Article(id=1148993300410987240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=1708876800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870950080, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870950080, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870950080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870950080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993296258626224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='4', pageStart='695', pageEnd='907', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870949091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057276828, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=883, endPage=897, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999760149721943, articleId=1148993300410987240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Integrated design strategies for engineered organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Organoid and organ-on-a-chip technologies are three-dimensional tissue structures that are cultivated in vitro from stem cells or tissue-derived primary cells. They replicate the functions and microenvironments of actual organs, allowing researchers to study biological processes and disease mechanisms more accurately. This offers new possibilities for establishing in vitro disease models, drug screening, and personalized medicine. In vitro-constructed organoids could potentially be used as anti-aging or regenerative therapies to replace diseased or aging tissues in the future. However, the current construction of organoid models still presents numerous problems and challenges. To simulate the microenvironment of human organs accurately and to understand the functional relationship between various components, constructing organoids face challenges in terms of cell complexity and diversity, tissue structure, geometrical morphology, and functional component integrity. This review proposes an integrated design strategy based on engineering principles to tackle these challenges and to optimize organoid technologies. The aim is to examine following five key bioengineering elements: integrating essential cell types, constructing macroscopic and microscopic structures, controlling and mimicking developmental processes, establishing cellular interactions, and designing for different functional purposes. The article establishes a systematic connection between biological elements and the technological interventions in organ and disease development. The optimization of organoids-on-a-chip technology involves multiple fields, including biology, medicine, mechanobiology, optics, materials science, biofabrication, and computational modeling. This allows for collaboration among teams with different areas of expertise, all focused on improving organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies. Such