Article(id=1148993300037694172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=1709568000000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870949992, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870949992, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870949992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870949992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993296258626224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='4', pageStart='695', pageEnd='907', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870949091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057276828, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=770, endPage=781, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999703472566299, articleId=1148993300037694172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Advancements in testicular organoids for in vitro spermatogenesis, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the global issue of infertility continues to escalate, particularly with the increasing incidence of male infertility, research in testicular organoids offers new hope and strategies in this field. This review comprehensively discusses the application of testicular organoids in simulating the natural sperm-producing environment, delving into the mechanisms of spermatogenesis, and addressing challenges in male reproductive health. Firstly, we introduce the cellular composition, physiological functions, and the complete process of spermatogenesis within the testicular organ, emphasizing the crucial role of the testicular somatic cell microenvironment in normal testicular development and sperm production. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of the construction of in vitro spermatogenesis systems and the associated research progress through techniques such as testicular tissue culture and reconstruction of testicular organoids in vivo. Moreover, testicular organoids, as a system mimicking spermatogenesis environments in vitro, exhibit significant potential in exploring molecular mechanisms, drug screening and toxicity assessment, as well as preserving and restoring male fertility. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current research in the field of testicular organoids and future research directions. Challenges include accurately simulating the physiological processes of the testis in vitro and improving the quality of sperm obtained in vitro for clinical applications. Future research directions involve delving into the complex interactions between germ cells and somatic cells, aiming to better simulate the testicular microenvironment in vitro, and striving towards safe and effective translation of these research findings into clinical applications for treating male