Article(id=1148993606435791291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686153600000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-08, revisedDate=1694102400000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871023042, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871023042, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871023042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871023042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993605936669114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='216', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871022923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057333139, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149775047658791591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149775047658791592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=15, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999706131280058, articleId=1148993606435791291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Research progress and biotechnological applications of the prime editing, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Prime Editor (PE) is an innovative gene editing tool based on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system, which has revolutionized multiple fields, including genetics, medicine, and agriculture. Emerging as a successor to Base Editor (BE), PE has gained worldwide attention due to its ability to introduce base substitutions, insertions, and deletions without causing double-strand DNA breaks, which significantly reduces the risk of off-target effect and unwanted genetic change. Notwithstanding its immense potential, researchers need to address PE's long encoding sequence and low editing efficiency for its maximal applications. Researchers have been working relentlessly to explore and enhance the editing efficiency and safety of PE by modifying its protein scaffold, optimizing the guide RNA design, and identifying cellular factors that influence its activity. Improved PE variants have been developed with enhanced accuracy and efficiency as well as decreased off-target effect when compared with their initial versions, demonstrating their potential in gene editing-related applications. Several strategies have been investigated to enhance PE performance, including: ① Modifying the structure of PE proteins to increase their efficiency, specificity, and binding affinity, thereby significantly improving their editing activity. ② Optimizing the design of pegRNAs, such as modifying the length, composition, or structure, that can boost PE's editing efficiency. ③ Identifying and manipulating cellular factors, such as proteins and RNAs, that bear functional relationships with the PE system, thus greatly enhancing its gene editing capabilities. ④ Developing automated design tools to facilitate the customization of the PE system for specific applications, vastly improving its practicality in research and clinical settings. Finally, this article summarizes the applications of PE in engineering animals and plants and developing gene therapy. Despite much room for further improvement in PE, significant advances have been made in improving its editing efficiency and safety. The rapid development of Cas9 and BE for treating genetic diseases stands as compelling testimony to the potential of PE in advancing gene editing technologies and applications. With continued research and development, PE holds great promise for improving human health and well-being.

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引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)是继碱基编辑器(base editor,BE)之后新问世的基于CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated)系统的基因编辑工具,可以在不造成DNA双链断裂的情况下引入碱基替换、插入和删除。PE因其全面的编辑能力,问世即受到全球学者的广泛关注,然而PE表达盒编码较长(>6 kb)、编辑效率较低等问题也亟待研究人员解决。PE的研究方向与BE有许多相似之处,本文首先梳理了学界对PE本身编辑效率和安全性的探索;然后重点介绍了PE效应蛋白、pegRNA和其他细胞因子三个方面对PE的改进手段,以及为方便PE应用而开发的自动化设计工具;最后梳理了PE在动植物以及基因治疗中的应用。方兴未艾的PE领域尽管还难称完善,但在提高编辑效率和改进安全性等方面已取得了许多重要进展。鉴于Cas9、BE等基因编辑工具已广泛应用于遗传病疗法,PE走向遗传病治疗值得期待。

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谢震(1976—),男,博士,副教授。研究方向为人工分子机器的设计与控制、合成生物学、肿瘤基因组学、肿瘤基因与细胞治疗。 E-mail:
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许志锰(1995—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学、基因编辑。 E-mail:

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(17): 9809., articleTitle=Optimization of prime editing in rice, peanut, chickpea, and cowpea protoplasts by restoration of GFP activity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1170675176049001303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, awardId=32171413, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32171413), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1170675176099332952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, awardId=61721003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(61721003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170675173486281524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170675173494670133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, companyId=1170675173486281524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology,Center for Synthesis and Systems Biology,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics,Ministry of Education,Department of Bioinformatics Research,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170675173498864438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, companyId=1170675173486281524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学自动化系,北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心,生物信息学研究部,生物信息学教育部重点实验室,合成与系统生物学研究中心,北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1170675174862013257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram for PE, figureFileSmall=mOcbIqmnHaMqp5ma8FxwSQ==, figureFileBig=4n325QteKw6SUdPXRY0ruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675174937510730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PE原理示意图, figureFileSmall=mOcbIqmnHaMqp5ma8FxwSQ==, figureFileBig=4n325QteKw6SUdPXRY0ruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175054951243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Diagrams for major strategies to improve PE efficiency

(a) Optimization of PE proteins; (b) Optimization of pegRNA

, figureFileSmall=3ZKlMDbVYcyVBHtZHf5qXg==, figureFileBig=LICpd5h8+LX1R7bCipMSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175155614540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PE典型改进方式示意图

(a)效应蛋白的优化;(b)pegRNA的优化

, figureFileSmall=3ZKlMDbVYcyVBHtZHf5qXg==, figureFileBig=LICpd5h8+LX1R7bCipMSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175222723405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Efficiency prediction tools of PE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具名称 特点 实验细胞系 链接 参考文献
DeepPE 给出DeepPE、PE_type、PE_position三个模型的结果 HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231 http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPE [12]
DeepPrime 将DeepPE扩展到7种细胞系、8种PE HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231、HeLa、DLD1、A549、NIH3T3 http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPrime/ [21]
PRIDICT 包括ClinVar突变体数据,但输入格式较为复杂 HEK293T、U2OS、K562 https://www.pridict.it/ [22]
MinsePIE Spacer、PBS等长度可手动调整,自由度较高 HEK293T、HAP1 https://elixir.ut.ee/minsepie/ [23]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175294026574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PE编辑效率预测工具

