张弓(1987—),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为电化学水处理新技术及先进环境功能材料开发。
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王权福(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电化学水处理技术及高盐废水资源化。

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王权福(1997—),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电化学水处理技术及高盐废水资源化。

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双极膜电渗析技术在资源与环境领域的应用进展
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王权福 1 , 姜惟惟 2 , 徐瑛 3 , 王小龙 4 , 付彩霞 2, 4 , 朱靖 3, 4 , 庄昊云 5 , 朱宗强 1, 2 , 张弓 6
环境工程 | 水环境与水生态 2026,44(3): 58-72
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环境工程 |水环境与水生态 2026 , 44 (3) : 58 -72
双极膜电渗析技术在资源与环境领域的应用进展
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王权福1 , 姜惟惟2, 徐瑛3, 王小龙4, 付彩霞2, 4, 朱靖3, 4, 庄昊云5, 朱宗强1, 2, 张弓6
作者信息
  • 1桂林理工大学 广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
  • 2无锡市城市环境科技有限公司;技术创新中心,江苏 无锡 214026
  • 3无锡市政公用环境检测研究院有限公司,江苏 无锡 214063
  • 4南方智水科技有限公司,杭州 310000
  • 5无锡市工业废物安全处置有限公司,江苏 无锡 214000
  • 6清华大学 环境学院 清华大学水质与水生态研究中心,北京 100084
通讯作者:
张弓(1987—),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为电化学水处理新技术及先进环境功能材料开发。
Research progress on bipolar membrane electrodialysis for resource and environmental applications
Quanfu WANG1 , Weiwei JIANG2, Ying XU3, Xiaolong WANG4, Caixia FU2, 4, Jing ZHU3, 4, Haoyun ZHUANG5, Zongqiang ZHU1, 2, Gong ZHANG6
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin 541006,China
  • 2Center of Technology Innovation,Wuxi City Environmental Technology Co.,Ltd.,Wuxi 214026,China
  • 3Wuxi Public Utilities Environment Testing Research Institute Co.,Ltd.,Wuxi 214063,China
  • 4NanFang Smart Water Technology Co.,Ltd.,Hangzhou 310000,China
  • 5Wuxi Industrial Waste Safety Disposal Co.,Ltd.,Wuxi 214000,China
  • 6Center for Water and Ecology,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2026-03-22 doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603005
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在全球可持续发展挑战日益严峻的背景下,双极膜电渗析技术以其独特的优势,正逐渐成为推动化工和环境与资源管理领域变革的关键技术。该技术不仅在资源提取、污染控制和二氧化碳捕获等关键方面显示出显著的效率和经济效益,而且展现了在大规模商业应用过程中的巨大潜力。综述了双极膜的工作原理、制备方法及其在不同行业领域的应用,揭示了双极膜在促进工业过程绿色化和高效化方面的巨大潜力。列举了双极膜在资源回收、污染控制和二氧化碳捕获等关键方面的应用案例,展示了其在工业应用方面的前景,证明了其在资源回收、污染控制和环境保护方面的实用价值。

双极膜原理  /  资源提取  /  污染控制  /  酸碱回收  /  二氧化碳捕获