infertility. Additionally, we should ensure that the genetic stability and functionality of germ cells cultured in vitro meet the requirements for clinical applications, and pay attention to the relevant ethical issues. Despite the complexity of the testicular microenvironment and the challenges in fully replicating human spermatogenesis in vitro, the ongoing development in the field of testicular organoids holds promise for providing novel solutions in clinical reproductive medicine and male health research.

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随着全球不孕不育问题的日益严重,特别是男性不育症的比例逐年上升,睾丸类器官的研究为这一领域提供了新的希望和策略。本综述全面探讨了睾丸类器官在模拟自然生精环境、深入探究精子发生机制以及应对男性生殖健康挑战中的应用。首先,介绍了睾丸的生理功能和精子发生过程的重要性,关注了睾丸组织体外培养和睾丸细胞重聚类器官的技术及其研究进展。其次,探讨了睾丸类器官在探究分子机制、药物筛选和毒性评估及男性生育力保存方面的潜在应用。最后,对当前方法的局限性和未来研究方向进行了讨论,特别是在提高体外环境下精子质量和成熟度方面的研究成果。尽管睾丸微环境复杂,在体外完整模拟人类精子发生仍面临挑战,但睾丸类器官领域的不断发展有望为临床生殖医学和男性健康研究提供新的解决方案。

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袁艳(1987—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为体外男性生育力重构,包括胚胎干细胞(ESC)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)分化、睾丸类器官重构及相关机制。E-mail:
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张博航(1999—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为精子发生过程中相关机制。E-mail:

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张博航(1999—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为精子发生过程中相关机制。E-mail:

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张博航(1999—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为精子发生过程中相关机制。E-mail:

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睾丸类器官在体外精子发生中的研究进展
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张博航 , 祁晓萱 , 袁艳
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(4): 770-781
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(4): 770-781
睾丸类器官在体外精子发生中的研究进展
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张博航 , 祁晓萱, 袁艳
作者信息
  • 南京医科大学生殖医学与子代健康全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 211166
  • 张博航(1999—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为精子发生过程中相关机制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

袁艳(1987—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为体外男性生育力重构,包括胚胎干细胞(ESC)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)分化、睾丸类器官重构及相关机制。E-mail:
Advancements in testicular organoids for in vitro spermatogenesis
Bohang ZHANG , Xiaoxuan QI, Yan YUAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health,Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 211166,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-095
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随着全球不孕不育问题的日益严重,特别是男性不育症的比例逐年上升,睾丸类器官的研究为这一领域提供了新的希望和策略。本综述全面探讨了睾丸类器官在模拟自然生精环境、深入探究精子发生机制以及应对男性生殖健康挑战中的应用。首先,介绍了睾丸的生理功能和精子发生过程的重要性,关注了睾丸组织体外培养和睾丸细胞重聚类器官的技术及其研究进展。其次,探讨了睾丸类器官在探究分子机制、药物筛选和毒性评估及男性生育力保存方面的潜在应用。最后,对当前方法的局限性和未来研究方向进行了讨论,特别是在提高体外环境下精子质量和成熟度方面的研究成果。尽管睾丸微环境复杂,在体外完整模拟人类精子发生仍面临挑战,但睾丸类器官领域的不断发展有望为临床生殖医学和男性健康研究提供新的解决方案。