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工具名称 特点 实验细胞系 链接 参考文献
DeepPE 给出DeepPE、PE_type、PE_position三个模型的结果 HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231 http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPE [12]
DeepPrime 将DeepPE扩展到7种细胞系、8种PE HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231、HeLa、DLD1、A549、NIH3T3 http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPrime/ [21]
PRIDICT 包括ClinVar突变体数据,但输入格式较为复杂 HEK293T、U2OS、K562 https://www.pridict.it/ [22]
MinsePIE Spacer、PBS等长度可手动调整,自由度较高 HEK293T、HAP1 https://elixir.ut.ee/minsepie/ [23]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175382106959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Derivative variants of PE and their characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 优化点 优化结果 实验细胞系或动植物模型 参考文献
PE2* 优化NLS 提高编辑效率 HEK293T [30]
PEmax 更换为SpCas9(R221K/N394K/H840A),优化NLS,优化RT密码子 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HeLa [31]
hyPE2 融合Rad51 DNA结合结构域 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HCT116 [32]
CMP-PE-V1 融合染色体操纵肽 提高编辑效率 NIH/3T3、C2C12细胞系,C57BL/6N、ICR小鼠 [33]
IN-PE2 融合短肽 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、U2OS、HCT116 [34]
PASTE 融合Bxb1丝氨酸整合酶 可在非分裂细胞基因组中整合超大片段 HEK293FT、HepG2、K562、原代人外周血CD8 T细胞、原代人肝细胞 [35]
ePE 引入Csy4蛋白 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HeLa、N2a [36]
WT-PE、PEn Cas9n更换为野生型Cas9 增强大片段删除或易位编辑效率,证明了NHEJ途径可用于PE HEK293T、HeLa、HCT116 [37-38]
未命名 对Cas9n引入N863A或N854A突变 减少indel HEK293T、HeLa、K562 [39]
GENEWRITE 更换LINE-1 RT 实现大片段插入 E.coli [40]
ePPE 融合病毒核衣壳蛋白,删除RNaseH结构域 提高编辑效率 Zhonghua11、Kenong199 [41]
PE-P3 颠倒Cas9n和M-MLV RT 提高编辑效率 Nipponbare [42]
PE2△Rnh 删除RNaseH结构域 缩小PE尺寸 HEK293T、Hepa1-6、RAW264.7细胞系,C57BL/6J、FVB/NJ小鼠 [41,43-45]
sPE 拆分Cas9n和M-MLV RT 方便递送和优化 HEK293T [46]

PE2-VQR、PE2-VRQR、PE2-VRER、PE2-NG、

PE2-SpG、PE2-SpRY

更换其他Cas9变体 松弛PAM要求,扩展可编辑范围 HEK293T [47]
SaPE2 SpCas9更换为SaCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T、HeLa、K562 [30-31,44]
CjCas9-PE SpCas9更换为CjCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T [44]
FnCas9-PE SpCas9更换为FnCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T、HeLa、K562、U2OS [48]
SauriCas9-PE SpCas9更换为SauriCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T [44]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175478575952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PE的衍生变体及其特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 优化点 优化结果 实验细胞系或动植物模型 参考文献
PE2* 优化NLS 提高编辑效率 HEK293T [30]
PEmax 更换为SpCas9(R221K/N394K/H840A),优化NLS,优化RT密码子 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HeLa [31]
hyPE2 融合Rad51 DNA结合结构域 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HCT116 [32]
CMP-PE-V1 融合染色体操纵肽 提高编辑效率 NIH/3T3、C2C12细胞系,C57BL/6N、ICR小鼠 [33]
IN-PE2 融合短肽 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、U2OS、HCT116 [34]
PASTE 融合Bxb1丝氨酸整合酶 可在非分裂细胞基因组中整合超大片段 HEK293FT、HepG2、K562、原代人外周血CD8 T细胞、原代人肝细胞 [35]
ePE 引入Csy4蛋白 提高编辑效率 HEK293T、HeLa、N2a [36]
WT-PE、PEn Cas9n更换为野生型Cas9 增强大片段删除或易位编辑效率,证明了NHEJ途径可用于PE HEK293T、HeLa、HCT116 [37-38]
未命名 对Cas9n引入N863A或N854A突变 减少indel HEK293T、HeLa、K562 [39]
GENEWRITE 更换LINE-1 RT 实现大片段插入 E.coli [40]
ePPE 融合病毒核衣壳蛋白,删除RNaseH结构域 提高编辑效率 Zhonghua11、Kenong199 [41]
PE-P3 颠倒Cas9n和M-MLV RT 提高编辑效率 Nipponbare [42]
PE2△Rnh 删除RNaseH结构域 缩小PE尺寸 HEK293T、Hepa1-6、RAW264.7细胞系,C57BL/6J、FVB/NJ小鼠 [41,43-45]
sPE 拆分Cas9n和M-MLV RT 方便递送和优化 HEK293T [46]

