Article(id=1148993957645836657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871106777, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871106777, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871106777, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871106777, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993956857307504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='6', pageStart='1227', pageEnd='1529', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871106590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057237502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1242, endPage=1263, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149994723025499030, articleId=1148993957645836657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Synthesis of organic acids from lignocellulose by biotransformation, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The development of environmentally benign, biodegradable materials is considered an important way to address “white pollution”. Importantly, organic acid is one of the crucial monomers for preparing biodegradable materials. In recent years, the synthesis of organic acids through green and efficient methods has attracted much attention. As the most promising carbon source recognized for renewability and affordability, lignocellulose is considered a promising carbon source for the biochemical industry. Converting lignocellulose into organic acid is critical to preparing biodegradable materials and achieving carbon neutrality, which meets the requirements of the green and sustainable development strategy. Hence, researchers are focusing their investigations on the lignocellulose biorefinery. To date, innovations in synthetic biology have significantly advanced organic acid manufacturing. For example, the yield of succinic acid has exceeded 150 g/L, which facilitates the formation and development of the bio-based biodegradable materials industry. In this paper, various lignocellulose pretreatment technologies were reviewed, including physical, chemical, biological, physicochemical, and other emerging pretreatment methods. To realize the goal of efficient utilization of lignocellulose, the refining processes of lignocellulose were also reviewed, including detoxification of inhibitors, reductive catalytic fractionation, consolidated bioprocessing, and other methods. After the pretreatment and refining process, lignocellulose is transformed to sugars and aromatic compounds, which can be utilized for producing various organic acid compounds, such as succinic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, cis,cis-muconic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. Next, using the optimization of production of these organic acid compounds as examples, several synthetic biology strategies were summarized, including constructing biosynthetic pathways, optimizing regulatory elements, enlarging the substrates spectrum, and other strategies for improving cell production capacity. Finally, the development trends of the biodegradable materials industry are summarized and prospected. The development of emerging pretreatment and consolidated bioprocessing to facilitate the efficiency of lignocellulose utilization were discussed. Improving the robustness of microbial cell factories and designing the systematic lignocellulose conversion pathways could further optimize the performances of organic acid synthesis. The insights given in this review could facilitate further development on the industrial production of biodegradable materials, towards addressing the global energy crisis and “white pollution”.

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开发环境友好型的生物可降解材料,被公认为是解决“白色污染”的重要途径。作为制备生物可降解材料的主要原料之一,有机酸的绿色高效制造备受关注。木质纤维素是储量庞大且可再生的自然资源,以木质纤维素为原料,通过生物转化的方式生产有机酸,是发展绿色可降解生物基材料的理想途径,具有过程绿色低碳的优势,符合绿色可持续发展经济的需求。近年来,人们针对木质纤维素的生物炼制开展了大量研究,并在生物转化合成有机酸等领域取得了重要进展,特别是在高产有机酸微生物细胞工厂的设计开发上不断取得突破,使得生物基有机酸的生产水平屡创新高,丁二酸等品种的产量甚至突破了150 g/L,积极推动了生物基可降解材料产业的形成和发展。本文介绍了木质纤维素的组分并总结了木质纤维素的物理预处理法、化学预处理法、生物预处理法、物理-化学共处理法和化学-生物共处理法等多种预处理技术,以及抑制物的脱毒技术、还原催化分馏工艺、催化剂的回收、偶联木质纤维素水解和发酵的制造工艺。并以木质纤维素为原料合成的高价值有机酸(丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸、黏康酸、2,5-呋喃二甲酸和2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸)为例,从这些有机酸的生物合成途径,合成生物学改造策略和发酵条件优化等角度探讨了这些有机酸的研究现状。最后,对当前生物可降解材料产业链的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,讨论了开发新型预处理技术和优化联合生物处理工艺等策略对木质纤维素组分解离和利用的重要意义,并从提高微生物细胞工厂的鲁棒性以及设计木质纤维素的综合转化途径等方面进行系统分析,以期能为有机酸的工业化生产提供参考。

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柴猛(1998—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学与代谢工程。E-mail:

王风清 (1977—) , 男, 教授, 博士生导师。研究方向为利用代谢工程和合成生物学的原理和方法, 致力于微生物细胞工厂的研究和开发等。E-mail:

魏东芝(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物元器件的发现、改造与应用研究,致力于发现和改进具有工业应用价值的微生物和生物催化剂,开拓生物转化新反应等。E-mail:

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柴猛(1998—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学与代谢工程。E-mail:

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柴猛(1998—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学与代谢工程。E-mail:

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王风清 (1977—) , 男, 教授, 博士生导师。研究方向为利用代谢工程和合成生物学的原理和方法, 致力于微生物细胞工厂的研究和开发等。E-mail:

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王风清 (1977—) , 男, 教授, 博士生导师。研究方向为利用代谢工程和合成生物学的原理和方法, 致力于微生物细胞工厂的研究和开发等。E-mail:

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3 Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing of China Light Industry,Shanghai 200237,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1164877075648356840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, authorId=1164877075505750499, language=CN, stringName=魏东芝, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 华东理工大学生物反应器工程国家重点实验室,上海 200237
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魏东芝(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物元器件的发现、改造与应用研究,致力于发现和改进具有工业应用价值的微生物和生物催化剂,开拓生物转化新反应等。E-mail:

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魏东芝(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物元器件的发现、改造与应用研究,致力于发现和改进具有工业应用价值的微生物和生物催化剂,开拓生物转化新反应等。E-mail:

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ACS Synthetic Biology, 2018, 7(9): 2296-2307., articleTitle=Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from glucose, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086415135479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=16, issue=1, pageStart=92, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=124, rfOrder=132, authorNames=ZHOU D, WU F L, PENG Y F, journalName=Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHOU D, WU F L, PENG Y F, et al. Multi-step biosynthesis of the biodegradable polyester monomer 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from glucose[J]. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts, 2023, 16(1): 92., articleTitle=Multi-step biosynthesis of the biodegradable polyester monomer 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from glucose, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086519993082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=352, issue=null, pageStart=127106, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=125, rfOrder=133, authorNames=LEE S S, JUNG Y J, PARK S J, journalName=Bioresource Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LEE S S, JUNG Y J, PARK S J, et al. Microbial production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from lignin derivatives in an engineered Pseudomonas putida and its application for the synthesis of bio-based polyester[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 352: 127106., articleTitle=Microbial production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from lignin derivatives in an engineered Pseudomonas putida and its application for the synthesis of bio-based polyester, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086582907645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=377, issue=null, pageStart=128956, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=126, rfOrder=134, authorNames=OTSUKA Y, ARAKI T, SUZUKI Y, journalName=Bioresource Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OTSUKA Y, ARAKI T, SUZUKI Y, et al. High-level production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from vanillic acid as a lignin-related aromatic compound by metabolically engineered fermentation to realize industrial valorization processes of lignin[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2023, 377: 128956., articleTitle=High-level production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid from vanillic acid as a lignin-related aromatic compound by metabolically engineered fermentation to realize industrial valorization processes of lignin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086670988032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=111, pageEnd=122, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=127, rfOrder=135, authorNames=NOTONIER S, WERNER A Z, KUATSJAH E, journalName=Metabolic Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference= NOTONIER S, WERNER A Z, KUATSJAH E, et al. Metabolism of syringyl lignin-derived compounds in Pseudomonas putida enables convergent production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid[J]. Metabolic Engineering, 2021, 65: 111-122., articleTitle=Metabolism of syringyl lignin-derived compounds in Pseudomonas putida enables convergent production of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086746485507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=102, issue=11, pageStart=4807, pageEnd=4816, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=128, rfOrder=136, authorNames=MORI K, KAMIMURA N, MASAI E, journalName=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MORI K, KAMIMURA N, MASAI E. Identification of the protocatechuate transporter gene in Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 and effects of overexpression on production of a value-added metabolite[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2018, 102(11): 4807-4816., articleTitle=Identification of the protocatechuate transporter gene in Sphingobium sp. strain SYK-6 and effects of overexpression on production of a value-added metabolite, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086809400069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=129, rfOrder=137, authorNames=魏珣, 林长喜, journalName=化学工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏珣, 林长喜. 我国生物基材料产业发展对策与建议[J]. 化学工业, 2022, 40(2): 6-11, 23., articleTitle=我国生物基材料产业发展对策与建议, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877086880703239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=129, rfOrder=138, authorNames=WEI X, LIN C X, journalName=Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WEI X, LIN C X. The development strategies and suggestions of domestic bio-based materials industry[J]. 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PduP—Propionaldehyde dehydrogenase; PduL—Phosphotransferase; PduW—propionic acid kinase; XylA—Xylose isomerase; XylB—Xylulokinase; ASPA—Aspartate ammonia-lyase; PDH—Pyruvate dehydrogenase; BAPAT—β-Alanine pyruvate transaminase; ACC—Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; PAND—Aspartate-α-decarboxylase; MCR—NADPH-dependent malonyl-CoA reductase

, figureFileSmall=sO0bDLEs5juKGW/DEtrWIg==, figureFileBig=XkofyBEx9XYoyfi5Dhtctw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076650795510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微生物合成3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)的三条常见途径

PduP—丙醛脱氢酶;PduL—磷酸转乙酰化酶;PduW—丙酸激酶;XylA—木糖异构酶;XylB—木酮糖激酶;ASPA—天冬氨酸氨水解酶;PDH—丙酮酸脱氢酶;BAPAT—β-丙氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶;ACC—乙酰-CoA 羧化酶;PAND—天冬氨酸-α-脱羧酶;MCR—NADPH依赖型丙二酰辅酶A还原酶