睾丸类器官  /  精子发生  /  生殖医学  /  睾丸微环境  /  应用

As the global issue of infertility continues to escalate, particularly with the increasing incidence of male infertility, research in testicular organoids offers new hope and strategies in this field. This review comprehensively discusses the application of testicular organoids in simulating the natural sperm-producing environment, delving into the mechanisms of spermatogenesis, and addressing challenges in male reproductive health. Firstly, we introduce the cellular composition, physiological functions, and the complete process of spermatogenesis within the testicular organ, emphasizing the crucial role of the testicular somatic cell microenvironment in normal testicular development and sperm production. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive review of the construction of in vitro spermatogenesis systems and the associated research progress through techniques such as testicular tissue culture and reconstruction of testicular organoids in vivo. Moreover, testicular organoids, as a system mimicking spermatogenesis environments in vitro, exhibit significant potential in exploring molecular mechanisms, drug screening and toxicity assessment, as well as preserving and restoring male fertility. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current research in the field of testicular organoids and future research directions. Challenges include accurately simulating the physiological processes of the testis in vitro and improving the quality of sperm obtained in vitro for clinical applications. Future research directions involve delving into the complex interactions between germ cells and somatic cells, aiming to better simulate the testicular microenvironment in vitro, and striving towards safe and effective translation of these research findings into clinical applications for treating male infertility. Additionally, we should ensure that the genetic stability and functionality of germ cells cultured in vitro meet the requirements for clinical applications, and pay attention to the relevant ethical issues. Despite the complexity of the testicular microenvironment and the challenges in fully replicating human spermatogenesis in vitro, the ongoing development in the field of testicular organoids holds promise for providing novel solutions in clinical reproductive medicine and male health research.

testicular organoids  /  spermatogenesis  /  reproductive medicine  /  testicular microenvironment  /  application
张博航, 祁晓萱, 袁艳. 睾丸类器官在体外精子发生中的研究进展. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (4) : 770 -781 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-095