PE2-VQR、PE2-VRQR、PE2-VRER、PE2-NG、

PE2-SpG、PE2-SpRY

更换其他Cas9变体 松弛PAM要求,扩展可编辑范围 HEK293T [47]
SaPE2 SpCas9更换为SaCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T、HeLa、K562 [30-31,44]
CjCas9-PE SpCas9更换为CjCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T [44]
FnCas9-PE SpCas9更换为FnCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T、HeLa、K562、U2OS [48]
SauriCas9-PE SpCas9更换为SauriCas9 更改PAM要求 HEK293T [44]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175562462033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optimization methods for pegRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 pegRNA优化方式 参考文献
epegRNA 3′端添加tevopreQ1或mpknot基序以防降解 [53]
xrPE 3′端添加xrRNA继续以防降解 [54]
G-PE 3′端添加G-quadruplex基序以防降解 [55]
ePE 3′端添加Csy4基序以防环化 [36]
apegRNA 优化hairpin [56]
spegRNA RT模板引入统一突变以改善二级结构 [56]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175621182290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

pegRNA优化方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 pegRNA优化方式 参考文献
epegRNA 3′端添加tevopreQ1或mpknot基序以防降解 [53]
xrPE 3′端添加xrRNA继续以防降解 [54]
G-PE 3′端添加G-quadruplex基序以防降解 [55]
ePE 3′端添加Csy4基序以防环化 [36]
apegRNA 优化hairpin [56]
spegRNA RT模板引入统一突变以改善二级结构 [56]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175692485459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Paired pegRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 特点 参考文献
在水稻中提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率2.9~17.4倍 [14]
HOPE 提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率和精确度 [58]
twinPE 大片段插入、删除、替换,可与Bxb1丝氨酸重组酶联用 [59]
PRIME-Del 高达10 kb的大片段删除,并允许再删除同时插入短片段 [60]
GRAND 高达1 kb的大片段插入 [61]
PEDAR 高达1~10 kb的大片段删除,并允许替换为高达60 bp的片段 [62]
PETI 染色体易位、颠倒 [63]
WT-PE 野生型Cas9引入DSB,实现大片段删除和易位 [37]
Bi-PE 大片段删除 [64]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175751205716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

成对pegRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 特点 参考文献
在水稻中提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率2.9~17.4倍 [14]
HOPE 提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率和精确度 [58]
twinPE 大片段插入、删除、替换,可与Bxb1丝氨酸重组酶联用 [59]
PRIME-Del 高达10 kb的大片段删除,并允许再删除同时插入短片段 [60]
GRAND 高达1 kb的大片段插入 [61]
PEDAR 高达1~10 kb的大片段删除,并允许替换为高达60 bp的片段 [62]
PETI 染色体易位、颠倒 [63]
WT-PE 野生型Cas9引入DSB,实现大片段删除和易位 [37]
Bi-PE 大片段删除 [64]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175860257621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Assisted design tools for pegRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 软件特点 适用范围 参考文献
PINE-CONE 仅有离线可执行文件,可部署在本地,支持Win和Mac 仅支持PE [70]
PnB Designer 在线,PBS、RTT长度需自定 支持多种基因组,兼容BE [71]
Easy-Prime 在线,输入格式有要求 仅支持PE [72]
Prime Editor Designer 在线,无自定义序列设计 仅对NCBI、ClinVar数据库基因设计,支持两种Cas9变体 [73]
pegFinder 在线,输入序列格式直观 支持对自定义序列设计,支持三种Cas9变体 [74]
Plant Peg Designer 在线,输入序列格式直观 针对植物,支持两种Cas9变体和双pegRNA策略,支持对自定义序列设计 [14]
PrimeDesign 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持预览二级结构 支持对自定义序列设计 [75]
PETAL 在线,输入序列格式直观 需与其PEA1单质粒系统配合使用 [76]
pegIT 在线,输出分子克隆序列参考 支持多种基因组和ClinVar,支持五种Cas9 [77]
PE-designer 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持E-mail收取结果 支持极丰富的Cas9变体和基因组 [78]
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175931560790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

pegRNA辅助设计工具

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 软件特点 适用范围 参考文献
PINE-CONE 仅有离线可执行文件,可部署在本地,支持Win和Mac 仅支持PE [70]
PnB Designer 在线,PBS、RTT长度需自定 支持多种基因组,兼容BE [71]
Easy-Prime 在线,输入格式有要求 仅支持PE [72]
Prime Editor Designer 在线,无自定义序列设计 仅对NCBI、ClinVar数据库基因设计,支持两种Cas9变体 [73]
pegFinder 在线,输入序列格式直观 支持对自定义序列设计,支持三种Cas9变体 [74]
Plant Peg Designer 在线,输入序列格式直观 针对植物,支持两种Cas9变体和双pegRNA策略,支持对自定义序列设计 [14]
PrimeDesign 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持预览二级结构 支持对自定义序列设计 [75]
PETAL 在线,输入序列格式直观 需与其PEA1单质粒系统配合使用 [76]
pegIT 在线,输出分子克隆序列参考 支持多种基因组和ClinVar,支持五种Cas9 [77]
PE-designer 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持E-mail收取结果 支持极丰富的Cas9变体和基因组 [78]
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引导编辑研究进展及其应用
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许志锰 , 谢震
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(1): 1-15
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引导编辑研究进展及其应用
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许志锰 , 谢震
作者信息
  • 清华大学自动化系,北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心,生物信息学研究部,生物信息学教育部重点实验室,合成与系统生物学研究中心,北京 100084
  • 许志锰(1995—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为合成生物学、基因编辑。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢震(1976—),男,博士,副教授。研究方向为人工分子机器的设计与控制、合成生物学、肿瘤基因组学、肿瘤基因与细胞治疗。 E-mail:
Research progress and biotechnological applications of the prime editing
Zhimeng XU , Zhen XIE
Affiliations
  • Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology,Center for Synthesis and Systems Biology,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics,Ministry of Education,Department of Bioinformatics Research,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-038
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引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)是继碱基编辑器(base editor,BE)之后新问世的基于CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated)系统的基因编辑工具,可以在不造成DNA双链断裂的情况下引入碱基替换、插入和删除。PE因其全面的编辑能力,问世即受到全球学者的广泛关注,然而PE表达盒编码较长(>6 kb)、编辑效率较低等问题也亟待研究人员解决。PE的研究方向与BE有许多相似之处,本文首先梳理了学界对PE本身编辑效率和安全性的探索;然后重点介绍了PE效应蛋白、pegRNA和其他细胞因子三个方面对PE的改进手段,以及为方便PE应用而开发的自动化设计工具;最后梳理了PE在动植物以及基因治疗中的应用。方兴未艾的PE领域尽管还难称完善,但在提高编辑效率和改进安全性等方面已取得了许多重要进展。鉴于Cas9、BE等基因编辑工具已广泛应用于遗传病疗法,PE走向遗传病治疗值得期待。