, figureFileSmall=sO0bDLEs5juKGW/DEtrWIg==, figureFileBig=XkofyBEx9XYoyfi5Dhtctw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076701127159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Enzymatic methods for synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, figureFileSmall=EBwOiPXbpGjh+Sa0lv4fOg==, figureFileBig=T9HhA0gTv5kCgnS1EHhnSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076751458808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=图3, caption=5-羟甲基糠醛合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)的酶催化方法, figureFileSmall=EBwOiPXbpGjh+Sa0lv4fOg==, figureFileBig=T9HhA0gTv5kCgnS1EHhnSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076797596153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Synthetic pathway of 2-pyrone-4, 6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC)

G—guaiacyl monomer; S—syringyl monomer; H—p-hydroxyphenyl monomer; LigAB—PCA 4,5-dioxygenase; LigC—4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=LR+Yhnl94QydaScn8pnmag==, figureFileBig=ufD3RPiWz90mOg27esYKGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076847927802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸(PDC)的合成途径

G—愈创木基结构单元;S—紫丁香基结构单元;H—对羟基苯基结构单元;LigAB—原儿茶酸4,5-双加氧酶;LigC—4-羧基-2-羟基木酸酯-6-半醛脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=LR+Yhnl94QydaScn8pnmag==, figureFileBig=ufD3RPiWz90mOg27esYKGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877076902453755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Common pretreatment processes of lignocellulose together with their advantages and disadvantages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理类型 预处理技术 优点 缺点 参考文献
物理法 机械预处理 没有抑制物的产生且操作简单 设备昂贵且耗能高 [20]
超声波预处理 处理效率高且无抑制剂产生 能耗较高且选择性较低 [22-23]
微波预处理 反应迅速且选择性较高 设备昂贵且运行成本较高 [24-25]
射线预处理 工艺方便、环保且经济 需要结合额外的物理或化学法预处理 [26-27]
脉冲电场预处理 反应快速且节能,需要简单的非热设备 需要多个脉冲发生器,且可能产生有毒化学物质 [28-29]
超临界CO2爆破 所需处理温度较低且廉价的CO2 需要较高的CO2压力,设备成本较高 [30]
等离子体预处理 过程中不产生有毒或污染化学物 能耗较高 [31]
化学法 酸处理 对糖的转化率较高,反应时间短 强酸毒性较大、腐蚀性强且处理过程会产生抑制物 [32]
碱处理 工艺简单且条件温和,抑制物产生相对较少 下游回收过程复杂 [33-34]
氧化剂预处理 选择性高 容易导致抑制物的产生 [35-36]
离子溶液预处理 可回收重复使用,且热稳定性较好 成本较高且再生条件较高 [18,37]
有机溶剂预处理 反应时间短 部分有机溶剂的腐蚀性和毒性较大,且具有易燃性和挥发性 [38]
深共晶溶剂预处理 成本和毒性较高 黏稠度较高 [39-40]
生物法 真菌预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长,回收率需要进一步提高 [41]
细菌预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长 [42]
白蚁预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长 [43]
物理-化学共处理 蒸气爆破处理 处理方式环保 能耗较高,对软木的处理效果较差 [44]
热碱处理 处理成本低 需要较高的温度和压力 [45]
氨纤维爆破预处理 条件温和且无抑制产生 反应能耗较高,且污染环境 [46]
化学-生物共处理 铜绿假单胞菌与稀酸共处理 处理效率提高 需要进一步优化细菌的处理条件 [47]
鞘氨醇杆菌与NaOH共处理 提高了纤维素水解物的得率 需要进一步优化条件 [48]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877076969562620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

木质纤维素常见的预处理工艺及其优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预处理类型 预处理技术 优点 缺点 参考文献
物理法 机械预处理 没有抑制物的产生且操作简单 设备昂贵且耗能高 [20]
超声波预处理 处理效率高且无抑制剂产生 能耗较高且选择性较低 [22-23]
微波预处理 反应迅速且选择性较高 设备昂贵且运行成本较高 [24-25]
射线预处理 工艺方便、环保且经济 需要结合额外的物理或化学法预处理 [26-27]
脉冲电场预处理 反应快速且节能,需要简单的非热设备 需要多个脉冲发生器,且可能产生有毒化学物质 [28-29]
超临界CO2爆破 所需处理温度较低且廉价的CO2 需要较高的CO2压力,设备成本较高 [30]
等离子体预处理 过程中不产生有毒或污染化学物 能耗较高 [31]
化学法 酸处理 对糖的转化率较高,反应时间短 强酸毒性较大、腐蚀性强且处理过程会产生抑制物 [32]
碱处理 工艺简单且条件温和,抑制物产生相对较少 下游回收过程复杂 [33-34]
氧化剂预处理 选择性高 容易导致抑制物的产生 [35-36]
离子溶液预处理 可回收重复使用,且热稳定性较好 成本较高且再生条件较高 [18,37]
有机溶剂预处理 反应时间短 部分有机溶剂的腐蚀性和毒性较大,且具有易燃性和挥发性 [38]
深共晶溶剂预处理 成本和毒性较高 黏稠度较高 [39-40]
生物法 真菌预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长,回收率需要进一步提高 [41]
细菌预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长 [42]
白蚁预处理 反应温和且能耗低 反应周期较长 [43]
物理-化学共处理 蒸气爆破处理 处理方式环保 能耗较高,对软木的处理效果较差 [44]
热碱处理 处理成本低 需要较高的温度和压力 [45]
氨纤维爆破预处理 条件温和且无抑制产生 反应能耗较高,且污染环境 [46]
化学-生物共处理 铜绿假单胞菌与稀酸共处理 处理效率提高 需要进一步优化细菌的处理条件 [47]
鞘氨醇杆菌与NaOH共处理 提高了纤维素水解物的得率 需要进一步优化条件 [48]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077036671485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primary detoxification methods and their applicable scopes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脱毒分类 脱毒方法 适用范围 参考文献
物理脱毒 吸附剂脱毒 呋喃、脂肪酸和酚类物质 [50]
膜脱毒法 酸法预处理抑制物 [51]
化学脱毒 碱法脱毒 酸类与呋喃类 [52]
还原剂脱毒 呋喃类与酚类 [53]
氨基酸脱毒 呋喃类与醛类 [54]
生物脱毒 酶法脱毒 酚类 [55]
高耐受抑制物的菌株 糠醛类与呋喃类 [56]
复合脱毒方法 离子交换树脂与活性炭 酚类与呋喃类 [57]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077107974654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要脱毒方法及其适用范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脱毒分类 脱毒方法 适用范围 参考文献
物理脱毒 吸附剂脱毒 呋喃、脂肪酸和酚类物质 [50]
膜脱毒法 酸法预处理抑制物 [51]
化学脱毒 碱法脱毒 酸类与呋喃类 [52]
还原剂脱毒 呋喃类与酚类 [53]
氨基酸脱毒 呋喃类与醛类 [54]
生物脱毒 酶法脱毒 酚类 [55]
高耐受抑制物的菌株 糠醛类与呋喃类 [56]
复合脱毒方法 离子交换树脂与活性炭 酚类与呋喃类 [57]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077166694911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Research progress in the bio-synthesis of succinic acid (SA) from lignocellulosic biomass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 产率 生产强度 参考文献
E. coli NZN111 木薯淀粉和生木薯 敲除pflBldhA 优化发酵温度以及底物添加量等条件 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 127.1 g/L [71-72]
E. coli AFP111 葡萄糖 ptsG突变的菌株中敲除pflBldhA 控制葡萄糖的补加量以及菌体生长速度 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 99.2 g/L 110%(摩尔转化率) 1.30 g/(L·h) [73]
E. coli SD121 葡萄糖 过表达ppc,敲除pflBldhAptsG 控制溶氧以及生物量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 116.2 g/L 1.73 mol/mol 1.55 g/(L·h) [74]
E. coli AFP111/pTrcC-cscA 蔗糖和糖蜜 E. coli AFP111的基础上,融合表达CscA与OmpC的锚定基序 控制pH以及底物添加量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 79.0 g/L 1.20 mol/mol 1.05 g/(L·h) [75]
C. glutamicum S071/pGEX4-NCgl0275 葡萄糖 过表达Ncgl0275pyc P458Spckppc、fdhgapA 优化葡萄糖的补加量以及生物量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 152.2 g/L 1.67 mol/mol 1.11 g/(L·h) [76]
C. glutamicum ΔldhA-pCRA717 葡萄糖 过表达pyc,敲除ldhA 优化碳酸氢盐浓度,溶氧以及pH 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 146.0 g/L 1.40 mol/mol 3.2 g/(L·h) [77]
S. cerevisiae PMCFfg 葡萄糖 敲除fum1gpd1pdc1、pdc5pdc6,过表达pyc2mdh3fumCfrds1 控制尿素、碳酸钙和生物素的浓度 好氧发酵 12.9 g/L 0.21 mol/mol [78]
Y. lipolytica Hi-SA2 葡萄糖 合理分配亚细胞区室还原性TCA循环的代谢流 控制葡萄糖添加量 好氧发酵 111.9 g/L 0.79 g/g 1.79 g/(L·h) [79]
A. succinogenes 130Z-pMDH 葡萄糖和木糖 过表达mdh 优化温度以及pH 厌氧发酵 34.2 g/L 0.71 g/g 0.36 g/(L·h) [80]
Y. lipolytica PGC01003 甘油 敲除Ylsdh5 优化pH、通气量以及底物添加量 好氧发酵 160.2 g/L 0.40 g/g 0.40 g/(L·h) [81]
A. succinogenes CGMCC1593 玉米秸秆 优化稀碱预处理、底物浓度、酶负荷和发酵温度 同步糖化和发酵(SSF) 47.4 g/L 0.72 g/g 0.99 g/(L·h) [82]
E. coli XW136 半纤维素水解液 E.coli KJ122为出发菌株在木糖AM1培养基中连续传代,得到SA滴度提高5倍的突变体,敲除yqhD引入ackA::PyadC fucO-ucpA adhE::fucO 优化半纤维素水解液的制备,以及发酵过程pH的控制 分批发酵 32.0 g/L 0.90 g/g [83]
T. thermosaccharolyticum M5和A. succinogenes 130Z 木聚糖 优化底物浓度、pH、MgCO3浓度以及接种时间 联合生物处理(CBP) 32.5 g/L 0.39 g/g [84]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077250580992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