Bohang ZHANG, Xiaoxuan QI, Yan YUAN. Advancements in testicular organoids for in vitro spermatogenesis[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (4) : 770 -781 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-095
睾丸是雄性生殖系统中的一个复杂器官,其在精子发生和分泌激素过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。精子发生过程主要包括精原细胞自我更新与分化、精母细胞减数分裂和精子形成,然而精子发生过程中出现发育异常则将导致不育1-2。随着人口结构与社会环境的变化,不孕不育的比例逐渐增加3。据WHO最新统计,全球约有17.5%的成年人受不孕不育影响,其中男性因素大约占50%4-6。男性不育症的原因复杂多样,在临床上表现为少、弱、畸形精子症或无精子症7-9。其中无精子症是男性不育症中最为严重的一种情况,根据有无精道梗阻,无精子症又分为梗阻性无精子症(obstructive azoospermia,OA)和非梗阻性无精子症(non-obstructive azoospermia,NOA)10。由于NOA患者缺少功能性精子,辅助生殖技术无法作为有效的治疗手段。此外,男性肿瘤患者在接受具有生殖毒性化疗与放疗前,可以通过冻存精子保存生育力,然而这一方法对于精子发生尚未启动的青春期前男孩是不可行的11-13。因此,通过冷冻保存的睾丸细胞构建睾丸类器官在体外产生精子,对于保存或恢复男性生育能力具有重大意义。
类器官是指由干细胞或器官祖细胞发展而来的特定器官细胞类型通过体外培养形成的组织或器官样结构,其具有相应器官的结构和部分特定功能14-16。近年来,科学家们已经成功地通过类器官技术培育出了多种人体器官的类器官,包括大脑、肝脏、心脏、胰腺及血管系统等17-22。睾丸类器官通过体外重聚离体的睾丸细胞,形成的器官样结构部分模拟了睾丸的组织结构和生理功能23-24。通过三维(3D)培养条件下形成的睾丸类器官具有更复杂的组织结构,其可以作为研究人员在体外研究睾丸微环境与精子发生的分子机制的模型。此外,睾丸类器官能够在器官水平上模拟疾病状态,为高通量药物筛选和毒性评估提供了新的工具。因此,构建完善的睾丸类器官重现睾丸器官发育和体外精子发生过程,可以为人类临床不育症问题的解决提供方向。
睾丸器官的发育主要包括生精小管和间质的形态与功能发育。这两者形成高度协调的微环境,保证了睾丸的正常发育和精子生成25-26。睾丸生精小管主要由生殖细胞和两种体细胞(即支持细胞和管周肌样细胞)组成,而间质包括血管、结缔组织和间质细胞27。其中,支持细胞为生精细胞的成熟提供结构支架,并供给所需营养和能量。它们还分泌生长因子、类固醇、转运蛋白等物质,促进生精细胞的分化和成熟,保证精子的正常发生28。支持细胞基部通过紧密连接构成血睾屏障,阻止外部物质进入生精上皮,维持有利于精子发生的微环境29。管周肌样细胞是构成生精小管基底膜的主要细胞组分,通过其收缩功能控制精子向附睾的运输,并分泌多种细胞因子促进精原干细胞的维持30-31。间质细胞在睾丸间质组织中,其主要功能是产生睾酮,以维持精子发生和睾丸外雄激素的合成代谢功能32。总的来说,这些细胞组成完整的睾丸体细胞微环境,这一微环境主要参与生殖细胞的营养与支持、性激素的分泌、减数分裂的启动、细胞间的黏附与迁移、睾丸内的免疫反应,对精子发生至关重要33-35
精子发生是在生精小管(seminiferous tubule,ST)进行的复杂过程(图1),主要包括:①精原细胞增殖;②精原细胞分化为精母细胞;③精母细胞进行减数分裂形成圆形精子细胞;④圆形精子向长形精子的转变并发生顶体反应;⑤长形精子在释放至管腔并储存于附睾过程中逐步成熟。小鼠中生殖细胞起始于原始生殖细胞(primordial germ cell,PGC),随后迁移到生殖嵴并发生有丝分裂停滞,在产后5天左右分化产生精原干细胞(spermatogonia stem cell, SSC)37。SSC是睾丸中的成体干细胞,是精子形成的基础,对男性生育能力至关重要。在小鼠睾丸中,根据形态学将SSC(Asingle)、Apaired和Aaligned精原细胞统称为未分化的A型精原细胞38。在进入减数分裂之前,这些未分化的A型精原细胞经过一系列细胞分裂形成分化的精原细胞(A1、A2、A3、A4、中间态和B型精原细胞)39。在人类睾丸中,精原细胞被分为A型和B型精原细胞,A型精原细胞又被分为Adark和Apale,其功能与小鼠中的Asingle、Apaired和Aaligned相似,人类的B型精原细胞与小鼠分化的精原细胞相似3840-41
在睾丸的微环境中,特定因子的分泌直接与SSC相互作用,调控它们的增殖和分化42-44。例如,胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)和成纤维细胞生长因子2(fibroblast growth factor 2,FGF2)在此过程中起重要的作用45。减数分裂的启动主要依赖于性激素,如垂体分泌的促卵泡激素(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH)、黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone,LH)和睾酮,这些激素在青春期会激增。FSH作用于支持细胞受体,而LH刺激间质细胞分泌睾酮。FSH与睾酮共同为男性生殖细胞的成熟提供必需因子和营养32。这些信号对于精原细胞分化为初级精母细胞并在减数分裂Ⅰ期进一步分裂成次级精母细胞至关重要。最终,次级精母细胞在睾丸的生精小管内进一步分化为成熟的精子。一定比例的SSC通过自我更新和分化,在整个生命周期中不断产生成熟的配子,保证了持续的精子发生46
睾丸组织培养是一种保留睾丸原有组织结构的方法,这种培养方式最接近体内生理状况,便于研究体外精子发生的过程及外部环境对睾丸的影响(图247。早在1920年,Champy等48利用兔子睾丸进行组织培养,首次在体外实现了生殖细胞从精原细胞到减数分裂前期的转变,证明了体外培养模拟精子发生的可能性。随着培养体系的不断优化,2011年Ogawa等49采用琼脂糖凝胶为支持基质进行睾丸组织培养,体外精子发生成功维持长达2个月。重要的是,他们培养获得的单倍体精子细胞,通过辅助生殖技术产生了可育后代。此外,Sato等50结合器官培养与生殖细胞移植技术,将小鼠SSC移植到小鼠睾丸中,随后将睾丸组织培养在琼脂糖凝胶上,观察到精子产生。