引导编辑  /  基因编辑  /  基因治疗  /  CRISPR/Cas

Prime Editor (PE) is an innovative gene editing tool based on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system, which has revolutionized multiple fields, including genetics, medicine, and agriculture. Emerging as a successor to Base Editor (BE), PE has gained worldwide attention due to its ability to introduce base substitutions, insertions, and deletions without causing double-strand DNA breaks, which significantly reduces the risk of off-target effect and unwanted genetic change. Notwithstanding its immense potential, researchers need to address PE's long encoding sequence and low editing efficiency for its maximal applications. Researchers have been working relentlessly to explore and enhance the editing efficiency and safety of PE by modifying its protein scaffold, optimizing the guide RNA design, and identifying cellular factors that influence its activity. Improved PE variants have been developed with enhanced accuracy and efficiency as well as decreased off-target effect when compared with their initial versions, demonstrating their potential in gene editing-related applications. Several strategies have been investigated to enhance PE performance, including: ① Modifying the structure of PE proteins to increase their efficiency, specificity, and binding affinity, thereby significantly improving their editing activity. ② Optimizing the design of pegRNAs, such as modifying the length, composition, or structure, that can boost PE's editing efficiency. ③ Identifying and manipulating cellular factors, such as proteins and RNAs, that bear functional relationships with the PE system, thus greatly enhancing its gene editing capabilities. ④ Developing automated design tools to facilitate the customization of the PE system for specific applications, vastly improving its practicality in research and clinical settings. Finally, this article summarizes the applications of PE in engineering animals and plants and developing gene therapy. Despite much room for further improvement in PE, significant advances have been made in improving its editing efficiency and safety. The rapid development of Cas9 and BE for treating genetic diseases stands as compelling testimony to the potential of PE in advancing gene editing technologies and applications. With continued research and development, PE holds great promise for improving human health and well-being.