Against the backdrop of increasingly severe global sustainability challenges, Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) technology is emerging as a pivotal solution driving transformation in the chemical, environmental, and resource management sectors. This technology not only demonstrates remarkable efficiency and economic benefits in critical areas such as resource extraction, pollution control, and CO₂ capture but also exhibits substantial potential for large-scale commercial implementation. This review systematically outlines the working principles and fabrication methods of bipolar membranes, along with their applications across various industrial fields, highlighting their significant capacity to advance greener and more efficient industrial processes. Representative case studies in resource recovery, pollution mitigation, and CO₂ capture are presented to illustrate the promising industrial prospects of BMED and validate its practical value in enabling sustainable resource utilization and environmental protection.

bipolar membrane  /  resource extraction  /  pollution control  /  acid and base recovery  /  CO₂ capture
王权福, 姜惟惟, 徐瑛, 王小龙, 付彩霞, 朱靖, 庄昊云, 朱宗强, 张弓. 双极膜电渗析技术在资源与环境领域的应用进展. 环境工程, 2026 , 44 (3) : 58 -72 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603005
Quanfu WANG, Weiwei JIANG, Ying XU, Xiaolong WANG, Caixia FU, Jing ZHU, Haoyun ZHUANG, Zongqiang ZHU, Gong ZHANG. Research progress on bipolar membrane electrodialysis for resource and environmental applications[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2026 , 44 (3) : 58 -72 . DOI: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603005
随着工业化进程的快速推进,环境污染和资源稀缺日益严峻,可持续发展和经济友好的需要,推动了高效、环境友好的分离技术的发展。双极膜(BPM)作为一种特殊处理方式开始受到关注。BPM是一种由阳离子交换膜层(CEL)、阴离子交换膜层(AEL)及中间层(IL)复合而成的新型离子交换膜。BPM最早在20世纪60年代被Frilette提出并引入电化学,是类似于半导体的P-N结1。在电化学中的运用主要有2种模式,正向偏压和反向偏压,如图1所示。当在BPM两侧施加正向偏压时,膜两侧的H+和OH-在电场的驱动下迁移至界面层复合成水分子;当在BPM两侧施加反向偏压时,形成了高达108 V/m的电势梯度,迫使中间层的水分子解离(WD),水解离的H+和OH-在电场的驱动下,分别通过阴阳膜层向主体溶液迁移,与此同时,消耗的水又从主体溶液通过膜层扩散到中间层得以补充2
BPM技术作为一种新型高效分离技术,其独特的结构允许离子从盐溶液转化为酸和碱,而无需添加化学试剂,在工业应用中展现出广阔前景,为清洁生产和资源回收开辟了新的途径。并且BPM应用场景已超越传统酸碱分离再生,向水处理、碳中和以及新能源等关键领域延伸。在废水处理与资源回收中,BPM驱动的高级氧化工艺(电芬顿)对有机污染物的降解率超95%3,并实现重金属离子选择性回收(如Cu²⁺回收率>90%)。在电催化CO₂还原中,BPM通过分区调控酸/碱环境4,将多碳产物法拉第效率提升至80%以上;在绿色制氢领域,其与阴离子交换膜耦合替代贵金属阳极,使电解槽成本降低40%5。目前,BPM的应用已扩展到海水淡化、化工生产、燃料电池、液流电池、锂离子回收、电化学CO2还原等诸多领域。在“双碳”背景下,BPM在CO2捕集、氢储能与转化等领域的应用也逐渐引起广泛关注。
但BPM技术在实际工业应用中仍面临诸多挑战:1)现有BPM在使用过程中膜层之间的结合较差,可能导致分层,且在高电流密度或极端pH条件下的长期稳定性和化学耐久性不足,限制了其在工业上的大规模应用;2)BPM制备成本高,制备过程复杂,且常规运行产生酸碱普遍低于2 mol/L,加之运输成本使得其经济效益偏低,限制了其商业化应用;3)BPM的纯度和寿命受到CEL和AEL层选择性的限制,且会导致同离子泄漏和产品扩散,致使电解分析产品杂质略高,需要后处理纯化;4)BPM对有机污染的抵抗力较差,且再生能力较差。为了实现BPM技术的商业化应用,需要对其在实际工业过程中的性能进行更深入的研究。