随着小鼠睾丸组织体外培养的不断完善,人类体外精子发生的研究也取得了显著的突破51。2019年,Mohaqiq等52从人类无精症患者的睾丸组织中分离得到SSC,将其移植到无精症小鼠的睾丸中。随后,他们将植入人类SSC的小鼠睾丸组织置于琼脂糖凝胶上进行8周的培养,获得了精子样细胞。然而,该研究对体外获得的精子样细胞未进行功能的鉴定。值得注意的是,2020年,Yuan等53通过体外培养技术,成功模拟了人类睾丸器官发生过程。该研究团队观察到了SSC的自我更新,精母细胞的减数分裂和精子细胞的产生。更为重要的是,该研究对获得的人类精子细胞进行了功能评价,通过卵细胞胞浆圆形精子注射技术(round spermatid injection,ROSI)使卵母细胞受精,并进一步形成囊胚。这标志着人类体外精子发生研究的一个重要突破,为生殖医学的未来研究和临床应用开辟了新的路径。
这些研究表明,睾丸组织培养在精子发生研究中取得了重要进展,不仅在实验动物模型上取得成功,也在人类精子发生的模拟研究中展示了巨大潜力,为解决男性不育等重大生殖健康问题提供了新的视角和方法。
尽管小鼠和人类睾丸组织培养在研究中取得了重大进展,但仍面临培养时间限制和组织获取困难的挑战54。为了克服这些限制,研究者们转向了利用睾丸类器官的重构来实现体外精子发生的研究(图255-56。2010年,Xie等57在一项研究中将水牛的精原细胞和支持细胞在以胎牛血清(FBS)为基础的培养基中共培养,并加入了FSH、睾酮和视黄酸(RA)。在培养30天后,他们观察到了带鞭毛的精子样细胞。同样,Dann等58-59使用RA诱导小鼠SSC分化,与新生小鼠体细胞共培养后,SSC能够完成减数分裂形成单倍体。
过去十年中,越来越多的科研人员利用多能干细胞和转分化技术研究睾丸类器官及体外精子发生,从而促使该领域取得了显著进展60。研究者们成功从胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)和诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPSC)分化出了原始生殖细胞样细胞(primordial germ cell-like cell,PGCLC)5361。在小鼠中,这些PGCLC能进一步分化为精子样细胞,为生殖细胞工程提供了新的策略(图262。同时,相关研究也报道了从iPSC成功衍生出类支持细胞和类睾丸细胞63-65。Meghan等66发现通过人iPSC衍生的睾丸类器官可促进睾丸体细胞成熟和精子发生,直到脂肪生成后的精子阶段。最近,研究人员通过从体外配子生成技术从ESC和iPSC中成功得到了孤雄小鼠和孤雄小鼠67-68。此外,科学家们利用干细胞技术尝试在体外重建与真实睾丸类似的微环境。这些研究通过3D培养系统或基质支持,促进了生殖细胞和支持细胞的共培养,模拟了睾丸内部的微环境69-73。同时,一些研究集中于直接将体细胞转分化为生殖细胞。例如,通过特定基因的表达调控,科学家们成功将体细胞转化为功能性的生殖细胞62。此外,体外模拟精子发生的研究,特别是通过干细胞技术,为精子发生的基本机制和不育治疗提供了重要的方向49
这些研究方法扩展了利用离体睾丸细胞进行体外精子发生研究的视野,并为未来在临床应用方面开辟了新的可能性。未来的研究将主要聚焦于建立一个完整的体系,通过人类精原干细胞在体外诱导精子的发生,这不仅对于深入理解精子发生的分子机制具有重要意义,而且有望为治疗男性不育症及其他生殖健康问题提供创新的策略。
睾丸类器官为研究精子发生的分子机制提供了一个独特的平台(图374-75。通过体外模型,研究者们能够在精确控制的条件下观察和解析精原干细胞的自我更新、分化以及精子成熟的生物学过程。睾丸类器官模型可用于研究睾丸中生殖细胞与体细胞的相互作用,从而更好地理解SSC在体外自我更新与分化的分子调控机制76。通过这种模型的应用,研究进一步确认了睾丸内皮细胞和巨噬细胞在SSC微环境调控中的关键作用77-78。其中,Bahang等77发现睾丸内皮细胞是 SSC 微环境的一部分,其产生的GDNF和其他因子能够维持人和小鼠 SSC 的长期培养。此外,巨噬细胞的短期消耗对SSC的分化产生破坏性影响,这进一步强调了它们在维持睾丸内微环境平衡中的关键角色78
此外,睾丸类器官为特定细胞类型的单个基因敲除提供了一个高效的研究平台。例如,在睾丸类器官形成之前对单一细胞悬浮液进行转染,利用电穿孔、病毒感染或CRISPR/Cas9技术进行基因编辑,对睾丸SSC微环境中重要的基因及受体进行验证79-82。Kanatsu-Shinohara等80通过对GDNF受体和CXCL12受体转染,确定了GDNF和CXCL12在SSC中作为趋化因子发挥作用。Goldsmith等83通过CRISPR/Cas9介导的ODF2基因编辑和siRNA介导的IFT88基因沉默,揭示了初级纤毛在精子形态发生中的重要作用。
随着睾丸类器官研究的不断深入,这一领域将继续揭示生殖生物学中的复杂相互作用和调控机制,为男性不育疾病的有效治疗提供更深入的分子基础。
睾丸类器官是可以用于模拟睾丸发育的疾病模型,在生殖健康研究和药物筛选和毒性评估方面提供一种有效的评价方法(图384-85。这一模型能够在体外环境中测试疾病和药物对精子发生的影响,从而使研究人员能更安全、有效地鉴别出治疗生殖疾病的药物化合物,同时降低副作用的风险。Alves-Lopes等86-87使用一种新型的三层梯度体系(three-layer gradient system,3-LGS)将20天的大鼠睾丸细胞重组为具有血睾屏障的睾丸类器官。该睾丸类器官能够响应RA的处理,同时对白细胞介素1α(interleukin-1 alpha,IL-1α)和肿瘤坏死因子1α(tumor necrosis factor 1 alpha,TNF1α)敏感。这些药物的处理导致睾丸类器官形成受损、生殖细胞减少和血睾屏障完整性丧失,该表型与体内注射相同物质后观察到的血睾屏障破坏的结果一致。同时,睾丸类器官被用于研究药物毒性(化学治疗剂:顺铂、依托泊苷、阿霉素、白消安)、环境毒素(邻苯二甲酸衍生物)和微生物制剂(寨卡病毒)对睾丸发育的影响88-90。最近,研究人员利用3D睾丸类器官构建了一种由寨卡病毒诱导的睾丸损伤模型,其可以作为探究寨卡病毒发病机制的新工具91。这一系列创新工具在药物筛选以及评估环境因素对生殖健康的影响方面展现了巨大潜力92。随着睾丸体外模型的不断发展和完善,其在药物开发、疾病模型构建以及环境健康研究中将发挥越来越重要的作用。