利用木质纤维素生物质为原料生物合成丁二酸(SA)的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 产率 生产强度 参考文献
E. coli NZN111 木薯淀粉和生木薯 敲除pflBldhA 优化发酵温度以及底物添加量等条件 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 127.1 g/L [71-72]
E. coli AFP111 葡萄糖 ptsG突变的菌株中敲除pflBldhA 控制葡萄糖的补加量以及菌体生长速度 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 99.2 g/L 110%(摩尔转化率) 1.30 g/(L·h) [73]
E. coli SD121 葡萄糖 过表达ppc,敲除pflBldhAptsG 控制溶氧以及生物量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 116.2 g/L 1.73 mol/mol 1.55 g/(L·h) [74]
E. coli AFP111/pTrcC-cscA 蔗糖和糖蜜 E. coli AFP111的基础上,融合表达CscA与OmpC的锚定基序 控制pH以及底物添加量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 79.0 g/L 1.20 mol/mol 1.05 g/(L·h) [75]
C. glutamicum S071/pGEX4-NCgl0275 葡萄糖 过表达Ncgl0275pyc P458Spckppc、fdhgapA 优化葡萄糖的补加量以及生物量 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 152.2 g/L 1.67 mol/mol 1.11 g/(L·h) [76]
C. glutamicum ΔldhA-pCRA717 葡萄糖 过表达pyc,敲除ldhA 优化碳酸氢盐浓度,溶氧以及pH 好氧-厌氧两阶段发酵 146.0 g/L 1.40 mol/mol 3.2 g/(L·h) [77]
S. cerevisiae PMCFfg 葡萄糖 敲除fum1gpd1pdc1、pdc5pdc6,过表达pyc2mdh3fumCfrds1 控制尿素、碳酸钙和生物素的浓度 好氧发酵 12.9 g/L 0.21 mol/mol [78]
Y. lipolytica Hi-SA2 葡萄糖 合理分配亚细胞区室还原性TCA循环的代谢流 控制葡萄糖添加量 好氧发酵 111.9 g/L 0.79 g/g 1.79 g/(L·h) [79]
A. succinogenes 130Z-pMDH 葡萄糖和木糖 过表达mdh 优化温度以及pH 厌氧发酵 34.2 g/L 0.71 g/g 0.36 g/(L·h) [80]
Y. lipolytica PGC01003 甘油 敲除Ylsdh5 优化pH、通气量以及底物添加量 好氧发酵 160.2 g/L 0.40 g/g 0.40 g/(L·h) [81]
A. succinogenes CGMCC1593 玉米秸秆 优化稀碱预处理、底物浓度、酶负荷和发酵温度 同步糖化和发酵(SSF) 47.4 g/L 0.72 g/g 0.99 g/(L·h) [82]
E. coli XW136 半纤维素水解液 E.coli KJ122为出发菌株在木糖AM1培养基中连续传代,得到SA滴度提高5倍的突变体,敲除yqhD引入ackA::PyadC fucO-ucpA adhE::fucO 优化半纤维素水解液的制备,以及发酵过程pH的控制 分批发酵 32.0 g/L 0.90 g/g [83]
T. thermosaccharolyticum M5和A. succinogenes 130Z 木聚糖 优化底物浓度、pH、MgCO3浓度以及接种时间 联合生物处理(CBP) 32.5 g/L 0.39 g/g [84]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077317689857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Research progress in the bio-synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) from lignocellulosic biomass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
R. toruloides MCR-ALD6-g2945 葡萄糖和木糖 外源表达A. pseudoterreus来源的羧酸转运体 优化培养基的碳氮比 补料分批发酵 45.4 g/L 0.11 g/g 0.44 g/(L·h) [89]
O. polymorpha XFML 葡萄糖和木糖 优化葡萄糖和木糖共利用系统以及重塑中枢代谢途径 控制补糖速度 补料分批发酵 79.6 g/L 0.35 g/g 0.41 g/(L·h) [90]
A. niger An3HP9/pyc2/ald6a∆/3HP-6 玉米秸秆水解物 优化3-HP代谢途径关键基因的表达,提高前体供应水平以及强化外排转运蛋白 优化发酵温度以及培养基成分 分批发酵 36.0 g/L 0.48 g/g 0.21 g/(L·h) [91]
C. glutamicum MH15 葡萄糖和木糖 构建甘油利用途径,并微室化定位甘油合成途径,弱化乳酸和乙酸等副产物合成以及构建糖转运利用系统 控制补糖速度和底物浓度 补料分批发酵 62.6 g/L 0.51 g/g [92]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077380604418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

利用木质纤维素生物质为原料生物合成3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
R. toruloides MCR-ALD6-g2945 葡萄糖和木糖 外源表达A. pseudoterreus来源的羧酸转运体 优化培养基的碳氮比 补料分批发酵 45.4 g/L 0.11 g/g 0.44 g/(L·h) [89]
O. polymorpha XFML 葡萄糖和木糖 优化葡萄糖和木糖共利用系统以及重塑中枢代谢途径 控制补糖速度 补料分批发酵 79.6 g/L 0.35 g/g 0.41 g/(L·h) [90]
A. niger An3HP9/pyc2/ald6a∆/3HP-6 玉米秸秆水解物 优化3-HP代谢途径关键基因的表达,提高前体供应水平以及强化外排转运蛋白 优化发酵温度以及培养基成分 分批发酵 36.0 g/L 0.48 g/g 0.21 g/(L·h) [91]
C. glutamicum MH15 葡萄糖和木糖 构建甘油利用途径,并微室化定位甘油合成途径,弱化乳酸和乙酸等副产物合成以及构建糖转运利用系统 控制补糖速度和底物浓度 补料分批发酵 62.6 g/L 0.51 g/g [92]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077435130371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Research progress in the bio-synthesis of cis,cis-muconic acid (MA) from lignocellulosic biomass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
E.coli GX2xMA 葡萄糖和木糖 引入木糖代谢途径并优化葡萄糖利用途径 优化底物浓度 分批发酵 4.09 g/L 0.31 g/g [97]
P. putida LC224 葡萄糖和木糖 敲除hexR并优化木糖异构酶途径,结合代谢模型和适应性进化工程策略 控制补糖速度以及溶氧 补料分批发酵 33.7 g/L 46%(摩尔转化率) 0.18 g/(L·h) [98]
S. cerevisiae TN22 葡萄糖和木糖 解除芳香氨基酸对莽草酸合成途径的反馈抑制,消除乙醇积累和优化辅因子供给 添加聚丙烯乙二醇4000提取MA 补料分批发酵 4.5 g/L [95]
C. glutamicum MA-2 葡萄糖和儿茶酚 敲除MA环异构酶(CatB)并过表达儿茶酚1,2-二氧酶(CatA) 控制补料速度和溶氧 补料分批发酵 85.0 g/L 1.42 g/(L·h) [99]
P. putida MA-1 葡萄糖和儿茶酚 敲除catBC 控制溶氧和pH,用氮气对儿茶酚进行脱气以防止其氧化 补料分批发酵 64.2 g/L 4.50 g/(L·h) [100]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077489656324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

利用木质纤维素生物质为原料生物合成黏康酸(MA)的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
E.coli GX2xMA 葡萄糖和木糖 引入木糖代谢途径并优化葡萄糖利用途径 优化底物浓度 分批发酵 4.09 g/L 0.31 g/g [97]
P. putida LC224 葡萄糖和木糖 敲除hexR并优化木糖异构酶途径,结合代谢模型和适应性进化工程策略 控制补糖速度以及溶氧 补料分批发酵 33.7 g/L 46%(摩尔转化率) 0.18 g/(L·h) [98]
S. cerevisiae TN22 葡萄糖和木糖 解除芳香氨基酸对莽草酸合成途径的反馈抑制,消除乙醇积累和优化辅因子供给 添加聚丙烯乙二醇4000提取MA 补料分批发酵 4.5 g/L [95]
C. glutamicum MA-2 葡萄糖和儿茶酚 敲除MA环异构酶(CatB)并过表达儿茶酚1,2-二氧酶(CatA) 控制补料速度和溶氧 补料分批发酵 85.0 g/L 1.42 g/(L·h) [99]
P. putida MA-1 葡萄糖和儿茶酚 敲除catBC 控制溶氧和pH,用氮气对儿茶酚进行脱气以防止其氧化 补料分批发酵 64.2 g/L 4.50 g/(L·h) [100]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077556765189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Research progress of bio-synthesis of 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
E.coli GYT7 葡萄糖 过表达抗反馈抑制的3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸合成酶,提高前体和优化辅因子的供应水平,并结合计算机模拟分析代谢流 偶联pH进行补料 补料分批发酵 16.7 g/L 0.20 g/g 0.17 g/(L·h) [123]
E. coli WJ060、E. coli BL21(DE3)-pET30a-AbquiC和E. coli BL21(DE3)-pRSF-2ABC 葡萄糖 模块化工程,利用葡萄糖合成DHS,接着合成为PCA,最后被催化为PDC 优化全细胞催化的pH以及负载量等条件 补料分批发酵 49.2 g/L 27.2% (摩尔转化率) [124]
P. putida KT- PDC2 对香豆酸 引入PDC合成途径,增强前体PCA的供应 控制溶氧 补料分批发酵 22.7 g/L 1.0 mol/mol 0.21 g/(L·h) [125]
P. putida PpY1100-pDVZ21X 葡萄糖和香草酸 引入利用香草酸合成PDC的途径 优化培养基成分,控制pH 补料分批发酵 99.9 g/L 99%(摩尔转化率) 1.69 g/(L·h) [126]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877077611291142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993957645836657, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