本文从BPM技术的原理出发,分别探讨了BPM的结构、制备方法、界面层构筑、膜堆结构及其在不同行业领域的应用,详细讨论了BPM在资源提取、污染控制、环境保护等方面的应用案例,并分析了BPM在不同应用场景中的操作条件、性能和影响因素。最后,总结了BPM技术目前发展面临的挑战,并展望了BPM的未来发展方向和研究重点,以期促进BPM技术的进一步发展和应用。
BPM界面层的水解离机制研究始于Bethe等6在生物膜中的早期发现。为系统阐释该现象,相继提出了3种理论模型,如图2所示,各模型从不同角度揭示了水解离的动力学过程与作用机制。
第二维恩效应(second Wien effect,SWE)指出,当外加电场达到一定强度时,弱电解质的电导率将随电场强度显著升高,表现出对欧姆定律的偏离7。在此基础上发展了水解离动力学理论8,综合考虑了外电场与荷电粒子之间的库仑相互作用,并假设BPM界面为理想尖锐结。其核心观点是,当界面层中可移动离子被完全耗尽时,水分子解离行为近似于弱电解质解离,从而解释了水解离速率随电场增强而升高的现象,因此该机制也被称为“场强增强效应”9
然而,SWE模型在实际BPM体系中的应用存在一定局限性。该模型未充分考虑水分子结构在强电场下的响应行为,而实际界面电场强度常高达10⁸~10⁹ V/m,远超SWE模型的适用范围(10⁷~10⁸ V/m),可能导致水分子结构发生畸变。此外,该理论难以解释为何在相同条件下阴离子交换膜常出现比阳离子交换膜更高的水解离速率9
为进一步完善理论解释,化学反应模型(chemical reaction model,CHR)被提出。该模型起源于对单极膜在极限电流密度下水解离行为的研究,其机制在于离子在膜相与溶液相中迁移速率的差异导致界面处形成高场强区,进而诱发水分子解离,其中阴离子交换膜中的效应尤为显著。Simons等10系统研究了膜固定电荷基团(如羧酸基、磺酸基和叔胺基)对水解离的催化作用,明确提出水解离过程中水分子与固定基团间发生的连续质子化-去质子化反应,最终生成H⁺与OH⁻。在BPM中,阴离子交换层中的弱碱性基团与阳离子交换层中的弱酸性基团可分别作为质子受体与供体,协同促进水解离反应。尽管CHR模型强调膜本征基团的催化作用,后续研究也证实,外源引入的金属氧化物、氢氧化物或络合物等催化剂同样可通过类似质子转移路径显著提升水解离效率。值得关注的是,Strathmann等11结合了质子转移机制与SWE模型,建立了更为综合的水解离理论框架。
中和层模型则从界面结构角度提出另一种机制,该理论假设在BPM的阴、阳离子交换层之间存在1个中性区域12,用以解释该处观察到的显著电压降。与前2种模型不同,该理论认为水解离主要发生于离子交换层内部的固定电荷区及其与中间层的界面处,而非中性层本身。尽管该模型为理解界面结构-性能关系提供了有益视角,但其对无中性层的BPM体系(如由单基膜双面功能化制备的膜)适用性有限,因此在当前研究中的采用逐渐减少。
BPM通常由3部分组成:AEL、CEL及两膜层之间的IL13。BPM的核心结构由基体基质、功能基团及支撑基质构成。其中,基体基质作为聚合物骨架,通常由分散乙烯基单体的聚合物网络形成,其核心作用在于提供机械稳定性并承载聚电解质功能基团。芳香单体(如苯乙烯)作为功能化位点前驱体,其在基体中的分布均匀性直接决定BPM的电化学性能:苯乙烯含量不足将导致离子交换容量降低,引发高电压降与膜电阻;而过高浓度则引发非均相功能化,破坏膜结构完整性14。为构建稳定的三维网络结构并固定聚电解质,通常需要引入交联剂,化学交联(如二乙烯基苯)、辐射交联(电子束)或两者协同作用可有效抑制聚电解质溶解。值得注意的是,多功能化合物的引入通过多点反应锚定带电基团,显著降低阴/阳离子交换基团的迁移率。该机制在双极结处形成中性屏障,阻断离子交换基团的相互渗透。支撑基质(如织物增强层)的嵌入则可针对性提升BPM的机械强度,确保其在电解环境下的尺寸稳定性与耐久性。在实际运用中通常采用高选择性和低电阻的离子交换膜作为BPM阴阳膜层。
BPM的中间层即为发生水解离反应的区域,水解离界面区域可看作阴阳离子交换层的一部分,也可看作阴阳离子交换层之间的附加层,为改善水解离反应效率,减少能量消耗,研究人员在界面层中引入催化剂,可显著降低水解活化能,加速水分子的解离过程。在商业BPM和文献中报道的催化剂有胺基15、羧酸基16、金属氢氧化物[Fe(OH)317、Al(OH)318等]和聚合催化剂(P4VP19、PVA20等)。此外,通过合适的界面构筑方式将催化剂固定在中间层对于BPM的催化效能影响也极为显著,界面构筑方法有浸蘸法21、涂覆法22、静电组装23、原位生长24、层层组装25、静电喷雾26、超声喷涂27等,在诸多文献中均已有报道。
目前的诸多研究已经证明了多种水解离催化剂材料,包括金属氧化物、导电聚合物和纳米复合材料,在提高水解解离效率、增强膜化学稳定性和优化离子选择性方面具有显著潜力。然而,现有催化剂的性能仍有改进空间,特别是在长期稳定性、成本效益和环境适应性方面。未来应进一步研究催化剂与膜材料之间的相互作用,从优化催化剂和膜层结构的设计角度出发,进一步研究通过优化界面层的微观结构来提高膜的耐久性和稳定性,并在多条件测试下验证其长期稳定性,延长膜的使用寿命,探究在各种操作条件下膜性能的保持策略。此外,将计算模拟与实验研究结合为水解解离过程的动力学机制提供更深入的方向,这对设计下一代高性能BPM至关重要。综上所述,在BPM结构中,IL是负责水解离生成H+和OH-的核心功能区。现有研究通过优化膜层的厚度、材料选择和催化剂的引入,显著提高了BPM的性能。然而,膜结构的进一步优化仍然面临着挑战,例如在高电流密度和复杂水条件下的长期稳定性。未来的研究应继续探索新的材料制备构筑工艺,同时重点关注成本和规模化生产问题,通过系统的膜设计与界面构筑、新型廉价催化剂的研发,实现更高效和稳定的BPM结构的工业应用。