睾丸类器官在男性生育力保存和恢复方面显示出巨大的潜力(图393。特别是对于那些因接受化疗等治疗而面临生育能力丧失风险的男性,尤其是青少年患者,睾丸组织的冷冻保存和后续的体外培养可能成为一种有效的解决方案94-96。Fayomi等97利用去势的青春期恒河猴作为模型,在其背部皮下或阴囊皮下自体移植冷冻保存的青春期前睾丸组织,获得了成熟的精子。利用这些自体移植源的精子进行卵细胞胞浆内单精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI),能够成功进行胚胎发育、妊娠并最终诞生健康的后代,这为睾丸类器官在生育力保存方面的应用提供了有力的实验证据。
然而,目前保存人类男性生育能力的方法主要限于精子和睾丸组织的冷冻保存98。Giudice等99对从受癌症影响的青春期前男孩体内提取的SSC来恢复生育能力技术进行了评估。尽管现有的睾丸组织培养、睾丸细胞重聚培养及iPSC诱导精子细胞等不同策略已经在体外从人精原干细胞完成精子发生的过程,但目前还没有成熟的技术应用于临床100。其中面临的一个关键问题是精原干细胞微环境的病理生理状态有待深入了解,生殖细胞如何在这个微环境里进行增殖和分化。通过对睾丸微环境进行维持、分离或重建等不同方式的探究,可以进一步完善生育力恢复的策略101。其中,构建适宜的睾丸微环境以持续促进SSC的增殖并分化为功能性的精子,是保存生育力的重要途径。
虽然在临床应用中将冷冻保存的SSC用于保存和恢复生育能力仍面临诸多挑战,但随着对睾丸生物学的理解不断深入,人类青春期前睾丸组织中完成减数分裂生成精子的难题有望得以解决。这将为临床生育力的保存提供新的策略,为那些面临生育挑战的男性带来希望。
睾丸类器官作为一种体外模拟生精环境的系统,在精子发生、生殖健康研究、药物筛选、毒性评估以及保存和恢复男性生育力方面展现出巨大的潜力。这一领域的技术进步,尤其是在多能干细胞技术和3D组织工程方面,为模拟精子发生过程提供了新的方法。同时一系列研究结果也证明了这些技术在研究男性生殖系统疾病、药物筛选和毒性评估方面具有重要价值。此外,睾丸组织的冷冻保存和体外培养技术对于可能因治疗(如放化疗)而面临不育风险的男性,特别是青少年患者,展示了保存生育力的可能性。
尽管如此,该领域仍面临诸多挑战102。首先是睾丸类器官模型构建的复杂性,尤其是在真实地模拟人体内的生理条件方面。现有的模型虽能模拟一些基本生理过程,但要完全复制人体内的复杂相互作用和微环境,仍具有挑战性。此外,生殖细胞的体外成熟,功能性验证和安全性评估方面也是重要难题,尤其是在临床应用方面。构建睾丸类器官来实现体外精子发生应达到人工获得功能性精子的“黄金标准”103。研究人员需要提供一系列有效证据,这些证据包括减数分裂特定时期的核DNA含量、染色体数目和各阶段的染色体形态,以及精子样细胞是否能够生产健康后代。只有在完成减数分裂并满足所有上述指标时,才能认为在体外成功获得了功能性精子。
对于未来的研究,首先需要深入探索生殖细胞与支持细胞、间质细胞等其他体细胞之间的相互作用,以及这些交互是如何影响精子的成熟和功能的。进一步地,研究应致力于在体外环境中更有效地模拟睾丸的微环境。这不仅涉及对现有3D培养技术的改进,也包括新细胞和生物材料的探索。在临床应用层面,一个关键的研究方向是如何安全且有效地将这些科研成果转化为治疗不育症的实际应用。此外,保证体外培养的生殖细胞在遗传稳定性和功能性方面符合临床应用的要求,同样是实现这一转化的关键因素。
在探讨未来研究的方向时,我们必须考虑到伦理问题的重要性。在睾丸类器官和体外精子发生研究中,伦理问题不可避免地成为一个核心议题。实验室内模拟人类生殖过程的能力引发了关于生命起源、生殖权利和基因编辑的深刻伦理争议。特别是对于未成年患者,他们的生殖材料的储存和使用应当充分考虑到他们未来的意愿和最佳利益。此外,随着基因编辑技术的快速发展,我们必须警惕这些技术的潜在滥用,并确保个人的遗传信息不受未授权的修改。因此,在开展这些研究及应用相关技术时,遵循严格的伦理准则和法律法规是至关重要的。同时,必须进行持续的社会沟通和伦理审查,以确保科研工作的透明度和责任性。
总之,虽然该领域面临挑战,但随着科学的进步和技术的发展,睾丸类器官和体外精子发生的研究有望为男性生殖健康和不育治疗提供新的策略和解决方案。随着我们对生殖生物学的理解不断深入,通过睾丸类器官技术不断探索,将为临床生殖疾病的治疗提供更多创新的策略。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2702800)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2700302)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82122025)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-095
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2024-03-05
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2702800)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2700302)
国家自然科学基金(82122025)
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    南京医科大学生殖医学与子代健康全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 211166

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袁艳(1987—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为体外男性生育力重构,包括胚胎干细胞(ESC)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)分化、睾丸类器官重构及相关机制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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