prime editing  /  gene editing  /  gene therapy  /  CRIPSR/Cas
许志锰, 谢震. 引导编辑研究进展及其应用. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (1) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-038
Zhimeng XU, Zhen XIE. Research progress and biotechnological applications of the prime editing[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (1) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-038
CRISPR/Cas9系统及其衍生的碱基编辑器、引导编辑器是当前应用最广泛的基因编辑技术,已成功应用于多种细菌、植物以及动物中1。CRISPR/Cas9系统源于细菌或古菌的获得性免疫系统,其作用原理是Cas9在引导RNA(single guide RNA,sgRNA)的引导下,切割靶点形成双链断裂(double-strand break, DSB),此后会引发非同源末端连接(non-homologous end joining, NHEJ)、微同源末端连接(microhomology-mediated end joining, MMEJ)或同源重组(homology dependent repair, HDR)2。DSB往往会产生大量不可控的小插入或缺失(indel),甚至是大片段缺失,还会引发p53介导的DNA损伤反应,致使细胞周期停止甚至细胞凋亡3-4
野生型Cas9蛋白可以切割DNA双链,而引入D10A或H840A突变可以使Cas9损失切割其中一条DNA单链的能力,使Cas9成为Cas9切口酶(Cas9 nickase,Cas9n)。将Cas9n与脱氨酶结构域相融合而成的胞嘧啶碱基编辑器(cytosine base editor, CBE)可以将DNA上的胞嘧啶(C)脱氨而成尿嘧啶(U),经过内源DNA修复或复制过程后转化为胸腺嘧啶(T),最终实现C到T的替换。CBE一经报道,其不引入双链断裂、编辑效率较高等优良特性迅速吸引学界关注和广泛应用5。此后,研究人员又报道了可实现A到G6、C到G7、A到C8以及G到T9等其他碱基替换的碱基编辑器,近期也有报道将Cas9的远古祖先——IscB蛋白开发成碱基编辑器10,碱基编辑器领域可谓蓬勃发展。但碱基编辑器也存在编辑窗口局限,不能实现全部12种碱基替换,也有不能达到单碱基精度的替换等问题1
2019年David Liu课题组11报道了引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)。PE将Cas9n(H840A)与莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒逆转录酶(Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase,M-MLV RT)融合,将原sgRNA的3′端延长,延长区可分为引物结合区(primer binding site,PBS)和逆转录模板区(RT template,RTT)。在pegRNA的引导下,Cas9n在靶点形成单链缺刻,之后PBS与DNA单链互补配对,M-MLV RT以RT template为模板,将DNA单链逆转录延伸,形成含有编辑内容的3′flap结构。3′flap与5′flap相互竞争平衡,在一定机制下,5′flap被切除,DNA双链被修复,完成编辑(图1)。David Liu课题组也对M-MLV RT引入多个点突变,提高了编辑效率,命名为PE2。后又引入单独的一条sgRNA,使非编辑链形成缺刻,进一步提高了编辑效率,命名为PE3或PE3b。
PE相较BE而言,可以实现单碱基精度的碱基替换,且编辑窗口远大于BE,可以实现全部12种碱基替换11。遗憾的是,尽管PE在编辑功能上相较BE更为全面,但就碱基替换而言,PE的编辑效率较为有限11-12,且PE表达盒的编码序列过长,难以通过单AAV递送,这限制了其作为基因治疗工具的发展。
PE一经问世就受到全球研究者的广泛关注,并迅速掀起了对PE深入研究和扩展开发的热潮。从目前的研究来看,PE的相关研究思路与BE领域有类似之处,研究者需要评估其精确性、安全性,以及提高其编辑效率。进一步地,将PE应用于基因治疗也是研究者重点关注的研究目标。
通过分析不同的PBS长度、RTT长度对编辑效率的影响,Anzalone等11建议从约13nt的PBS和10nt以上的RTT开始优化,并且pegRNA的3′端碱基不宜为C。Lin等13率先将PE引入植物系统,并发现PBS长度对目的编辑产物影响较小,而RT模板长度影响明显;不同反应温度对编辑效率也有影响,37 ℃条件下编辑效率要显著高于26 ℃。Lin等14还发现在植物PE中设计pegRNA时,PBS区的T m值与编辑效率密切相关,其在30 ℃时PE编辑效率最高。但Ponnienselvan等15报道称PBS区与待编辑位置的原间隔序列存在固有互补性,如果发生互补配对会限制编辑效率。减少PBS区长度,PBS区T m值约37 ℃时,是哺乳动物细胞中编辑效率最优的条件。
根据sgRNA的序列特点,以高通量方式以及机器学习方法分析并预测编辑效率在以往的Cas9、Cas12研究中起到了重要作用16-20。对于PE系统,研究者也开发出了多款效率预测工具(表1)。
Kim等12通过建立不同靶点、PBS长度、RT模板长度等条件的近5.5万条pegRNA而构成的高通量文库,分析pegRNA影响PE2编辑效率的因素,并给出了设计pegRNA时推荐的参数值。Kim等建议设计pegRNA时,使用13 nt的PBS与12 nt的RTT,并且PBS要有较高的GC比。这与Anzalone等11推荐的设计条件类似。但在pegRNA的3′端的碱基问题上,Kim等发现这与RTT长度有关,在RTT不超过12 nt时,C反而更优。在该研究组进一步的工作中,作者将研究范围扩展到HEK293T、HCT116、MDA-MB-231、HeLa、DLD1、A549和NIH3T3七种细胞系,在其中探究了包含松弛PAM的Cas9n变体、PEmax以及PE4、PE5等优化后的PE编辑效率的影响因素,并开发了DeepPrime工具21
Koeppel等23报道插入序列长度、核苷酸组成以及二级结构都会影响PE插入片段的编辑效率,并使用机器学习方法对PE插入片段的编辑效率、分析规律加以预测,实现了平均R=0.68的精度。而Mathis等22则分析了逾9万条pegRNA的高通量结果数据,训练了一个基于注意力机制的双向递归神经网络PRIDICT,实现了R=0.85级别的高准确率编辑效率预测。