BPM不仅涉及离子交换膜聚合物材料和催化剂的选择,还需使用合适的制备工艺,以形成良好的膜层和界面结构。有多种制膜工艺可实现采用基本相同的材料中制备得到不同的BPM,如厚度、界面结构、机械强度等。因此,BPM的水解离性能和使用寿命是由材料特性、内部结构、复合工艺等共同决定的。BPM制备工艺主要包括热压法28、黏合法、流延法29、离子交换基团法、电沉积30和静电纺丝法1831
静电纺丝作为一种前沿的膜制备方式,是一种利用高压静电场将聚合物溶液或熔体通过射流拉伸方式固化成纤维材料的方法。Shen等18以磺化聚醚醚酮和季铵化聚苯醚通过单纤维和双纤维静电纺丝结合热压法制备出3D结构的BPM,并在界面区域添加Al(OH)₃催化剂纳米颗粒,与传统的二维平面结构BPM相比,该结构具有更大的AEP/CEP界面面积用于水分解或水形成,能减少高电流密度操作时结处的水耗尽或积累,且极少有H⁺和OH⁻被平行于膜表面的纤维阻挡,使H⁺和OH⁻从水分解结位点到膜外表面的传输路径虽有曲折但通畅连续,如图3所示,且在1100 mA/cm2的极限电流密度下可逆性良好,3D结(BPM-3D)静电纺丝膜在结区域的水分解不受反向偏压测试的不利影响,操作优势显著。
静电纺丝技术在BPM的制备中显示出巨大的潜力,其精确调节膜厚度的能力有效地避免了阳离子层与阴离子层之间的分层问题,提高了膜结构的稳定性。由于制备的纳米纤维BPM具有较高的比表面积和孔隙率,显著增加了水解解离反应的活性位点,从而大大提高了BPM的整体水解解离性能32。但面临高电流密度或频繁启停工况时,电纺BPM的稳定性和力学性能尚未得到充分验证和深入研究,这成为制约其实际应用和市场推广的关键。此外,阳极和阴极膜通常采用流延法制备,与静电纺丝膜结合时容易黏结不良,进一步削弱了整体结构的稳定性。未来应进一步研究影响膜在高电流密度下稳定性和失效行为的因素,并仔细检查膜的韧性和强度等力学性能,从而全面优化电纺丝BPM。
在高性能BPM的开发中,选择合适的聚合物和固定化官能团对于调节AEL和CEL的性能至关重要。通过优化AEL和CEL的聚合物,可提高膜的化学稳定性和机械强度,同时提高离子传输效率。设计不对称膜结构,引入WD催化剂,可有效降低水分解的活化能,加快水分子的解离速率,从而提高离子生成效率3334。此外,通过设计具有双极接触的二维或三维结构1835,并结合静电纺丝或层层自组装等先进制造技术,可精确控制膜层厚度,以确保膜层之间的紧密接触和结构稳定性3336
双极膜电渗析(BMED)通过巧妙的隔室和膜堆设计,将“电渗析脱盐”和“BPM水解离”两个过程高效耦合,实现了在不引入新组分的情况下,将盐(MX)直接转化为对应的酸(HX)和碱(MOH),同时完成溶液的脱盐,具有过程清洁、高效、无二次污染的巨大优势,应用领域涵盖化工生产、废水处理、资源回收、碳排放与转化和能源等多个行业。在实际运用中,二隔室由(BPM-AEM/CEM-BPM) n 构成,三隔室由(BPM-AEM-CEM-BPM) n 构成,四隔室由(BPM-AEM-CEM-CEM-BPM) n 或(BPM-CEM-CEM-AEM-BPM) n 构成,以NaCl为例,如图4所示:二隔室可用于生产酸或碱,适用于单一目标产物的转化、酸化/碱化,如食品酸化、氨氮回收等,该系统设备简单、投资成本较低,但产品纯度较低;三隔室可同时产酸和碱,常用于有机酸生产和废酸回收等,该系统设备投资较合理,且产物纯度较高;四隔室可产酸碱并结合选择性离子交换膜可对于单价或多价离子进行高纯度分离,适用于电子级化学品和零排放系统,但膜堆结构非常复杂,投资成本最高,系统控制难度大。实际运用可根据不同需求采用不同方案。
Li是最轻且具有最低电化学电位之一的金属元素,在主体材料中支持快速可逆的嵌入反应,具有显著的稳定性,因此对锂离子电池的生产至关重要37。除了为电动汽车提供动力外,锂离子电池对于与风能和太阳能等可再生能源相关的电网储能也至关重要,可支持实现全球碳减排和能源可持续性38。这些需求推动了锂离子电池行业的显著扩张,导致Li产量在过去10年中增长了6倍,自2020年以来,Li需求已增长了2倍,预计未来10年将再增长2倍。从现在到2035年,能源系统的电气化需求将占Li总需求的95%。Li需求预计到2050年将达到1160 kt(超过6000 kt LCE,LCE为Li2CO3当量)39
目前,世界上大部分Li供应来自硬岩矿石4041和盐湖卤水42。在传统的Li提取工艺中,高纯度Li2SO4作为中间体生成,然后转化为LiOH。Chen等43使用BMED工艺将预纯化的Li2SO4转化为LiOH和H2SO4。1.5 mol/L Li2SO4的进料溶液转化为2.2 mol/L LiOH和1.3 mol/L H2SO4,单位能耗低于10 kW·h/kg,同时避免了大量碱的使用以及相关的沉淀和固液分离步骤,证明了BMED取代当前的化学沉淀技术具有潜力。Seongbeom等44开发并优化了一种新型氧化还原耦合介导的双极膜电渗析(redox-BMED)系统,可在基于CO2的Li沉淀中实现无化学品的pH值控制。在对膜堆优化后,总成本降低了70%以上,为基于CO2的沉淀工艺中的Li回收提供了一种可行的替代方案。该工艺将无化学品的pH控制、高纯度产品形成和有竞争力的经济回报相结合,这凸显了其应用于大规模Li回收和资源化利用的潜力。
通过使用BPM代替传统电极,BMED能够在电渗析过程中直接生成LiOH和H2SO4。该方法的主要优点是降低了能耗,因为BPM的水分解电位较低,约0.828 V,远低于传统水解电极电位。此外,BMED还避免了H2和O2的产生,从而降低了系统的复杂性和能耗。Lin等45构建了2种不同的连续多级逆流BMED系统:一种带有级间溢流罐,另一种每级直接连接。与传统的单级系统相比,生成了1.77 mol/L的LiOH,能耗为3.86 kW·h/kg,2种多级系统均有效提高了膜通量并降低了碱基生产的能耗。其中,直连级系统级间流体流动更稳定,膜通量14.09 mol/(m2∙h),提高了30.46%,能耗(3.35 kW·h/kg)降低了13.21%,多级逆流系统生产LiOH的成本为0.74 美元/kg。该研究为使用BMED工业化生产LiOH提供了一种低成本高效途径。