collaboration is necessary to enhance in vitro culture, tissue development, functional acquisition, dynamic monitoring, and standardization. Furthermore, the integration of high-dimensional data sets in digital twin organoid systems can aid in the management, analysis, and tracking of big data in organoids and organ-on-a-chip. These advancements can lead to more accurate disease analysis, improved predictions, and early intervention strategies, ultimately advancing precision medicine into a new era of preemptive healthcare.

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类器官和类器官芯片技术是一种由干细胞或特定类型的细胞在体外培养而成的模拟真实器官功能和微环境的三维组织结构,帮助研究者更准确地研究生物过程、疾病机制,为体外疾病模型的建立、药物筛选和个性化医疗提供了新的可能性。然而,当前类器官模型的构建还存在无法全面、准确模拟体内生物过程的诸多问题。为应对这一挑战,本文将讨论利用基于工程化原理的整合设计策略,指导类器官与类器官芯片技术的进一步优化,并通过将器官发育和疾病发展中的生物要素与跨学科工程方法建立合理的系统性联系,实现类器官在时间维度和空间维度上高度模拟体内器官自组织过程、结构与形态构建、生物功能获取的目标。进一步,利用整合高维数据集的数字孪生类器官系统,实现对类器官与类器官芯片的大数据管理、分析、追踪,将有助于更准确地进行疾病分析、指导预测、提出提前干预方案,推动精准医疗向“治未病”时代的进步。

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马少华(1986—),男,长聘副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物制造和计算生物学等。E-mail:
张灿阳(1985—),男,副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物医用材料理性设计与高效制备、功能生物杂合制剂创制及应用、医药化工与生物化工等。E-mail:
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胡可儿(1997—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物材料、生物信息和计算生物学等。E-mail:

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胡可儿(1997—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物材料、生物信息和计算生物学等。E-mail:

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整合设计策略下的工程化类器官与类器官芯片技术
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胡可儿 1 , 王汉奇 1, 2 , 黄儒麒 1, 2 , 张灿阳 1, 3 , 邢新会 1, 3, 4 , 马少华 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(4): 883-897
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(4): 883-897
整合设计策略下的工程化类器官与类器官芯片技术
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胡可儿1 , 王汉奇1, 2, 黄儒麒1, 2, 张灿阳1, 3 , 邢新会1, 3, 4, 马少华1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学深圳国际研究生院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 2 清华-伯克利深圳学院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 3 工业生物催化教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 4 深圳湾实验室,广东 深圳 518107
  • 胡可儿(1997—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物材料、生物信息和计算生物学等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

马少华(1986—),男,长聘副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物制造和计算生物学等。E-mail:
张灿阳(1985—),男,副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物医用材料理性设计与高效制备、功能生物杂合制剂创制及应用、医药化工与生物化工等。E-mail:
Integrated design strategies for engineered organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies
Ke’er HU1 , Hanqi WANG1, 2, Ruqi HUANG1, 2, Canyang ZHANG1, 3 , Xinhui XING1, 3, 4, Shaohua MA1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS),Tsinghua University,Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China