微生物合成2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸(PDC)的研究进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产菌株 底物 改造策略 发酵条件优化 生产方式 产量 得率 生产强度 参考文献
E.coli GYT7 葡萄糖 过表达抗反馈抑制的3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸合成酶,提高前体和优化辅因子的供应水平,并结合计算机模拟分析代谢流 偶联pH进行补料 补料分批发酵 16.7 g/L 0.20 g/g 0.17 g/(L·h) [123]
E. coli WJ060、E. coli BL21(DE3)-pET30a-AbquiC和E. coli BL21(DE3)-pRSF-2ABC 葡萄糖 模块化工程,利用葡萄糖合成DHS,接着合成为PCA,最后被催化为PDC 优化全细胞催化的pH以及负载量等条件 补料分批发酵 49.2 g/L 27.2% (摩尔转化率) [124]
P. putida KT- PDC2 对香豆酸 引入PDC合成途径,增强前体PCA的供应 控制溶氧 补料分批发酵 22.7 g/L 1.0 mol/mol 0.21 g/(L·h) [125]
P. putida PpY1100-pDVZ21X 葡萄糖和香草酸 引入利用香草酸合成PDC的途径 优化培养基成分,控制pH 补料分批发酵 99.9 g/L 99%(摩尔转化率) 1.69 g/(L·h) [126]
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综合利用木质纤维素生物转化合成有机酸
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柴猛 1, 2 , 王风清 1, 2, 3 , 魏东芝 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1242-1263
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1242-1263
综合利用木质纤维素生物转化合成有机酸
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柴猛1, 2 , 王风清1, 2, 3 , 魏东芝1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 华东理工大学生物反应器工程国家重点实验室,上海 200237
  • 2 鲁华生物技术研究所,上海 200237
  • 3 中国轻工业生物催化与智能制造重点实验室,上海 200237
  • 柴猛(1998—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学与代谢工程。E-mail:

    王风清 (1977—) , 男, 教授, 博士生导师。研究方向为利用代谢工程和合成生物学的原理和方法, 致力于微生物细胞工厂的研究和开发等。E-mail:

    魏东芝(1963—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物元器件的发现、改造与应用研究,致力于发现和改进具有工业应用价值的微生物和生物催化剂,开拓生物转化新反应等。E-mail:

Synthesis of organic acids from lignocellulose by biotransformation
Meng CHAI1, 2 , Fengqing WANG1, 2, 3 , Dongzhi WEI1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering,East China University of Science and Technology,Shanghai 200237,China
  • 2 Luhua Institute of Biotechnology,Shanghai 200237,China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Intelligent Manufacturing of China Light Industry,Shanghai 200237,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-011
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开发环境友好型的生物可降解材料,被公认为是解决“白色污染”的重要途径。作为制备生物可降解材料的主要原料之一,有机酸的绿色高效制造备受关注。木质纤维素是储量庞大且可再生的自然资源,以木质纤维素为原料,通过生物转化的方式生产有机酸,是发展绿色可降解生物基材料的理想途径,具有过程绿色低碳的优势,符合绿色可持续发展经济的需求。近年来,人们针对木质纤维素的生物炼制开展了大量研究,并在生物转化合成有机酸等领域取得了重要进展,特别是在高产有机酸微生物细胞工厂的设计开发上不断取得突破,使得生物基有机酸的生产水平屡创新高,丁二酸等品种的产量甚至突破了150 g/L,积极推动了生物基可降解材料产业的形成和发展。本文介绍了木质纤维素的组分并总结了木质纤维素的物理预处理法、化学预处理法、生物预处理法、物理-化学共处理法和化学-生物共处理法等多种预处理技术,以及抑制物的脱毒技术、还原催化分馏工艺、催化剂的回收、偶联木质纤维素水解和发酵的制造工艺。并以木质纤维素为原料合成的高价值有机酸(丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸、黏康酸、2,5-呋喃二甲酸和2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸)为例,从这些有机酸的生物合成途径,合成生物学改造策略和发酵条件优化等角度探讨了这些有机酸的研究现状。最后,对当前生物可降解材料产业链的发展趋势进行了总结和展望,讨论了开发新型预处理技术和优化联合生物处理工艺等策略对木质纤维素组分解离和利用的重要意义,并从提高微生物细胞工厂的鲁棒性以及设计木质纤维素的综合转化途径等方面进行系统分析,以期能为有机酸的工业化生产提供参考。

木质纤维素  /  有机酸  /  生物基材料  /  绿色生物制造  /  合成生物学

The development of environmentally benign, biodegradable materials is considered an important way to address “white pollution”. Importantly, organic acid is one of the crucial monomers for preparing biodegradable materials. In recent years, the synthesis of organic acids through green and efficient methods has attracted much attention. As the most promising carbon source recognized for renewability and affordability, lignocellulose is considered a promising carbon source for the biochemical industry. Converting lignocellulose into organic acid is critical to preparing biodegradable materials and achieving carbon neutrality, which meets the requirements of the green and sustainable development strategy. Hence, researchers are focusing their investigations on the lignocellulose biorefinery. To date, innovations in synthetic biology have significantly advanced organic acid manufacturing. For example, the yield of succinic acid has exceeded 150 g/L, which facilitates the formation and development of the bio-based biodegradable materials industry. In this paper, various lignocellulose pretreatment technologies were reviewed, including physical, chemical, biological, physicochemical, and other emerging pretreatment methods. To realize the goal of efficient utilization of lignocellulose, the refining processes of lignocellulose were also reviewed, including detoxification of inhibitors, reductive catalytic fractionation, consolidated bioprocessing, and other methods. After the pretreatment and refining process, lignocellulose is transformed to sugars and aromatic compounds, which can be utilized for producing various organic acid compounds, such as succinic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, cis,cis-muconic acid, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid. Next, using the optimization of production of these organic acid compounds as examples, several synthetic biology strategies were summarized, including constructing biosynthetic pathways, optimizing regulatory elements, enlarging the substrates spectrum, and other strategies for improving cell production capacity. Finally, the development trends of the biodegradable materials industry are summarized and prospected. The development of emerging pretreatment and consolidated bioprocessing to facilitate the efficiency of lignocellulose utilization were discussed. Improving the robustness of microbial cell factories and designing the systematic lignocellulose conversion pathways could further optimize the performances of organic acid synthesis. The insights given in this review could facilitate further development on the industrial production of biodegradable materials, towards addressing the global energy crisis and “white pollution”.