与此同时,伴随着固体Li矿床的枯竭,从环境污染较低的盐湖卤水、地热水、海水等液态矿物中提取Li开始引起关注46,在开发的多种回收Li的方法中,吸附法因成本低、环境友好、离子选择性高、稳定性好的特点,逐渐成为从组分复杂的液态矿物中分离Li的有效方法。但在解吸过程中获得的酸性Li+洗脱液需要进一步纯化和浓缩才能生产高纯度Li盐。传统方法(如蒸发与化学沉淀相结合)对酸性Li+洗脱液进行纯化和浓缩,面临着环境污染、高能耗和高成本等重大挑战。Yang等47开发了一种闭环三室BMED工艺,该工艺能够显著降低化学试剂的消耗,并实现HCl副产物的高效循环利用,如图5所示。该工艺首先采用双室BMED装置对酸性洗脱液进行脱酸处理,随后通过反渗透(RO)和电渗析(ED)系统进行浓缩与纯化,最终获得纯度高达99.5%的产品。Kong等48通过两室BMED实现了对地热盐水等替代水源中Li的利用,并将LiCl转化为电池级(>99.5%纯度)LiOH,此外,针对Li生产和使用过程中经常会产生的低浓度Li溶液,Li3PO4沉淀也是一种有效的Li回收方法。但Li3PO4应用市场有限,且其加工需要大量的化学试剂,导致Li回收率不高。Wei等49将Li3PO4转化为LiOH和H3PO4,Li回收率高达99%。Li3PO4在H3PO4中的高溶解度展示了优异的BMED性能。
近年来,BMED被认为是一种从废旧锂离子电池中回收Li的环境友好型技术。Zhu等50为回收废旧锂离子电池中Li2SO4,设计了BMED的闭环湿法冶金回收工艺,研究了BMED从Li2SO4溶液中回收LiOH和H2SO4的应用,发现BMED是一种将Li+回收为LiOH的环保节能方法,在100对电池堆中,生产LiOH的理论能源成本降低到1.57 kW·h/kg,Li+回收率增加到80%左右,在多个循环下可进一步降低能耗并提高回收溶液纯度。
针对当前情况,开发更经济、可持续的Li应用方法(如从废旧锂离子电池中回收Li)是必要的,但并不足以解决整体供应挑战。从低质量盐水中提取Li,以其巨大的未开发储量测算,可以大大缓解供应问题。Wang等51开发了一种BPM沉淀耦合电渗析富集(BMp-EDe)工艺,用于从Mg/Li值为20的盐水中提取Li。通过沉淀耦合离子渗透实现的相分离和离子富集的协同机制,优化电流密度、稀释液和基腔之间的摩尔比,以及基腔浓度等关键因素,来控制成核并防止膜污染。最佳分离因子达到40244,Mg去除率为99.96%,Li回收率为95.32%,镁沉淀能耗可降至7.97 kW·h/kg。该研究研究表明,BPM在用于Li的可持续生产中显示出了广泛前景,在后续生产当中可重点关注。
近年来,BMED技术因其高效、节能、易操作等特点,在工业废水以及重金属的污染控制和资源回收中展现出了巨大潜力,并且通过与其他工艺的耦合,高效处理废水中的无机盐、有机污染物和金属离子,实现废水资源化和零排放。Tang等52使用BMED处理含有浓NaCl的农药废水,并将其转化为NaOH和HCl回用,从而减少农药生产过程中的酸碱消耗。但离子交换膜(IEM)容易受到浓NaCl溶液中酚类物质的污染。Shen等53利用BPM处理农药生产过程中的草甘膦中和液废水,可实现96%的草甘膦回收率,并产生2 mol/L NaOH,其生产成本约为1.23美元/kg,草甘膦中和液处理总成本为165美元/t,相对于纳滤处理中和液,BPM工艺成本略高。Liu等54利用BMED技术耦合树脂吸附工艺处理各种高盐含酚废水,以水杨酸生产废水作为代表性样品,探究各组分的迁移行为,该工艺流程如图6a所示。在最佳工艺条件下,BMED法的脱盐率可达99.4%,ρ(H2SO4)为0.56 mol/L,ρ(NaOH)为0.78 mol/L。然后,将BMED进料室的流出物注入两级树脂单元使树脂再生,同时得到了高纯度的苯酚和水杨酸,在处理量为1 t/h时,水杨酸回收率为90%。且在流出物中未检测到污染物,可在BMED内重复使用流出物,实现了水杨酸生产废水的完全资源化利用。经济性分析显示,处理成本为30美元/t,表明该集成工艺对类似高盐工业含酚废水的处理和资源化具有可行性。Yang等55对于富氟和富硅废水处理产生的固体废物和废水,采用了资源捕获超滤与双极膜电渗析(RCUF-BMED)系统结合,从富氟和富硅混合废水中同时捕获和回收氟和硅,实现了液体的零排放;并且通过优化的RCUF-BMED系统,选择性地从废水中捕获氟化物和SiO2,去除率>99%。Na2SiF6回收率约72%,纯度高达99.1%。且RCUF-BMED系统有着较高的稳定性和可回收性,成功实现了将混合废水中有毒的氟化物和SiO2转化为有价值的Na2SiF6。RCUF-BMED系统的总体资源回收成本约为1.61美元/t,在工业-资源-环境关系中显现出巨大的应用潜力。