  • 2 Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI),Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China
  • 3 Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100084,China
  • 4 Shenzhen Bay Laboratory,Shenzhen 518107,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-105
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类器官和类器官芯片技术是一种由干细胞或特定类型的细胞在体外培养而成的模拟真实器官功能和微环境的三维组织结构,帮助研究者更准确地研究生物过程、疾病机制,为体外疾病模型的建立、药物筛选和个性化医疗提供了新的可能性。然而,当前类器官模型的构建还存在无法全面、准确模拟体内生物过程的诸多问题。为应对这一挑战,本文将讨论利用基于工程化原理的整合设计策略,指导类器官与类器官芯片技术的进一步优化,并通过将器官发育和疾病发展中的生物要素与跨学科工程方法建立合理的系统性联系,实现类器官在时间维度和空间维度上高度模拟体内器官自组织过程、结构与形态构建、生物功能获取的目标。进一步,利用整合高维数据集的数字孪生类器官系统,实现对类器官与类器官芯片的大数据管理、分析、追踪,将有助于更准确地进行疾病分析、指导预测、提出提前干预方案,推动精准医疗向“治未病”时代的进步。

工程化类器官  /  类器官芯片  /  整合设计策略  /  跨学科  /  数字化类器官

Organoid and organ-on-a-chip technologies are three-dimensional tissue structures that are cultivated in vitro from stem cells or tissue-derived primary cells. They replicate the functions and microenvironments of actual organs, allowing researchers to study biological processes and disease mechanisms more accurately. This offers new possibilities for establishing in vitro disease models, drug screening, and personalized medicine. In vitro-constructed organoids could potentially be used as anti-aging or regenerative therapies to replace diseased or aging tissues in the future. However, the current construction of organoid models still presents numerous problems and challenges. To simulate the microenvironment of human organs accurately and to understand the functional relationship between various components, constructing organoids face challenges in terms of cell complexity and diversity, tissue structure, geometrical morphology, and functional component integrity. This review proposes an integrated design strategy based on engineering principles to tackle these challenges and to optimize organoid technologies. The aim is to examine following five key bioengineering elements: integrating essential cell types, constructing macroscopic and microscopic structures, controlling and mimicking developmental processes, establishing cellular interactions, and designing for different functional purposes. The article establishes a systematic connection between biological elements and the technological interventions in organ and disease development. The optimization of organoids-on-a-chip technology involves multiple fields, including biology, medicine, mechanobiology, optics, materials science, biofabrication, and computational modeling. This allows for collaboration among teams with different areas of expertise, all focused on improving organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies. Such collaboration is necessary to enhance in vitro culture, tissue development, functional acquisition, dynamic monitoring, and standardization. Furthermore, the integration of high-dimensional data sets in digital twin organoid systems can aid in the management, analysis, and tracking of big data in organoids and organ-on-a-chip. These advancements can lead to more accurate disease analysis, improved predictions, and early intervention strategies, ultimately advancing precision medicine into a new era of preemptive healthcare.