lignocellulose  /  organic acids  /  bio-based materials  /  green biomanufacturing  /  synthetic biology
柴猛, 王风清, 魏东芝. 综合利用木质纤维素生物转化合成有机酸. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1242 -1263 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-011
Meng CHAI, Fengqing WANG, Dongzhi WEI. Synthesis of organic acids from lignocellulose by biotransformation[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1242 -1263 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-011
塑料作为当今人们生活中不可或缺的聚合材料之一,已被广泛地应用于电器、建筑、包装、医疗器械等多个领域中1-2。目前塑料的生产仍高度依赖于化石资源,据统计每年全球生产约1.4亿吨塑料需要消耗4%~8%的石油2。作为不可再生的资源,石油的过度消耗加剧了能源的枯竭和温室气体二氧化碳的大量释放,导致了一系列的经济和社会问题3。此外,塑料的滥用也产生了大量的“白色”垃圾,其回收利用率尚不足10%,大部分直接排放到自然环境中4。传统塑料在自然环境中较难降解且可长时间稳定存在,例如聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)通常需要几个世纪才能被自然分解5,并且一些塑料降解后形成的微塑料可以通过食物链进入动物甚至人体,对生态环境和人类健康造成了难以估量的危害15-6。因此,迫切需要开发安全环保的新型材料来代替传统塑料以解决一系列的资源、环境和安全等问题7。生物可降解塑料是在细菌、真菌、藻类等微生物的作用下发生降解的高分子材料,是应对“白色污染”挑战的重要策略。
《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》将生物基材料列为四大重点发展领域之一,提出要推广应用生物可降解材料制品,降低生产成本并提升产品性能。开发以生物质为主要原料的生物基材料,具有节约资源和低碳环保的深远意义,是生态文明建设和经济可持续发展的重要抓手。木质纤维素作为地球上最丰富的可再生资源,其全球年产量约为1800亿吨,广泛存在于树木、草本植物和农业废弃物等植物纤维原料中3,木质纤维素可以增值转化为生物基塑料以及生物燃料等重要化学品,被认为是传统化石原料的理想替代品8,符合可持续高质量发展理念。然而,木质纤维素成分结构的不均一性和顽固性阻碍了其增值利用9-10。因此,如何开发木质纤维素的高效低成本转化技术就成为了当前研究的关键问题。近年来,在合成生物学快速发展的推动下,工业微生物细胞工厂的构建开发工作得到了蓬勃发展,以木质纤维素为原料,通过微生物细胞工厂的转化策略可获得种类丰富的聚合物单体,例如有机酸、多元醇、呋喃和脂肪酸等,这为聚合物材料的制备提供了绿色低碳可再生的原料11-12,已成为替代传统化学工艺合成石油基材料的可行方案(图1)。其中,有机酸单体是制备生物基聚合材料的重要平台化合物,利用木质纤维素为原料生物法合成有机酸备受关注,并取得了令人瞩目的发展13-14
本文首先介绍了木质纤维素的组成结构,总结了木质纤维素的预处理工艺以及各种技术的优缺点,并讨论了提高木质纤维素分离效率的策略以及偶联木质纤维素水解和发酵的绿色生物制造工艺。其次,聚焦以木质纤维素为原料合成的高价值有机酸,包括直链有机酸(丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸和黏康酸)和环状有机酸(呋喃-2,5-二羧酸和2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸),总结了利用代谢工程和合成生物技术制备这些有机酸的最新进展以及面临的挑战。最后,对利用木质纤维素生物质合成生物可降解塑料的发展趋势进行了展望。
每年农林产业会产生大量的低值木质纤维素资源,包括废弃木材、秸秆、稻壳以及玉米芯等14,为木质纤维素的炼制提供了充足的原料。木质纤维素主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三部分组成8。纤维素是由葡萄糖单元通过β-1,4糖苷键线性连接形成的聚合物。半纤维素是由五碳糖和六碳糖构成的多糖混合物,包括葡萄糖、木糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖和半乳糖等。木质素是由C、H、O三种元素组成的一种高度复杂的芳香族杂聚物,根据单体芳香环上的甲氧取代基数量不同,可分为三种结构单元,即愈创木基(G)、紫丁香基(S)和对羟基苯基(H)15
木质纤维素具有非常稳定的结构,这与纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的组织方式和生理功能有密切关系。木质素通过共价键和氢键与半纤维素发生交联并附着在纤维素上,也为纤维素与半纤维素提供了物理屏障16,同时半纤维素贯穿于木质素和纤维素之间,形成非常牢固的纤维素-半纤维素-木质素网络结构4,这种复杂的组织结构赋予了木质纤维素抗压的性能,也隔绝了水解酶类与木质纤维素接触,使得木质纤维素生物质对环境中生物或非生物的侵蚀都具有较强的抵抗能力,但也导致木质纤维素难以被高效炼制17
预处理是破坏木质纤维素生物质高度有序结构的重要过程,也是实现高效生物转化的第一步18。预处理目的是去除或减少阻碍糖化和发酵的木质素,打破木质素形成的致密结构,降低纤维素的结晶度和聚合度,提高酶对纤维素的可及性以及酶解效率,从而降低生产成本以便实现生物质的大规模转化19
根据处理方式的不同,预处理技术可以分为物理预处理、化学预处理和生物预处理9。物理预处理的目的是减小木质纤维素的粒径,降低纤维素的聚合度和结晶度。然而,在物理预处理过程中,往往需要结合其他预处理方法才可以实现木质素的降解。与物理预处理不同,化学预处理采用酸和碱等化学试剂促进纤维素和半纤维素的暴露。虽然化学预处理是最有效的预处理技术之一,但其处理过程需要的化学试剂可能导致较高的资金投入和较大的环境危害。生物预处理是成本较低的预处理方法,但其周期较长一直是需要解决的主要问题20
单一的木质纤维素预处理方法往往难以实现木质纤维素的高效降解,通常需要组合利用多种预处理手段。例如,组合蒸汽爆破、热碱处理和氨纤维爆破等方法的物理化学组合预处理可以有效降低纤维素的结晶度并能去除杂质干扰21;生物预处理与化学预处理相结合,既能弥补生物预处理效率低、持续时间长等缺点,又能克服化学预处理带来的药剂用量大、产生抑制物等问题10。随着绿色发展概念的提出,研究者开发了许多环保、高效且节能的新型预处理技术,如离子溶液预处理、深共晶溶剂预处理以及超临界CO2爆破等21。绿色预处理方法表现出优异的处理效率,并在一定程度上减少了有毒化学物质的使用,是未来木质纤维素预处理的主要方式。但大多数新型预处理技术仍处在实验室研究阶段,还仍需不断优化创新才能满足商业化应用需求21表1中概括了木质纤维素一些常见的预处理技术,并分析了它们的优缺点。
预处理技术不仅需要打破木质纤维素的复杂结构,也要避免在处理过程中产生抑制后续加工的有毒物质,否则将会增加生产成本。除此之外,还应考虑纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的回收效率。多数预处理技术会破坏木质素的天然结构,形成高能碳碳键,从而降低木质素的转化率。预处理后留下未利用的木质素通常会导致二次污染,这将大大增加生物处理的成本,降低经济效益并污染环境。因此,如何充分利用木质素以实现后续的木质纤维素全组分生物转化仍然是一个挑战。
在木质纤维素的预处理过程中会产生一些对微生物生长代谢产生抑制作用的有毒产物,如果多种有毒物质同时存在,还可能对后续的生物处理产生协同抑制作用49,这也是影响木质纤维素高效生物转化的一个主要挑战。对此,研究者开发了不同的脱毒技术(表2),主要包括物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法49。研究表明,烦琐的预处理手段和严苛的处理条件会增加抑制物的产生,木质纤维素来源的抑制物会随着木质素含量的降低而减少9。因此,使用木质素含量较低的原料,如豆秸和香蕉假茎废料等,在温和的条件下进行预处理可以有效避免抑制物的产生9。近年来,出现了一些能有效控制抑制物产生的新兴物理化学预处理技术,如氨纤维爆炸、超临界CO2爆破和深共晶溶剂等21。另外,开发抗毒的微生物菌种也是解决这一挑战的重要方式,通过适应性进化以及代谢工程改造等策略构建的抗毒菌株,可有效降低抑制物对后续生物转化过程的影响21
大多数生物质转化主要集中在利用木质纤维素的碳水化合物部分,而木质素往往被忽视,从而造成资源浪费甚至导致二次污染58。2015年,研究人员提出了还原催化分馏(RCF)技术,将生物质分馏与木质素解聚相结合,对于可再生芳香化学品的生产具有重要意义59。不同原料来源的木质素单元结构(S、G、H单元)、碳碳键以及碳氧键分布差异较大,导致单体产率的差异较大。选择合适的催化剂和溶剂是影响处理结果的重要因素9。研究表明,均相催化剂与木质纤维素的可及性较好,但与非均相催化剂相比,使用均相催化剂处理后的单体产率并不高。而非均相催化剂中不同的金属元素、粒径以及掺杂原子等因素会影响RCF的效果。因此,许多研究组合均相和非均相催化剂来进行木质纤维素的RCF58。此外,溶剂也是一个直接影响RCF效率的重要因素。选择合适的催化剂和温和的反应条件对提高目标单体产率具有重要意义。Li等60以桦木为原料并利用溶剂转移供氢,构建了在较低工作压力下的RCF工艺。该研究配合氢键受体的加入提升溶剂处理效力并调控溶剂供氢环境,实现了木质素芳香单体的高得率制备以及单体选择性的可控切换。除此之外,无氢RCF具有很好的应用前景。在无氢RCF体系中使用高沸点二醇作为溶剂,与传统RCF相比,不仅反应压力可以降低一个数量级,同时仍能产生可观的芳香族单体产量61。因此,在未来的研究中,RCF的溶剂体系和催化剂体系是研究的重点内容。