是否存在脱靶效应是决定基因编辑工具安全性的关键指标。脱靶效应又可分为Cas9依赖和非Cas9依赖两种类型。而由于人类基因组本身就有内源逆转录元件和端粒酶,说明PE的逆转录酶结构域对人类细胞并没有内在的毒性11,所以现有的研究多关注于Cas9n结构域导致的脱靶效应。
Anzalone等11测试了16个脱靶位点,仅在1个位点发现了高于1%的脱靶编辑,远低于直接使用Cas9而产生的indel,是比较安全的基因编辑工具。Kim等24开发了nDigenome-seq技术,在HEK293T细胞系中无偏评估了PE中Cas9n导致的脱靶效应,发现在测试的9个基因组位点中,仅有5个脱靶位点产生了可检出的脱靶编辑,效率仅有0.1%~1.9%,证明了PE在全基因组范围内具有较高的精确性。Habib等25在人多能干细胞(human pluripotent stem cell,hPSC)中应用并评估了PE的安全性。作者也比较了PE和BE,发现PE的逆转录酶结构域与BE的脱氨酶结构域不同,不会导致独立于gRNA的脱靶突变。Gao等26重点分析了逆转录酶结构域对基因组和转录组的影响,发现在PE3编辑中没有证据表明存在非pegRNA依赖的脱靶,PE3也不会影响端粒区域和内源逆转录元件,没有发现pegRNA被整合进基因组或是影响转录组,甚至也不会影响剪接或基因表达模式。Kwon等27使用PE将标签序列插入基因组,超声随机打断基因组后对标签序列处测序用以分析全基因组脱靶情况,命名为TAPE-seq。相较于GUIDE-seq和nDigenome-seq,TAPE-seq直接利用的是PE的功能,而非Cas9n的功能,更能精准反映PE本身的脱靶;TAPE-seq所不能检出的脱靶位点比前述二者也更少,更为灵敏。与之类似,Liang等28也使用PE引入标签序列,但使用Tn5转座酶打断基因组,Liang等发现PE仅存在gRNA依赖的脱靶,不存在独立于gRNA的脱靶。
Jin等29通过全基因组测序在水稻中对Cas9依赖的和非Cas9依赖的脱靶效应进行了全面分析,发现PE系统仅产生了0.23%的Cas9依赖性的脱靶效应,不产生非Cas9依赖的脱靶效应。通过逆转录相关的分析也发现PE不会影响植物细胞的内源转录机制。
PE系统主要发挥编辑功能的是其蛋白质模块,所以对蛋白的优化尤为重要(表2)。
加入新的结构域是基因工具开发的常见思路(图2,上),比如DNA结合结构域曾在碱基编辑器的开发中有所报道49。Song等32报道了在PE2的Cas9n与RT结构域中间融合加入DNA结合结构域Rad51,开发出hyPE2,提高了编辑效率,同时在脱靶效应上与原PE2相当。Song等32也发现PBS的T m是hyPE2效率提高的重要参数,在T m较低时,hyPE2表现更好。Park等33在PE中融合染色质操控肽,可以改善目标位点的染色质开放性,进而提高编辑效率;也有报道发现转录因子P65也能提高染色质开放性,继而可以提高PE编辑效率50。Velimirovic等51报道在PE的N端融合85氨基酸的短肽可以提高PE编辑效率,并开发了筛选这种短肽的高通量方法。Liu等30优化了PE2的核定位序列(nuclear localization sequence, NLS),开发出PE2*,也提高了编辑效率。Yarnall等35将Bxb1丝氨酸整合酶结构域与PE相融合,在基因组插入attB位点的同时,也导入含有attP位点的DNA供体,整合酶结构域使供体序列可以整合进基因组特定位置,最终可以在细胞系中实现最长达36 kb的大段DNA的基因组插入,效率达10%~20%。
调整原有结构域的方法也受到许多研究者的关注[图2(a)]。Xu等42发现在水稻中,Cas9n和MMLV RT对调位置后编辑效率更高。甚至有研究者发现将PE的Cas9n和MMLV RT直接拆分仍然可以实现相近的编辑效率4652。将M-MLV RT中的RNaseH结构域删除,可以稍微减小尺寸而不降低其编辑效率4143-44。还有研究者尝试Cas9n恢复成切割双链的野生型Cas9,实现更大片段的删除,尽管会导致更多双链断裂,降低了安全性,但可以通过调控胞内NHEJ途径来优化37-38;而对Cas9n(H840A)结构域引入新的点突变N863A可以减少由Cas9n结构域产生的DSB,减少了意外的indel产生,提高目的产物纯度,引入N854A虽然也能减少indel产生,提高目的产物纯度,但会牺牲正确编辑的效率39
由于PE由Cas9n和逆转录酶结构域两部分组成,将其中一部分更换为同类的具有其他特性的结构域,可以为PE引入诸如改善靶向范围、改变逆转录能力等新特性[图2(a)]。比如可以将SpCas9换替为松弛PAM要求的Cas9变体47,也有研究者换成了SaCas9、CjCas9、SauriCas9或FnCas9等同源物30-314448。同理,逆转录酶结构域也可以更换为marathon RT(一种从E.rectale中发现的逆转录酶),但在部分位点的编辑效率略低52。Manoj等40将M-MLV RT结构域更换为LINE-1逆转录酶,并同时导入RNA模板,可以实现约1.5 kb的插入。
pegRNA是PE系统的关键组分,起到引导作用,又要作为逆转录模板,其结构和稳定性对PE编辑效率非常重要(表3)。
Nelson等53报道了对pegRNA的3′端添加额外的tevopreQ1或mpknot特殊RNA基序结构,可以防止pegRNA的3′端意外降解,使PE编辑效率提高3~4倍。此策略也可与2′-O-甲基化、硫代磷酸等常见RNA保护手段进一步结合使用53。同理,在pegRNA的3′端添加xrRNA基序结构54或G-quadruplex基序结构55,均实现了编辑效率提升。
pegRNA本身的序列特性或二级结构也会影响PE编辑效率[图2(b)]。由于pegRNA的spacer区域与PBS区域是互补配对的,可能造成pegRNA意外成环,影响编辑效率。Liu等36在pegRNA的3′端引入名为Csy4识别位点的发夹结构,可以减少环化。进一步地,作者在Csy4识别位点之后串联nick sgRNA,并共表达Csy4蛋白,可以在Csy4识别位点之后剪切,释放nick sgRNA。Li等56在pegRNA的RT模板区引入同义突变,改善其二级结构,显著提高了编辑效率,最高近5000倍,该方法命名为sPE;作者也发现优化pegRNA的发夹结构可使编辑效率平均提高2.77倍,命名为aPE。近期有报道将gRNA恒定区的第一颈环结构替换成一种超稳定颈环结构,提高了gRNA稳定性,减少了因gRNA错误折叠而无法编辑的情况,此种原理或亦可用于pegRNA57
使用成对的pegRNA可以极大扩展PE的编辑能力限制,不仅能提高编辑效率,还能实现长片段的替换、插入及删除[表4图2(b)]。
Lin等14发现在水稻中可以使用双pegRNA策略提高PE编辑效率,最高提高了近28倍。HOPE系统58、GRAND系统61、PRIME-Del系统60、twinPE系统59、PEDAR系统62及Bi-PE系统64等在待编辑的大片段两侧头对头地设计一对pegRNA,产生两条可以互补配对的DNA单链,实现kb级的片段删除或高达250 bp的片段插入。