engineered organoids  /  organoids-on-a-chip  /  integrated design strategies  /  interdisciplinary  /  digitalized organoids
胡可儿, 王汉奇, 黄儒麒, 张灿阳, 邢新会, 马少华. 整合设计策略下的工程化类器官与类器官芯片技术. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (4) : 883 -897 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-105
Ke’er HU, Hanqi WANG, Ruqi HUANG, Canyang ZHANG, Xinhui XING, Shaohua MA. Integrated design strategies for engineered organoids and organ-on-a-chip technologies[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (4) : 883 -897 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-105
类器官(organoids)是一种由干细胞或特定类型的细胞在体外培养而成的微型三维组织结构,能够模拟真实器官的功能和微环境1;经过离体培养,类器官的结构、生理和遗传完整性可以在几个月的时间内稳定保持。而类器官芯片(organoids-on-a-chip)是类器官与器官芯片(organ-on-a-chip)两种技术优势的结合,通过集成微流控技术实现更精准、更可控的类器官模型构建,能够控制与模拟组织的微环境、血管化、组织间相互作用,并助力类器官模型的高通量分析。这些技术的发展为疾病模型的建立、药物筛选和个性化医疗提供了新的可能性,同时还为研究发育生物学、疾病机制以及器官间相互作用提供了新的工具,这加速了跨学科方法在医学研究领域的应用与发展2
类器官和类器官芯片技术相比于传统的疾病模型,如二维细胞培养和动物模型,具有显著的优势。首先,类器官能够提供更加接近人体内环境的三维结构,这对于研究复杂的细胞行为和器官功能至关重要3。例如,肿瘤类器官能够模拟肿瘤微环境,为研究肿瘤生物学和药物筛选提供了更加真实的模型4-5。器官芯片技术通过集成微流控系统,能够模拟血液流动和器官间的相互作用,更好地理解疾病的系统性特征6。它们能够更准确地模拟疾病状态和药物反应,在药物开发和疾病研究中发挥重要作用7-8
通过使用患者自身的细胞培养类器官,研究人员可以评估特定药物对个体的效果,为患者提供更加精准的治疗方案6,这些技术不仅能够用于疾病机制的研究和新药的开发,还能推动个性化医疗的发展。类器官技术在再生修复与器官移植领域的应用也正在探索中,通过培养特定的器官类器官,如肾脏或肝脏类器官9-10,有望提供更适合移植的组织11。由于类器官可以从患者自身的细胞培养而来,有益于减少免疫排斥反应和提高移植成功率12-13
类器官与类器官芯片制造的研究目标:其一是精准模拟人体器官的微环境与各功能组分之间的功能关系,建立疾病模型,进行药物筛选和毒性测试,提供个性化医疗方案14;其二是能够使用体外构建的组织或器官替换人体内患病或老化的组织或器官,发展在组织工程与再生医学领域中的临床应用15
然而,当前类器官的构建在细胞的复杂性和多样性、组织的结构、组织的几何形态、功能组分的完整性方面仍然面临挑战。此外,如何以更加可控制的培养方法和更加可观测的动态监测方法制造类器官,以及如何以更加标准的数字化方法使用类器官,都是目前类器官技术领域中亟待突破和满足的需求16
因此,我们认为以整合设计策略为指导,并以跨学科工程化方法协作的类器官构建方法论极为重要。在本文中,“整合设计策略”是指将生物体如类器官的所有组成部分与构建要素看作一个整体系统,带着明确的设计目标并以全局的眼光统筹协调各组分和要素之间的关系。我们将探讨如何以人体内正常器官的发生发育过程及人体疾病的发生发展过程为指导,以整合设计策略与跨学科工程化的方法,更好地实现类器官的体外培养、组织发育、功能获取、动态监测和标准化生产与使用17
较为传统的类器官制造方式一般是由组织衍生的原代细胞(tissue-derived primary cells)、成体干细胞(adult stem cells)或多能干细胞(pluripotent stem cells)培养而成,常用的基质材料是Matrigel®[18。其在空间分布和细胞类型上都存在异质性,可控性和可复制性较低,无法完整再现细胞剖面和微环境,主要原因为缺乏机械约束和容量约束。例如非小细胞肺癌衍生的器官只有17%成功模拟了原始肿瘤的恶性特性19
相比之下,工程化类器官通常依赖于多能干细胞如诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)和胚胎干细胞(ESC)这样的干细胞系,并结合工程化手段来构建。这些干细胞系在扩增后能够以分散的单细胞形式存在,具有强大的细胞间黏附能力,使得细胞聚合和器官生成过程更易于控制20。工程化类器官的制造过程中,能够使用微流体滴模板技术来大大提高生产效率,有助于个性化治疗的生物活检样本采集和高通量筛选21-22。此外,工程化方法还包括使用特定类器官形状的打印和光刻模具,以及使用3D生物打印技术,使得构建类器官或类器官前体部分时可以模拟自然环境中的迁移和形态发生过程22,这些方法尤其在生成特定器官类型(如肠道和肾脏)时显示出优越性23-24
总体而言,工程化制造类器官的方法在可重复性、一致性和可控性方面通常表现更佳。未来,对工程化影响的进一步理解和操控将有助于提高工程化类器官的质量25。针对个性化医学和高通量筛选的需求,低成本的血清调节培养基和自然材料可能是更合适的选择26