为解决采矿过程中产生大量重金属和高硫酸盐废水导致矿区环境恶化的问题,Feng等56采用沉淀-吸附-BMED多技术耦合硫酸盐回收法处理矿井水。该耦合技术能够较好地去除水中重金属和硫酸盐,硫酸盐脱盐率约96.8%,电流效率为54.2%,能耗为0.823 kW·h/kg,产酸浓度为0.168 mol/L。耦合工艺在实际矿山废水处理中,实现重金属去除率>98%,硫酸盐的去除率>94%,且可回收废水中的酸。Liu等57对铜矿石湿法冶金过程中产生的酸度强、重金属(Fe、Zn、Cu等)浓度高的萃余液废水,使用BMED技术将废水中盐转化为相应的酸和碱,回收萃余液作为浸出液再利用,以实现废水零排放,工艺原理如图6b所示。此外,Dai等58还提出了从铜渣中去除金属离子、有机物和无机物的三步BMED系统,实现重金属有效回收的同时降低了环境风险。与传统的化学浸出法相比,该方法不需添加任何化学试剂,即可实现金属的浸出。此外,由于未向上清液中投加化学试剂,上清液可作为酸浸液用于铜矿石湿法冶金过程中铜的浸出,整个处理过程无废水排放。对于电镀生产工艺过程中产生的废水,因其高盐度、高重金属含量和难降解污染物,普遍采用酸碱中和、絮凝沉淀等方法进行处理,处理后形成电镀污泥,而电镀污泥作为危险废物,处理处置情况复杂。为避免电镀废水产生的危险废物,Lan等59通过BMED与UV/H2O2工艺相结合,处理电镀废水中的纳滤浓缩物。Liu等60直接采用BMED系统对镀镍(ENP)废水中的Ni2+、NH4+、TP和NO3-进行分离回收。在最佳实验条件下,四者去除率分别为100%、98.6%、99.3%和100%,回收率分别为92.6%、75.5%、94.5%和90.6%。再结合电沉积技术从电镀污泥中回收金属61,该集成技术可从电镀污泥中回收铜、镍62和其他金属。Lian等63针对电镀污泥,使用BMED和H2O2氧化的集成技术从电镀污泥中回收铬,这对于金属污染的控制与资源化利用提供了一条有效路径。
BMED技术常与其他工艺相结合,为酸性气体(如CO2、SO2、NO x 等)回收和烟气净化提供创新和可持续的解决方案。Feng等64将湿吸收与BMED相结合,有效吸收和回收烟气中的SO2。湿法吸附Na2SO3产生的氧化副产物Na2SO4采用BMED技术脱盐,现场生产酸和碱,分别用于再生和吸附SO2。该系统既实现了常温常压下SO2的高效吸收和完全回收,解决了Na2SO4的堆积问题,又降低了工艺成本,产生了经济效益。该研究显示出双极性膜技术在酸性气体管理中的广阔潜力。
BMED的另一主要应用是由相应的盐溶液(再)生成酸和碱,相较其他方法(如离子交换树脂、萃取、电化学软化)能有效处理废水中的有机物和无机盐,实现酸碱再生。这些回收的酸和碱可以在化工生产中重复使用,降低了生产成本,减少了环境污染。BMED工艺根据酸碱回收产物可分为以下4类:无机酸+无机碱,有机酸+无机碱,无机酸+有机碱,有机酸+有机碱。其中,从盐溶液中生产和回收无机酸和碱方面,由NaCl6566、NaNO367、Na2SO468、Na3PO469、Na2CO370和NH4Cl71等盐生产的无机酸碱占据了最大的市场份额。相较于传统酸碱工业对资源开发和环境保护产生的冲击,通过BMED从浓盐水中回收酸碱是绿色可持续的工艺,其优点是不产生气体副产物,降低操作风险,并将废盐水转化为酸或碱溶液后提供价值。
Qin等72为避免多效海水蒸馏(MED)设备将废水直接排入大海导致污染,将膜分离、去硬和离子交换树脂系统相结合作为前处理,应用BMED系统将预处理后的浓海水转化为HCl和NaOH。所产生的酸碱可进一步用于树脂清洗、pH校正等工艺流程,通过BPM制备的酸和碱的最大浓度分别为3.4,3.3 mol/L,纯度分别可高达99.2%和96.3%,产品质量满足再利用要求。在最佳条件下,电流效率可达76%,酸和碱的能耗分别约为1878.9,1617.2 kW·h/t。此外,该工程项目的投资回收期约5.3年,对工业推广具有深远意义。Cassaro等73将BMED用于真实海水进行化工生产,测试了膜面积为19.2 m2的BMED试验工厂,在不同的电流密度下,评估了3种工艺配置,即闭环、进料-排放以及分批补料,对EDBM性能的影响,以期在改变操作条件时选择最合适的工艺配置,其获得的最佳比能耗(SEC)为1.9~2.6 kW·h/kg,且该总膜面积较迄今为止文献报道中从NaCl盐水生产HCl和NaOH水溶液的结果大得多(16倍以上),该实际实例迈出了在工业规模实施BMED技术的第一步。
此外,许多研究也报道了酸碱的回收,但大多数研究得到的碱浓度<2 mol/L。虽然有研究成功获得了3~4 mol/L的NaOH浓度69,但有记录的最高NaOH浓度仅为8.12 mol/L74,这与氯碱行业约9.3 mol/L的碱浓度标准相比仍有改进空间。Wu等75通过引入在线中和反应,促进了BMED过程中水的解离平衡,实现了高达9.2 mol/L NaOH的产出(目前BMED生产碱的最高浓度记录)。该研究思路是通过控制单侧酸室或碱室在电渗析过程中以特定速率中和来实现的,有效促进了水的解离,与传统的BMED操作相比,产量提高了27.7%,同时节省了43.7%的操作时间,显示了BPM在工业化生产酸碱过程中的巨大潜力。
对于有机酸碱生产与再生,BPM凭借其独特的非对称结构(阴/阳离子交换层及中间催化界面层),在外加直流电场驱动下,水解离生成H⁺与OH⁻,成为有机酸制备与回收的核心技术。该过程可高效实现乳酸钠、柠檬酸钠等有机酸盐向对应有机酸与碱(如NaOH)的电化学转化,在制备领域直接从发酵产出的有机酸盐中获取高纯度产物76,在回收领域则从工业含盐有机废水过程中同步回收有机酸并再生碱77。此技术彻底消除了传统钙盐沉淀法等工艺产生的无机盐副产物,减少污泥排放60%以上,在提升经济性的同时显著降低环境负荷(碳足迹缩减35%~50%),使BMED成为有机酸绿色制造与资源再生的闭环工艺典范。
Sun等77采用BMED对氨基苯磺酸产生的高盐度有机废水进行脱盐,实现了废水中对氨基苯磺酸和NaCl的分离,如图7a所示,其同时将NaCl转化为HCl和NaOH;并通过对BMED产品回收的可行性调查,肯定了BMED技术的意义。此外,这种新策略可以应用于其他类似废水的源头处理,实现其生产的闭环。然而,对于有机酸和有机碱的回收效率,不同的研究结果存在差异。一些研究指出,BMED技术对特定有机酸(如乳酸)的回收率较高,而另一些研究发现,在处理含有多种有机酸的复杂废水时,有机酸的类型和浓度可能会影响回收率。这些差异可能源于多种因素,如膜材料和结构可变性(影响离子传输效率和选择性)。一些研究已经使用具有特定表面修饰的膜来改善特定有机酸的吸附和运输。不同的操作条件(如电流密度、溶液pH值和温度)也会导致结果不同。较高的电流密度加速离子传输,但也可能增加能量消耗和膜降解的风险。为了提高当前效率和降低能耗,未来应进一步关注先进的膜材料制备、膜堆配置优化以及工艺集成和增强。此外,将BMED技术与吸附、萃取或膜分离等其他技术相结合,可以进一步提高系统的整体性能和选择性,实现更优化的工艺流程。