Anzalone等使用CRISPRi筛选发现细胞内的DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)过程中的多种蛋白质会抑制PE编辑效率。作者发现使用失活MLH1(MLH1dn)可以在MMR丰富的细胞中有效抑制MMR,从而提高编辑效率并改善产物纯度31。作者将共表达了MLH1dn的PE2、PE3系统分别命名为PE4、PE5。Ferreira da Silva等65筛选了32个DNA修复相关的因子,发现在缺失MMR通路基因的单倍体HAP1细胞系中PE编辑效率提高了2~7倍,用siRNA敲低MMR相关基因也可以提高PE编辑效率约2倍。Koeppel等23也发现MMR通路中的TREX1、TREX2会抑制长片段插入。
组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitors, HDACi)可以提高组蛋白乙酰化水平,促进染色质开放,Liu等66报道nexturastat A、abexinostat以及vorinostat等小分子HDACi可以提高PE编辑效率近2倍。
Cas9直接切断基因组会诱发p53因子介导的细胞压力反应和细胞周期停滞,不利于基因编辑进行3-467。尽管PE理论上不涉及DSB,但Li等68发现在hPSC中表达p53失活片段p53DD可以显著提高PE编辑效率,Huang等69也发现使用SV40LT抑制p53可以提高PE在hESC中的编辑效率,但相关机理尚未阐明。
设计pegRNA的PBS、RT模板区并不像protospacer区一样直观,而且其长度、二级结构都会影响编辑效率,因此自动化辅助设计工具对研究人员意义重大(表5)。目前已报道有多款在线pegRNA辅助设计工具,可以允许用户输入位点和意图实现的编辑结果,给出参考pegRNA序列,部分工具还允许选择不同的Cas9,甚至还可以预测编辑效率1470-78
有效递送PE和pegRNA到细胞中是实验过程中的关键步骤之一。在哺乳动物细胞系的基因编辑实验中,最常见的递送方法是转染质粒DNA,使之瞬时表达,该方法最为简单便捷,脱靶率不高,再配合易转染细胞系如HEK293T等,可以实现很高的转染效率11。在动物实验中,流体动力学注射在小鼠实验中也应用广泛3043。但转染DNA存在DNA重组进基因组的隐患,转染编码PE的mRNA和pegRNA的安全性和有效性更佳,电转尤其适用于人诱导多能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cell, hiPSC)、原代T细胞等难以化学转染的细胞3179-80。直接转染PE蛋白和pegRNA组成的核糖蛋白复合体(ribonucleoprotein, RNP),由于不涉及胞内的转录翻译过程,编辑时间更短,安全性更好。Petri等81在斑马鱼胚胎细胞中使用PE RNP实现了高达30%的编辑效率。然而有报道指出,转染RNP的编辑效率要低于质粒或mRNA,转染效率也更差3146,在基因编辑实验中研究者要权衡安全性和效率二者的关系。
如需将PE整合进细胞基因组,或构建稳转细胞系,或是在难以转染的细胞系或原代细胞中进行实验,piggyBac转座子和慢病毒是常用的工具。Wolff等82发现piggyBac系统将PE2和pegRNA整合到基因组后,由于编辑时间的延长,编辑效率会有所提升。Eggenschwiler等83使用piggyBac转座子在hiPSC细胞中构建了稳定表达的PE,配合荧光报告系统,评价不同pegRNA的性能。而慢病毒载体由于容量限制(一般不超过8 kb),Anzalone等11使用intein系统拆分PE3后,用两个慢病毒载体在小鼠原代皮层神经细胞中实现了单碱基替换的编辑结果。
腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus, AAV)因其非整合性、组织特异性而应用广泛,但其装载容量仅有约4.5 kb,面对逾6 kb的PE,只能拆分PE后用双AAV载体递送434584。反式剪接双AAV载体(trans-splicing AAV,tsAAV)的递送能力可以高达10 kb85,Jang等86将PE3拆分后使用tsAAV载体递送,在小鼠中成功编辑了视网膜细胞。Davis等87使用双AAV载体递送PE,实现了对小鼠大脑(最高达42%)、肝脏(最高达46%)和心脏(最高达11%)的编辑,证明了双AAV载体递送PE对基因疗法的潜在价值。腺病毒(adenovirus, AdV)的装载容量高达8.5 kb,可以单载体递送PE系统。Böck等44使用单个AdV载体递送PE2系统在小鼠苯丙酮尿症模型中修正了Pahenu2突变位点;作者还发现单AdV载体的PE递送效率要优于拆分的双AAV载体。Wang等88使用完全病毒基因缺失的腺病毒载体(adenovector particle, AdVP)递送PE,在HEK293细胞系中转导效率可以高达99%。Aulicino等89报道了使用杆状病毒载体(baculoviral-vector, BV)递送长达20 kb的同时编辑4个位点的PE系统,成功在HEK293T、RPE-1和SH-SY5Y细胞中实现高效编辑。
PE由于其全能编辑能力,迅速在动植物和遗传病研究等各个研究领域广泛应用。
Liu等90在小鼠胚胎中显微注射PE2 mRNA和pegRNA建立了人类短指并指畸形相关基因Hoxd13突变疾病模型。Gao等91通过显微注射PE2 mRNA和pegRNA成功地在小鼠Tspan2启动子引入突变,造成平滑肌功能丧失。Liu等30使用流体动力学注射方法,在小鼠体内纠正了α1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症(α1-antitrypsin deficiency, AATD)的致病突变SERPINA1 E342K,也成功引入Ctnnb1 S45F突变建立了肝癌模型。Jang等86用AAV递送PE2和PE3成功纠正了小鼠的酪氨酸血症和莱伯氏黑矇症。Lin等92显微注射PE3质粒到小鼠胚胎,造成了Crygc基因外显子3上的移码突变,建立了白内障小鼠模型。
对于其他哺乳动物,Qian等93通过显微注射PE2 mRNA和pegRNA到兔子胚胎,造成β-己糖胺酶A(β-hexosaminidase A, HexA)缺陷,建立了Tay-Sachs病(Tay-Sachs disease, TSD)模型。Kim等94使用PE纠正了已患有髋关节发育不良(hip dysplasia, HD)家犬的耳成纤维细胞中的致病突变,并使用已经纠正的耳成纤维细胞克隆出两只幼犬。