体外工程化培养类器官的研究重点是模拟体内器官发育的原理与过程,而体内器官发育的过程具有高度的生物元素多样性与生物元素协作度。基于工程原理的整合设计策略的指导将有益于以可控、精准的方式复现这一复杂生物系统中的要素和发展过程,即用整合设计策略将生物要素与工程方法建立合理连接,整合组织工程、合成生物学、生物制造、材料科学、计算建模等工程化方法,实现类器官的自组织过程、结构与形态构建、生物功能获取27,从而在时间维度和空间维度上高度模拟体内器官。
本文将进一步讨论整合设计策略如何从关键细胞类型、空间结构与形态、发育过程、细胞交互关系、功能实现五个方面指导工程化类器官的培养,并且这些要素之间不一定是独立的,而是在类器官构建和发育过程中相互关联的。
下一代类器官构建的重点之一是整合不同器官之间共有的关键细胞类型17,例如血管、淋巴管、神经、基质细胞和免疫细胞,并设计其工程化、标准化的培养方法,以纳入不同类器官的构建过程中。在自然的器官发育中,许多细胞类型在胚胎的其他区域形成,并通过迁移或胚胎形态生成过程被输送到发育中的器官17。而在类器官构建过程中,可以独立生成血管和神经细胞类型,并在类似于胚胎器官发育期间的正常到达时间引入形成中的类器官中28
在构建脑类器官的过程中,可以将间神经元和小胶质细胞引入到正在发育过程的类器官培养体系里,有助于更好地模拟大脑的神经网络和免疫反应29。将血管细胞引入到在体外创建的肝芽组织中,在移植后的48 h内,血管在肝芽组织移植体中变得具有功能性,并实现了与宿主血管的连接,促进了肝芽组织向类似成人肝脏组织发展的肝类器官成熟进程30-31。将免疫细胞整合到类器官的共培养模型中,能够更全面地再现肿瘤微环境的复杂性,为模拟肿瘤发生过程、筛选癌症药物提供了一个有用的培养框架32-33。这些研究说明,在器官发育(organogenesis)和类器官生成(organoidgenesis)过程中,血管细胞和神经细胞具有融入正在发育的类器官并分别自组织成血管网络和神经网络的能力。
这类在不同器官之间共有的细胞类型在工程化类器官的设计中尤为重要,涉及类器官的血液供应、神经信号传递、免疫微环境的模拟等,从而影响类器官的发育、获取完整生物功能、模拟疾病发生、测试药物效果34
器官的宏观空间结构指整体形状和大小,例如肺部的海绵状结构增加了气体交换的表面积,空间结构特征对于器官的功能至关重要。器官的微观结构包括细胞、细胞外基质(ECM)、血管和神经网络等,这些结构共同构成了器官的功能单元35。类器官的结构和形态对于模拟真实器官的微环境至关重要,包括细胞类型的准确排列、细胞间的相互作用以及对细胞外基质的模拟等。通过整合设计策略可以指导控制类器官的空间结构和形态,并利用工程化方法在体外构建具有仿真空间结构的类器官。
利用微流控技术创建并精确控制细胞生长和分化的物理空间结构条件与生物学条件,能够使脑类器官更准确地模拟大脑皮层的三维结构、微环境和大脑皮层的早期发育过程,包括神经元的生成、迁移和分化,这些都是大脑发育的关键阶段36。具有更复杂仿真的大脑皮层结构的脑类器官可以用于研究特定的神经发育疾病模型,如自闭症和癫痫,为研究神经发育疾病和药物测试提供了工具37。通过组织工程的方法,也可以帮助在类器官中重现特定的细胞排列和组织结构,例如使用生物3D打印技术构建肾脏类器官,通过精确放置不同类型的细胞创建三维人类肾脏近端小管,使小管完全嵌入细胞外基质中,并安置在可灌注的组织芯片上,使其能够维持超过2个月38。工程化的具有三维结构的近端小管在芯片上展现出与同一细胞在二维对照组相比显著增强的上皮形态和功能特性,这说明在芯片上构建模拟体内的空间微观结构能够进一步增强类器官模型的生物相似性和功能性39-40。合适的生物相容材料也能够帮助支持细胞生长和维持类器官结构,例如使用水凝胶作为细胞外基质的模拟,以支持细胞的三维生长。计算建模同样能够在空间形态方面帮助预测细胞生长和组织形成的模式,帮助优化类器官的设计,模拟细胞动力学和营养物质传输。
总之,整合设计策略通过整合多个工程化手段和生物空间结构目标之间的一致性,实现更可靠、重复性和相似性更高的类器官设计与制备。
类器官的发育以体内组织和器官发育过程为原则,这是一个涉及多个生物学阶段的复杂过程,通过整合设计策略能够更好地控制和模拟器官发育的自然过程。
器官发育的初期阶段涉及细胞的快速增殖和分化,细胞通过一系列的分裂和分化过程形成不同的组织和器官,细胞分化包括未分化的干细胞转化为具有特定功能的成熟细胞的过程。因此类器官培养的初期依赖于细胞生物学和干细胞技术。干细胞,特别是诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)和胚胎干细胞(ESC),具有无限增殖和多向分化的能力41,这使它们成为构建类器官的理想细胞来源,能够模拟多种细胞类型和组织结构。类器官即从多能干细胞或分离的器官祖细胞衍生而来,研究者通过培养具备特定器官特性的细胞群并使其自组织形成类器官结构与相应功能。例如在肠道类器官研究中,通过研究肠道上皮细胞如何从干细胞状态分化成成熟细胞的过程,说明分化过程对于类器官构建的重要性,需要模拟特定类型细胞的行为和功能42;在大脑类器官的构建研究中,通过模拟早期大脑发育的过程,发现关键在于模拟胚胎发育中的细胞命运决定和模式形成43。干细胞衍生的类器官提供了研究人类疾病和药物反应的独特平台44,通过使用患者自身特异性的诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)生成类器官,可以创建个性化的疾病模型,用于测试特定患者对药物的反应,从而指导更有效更精准的治疗方案45;能够模拟复杂的疾病过程,如癌症、神经退行性疾病和心脏病,这些模型有助于深入理解疾病的发病机制46。例如通过使用干细胞培养出的皮肤类器官,可以用于研究皮肤疾病和治疗严重烧伤47-48,通过干细胞培养出的心脏类器官可以用作替代药物实验对象等49
在类器官培养早期的另一关键过程是“自组装”50,在该过程中最初同质的干细胞群自发打破对称性,自组织形成类似体内器官的结构和形态,该过程涉及细胞之间的相互作用和排列。目前尽管类器官在微观和功能复杂性上远超组织工程技术,但它们在形状和大小上生理相似性较低,功能和寿命有限,因此利用工程化手段引导自组装过程、提升其可控性对于类器官的构建和模拟十分重要51。Clevers52使用具有高度可塑性和自我更新能力的多能干细胞和成体干细胞,研究了如何通过模拟自然生长条件、精确控制生长因子和细胞微环境,促使干细胞沿着特定的细胞命运路径分化,最终形成类器官结构。这说明特定的生长因子和信号分子能够引导细胞自组织成复杂的器官结构,对干细胞的分化和器官形态的形成以构建更优质的类器官至关重要。