木质素从木质纤维素中分离解聚后,固体催化剂往往与纤维素和半纤维素共存于固体残渣中,如何分离催化剂和纤维素以及半纤维素使其完全转化为增值化学品,是实现可持续性的关键62。研究表明,海水可以催化纤维素和半纤维素转化为5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)和糠醛,而无需添加酸性催化剂63。Guo等63用Pd/C和Yb(OTf)3催化剂对木质纤维素生物质中的木质素碎片进行解聚,得到高收率的烷基甲氧基酚,然后在Ru/Nb2O5催化剂上催化转移加氢,将木质素油转化为高选择性的芳烃。此外,使用THF/浓海水双相体系将富含纤维素和半纤维素的残渣以及甲基化的C5糖通过Pd/C催化剂分离转化为HMF和糠醛,从而实现木质纤维素生物质的增值63。为了实现高效的催化剂回收以及无需预处理木质纤维素的增值转化,Sun等64利用了铜掺杂多孔金属氧化物催化剂在超临界甲醇中的特殊反应活性,将木质素高选择性地转化为芳烃,富含纤维素的固体残留物则被完全转化为脂肪小分子,从而释放出可重复使用的催化剂。在此过程中,从木质纤维素中提取芳香族和脂肪族醇,副产物只有水分子64
木质纤维素水解后的葡萄糖和木糖等糖类可以进一步转化为重要的平台化合物分子,以实现糖平台的高价值利用。然而,木质纤维素这一转化过程涉及预处理、酶制剂的使用、糖化和产品的发酵转化等多个环节,生产成本难以控制12。因此,在一些研究中,研究人员尝试将水解和发酵环节的多个步骤进行整合,先后建立了同步糖化和发酵(SSF)、联合生物处理(CBP)两种策略65。其中,CBP整合了预处理、糖化和发酵转化等环节,不仅降低了转化成本,并且以环境友好的微生物预处理方法替代了化学预处理方法,显示了巨大的应用潜力。但由于CBP策略将多个转化步骤放在同一反应器中进行,需要平衡多个反应条件,难以同时实现高效酶解和发酵65-66。为了克服这一问题,Liu等66提出了基于纤维小体全菌催化剂的木质纤维素整合生物糖化(CBS)策略。该策略整合了酶的生产与水解步骤,具有用酶成本低以及过程简单等优势,有望促进木质纤维素生物转化的工业化进程66
可降解生物材料具有环境友好、原料可再生以及生物可降解的特性,其单体的高效合成是制备生物基材料的重要前提。有机酸作为合成可降解生物材料的主要单体之一,有重要的研究价值和广泛的应用价值11。基于木质纤维素合成有机酸有助于实现生物质的高价值转化,具有显著的生态环境效益12-13。接下来,本文聚焦于已经用于制备可降解材料以及有巨大应用潜力的直链有机酸(丁二酸、3-羟基丙酸和己二烯二酸)和环状有机酸(2,5-呋喃二甲酸和2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸),重点介绍了这些有机酸单体的绿色生物制造途径以及合成生物学改造策略的最新进展。
丁二酸(succinic acid,SA)是一种重要的二元羧酸,可以作为合成丁二酸丁二酯[poly(butylene)]和聚丁二酸-己二酸丁二酯(PBSA)等多种生物可降解塑料的前体。可以通过多种廉价底物直接合成SA,利用低成本的木质纤维素合成SA是近些年的研究重点,并且其生物法生产已经实现工业化67
SA的生物合成途径有三条,包括厌氧条件下的三羧酸循环(TCA)还原分支途径、好氧条件下TCA的氧化分支途径以及乙醛酸途径67。在厌氧条件下,SA可以在多种细菌中积累,如产琥珀酸放线杆菌(Actinobacillus succinogenes)、曼氏产琥珀酸菌(Mannheimia succiniciproducen)、产琥珀酸厌氧螺菌(Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens)和钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)等。虽然这些微生物可以天然合成积累SA,但是由于遗传背景不清晰、代谢改造困难、培养成本高等问题,限制了高产菌株的开发和商业化应用1368。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)等模式微生物遗传背景清晰且具备合成SA的三条途径,因此成为人们通过代谢工程改造开发高产SA工程菌的首选69。相关改造策略主要包括阻断或弱化SA下游途径、敲除副产物合成途径、增强SA合成代谢流以及扩大底物利用谱等69-70表3总结了近几年通过代谢工程构建SA高产菌株的研究进展。
最近,国内外已有企业利用木质纤维素为原料,把SA的生产水平提高到了100 g/L以上,这为推动基于木质纤维素生物质的SA商业化炼制奠定了基础。其中,多数研究通过敲除副产物的合成途径并优化发酵工艺实现SA的高效合成67。例如,敲除大肠杆菌的pflBldhA以及ptsG基因后,工程菌在厌氧条件几乎不产生副产物甲酸和乳酸,并进一步引入蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)来源的ppc基因以提高SA的积累74。通过优化好氧和厌氧两阶段的发酵条件,工程菌可以在75 h内合成116.2 g/L的SA74。此外,研究表明解除SA的反馈抑制是提高SA合成的关键策略76。Chung等76通过分析谷氨酸棒杆菌的转录组数据,鉴定了一个响应SA的反馈调节蛋白Ncgl0275,过表达编码该蛋白的基因后,SA产量比对照菌株提高了37.7%。进一步过表达基因pyc P458SpckppcfdhgapA增强了SA合成前体草酰乙酸的供给水平,优化发酵工艺后,SA的产量提高到了152.2 g/L76。部分研究也通过代谢工程改造酵母细胞以实现SA的高效合成。在解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)中敲除编码琥珀酸脱氢酶复合体(SDH5)亚基的基因Ylsdh5,优化发酵条件后,以粗甘油为底物在2.5 L发酵罐中合成了160 g/L的SA81
为进一步提高微生物合成SA的市场竞争力,SSF策略已被应用于SA的发酵合成,有报道指出在用稀碱预处理玉米秸秆后,通过添加纤维素酶进行同步糖化和工程菌发酵,SA的产量可达47.4 g/L82。虽然这些廉价的木质纤维素生物质原料具有成本低廉的优势,但在预处理过程中会形成糠醛等抑制物,这会严重降低工程菌的生长速度和生产能力。为了克服这一问题,Wang等83构建了一株耐受高浓度糠醛的大肠杆菌工程菌株。在含有12 mmol/L糠醛的半纤维素水解培养基中,该重组菌株可以在24 h内将糠醛完全还原并生产32 g/L的SA。相比之下,未经改造的菌株因不耐受高浓度糠醛而不能生长,并难以有效利用半纤维素水解物合成SA。尽管SSF表现出了良好的应用效果,但SSF策略需要在发酵过程中添加大量的水解酶,生产成本高,不利于规模化生产。为了能进一步降低生产成本并提高生产效率,Lynd等85提出了将水解酶生产、木质纤维素水解和微生物发酵进一步结合起来的CBP策略。该策略可显著减少相关设备投资和运行成本,然而很少有微生物既能高效水解木质纤维素又能合成SA。因此,通过筛选构建分别具有木质纤维素高效水解活性和SA合成能力的微生物,并建立共培养体系,成为当前利用CBP策略合成SA的主要方式。最近,Lu等84设计了一种微生物共培养系统,以富含半纤维素的木质纤维素生物质为原料生产SA。其中,嗜热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum)M5和产琥珀酸放线杆菌 130Z分别负责半纤维素酶的表达分泌和SA的产生,经过优化SA的产量达到了32.5 g/L。但分析表明菌株M5的半纤维素水解效率仍不能满足菌株130Z对木糖高利用率的要求84,因此仍需构建更高效的微生物共培养系统,以实现木质纤维素高效转化为SA84。目前通过CPB策略生产SA的研究还处于起步阶段,其生产效率还有待进一步提高。
3-羟基丙酸(3-hydroxypropionic acid,3-HP)含有一个羟基和一个羧基,被美国能源部选定为12种最具潜力的生物基平台化合物之一86,可用于丙烯酸、丙二酸、1,3-丙二醇和丙烯酰胺等多种化学品的生产,是聚3-羟基丙酸酯(P3HP)等生物可降解聚合物合成的重要单体87。3-HP的生物合成主要有三条常见的途径,分别为甘油合成途径、β-丙氨酸途径和丙二酰辅酶A途径(图2)。对于甘油合成途径,虽然原料甘油价格低廉、来源广泛,但在该途径中存在毒性中间体3-羟基丙醛(3-HPA),3-HPA的积累会严重影响菌体生长和产物合成87。而β-丙氨酸途径较为复杂,在培养过程中容易造成代谢负担88。相较于前两种途径,丙二酰辅酶A途径合成3-HP的催化步骤少、合成效率更高,且可以利用木质纤维素来源的葡萄糖和木糖作为原料88表4总结了利用木质纤维素生物质为原料生物合成3-HP的研究进展。圆红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium toruloides)具有较强的丙二酰辅酶A代谢通量,是合成3-HP的优势菌株89。有研究通过基因组学和代谢组学,鉴定了该菌的3-HP分解代谢途径,通过在该菌中表达假土曲霉(Aspergillus pseudoterreus)来源的羧酸转运体以促进3-HP向细胞外转运,优化发酵工艺后,圆红冬孢酵母工程菌发酵生产3-HP的产量达到了45.4 g/L89。最近,Gao等90以多形汉逊酵母(Ogataea polymorpha)为底盘,通过葡萄糖和木糖共利用系统的优化以及中枢代谢途径的重塑,增强了乙酰CoA和NADPH的供应水平,最终的工程菌能以葡萄糖和木糖为底物合成79.6 g/L的3-HP。