在非哺乳动物中,Petri等81在斑马鱼胚胎中注射PE RNP,引入了当前不能使用BE实现的两种突变,即眼皮白化病基因TYR P301L和原癌基因KRAS G12V,证明了PE在斑马鱼中构建人类疾病模型的能力。Atsuta等95成功编辑了鸡成纤维细胞和原始生殖细胞,但遗憾的是并没有进一步培养出成体鸡。对于无脊椎动物,Bosch等96成功编辑了果蝇的体色基因,并且可遗传给子代果蝇,但作者也发现在果蝇细胞中PE的编辑效率远低于哺乳动物细胞。
在遗传性代谢疾病方面,PE用于纠正遗传性酪氨酸血症(hereditary tyrosinemia, HT)、莱伯氏黑矇症(Leber’s congenital amaurosis, LCA)、AATD、苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU)等病的潜在能力在小鼠模型中已得以验证30448697
一些罕见遗传病的PE治疗已通过细胞系水平的验证。杜氏肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD)是一种致命的伴X遗传病,Chemello等98在hiPSC衍生的心肌细胞中纠正了外显子51缺失突变,Mbakam等99纠正了人成肌细胞系中的c.8713C>T突变,验证了PE治疗DMD的潜在能力。Lv等调研了一个X连锁色素性视网膜炎(X-linked recessive retinitis pigmentosa,XLRP)的患者家族,发现该家族携带RPGR ORF15 c. 2234_2237del突变,作者在HEK293细胞系中验证了用ePE纠正这一突变36100。隐性萎缩性表皮松解症(recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, RDEB)是一种严重的皮肤脆性疾病,由COL7A1基因的功能丧失性突变引起,Hong等101在患者的成纤维细胞中验证了PE纠正该致病突变的能力。Eggenschwiler等83在患者来源的iPSC中纠正了家族性肌萎缩侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS)的致病SOD1 R115G突变。Zhou等102在iPSC中通过删除SMN2基因内含子的剪接沉默子,验证了PE治疗脊髓性肌萎缩症(spinal muscular atrophy, SMA)的可能性。Zhang等103使用PE3成功在红细胞祖细胞系HUDEP-2的HBB基因中引入了β-地中海贫血(β-thalassemia, β-thal)突变,为β-地中海贫血的研究提供了疾病模型;在该作者的另一项研究中,作者验证了在小鼠模型中纠正β-地中海贫血IVS-II-654突变的能力104
在癌症方面,Abuhamad等105在T47D luminal A乳腺癌细胞系中纠正了TP53(L194F)错义突变,为PE应用于癌症治疗提供了验证。Tremblay等106在HEK293细胞系中验证了向淀粉样前体蛋白(amyloid precursor protein,APP)引入冰岛突变,探索了阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)的一种可能的预防方案。
对水稻、小麦等单子叶植物,在PE技术诞生之后研究人员迅速跟进了相关研究,然而其本身编辑效率却比较低13107-108,结合删减RT RNaseH结构域、添加病毒核衣壳蛋白等PE蛋白优化手段,以及结合epegRNA或双pegRNA策略等pegRNA优化手段,可以有效提高PE系统在水稻中的编辑效率1441。Jin等109还总结了在单子叶植物中的PE实验流程,为其他研究者参考提供了便利。Xu等110基于PE开发了一种饱和诱变方法,在水稻OsACC1基因上筛选出多个除草剂抗性突变,验证了PE在农业生产领域的应用潜力。玉米也是一种重要的单子叶粮食作物,也有报道使用PE成功在玉米乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase, ALS)基因中引入突变111-112
拟南芥是一种重要的双子叶模式生物,在科学研究中扮演了重要的角色,Jiang等113使用PE在拟南芥中引入突变,但平均编辑效率仅有1.15%。在双子叶农作物方面,Lu等114使用针对植物优化的PE可以在二倍体番茄中引入3%的编辑,Perroud等115在四倍体马铃薯中用PE2实现了极低的编辑效率,而PE3甚至不能检出编辑,也有报道在花生、鹰嘴豆和豇豆中实现了不足1%的编辑116。以上数据表明在双子叶植物中,PE的表现远差于单子叶植物。然而即便是在单子叶植物中,PE的编辑效率也远不及哺乳动物细胞中高达百分之几十的效率,开发在植物细胞中可用的高效PE工具依然任重道远。
PE是目前功能最全面的基因编辑工具,可以实现12种碱基替换、插入和删除。其编辑效率不高的缺点正逐渐被研究者通过蛋白质工程或pegRNA改造等手段改善,效果较为显著。PE推动了基因编辑领域新的研究高潮,然而其使用单AAV递送PE仍然囿于其过大的尺寸尚不能实现,且indel和脱靶问题仍然不能忽视,这限制了基因治疗方面的进一步应用。我们期待在全球学者的共同努力下,早日诞生更小更安全的PE,推动罕见遗传病的基因治疗实现新的发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32171413)
  • 国家自然科学基金(61721003)
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2024年第5卷第1期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-038
  • 接收时间:2023-06-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-08
  • 修回日期:2023-09-08
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国家自然科学基金(32171413)
国家自然科学基金(61721003)
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    清华大学自动化系,北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心,生物信息学研究部,生物信息学教育部重点实验室,合成与系统生物学研究中心,北京 100084

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谢震(1976—),男,博士,副教授。研究方向为人工分子机器的设计与控制、合成生物学、肿瘤基因组学、肿瘤基因与细胞治疗。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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