一旦器官的原始细胞建立,每个器官就会进入血管化阶段,并分别受到内皮前体细胞和神经嵴细胞的神经支配。血管化过程是指新血管的形成过程,实现氧气、营养物质和循环因子的运输以及废物的移除,并且持续存在的造血细胞可以参与到器官发育和结构形成过程中。有研究证明在肝脏类器官中整合血管网络对于维持组织的长期生存和功能至关重要30
总之,控制和模拟类器官发育的过程建立在干细胞技术的基础上,同时也借鉴了经典的发育生物学和细胞混合实验415153,不仅需要精确的细胞和分子调控,也需要适当的物理和化学环境来支持细胞的生长和分化,整合对器官发育真实过程的理解和工程化实现类器官发育过程的手段是关键。
整合设计策略也要求研究者关注类器官中环境与细胞之间的、细胞与细胞之间的交互网络54。基于“整体并不只是个体的总和”的哲学原理,要素之间的交互关系对于完整系统不可或缺。首先,在环境与细胞之间,自组织的过程通过细胞与其环境之间的动态互动来确保组织和器官发育、稳态和再生,依赖于细胞感知、整合和响应各种系统性和局部线索的能力,如形态发生梯度、机械边界条件或细胞增殖、环境重塑55-56。其次,发育大部分的过程都涉及细胞之间的旁分泌作用,不同的祖细胞群通过旁分泌因子进行通信以协调组织结构的形成,这些相互作用驱动组织生长、形态发生和分化,当细胞在细胞的微环境中相互通信和协调时,类器官形成组织结构57。在肿瘤类器官中,通过建立肿瘤细胞与周围微环境(包括免疫细胞、基质细胞、血管细胞等)之间的相互作用,包括旁分泌信号传导,对于肿瘤的生长、转移和对治疗的反应至关重要58-60。在器官自组织的过程中,构成元素之间的相互作用规则并非静态不变,而是随着时间和空间的变化而不断演化,这种动态性要求我们采用灵活且适应性强的方法来模拟和重现复杂的生物过程。因此,将工程原理及时且策略性地整合到生物学方法中,能够设计出更加高效和精准的协同策略,这样整合设计策略有助于构建出结构和功能上更为复杂的类器官模型。
整合设计策略能够帮助基于不同生物功能的目的指导构建类器官模型。类器官的本质可以被理解为体外的器官原型(prototype),用于模拟体内的器官的功能性运作,进而作为疾病模型、药物筛选、毒性测试、病理发生过程分析、个性化医疗方案等不同场景下的医学研究工具。因此,“设计”作为出于目的性的策略行为,能够更清晰明确地指导类器官的研究与构建向不同临床应用场景深入发展。
Drost团队61采用细胞工程和组织工程的方法,通过精确控制细胞类型和微环境,开发了模拟真实肠道的微结构和功能的肠道类器官;再通过在肠道类器官中引入不同的特定的基因突变,能够模拟多种肠道疾病和癌症的发展过程,包括遗传性疾病和感染性疾病,尤其是结直肠癌,这为研究肠道类疾病的发病机制和抗癌药物筛选提供了一个有价值的平台。可见,带有生物功能目的的整合设计策略能够帮助构建更具有临床应用价值的类器官,使得其不仅在形态上而且在功能上更接近真实的人体器官,并通过模拟特定疾病状态下的器官功能,为理解疾病的发展机制和筛选潜在药物提供了新的平台。整合设计策略的指导能够促进研究者对应用目标与需求场景的洞察,从而反向明确加速推动类器官的功能实现62
由此,要在整合设计策略的指导下实现工程化类器官的高效构建和临床应用,需要生物学与其他各学科领域的密切合作和协同创新,以达到精准模拟人体器官的微环境、结构与功能并建立疾病模型的目的。
以整合设计策略为指导的类器官与类器官芯片设计,需要依靠跨学科协作的方法来实现。有研究者提出一种“集中化”(centralization)的研究方法,即有机地促进具有不同专业知识的团队以类器官与类器官芯片为中心进行协作,且尤其强调纳入产业化元素将有助于加速类器官技术的进步与应用63
近年来,跨学科方法在类器官芯片的设计与制造中发挥了关键作用,不仅包括生物学和医学相关技术,还涵盖了机械力学、光学、材料科学、生物制造、计算建模等领域的先进技术64-65,旨在通过基于工程的系统性设计来控制类器官的组装、结构与形态生成、生长发育和功能实现66
细胞在体内经历各种机械力,如拉伸、压缩和剪切力,这些力对细胞分化、增殖和迁移具有重要影响67-68。在类器官芯片中,模拟这些力学环境对于确保细胞表现出类似于体内的行为至关重要69-70
工程化的方法能够帮助精确控制拉伸和压缩的程度、输入和输出流动条件、营养供应和剪切应力刺激,以及生长的三维组织的局部机械特性6971。类器官芯片中的微流控技术基于微小的流体通道,能够精确控制流体的流动和剪切应力,模拟血液流动72、营养物质传输和废物排出等体液在体内的动态情况,为研究复杂精细的生物过程提供了机械力学角度的独特平台73-74。这种技术使得研究人员能够在微尺度上模拟和研究生物系统,为细胞行为提供了更加自然的三维环境71。事实上研究者已经开发了一些含有可灌注血管系统的微流控培养类器官芯片制造方法,被证明可以促进肾类器官的成熟75。从人类多能干细胞衍生的肾类器官在体外静态培养中大多是无血管和不成熟的,但在微流控芯片上培养肾类器官的方法能够扩展内源性内皮祖细胞,并生成由壁细胞包围的具有可灌注腔室的血管网络74。与静态对照组相比,其足细胞和管状部分的成熟度更高,细胞极性和成人基因表达也更加显著。另外,尤其是在血管和心脏模型中,基于微流控技术的类器官芯片研究有助于理解血流动力学如何影响疾病的发展,并开发更严谨的治疗方案74;胃肠系统的微流控模型为研究消化系统疾病和药物筛选提供了新的工具76;在神经科学领域,微流控技术被用于构建大脑皮层类器官模型2977;在癌症研究中,微流控器官芯片也被用于模拟肿瘤微环境,提供了研究肿瘤生长、转移和药物反应的新方法。
此外,由于在微观尺度下黏性力比惯性力更占主导作用,层流(laminar flow)能够使不同浓度的信号分子可控地传递到同一类器官的不同区域,而很少产生横向混合,因此常使用微流控技术以调控层流,或操纵微流控拓扑以诱导异质性的空间因子,创建精确的化学梯度,这对于研究细胞在不同化学信号影响下的行为非常重要78。例如,在肿瘤类器官芯片的研究中,通过微流控技术可以模拟肿瘤微环境中的氧气和营养物质梯度,从而研究肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移行为79-80
类器官的设计旨在模拟人体内器官的复杂生物演化与反应过程,而这些过程是随时间变化的,对高度动态性有要求,需要利用整合设计策略指导实时、灵活且适应性强的工程调控手段来设计能够模拟和重现复杂生物过程的类器官芯片。并且为了保持类器官的组织完整性,需要非侵入性方法对类器官进行长期动态的控制与观察,而不会破坏其结构或功能,并且能够实现组织与细胞结构、代谢及功能的实时监测。
光遗传学是一种利用光来控制细胞行为的技术。在类器官芯片研究中,光遗传学可以用来精确控制细胞的活动,例如激活或抑制特定的信号通路,从而模拟疾病状态或评估药物的效果81;通过光控制化学梯度或模拟生物体内的光周期,对于研究细胞如何在不同环境条件下相互作用和响应至关重要82