作为pK a为4.51的酸性物质,3-HP在发酵体系中的积累会严重影响微生物细胞的生长和代谢能力,因此在发酵过程中需要不断流加碱性物质以平衡发酵体系的pH,这不仅增加了下游3-HP的提取难度,也增加废水的排放负担。因此,选择对3-HP耐受性高且能在低pH下发酵的生产菌株就成为实现3-HP高产的关键。丝状真菌通常可以在营养有限的低pH条件下分泌酸性代谢物,因此被广泛应用于有机酸的工业生产。有研究表明,假土曲霉是能够在酸性条件下利用木质纤维素原料生产3-HP的优良菌株。针对该菌3-HP代谢途径关键基因进行优化改造,并结合提高前体供应水平和强化外排转运蛋白等代谢工程策略,Dai等91构建了一株高产3-HP的工程菌,产量达到了36 g/L。此外,鲁棒性较强的谷氨酸棒杆菌,也被认为是合成有机酸的优良宿主。Chen等92以谷氨酸棒杆菌为底盘,通过甘油利用途径的构建、3-HP甘油合成途径的微室化定位、弱化乳酸和乙酸等副产物合成和糖转运利用系统的构建,构建了一株能够同时利用葡萄糖和木糖合成3-HP的工程菌,产量达到了62.6 g/L。该研究也表明,通过合成生物学的手段,使微生物通过利用混合糖来生产3-HP是一种有效策略,这种策略也为利用木质纤维素等生物质来源的混合糖来生产3-HP等产品提供了借鉴。除了上述这三条常见的3-HP合成途径之外,在一些微生物中也发现了其他类型的3-HP合成途径,后续研究可以在菌株中组合优化多个3-HP合成途径来实现3-HP的高水平生产93
黏康酸(ciscis-muconic acid,MA)是一种重要的二元羧酸,可以转化为己二酸或己内酰胺等化合物,是生产尼龙、对苯二甲酸(TPA)和聚氨酯等聚合物的重要前体,同时也是合成功能树脂及医药化学品的潜在原料94。在微生物中MA可由莽草酸途径合成,首先由赤藓糖-4-磷酸(E4P)和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸(PEP)缩合生成3-脱氢莽草酸(DHS),DHS进一步在DHS脱水酶(DHSD)、原儿茶酸(PCA)脱羧酶(PCAD)和儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶(CDO)的催化下转化为MA95。MA也可由木质素衍生的芳香族化合物转化生成96表5总结了利用木质纤维素生物质为原料生物合成MA的研究进展。
葡萄糖和木糖作为木质纤维素中的两种主要碳水化合物,共同有效利用这两种糖对于木质纤维素生物质的生物炼制至关重要。然而,当使用葡萄糖-木糖混合物培养微生物时,由于分解代谢抑制效应会优化利用葡萄糖而限制木糖的利用,不利于木糖的有效利用和目标发酵产物的代谢合成和分离纯化97。为了解决这个问题,研究人员提出了平行代谢途径工程(PMPE)策略,以重构对碳源的利用使其能够同时利用葡萄糖和木糖而不影响生长。Fujiwara等97为了能有效利用木质纤维素来源的葡萄糖和木糖作为MA发酵合成的原料,在大肠杆菌中引入了木糖代谢途径并改造了葡萄糖利用途径,使其能够在利用木糖作为生长碳源的同时利用葡萄糖作为底物合成MA,最终在利用葡萄糖与木糖作为共底物的情况下使MA的产量达到了为4.09 g/L。对于葡萄糖和木糖的协同利用,可通过代谢模型进行优化,Ling等98在代谢模型的辅助下对恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)利用葡萄糖和木糖的能力进行了优化改造,并进一步通过适应性进化工程,使得重组菌株可以同时使用葡萄糖和木糖高效合成MA,其产量达到了33.7 g/L,产率和摩尔收率分别为0.18 g/(L·h)和46%。
同其他有机酸发酵合成类似,低pH发酵合成MA更有利于MA的分离提取和生产成本的降低,因此开发适于低pH发酵的工程菌更有利于MA的商业化生产95。Nicolaï等95以一株能利用木糖且具有较低pH耐受性的酿酒酵母GSE16-T18 HAA1为出发菌株,通过解除芳香氨基酸对莽草酸合成途径的反馈抑制、消除乙醇积累和优化辅因子供给等策略,获得了一株可共利用葡萄糖和木糖合成MA工程菌株,在添加聚丙烯乙二醇4000(PPG)的条件下使MA的产量达到了4.5 g/L。
木质素衍生的芳香族化合物可以通过细菌的β-酮己二酸途径合成MA。许多研究通过改造微生物对芳香族化合物的代谢途径,实现了木质素来源的芳香族化合物到MA的高效合成。Becker等99在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,通过敲除MA环异构酶(CatB)并过表达儿茶酚1,2-二氧酶(CatA)得到了工程菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌MA-2。在补料分批发酵实验中,谷氨酸棒杆菌MA-2以儿茶酚为底物可生成85 g/L的MA。在随后的研究中,在谷氨酸棒杆菌MA-2中鉴定了一种非特异性芳香醛还原酶,该酶可以将香兰素、原儿茶醛和对羟基苯甲醛转化为芳香醇,敲除该酶的编码基因可阻止香兰素转化为香兰醇,从而消除香兰醇对生长的抑制作用。接着,通过模块化工程改造菌株对香兰素的摄取系统和氧化还原途径,并表达PCA脱羧酶(AroY)和相关辅助蛋白以微调从PCA到儿茶酚的代谢通量,最终获得的MA-9菌株可以利用香兰素以及香草酸等7种芳香族衍生化合物高效生产MA96
Kohlstedt等100将代谢工程改造与分批补料发酵工艺相结合,在恶臭假单胞菌KT2440中以儿茶酚为底物合成了64.2 g/L的MA。研究表明,虽然以木质素衍生的芳香化合物为底物合成MA具有更好的生产潜力,但是高浓度的芳香化合物和MA产物会抑制微生物的生长,这是影响微生物高效转化芳香化合物生产MA的一个障碍95。为此,Wang等101利用了MA生物传感器来筛选高产MA的突变体,得到了一株MA产量提高49%的酿酒酵母突变体。这表明提高微生物对芳香化合物和MA产物的耐受性对于以木质素原料高效合成MA非常关键,这也是后续研究中应该重视的一个问题101
5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxymethylfurfural,HMF)是一种呋喃类化合物,可由葡萄糖和果糖通过脱水生成。HMF是木质纤维素处理过程中常见的一种产物,以纤维素作为原料,可经过三步反应生成HMF,依次为:纤维素水解得到葡萄糖、葡萄糖异构化为果糖、果糖再经脱水生成HMF102。HMF含有呋喃环、醛基和醇基,可以通过氧化、加氢、聚合和开环等多种反应,制备2,5-二甲酰基呋喃(DFF)、5-甲酰基-2-呋喃羧酸(FFCA)和2,5-呋喃二甲酸(2,5-furandicarboxylic acid,FDCA)等多种高附加值的化学品103。其中,FDCA是一种重要的二元羧酸,被美国能源部选定为12种最具潜力的生物基平台化合物之一104。除此之外,FDCA独特的刚性结构可赋予其聚合物更好的力学性能、耐热性能以及气体阻隔性能,因此其有望成为新一代的生物基塑料104。由于FDCA具有广阔的应用前景,HMF和FDCA的高效合成引起了广泛关注。目前,化学催化氧化法是HMF转化为FDCA的主要方法,催化剂包括金属盐催化剂、负载型贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂。金属盐催化剂的反应选择性差,制备过程中会出现大量盐或氧化物等副产物,下游处理难,污染重;贵金属具有良好的活化分子氧的能力,可实现HMF到FDCA的有效转化,但工业应用成本高105;而非贵金属催化方法往往反应条件苛刻且需要专用设备。相比化学法,生物法具有反应条件温和、选择性高、环境友好和原料可再生等优点,是合成FDCA的新兴方法,主要有酶催化和生物合成两种方式106
从HMF生物合成FDCA需要三个连续的氧化步骤,通常HMF的醛基会被优先氧化成羧基形成5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲酸(HMFCA),HMFCA的醇基被继续氧化则转化为醛基生成5-甲酰基-2-呋喃甲酸(FFA),接着FFA会被进一步氧化为FDCA。在此过程中,HMF的醇基也可能先被氧化为醛基,从而形成2,5-二甲酰基呋喃(DFF),DFF再经过FFA被连续氧化成羧基,得到FDCA。由于大多数酶只能氧化醇基或者醛基,因此从HMF转化为FDCA需采用多酶级联的方式。对于HMF到FDCA的酶法转化,Carro等107设计了一种巧妙的双酶耦合催化方法,首先采用了真菌来源的芳醇氧化酶(AAO)将HMF转化为FFA,产生副产物H2O2,然后再选用H2O2依赖型的非特异性过氧酶(UPO)将FFA催化转化为FDCA[图3(a)],FDCA摩尔产率可达91%,反应过程条件温和无污染。Mckenna等108则使用了半乳糖氧化酶突变体(GOaseM3-5)、醛氧化酶(PaoABC)和过氧化氢酶(CAL)通过一锅法催化HMF制备FDCA。在该反应过程中,GOaseM3-5和PaoABC氧化HMF生成FDCA,CAL负责将反应所产生的H2O2转化为O2,以防止H2O2对酶的损害,且催化过程不需要形成DFF和FFA的水合物[图3(b)]。但在该级联反应过程中,GOaseM3-5和PaoABC会竞争氧化HMF,后者的氧化速度要明显快于前者,这会导致副产物HMFCA的产生,影响了FDCA的转化,因此需要逐步添加GOaseM3-5和PaoABC并精准调控两者的比例,在反应过程中引入过氧化物酶(HRP)能加速GOaseM3-5对HMF氧化,在优化的条件下这种转化方式最高可获得100%的摩尔产率[图3(c)109。与HMF的多酶级联催化相比,单个酶催化HMF合成FDCA更具有挑战性。Koopman等110发现了一种羟甲基糠醛氧化还原酶(HmfH),可以将HMF先转化为HMFCA,接着氧化为FFA,最终氧化为FDCA[图3(d)]。这种单酶催化方法为FDCA的生产提供了一种更简洁的生产路线,然而HmfH的异源表达具有一定的难度,在大肠杆菌难以实现高活性表达106。随后,基于数据库挖掘,又发现了甲基单胞菌属(Methylovorus. sp)MP688菌株来源的HMF氧化酶(HMFO)可以将HMF氧化为FDCA,并且相比于HmfH更适于异源表达和应用111。在这种单酶催化过程中,由于FFA的水化程度较低,因此FFA氧化为FDCA是降低整个工艺效率的限速步骤,Dijkman等112使用HMFO进行了改造,获得了催化效率(k cat/K M)提高了1000多倍的双突变体HMFO(V367R-W466F),显著提高了催化HMF生成FDCA的效率。