BMED以其独特的结构优势和性能为氨基酸的回收合成提供了一条高效途径,以蛋氨酸为例,如图7b所示。工艺中首先对原料溶液进行预处理,调节pH值以优化氨基酸的电离状态,并去除可能干扰电渗析运行的物质。随后,在电渗析膜堆中施加直流电场激活BPM,产生H+和OH-,H+在电场作用下转移到原料溶液中,加速氨基酸的解离过程及其在电场中的迁移。通过对电流强度、膜间距离和处理时间等关键参数的优化,可显著提高氨基酸的分离效率。解离的氨基酸被收集在特殊的收集罐中,并通过净化工艺(如离子交换或超滤)优化产品纯度。研究发现,具有不同N-甲基基团的甘氨酸衍生物(如N-甲基甘氨酸、N,N-二甲基甘氨酸、N,N,N-三甲基甘氨酸)的回收率均随N-甲基数量的增加而降低78。这表明分子结构对分离效率有显著影响,故在未来设计分离工艺时需要考虑分子的理化性质,如分子大小、结构和离子扩散系数等。
在BMED系统中,BPM作为核心组件被置于二室、三室和四室构型电渗析槽,其构型选择直接决定系统功能,本节论述了BMED在环境保护和资源回收等重点领域的应用现状和前景。BMED在工业废水处理中表现出优异的污染物去除能力,实现了资源有效回收,对促进资源循环利用,减轻环境负担具有重要意义。BPM在废水处理的实际工业应用中,其规模化、成本效益和长期稳定性均需考虑。但要实现其在工业废水处理中的广泛应用,还需要进一步克服成本控制和系统稳定性等方面的挑战。
上述研究均采用BMED技术实现了对工业废水与重金属污染物的处理。虽然处理对象和具体技术耦合有所不同,但均共同强调了BMED技术在废水处理、资源回收、零排放和处理成本方面的显著优势,为工业废水处理提供了多样化、高效的解决方案。但使用盐水通过EDBM生产NaOH受到最终碱浓度低的限制(通常在2 mol/L左右),这使得酸碱生产的经济效益并不理想,但从当前实际清洁生产、污染防治和废物资源化角度来看,则是一个完美的利用途径。
化工生产和化石燃料的燃烧使CO2排放增加,加剧了全球温室效应进程。在“双碳”背景下,除去大气中CO2减轻气候变化的负面变化,开始受到广泛重视,CO2捕获以及高附加值的矿化是碳捕获利用和储存(CCUS)过程的巨大挑战。BPED是一项很有前途的技术,BPM是一类特殊的离子交换膜,由阳离子和阴离子交换层构成,在电场作用下,可通过水离解产生质子和OH-。这一独特的功能使其具有广泛的应用前景,传统的CO2捕获方法是使用苛性溶剂(如NaOH或KOH)将大气中CO2转化为碳酸氢盐,然后碳酸氢盐被热分解生成纯CO2气体以永久去除,该流程能耗较高。Eisaman等79将CO2捕集转化为碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐,并使用BPMED对碳酸盐水溶液和碳酸氢盐水溶液中的CO2气体进行再生。此方法从碳酸氢盐(碳酸盐)水溶液中产生的CO2气体的能耗可以低至100 kJ/mol。
在实际应用中,Ye等80采用BMED,利用强碱液(如NaOH)与燃烧废气反应捕获CO2,并从草甘膦中和液中回收NaOH,得到浓度约1.45 mol/L且纯度约96.5%的NaOH溶液,并将其用作CO2吸收剂,且草甘膦的回收率约达到98.2%,在最佳参数下能耗为2.15 kW·h/kg。为充分利用废碱液,实现CO2的连续吸收,Ruan等81基于BMED的NaOH废液捕集CO2的绿色工艺,生成酸和碱的最大浓度分别达到1.88,2.01 mol/L,能耗为3.97 kW·h/kg,酸用于调节pH值,碱直接用于中空纤维膜接触器(HFMC)进行CO2吸收,实现了85%的CO2去除率。且NaOH和Na2CO3的吸收剂可直接用于废盐水软化的预处理过程,该过程可以在不添加额外化学品的情况下进行,实现CO2捕获和废液回收资源化的自循环。
相较于传统直接空气捕获(DOC)化学循环中使用的溶液或多元胺捕集CO2,使用BPM直接海洋捕集CO2也开始受到广泛关注82,从海水中捕获和转化CO2会导致碳的净负排放,被捕获的CO2可以为每年千兆吨级的合成燃料和化学原料提供碳源,Digdaya等83提出了一种直接耦合的概念验证电化学系统,使用BMED和蒸汽供给的CO2还原(CO2R)工艺从海水中捕获和转化CO2,通过浅海脱碳方式促进大气中CO2的下降。为促进工业运用,Bui等84开发了一个可靠的一维模型,用于BPMED从碳酸氢盐基碳捕获溶液和海水中电化学再生CO2。这些结果为使用BPMED进行工业规模CO2回收提供了设计原则。
海水固碳不仅可以通过CO2矿化减少温室效应,还可去除海水中的Ca,缓解水垢污染问题对海水淡化发展的限制,通常该过程需要添加碱性试剂以形成高pH环境。Zhao等85使用了带有结晶器的BMED系统开发了一种新型的海水碳固存技术,该研究探究了CO2影响膜堆的进入模式,以及结晶器中的膜结垢、海水脱钙、碳固存和能源消耗等诱发的晶种。指出了BPM在酸性气体的吸附和反应结晶中的应用方向。Zhao等86以BPM法除钙固碳为基础,针对烟道气中CO2和SO2排放导致的环境污染,在碱性条件下,海水中的Ca2+和烟气中的CO2沉淀,而烟气中的SO2被电离,并探究了电渗析装置中海水固碳脱硫的可行性。此外,Chen等87根据结晶室结合BMED技术,利用CO2衍生的碳酸盐和海水中的残余镁资源生产功能性三水菱镁矿,为CO2的工业绿色封存和镁产品的开发提供了理论指导。