光学还提供了一种非侵入性的方式来动态监测类器官芯片中细胞和组织的结构、代谢与功能情况,与传统的生物化学方法相比,光学技术可以在不破坏样本的情况下进行实时观察83-84
在类器官芯片的结构监测方面,双光子或多光子显微镜可以对类器官芯片的组织进行更深度的成像,通过光学技术与控制科学的结合进行时序记录以达成长时间的组织结构监测。
在监测类器官芯片内的代谢情况方面,光学传感器发挥着重要作用85。例如,可以使用光学传感器来动态实时监测细胞的氧气消耗、pH变化或其他生化指标,从而评估细胞的健康状态和功能86
在监测类器官芯片的功能方面,光学技术如荧光显微镜和共聚焦显微镜,允许研究者实时观察类器官和器官芯片中的细胞行为,如细胞分化、增殖和死亡87-88。这种高分辨率成像对于理解细胞如何相互作用,响应环境刺激,响应药物治疗,以及在不同条件下如何变化至关重要89。并且光学技术可以提供量化的数据,例如通过荧光标记和成像,精确测量特定蛋白质的表达、细胞内信号传导的变化等,增强数据质量和量化分析90
动态和实时的监测技术提供了连续的数据流,通过时序变化的监测,可以对类器官生成发育过程中的原组织功能替代性以及药物作用的结果进行评估,不仅在研究过程中确保研究结果的可靠性和有效性,也有助于提高实验结果的重复性和准确性91
在类器官芯片模型中模拟和重现错综复杂的微环境、模拟细胞与周围基质间的相互作用、细胞与细胞间的通信网络是一个重要挑战72,需要精确控制细胞类型、数量、排列和相互作用,以及模拟细胞外基质的组成和力学特性92。新型生物材料为基础的培养系统能够帮助模拟组织微环境并工程化生产类器官。
用于支持细胞生长的支架材料93需要具有生物相容性、适当的机械强度和可降解性,生物相容材料能够支持细胞的生长和分化,同时模拟细胞外基质的物理和化学特性,其中包括水凝胶94、聚合物和纳米材料的开发,以促进维持细胞的三维结构和组织形成、模拟真实器官的微环境95。控制药物释放或生长因子分布的材料能够帮助实现模拟化学和生物梯度,对于细胞分化和组织形成至关重要96。还需要合适的材料模拟器官的生物力学环境,例如,在心脏或肌肉组织的类器官研究中,需要生物材料模拟组织的弹性和收缩性,从而更好地模拟组织的自然行为97。研究者还致力于开发减少免疫反应和增强生物相容性的材料,这对于类器官和器官芯片的长期稳定性和功能非常关键。
在类器官芯片中构建复杂3D结构方面,生物打印技术具备很大优势,能够精确控制细胞的放置和组织结构98-99,特别是在精确沉积含有细胞的水凝胶生物墨水以构建组织工程结构方面100。这也依赖于材料科学来开发适合打印的生物墨水,通常包含细胞和生物相容的聚合物,可用于制造更加复杂和功能化的组织结构和类器官101。有研究者在微流控类器官芯片上生物打印可自组织的肿瘤环境阵列,包括围绕乳腺癌球状体的血管内皮屏障,这种结合了微流控平台和挤出式生物打印的创新方法,有助于控制扩散性并在培养通道内建立灌注培养环境,研究扩散性对自组织过程的影响102
类器官领域对高通量、大规模生物制造的需求体现在其对加速药物开发、深化疾病模型研究、推动个性化医疗以及在再生医学和组织工程中的应用潜力上1103。利用大规模生物制造,可以在短时间内对大量潜在药物进行筛选,并利用患者组织来源的类器官模型,提供特定遗传背景的药物测试结果,推动个性化医疗的发展,并使个性化医疗的方案更加可行和经济。此外,高通量制造使得研究者能够同时研究多种疾病模型,提高研究疾病发生机制的效率,有助于实现这些应用的商业化和临床转化。
在类器官芯片的大规模生产中,保持类器官芯片的质量和性能至关重要,需要高度标准化的制造流程和自动化技术,以确保每个芯片的一致性和可重复性。
微流控技术是实现类器官芯片大规模生产和高通量应用的关键之一,它已被证明可以改善营养物质的输送和交换,并允许阵列化生产,从而以更低的成本实现更均匀的器官和球状体的高通量产生74。研究者使用高通量平台在30天内高速和大规模生产微中脑类器官,其类器官模型展示出高度一致的形态和基因表达模式,单个µMO(micro midbrain organoid)对神经毒素表现出高度一致的反应,表明其作为体外高通量药物毒性筛选平台的有效性104。也有研究利用生物3D打印技术,实现无接触式的干细胞微球原位打印和移植实现类器官的批量化制造,这种高密度干细胞微球间隙式移植技术能够在有限的干细胞数量条件下显著增加移植面积,从而大幅提高干细胞移植的留存率,在重度骨骼肌创伤和毛囊再生、大面积皮肤创伤和软器官损伤的修复方面展示了显著的修复效果105
微流控联动3D类器官打印的系统能够进一步提高类器官芯片的产量与通量。有研究通过融合微流控类器官培养技术、细胞富集技术和生物3D打印技术,实现了人源肿瘤类器官芯片的高通量、自动化和标准化的制备,使制造通量提高10倍以上,并缩短了类器官建模时间与后续药物筛选时间106-107。高通量技术允许同时对大量的类器官芯片进行实验,加快数据收集、处理和分析的速度,并能够处理不同类型的类器官芯片,包括不同的细胞类型和微环境。
然而,这一领域面临的挑战还包括实现自动化和机器人技术的高效整合、3D生物打印技术的优化108以及生产流程的标准化和模块化。此外,高通量制造类器官并实现结构与功能高度模拟的基础上所产生的大量数据也需要有效的管理和分析,以确保数据的质量和可用性。这些挑战的解决将是推动类器官技术从实验室研究向临床应用转化的关键109
“数字化类器官”或“数字孪生类器官”即是利用综合数学模型构建类器官组织在硅基语境下的孪生模型110,以多种数学模型形式帮助描述类器官培养技术中细胞生长、代谢和组织质量之间的相互作用,并能够预测组织培养系统中的生物过程(图1)。
目前,为了更准确地模拟真实的生物环境,需要实时监测类器官的生物反应并根据这些信息调整实验条件,类器官芯片相关的技术在这方面给到了支持,由此产生的大量复杂的数据也需要精确的归纳和分析方法来理解细胞行为和生物过程24。随着大数据、大语言模型等计算技术的发展,计算模型和数据分析在类器官和类器官芯片的研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用,这些工具可以帮助研究人员分析复杂的数据集,预测实验结果,以及优化实验设计。此外,高级成像技术和机器学习算法在器官发展的详细分析和精确调控中发挥着关键作用,能够提供从分子到多细胞层面的详细信息,实现对器官发展过程的深入理解和智能化的决策支持。有研究者设计了一种用于3D高速分析器官结构的综合管道,基于共聚焦显微镜,通过先进的图像分析算法和人工智能实现多尺度3D分割和细胞拓扑,使得能够在核和细胞质水平以及器官尺度上量化形态变化,并探讨了细胞相对位置,使用邻近拓扑分析来识别组织模式及其与器官微环境的相关性111