对于毒性底物的酶催化反应来讲,全细胞合成可能是一种更有利的方式,具有成本低、耐受性强等优点113。HMF是一种毒性较强的化合物,在高浓度下往往会加快酶活的丧失,恶臭假单胞菌S12是一种对各种化学胁迫具有极强耐受性的微生物,可用作转化HMF合成FDCA的微生物底盘。Koopman等114在恶臭假单胞菌 S12中实现了HmfH的高活性表达,通过补料分批发酵,在144 h内以HMF为底物可以合成30.1 g/L的FDCA,摩尔产率达到了97%。近些年来,人们从土壤中筛选得到能以HMF为底物转化生成FDCA的微生物115-116。例如,Yuan等117-119筛选发现解鸟氨酸拉乌尔菌(Raoultella ornithinolytica) BF60能将HMF氧化为FDCA,在该菌中敲除二羧酸脱羧酶编码基因dcaD并通过启动子工程优化FDCA合成基因hmfHhmfO的表达,可阻断FDCA的降解并减少副产物的生成,所获工程菌株可生产264.7 mmol/L(相当于41.3 g/L)的FDCA,摩尔产率为96.2%。从目前情况来看,生物转化法制备FDCA存在的最大问题是反应周期过长,后续研究应重点解决这一问题。
近些年,基于微生物代谢功能开发的“生物漏斗”可以将木质素解聚后的芳香族化合物转化为高附加值化学品,其中2-吡喃酮-4,6-二羧酸(2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid,PDC)就是一种具有良好应用前景的二元羧酸,可由少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)和新鞘氨醇杆菌(Novosphingobium aromaticivorans)等微生物降解木质素生成120。以少动鞘氨醇单胞菌SYK-6为例,该菌可通过原儿茶酸4,5-双加氧酶(由基因ligAligB编码)和4-羧基-2-羟基木酸酯-6-半醛脱氢酶(由基因ligC编码)将木质素解聚产物PCA转化为PDC,但PDC仅是木质素降解代谢的中间产物,在许多微生物中会进一步被降解为4-羧基-4-羟基-2-氧代己二酸酯(CHA),从而进入丙酮酸和草酰乙酸的代谢途径121。带有假芳香环结构的PDC与邻苯二甲酸(TPA)相似,可与多种二元醇聚合生成相应的聚酯122。由于PDC具有假芳香性,由其衍生的聚酯具有许多优异的性能,例如更好的热稳定性、优异的机械性能以及黏结性能等,因此PDC被认为是一种替代TPA合成塑料的新型单体123。PDC的结构具有特殊性,到目前为止只能通过微生物转化合成,方式主要有两种(图4):一是利用工程微生物代谢转化木质素生成PDC;二是基于微生物代谢转化木质素生成PDC的机制,通过合成生物学的手段,在微生物中构建从葡萄糖到PDC的合成途径。表6总结了微生物合成PDC的研究进展。
在微生物中,从葡萄糖等简单碳源从头合成PDC需要基于莽草酸途径合成原儿茶酸实现。Luo等123在大肠杆菌中引入了PDC转化途径并加强了原儿茶酸合成途径,通过过表达抗反馈抑制的3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸合成酶、提高前体和优化辅因子(NADP+/NADPH)的供应水平,并结合计算机模拟分析代谢流,获得了一株可利用葡萄糖生产PDC的工程菌,PDC滴度达到了16.7 g/L。在PDC转化合成途径中,原儿茶酸4,5-双加氧酶和4-羧基-2-羟基木酸-6-半醛脱氢酶是影响PDC合成效率的关键酶,Zhou等124通过系统发育树分析,对这两个酶进行了筛选,通过模块化代谢工程策略,在大肠杆菌中实现了由葡萄糖到PDC的高效生物合成,最终PDC滴度达到了49.18 g/L。
利用木质素为原料,通过微生物转化生产PDC需要重点解决两个问题:一是要阻断PDC降解途径及其他副产物生成途径;二是需提高微生物对木质素结构单元的吸收和转化途径。恶臭假单胞菌KT2440具有利用木质素衍生物的β-酮己二酸途径,可以将G型和H型木质素结构单元转化为PCA和儿茶酚。2021年Notonier等127在阐明恶臭假单胞菌KT2440分解S型木质素结构单元代谢机制的基础上,通过代谢工程构建了能同时利用G型、H型和S型结构单元生成PDC的工程菌株,可以将93%的木质素芳香单体混合物转化为PDC。Lee等125通过在恶臭假单胞菌KT2440中引入少动鞘氨醇单胞菌SYK-6来源的PDC合成途径、增强前体PCA供应和发酵条件优化等手段,实现了以木质素衍生芳香族化合物(对香豆酸)为底物的PDC高效合成,PDC的产量达到了22.7 g/L,产率为0.21 g/(L·h)。研究表明,在pH高于7.5的条件下,PDC的合成前体4-羧基-2-羟基琥珀酸-6-甲醛(CHMS)可以与铵离子自发反应生成另一种生物基单体——吡啶-2,4-二羧酸(2,4-PDCA),因此控制发酵的pH对PDC的合成至关重要126。最近,有研究在恶臭假单胞菌PpY1100中构建了利用香草酸合成PDC的途径,并根据菌株的代谢组学数据优化了以香草酸为底物生产PDC的培养基组成和发酵工艺,用铵盐替代培养基中的钠盐以抑制PDC-Na配合物的形成,PDC的产量和产率到达了目前最高的生产水平,分别为99.9 g/L和1.69 g/(L·h)126。虽然在恶臭假单胞菌中已经构建了高效的PDC合成细胞工厂,但多数研究仍集中于构建底物利用途径和优化发酵条件,缺少对菌株进行系统代谢改造研究。研究表明,强化少动鞘氨醇单胞菌SYK-6的PCA转运蛋白可以提高PDC的产量。然而强化该转运蛋白虽然增强了对PCA的摄取,但对于香草酸的摄取并没有显著改善128。后续的研究可以挖掘芳香族化合物潜在转运蛋白,进一步增强菌株对芳香族化合物的摄取以提高PDC的产量。此外,如何提高关键酶的催化活性和减轻底物的抑制将是进一步研究的重点内容。
以生物质资源代替石化资源生产生物可降解材料已经成为人类社会可持续发展的一项重大需求。木质纤维素生物质是地球上最丰富的可再生生物质资源,具有非常必要而广阔的开发利用前景。通过生物转化策略,以木质纤维素为原料,可以制备以有机酸化合物为代表的各种生物基单体。这些单体化合物无需进一步修饰即可用于制备各种基团的生物基聚合物。据统计,2021年,我国生物基材料产能达到1100万吨(不含生物燃料),约占全球的31%129。但由于我国在高分子聚合物行业起步较晚,很多领域的发展尚不成熟,实现生物可降解材料的高效、低成本制造仍是一项巨大挑战。
生物可降解材料的产业链可以被分为上游(生物基原料的获得)、中游(生物基单体的合成)和下游(生物基材料产品的制备和应用)。在上游,选择来源丰富、成本低、可再生的原料是实现绿色制造的前提,木质纤维素生物质是最佳选择。通过木质纤维素生物质的预处理和精炼可以获得可发酵性糖以及芳香族化合物,以用于后续的生物转化。但由于木质素的存在,抑制了纤维素和半纤维素的水解,并且木质素通常只被当作固体燃料,从而造成了资源浪费。新兴技术提高了木质素去除和回收的效率,例如深共晶溶剂具有较强的生物相容性,可以作为生物催化反应的介质以实现木质纤维素中木质素和其他组分的分离。但新兴预处理技术的应用成本偏高仍是有待解决的问题。此外,为了实现可发酵性糖的高效转化, 研究人员开发的CBP策略显示了巨大的工业应用潜力和成本优势,但由于蛋白质分泌机制的高度复杂性和多样性,实现纤维素酶的高效分泌仍然具有挑战性。后续的研究工作应聚焦于开发纤维素酶分泌系统并设计更高效的微生物共培养体系,推动基于木质纤维素一体化生物加工的工业化生产进程。
在中游,合成生物学为实现生物基单体的高效合成提供了重要的理论指导和技术支撑。许多研究通过创建微生物细胞工厂的代谢途径和调控网络实现了从木质纤维素原料到有机酸单体的合成,但其效价、产量和生产强度仍有待提高。因此,如何建立高效合成有机酸的微生物细胞工厂仍需深入研究。其中有两个共性问题需要重点关注:一是木质纤维素生物质在预处理和炼制过程会产生一些毒性物质,对微生物细胞工厂的生长、代谢和产物合成造成严重的抑制;二是木质纤维素成分复杂,其水解产物除了葡萄糖之外,还会有大量木糖和其他碳水化合物,如何充分有效利用这些可发酵物质对于简化下游处理工艺、减少生产成本和保护环境具有重要意义。制备生物基材料的聚合物对生物基材料的单体纯度有很高的要求,因此在产业链的下游,需要结合中上游工艺技术的优化开发高效的分离纯化技术,以达到能低成本生产聚合级纯度单体的目的。常见的有机酸分离纯化工艺包括沉淀法、萃取法、膜分离法和离子交换法等。使用离子交换树脂可以很好地降低发酵液中高浓度有机酸的抑制作用,有效地提高产量和产率。与传统方法相比,离子交换树脂法具有低能耗、低成本和高集约化等优势,是纯化有机酸单体的重要工艺。
综上所述,随着化石资源的日益枯竭以及实现“双碳”战略目标的要求,使用生物可降解塑料代替石油基不可再生塑料是一种必然趋势。为了将生物可降解塑料产业塑造为引领我国绿色低碳发展的主导产业,后续研究需要开发具备低成本、高效率以及环境友好型的木质纤维素炼制技术,实现对木质纤维素的各个组分高效分离与回收。同时,利用合成生物学策略构建鲁棒性高并且耐受性强的微生物细胞工厂,综合利用木质纤维素组分高效合成生物基有机酸等平台化合物,降低整个产业链的成本以实现工业化生产。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3407100)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
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    1 华东理工大学生物反应器工程国家重点实验室,上海 200237
    2 鲁华生物技术研究所,上海 200237
    3 中国轻工业生物催化与智能制造重点实验室,上海 200237
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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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