考虑到BMED工艺的CO2产量,从CO2排放量和CO2捕集总量两方面对BMED工艺的环境影响进行评价。结果表明,只有在电力资源来自可再生资源(如风能、水力发电、太阳能光伏和核能)的情况下,才能有希望实现CO2捕集(高达530.65 g CO2/kg NaOH)。然而,通过BMED工艺将不可再生能源用于NaOH生产将产生大量CO2排放的风险,这使得BMED的应用对于CO2捕集方案实际上并不可行80。为减少对化石燃料的依赖,由可再生能源驱动将CO2电化学还原为有价值的产品展现出了广阔前景,但迄今为止尚未见任何技术实现大规模工业应用。
目前,BPM研究在高效催化界面设计、膜结构创新、极端工况稳定性提升及新兴应用拓展等领域取得了突破性进展。在催化机制层面,传统金属基催化剂正逐步被功能性有机聚合物(如季铵化聚芳醚)、纳米结构金属氧化物(TiO288)及框架材料(MOFs89/COFs)取代,水解离过电位显著降低至0.5~0.9 V,同时解决了金属溶出与环境风险问题。膜结构设计从层压式向梯度功能化、一体化无界面方向演进:借助原位聚合与3D打印技术构建的无物理界面膜消除了层间电阻、增大了水解反应面积;原子层沉积(ALD)技术实现的纳米级超薄催化层,结合离子交换基团的梯度分布设计,有效抑制了浓差极化90,使膜面电阻下降30%~50%。针对高电流密度、强酸/碱及高温等极端工况,通过交联网络强化91-93(共价/物理交联)、耐化学腐蚀聚合物基体(磺化聚醚醚酮改性94)及抗氧化纳米添加剂(CeO₂95)的协同策略,极大延长了膜寿命。机理研究依托原位光谱(Raman/FTIR)与分子动力学模拟,揭示了界面水分子解离的质子传递能垒与电场分布规律96,为材料设计提供理论支撑。
虽然目前许多研究多为实验室规模,但BMED在化工、环保、资源回收、新能源、食品、电子、生化等行业均有广泛的实际应用,且与其他行业的联系也越来越紧密。在环境领域中,BMED技术用于无机盐的转化和回收,如将NaCl、Na2SO4、NaNO3等转化为相应的酸、碱,实现零排放,同时回收有价值的化学品。在资源领域,BMED技术可用于含盐废水的处理,可有效去除和转化废水中的盐分,实现资源的循环利用,同时减少环境影响。在新能源领域,BMED技术在电解水制氢和燃料电池方面具有良好的应用前景9798,可提供高纯度的氢和氧,有助于能源结构的转变。此外,BMED技术还用于食品和饮料行业的产品纯化,如果汁去酶99、蔓越莓脱酸100等;在半导体行业用于超纯水制造101;在生化工业中用于酶的再生反应溶液或产物的分离,以提高酶的活性和产物纯度。但BMED也并不仅局限于实验室规模,目前国内外生产BPM厂家主要有威立雅、Eurodia、PCCell GmbHAstom和杭州蓝然等。
BPM的核心价值在于电化学原位酸碱调控与物质精准分离能力,目前已在清洁生产、资源提取和污染控制领域取得规模化突破,并在许多实际的工业领域积累了丰富的应用案例。此外,在水电解、醇解离、燃料电池和CO2电解等新兴应用中,BPM通过提供pH梯度来优化配对电极反应的局部环境,显著提高了反应效率。在可持续发展背景下,BPM为可持续碳基化学品和燃料的生产提供了可行的技术途径,这对减少全球温室气体排放至关重要。
虽然当前BPM技术在理论和应用方面已取得了重大进展,但其产业化进程仍面临理论认知不足、技术瓶颈制约、工艺水平有限等系统性挑战,后续研究中可重点关注:
1)改进膜的材料和非对称结构,引入新型催化剂和优化界面层的微观结构,提高BPM的水解离效率和电流效率,降低水解离所需的应用电位和水分解的活化能,加快水分子的解离速率,突破高性能材料规模化制备成本(如全氟聚合物),实现在宽pH、长周期、高密度电流等极限条件下的稳定运行。
2)探索BPM在下一代电解槽制氢、燃料电池、CO2转化、直接空气捕集等“负碳”技术中的创新应用,同时开展BPM在化学品分离和电子级超纯化学品制造等高附加值领域的应用研究,如高镁锂比盐湖水的资源提取。
3)开发膜的制备放大新工艺,与其他系统(如吸附、萃取、高级氧化等)集成,以解决实际运用中的工艺运行优化问题,并探索智能响应型膜结构集成(pH及温度自适应)与生物基材料的集成创新,以推动BPM在能源、环境、化工等多领域的大规模工业化落地。

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2026年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.13205/j.hjgc.202603005
  • 接收时间:2025-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-28
  • 修回日期:2025-12-30
  • 录用日期:2026-01-04
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    1桂林理工大学 广西环境污染控制理论与技术重点实验室,广西 桂林 541006
    2无锡市城市环境科技有限公司;技术创新中心,江苏 无锡 214026
    3无锡市政公用环境检测研究院有限公司,江苏 无锡 214063
    4南方智水科技有限公司,杭州 310000
    5无锡市工业废物安全处置有限公司,江苏 无锡 214000
    6清华大学 环境学院 清华大学水质与水生态研究中心,北京 100084

通讯作者:

张弓(1987—),男,副研究员,主要研究方向为电化学水处理新技术及先进环境功能材料开发。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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