由此,基于整合设计策略的指导,我们认为下一代类器官系统应在目前工程化与数字化技术进步的基础上进一步发展为整合高维数据集的数字孪生类器官系统,这对于类器官与类器官芯片的数字化管理、分析、追踪十分重要,有益于类器官的大规模高通量的数据分析、孪生模型构建和疾病研究与预测65。基于真实患者来源的数据构建数字孪生类器官模型时,能够通过实时更新各种数据变量来预测疾病和优化治疗选择,这有助于大力推动“治未病”医疗目标的实现。比如对心血管疾病的提前预知与预防极为重要,在数字化孪生模型的辅助下,能够实现更准确的个体表型分析,结合使用多种临床、影像、分子等变量来指导预测、诊断和提前干预治疗,有望减少因突发性心血管疾病猝死的概率112
值得一提的是,运用组学技术能够更全面、深入地构建和分析数字孪生类器官模型113。组学是指对生物体内所有某类分子的全面研究,通过分析基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组变化,可以帮助构建在空间维度和时间维度上数据更全面、精确的数字孪生类器官模型。有研究通过发布高维数据集并将其存储在公共可访问的数据库中,可以加快类器官及类器官芯片模型在医疗行业中的采用,并允许进行跨模型比较,为类器官芯片在药物开发过程中的常规或特定用途提供理由114
数字孪生类器官虽然在个性化医疗中具有重要临床应用价值,但也因其是病患个体来源的数字孪生模型而具有一定的伦理问题。由于类器官的体外模拟具有一定程度的准确度、可重复性、可比性,类器官的无限次重复使用和无范围传播会带来在捐赠者同意范围之外的伦理方面的困扰115
在整合设计策略的指导下,研究者能够用模块化的思维与工程化的方法将关键细胞类型引入不同种类的类器官培养与发育过程中;基于几何原理统筹微流控技术、生物3D打印技术和模块结构法控制类器官的空间结构和形态,以增强生物相似性和功能性;并围绕生物发育的机制结合干细胞技术、细胞生物学和发育生物学的知识,在类器官模型上模拟器官发育的自然过程;通过精确控制细胞微环境,引导细胞自组织成复杂的器官结构、建立组织间相互作用规则;最终构建出不同生物功能的类器官模型与数字孪生类器官平台。
总之,整合设计策略下的工程化类器官与器官芯片技术,以及搭载了组学等技术的数字孪生类器官模型系统的方案,旨在实现生物要素与工程方法(组织工程、合成生物学、生物制造、材料科学、计算建模等)的合理连接,为类器官技术的未来提供更明确的设计目标、更精确的调控与培养方法、更大规模的生物制造通量以及更全面的数字化驱动的表征和计算方法,可以应用于类器官技术产品整个生产过程链和产品生命周期112
然而,实现类器官与类器官芯片技术的整合设计与数字化还面临诸多障碍与挑战。其一,环境与细胞、细胞与细胞之间的交互关系错综复杂,尚有许多相互作用未被发现或未被研究清楚,这种未知性为精准控制细胞交互关系的目标带来困难,大语言模型等人工智能技术有潜力帮助这类难题的解决。其二,类器官的自组织是一个极度动态的过程,在其发育发展过程中保持可控制性和可预测性是具有挑战性的,既需要更深入地了解自组织的生物学机制,也需要实时动态监测,还需要实时地介入工程化调控和干预的手段。其三,在类器官的研究应用与数字化类器官平台的构建中都涉及复杂的伦理问题,包括对干细胞的使用、组织来源的合规性、患者数据的隐私安全性等,需要根据技术进步合理调整伦理标准与法规,确保在技术发展过程中保护个体的权益和确保研究的合法性,同时不阻碍技术的积极进步。
克服这些挑战需要跨学科的合作研究、新技术的迁移应用与工具的创新,因此整合设计策略的成功实施将促进各领域研究者在类器官与数字化类器官模型构建中的紧密协同创新,推动人类对器官发育、疾病发生的认知进程,助力个性化医疗与再生医学领域的发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82341019)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82111530212)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22278242)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划(2023B0909020003)
  • 深圳市科创委可持续发展项目(KCXFZ20201221173207022)
  • 深圳市科创委可持续发展项目(KCXFZ20200201101050887)
  • Cross-disciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of SIGS(JC2022007)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-105
  • 接收时间:2023-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-04
  • 修回日期:2024-02-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(82341019)
国家自然科学基金(82111530212)
国家自然科学基金(22278242)
广东省重点领域研发计划(2023B0909020003)
深圳市科创委可持续发展项目(KCXFZ20201221173207022)
深圳市科创委可持续发展项目(KCXFZ20200201101050887)
Cross-disciplinary Research and Innovation Fund of SIGS(JC2022007)
作者信息
    1 清华大学深圳国际研究生院,广东 深圳 518055
    2 清华-伯克利深圳学院,广东 深圳 518055
    3 工业生物催化教育部重点实验室,北京 100084
    4 深圳湾实验室,广东 深圳 518107

通讯作者:

马少华(1986—),男,长聘副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为类器官和干细胞工程、生物制造和计算生物学等。E-mail:
张灿阳(1985—),男,副教授,博士生导师。研究方向为生物医用材料理性设计与高效制备、功能生物杂合制剂创制及应用、医药化工与生物化工等。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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