Article(id=1148993298339001015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701360000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-01, revisedDate=1709481600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870949586, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870949586, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870949586, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870949586, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993296258626224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='4', pageStart='695', pageEnd='907', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870949091, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057276828, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774811473342493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993296258626224, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=734, endPage=753, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999701518020627, articleId=1148993298339001015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Stem cell-based synthetic development: cellular components, embryonic models, and engineering approaches, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Over the past century, the scientific foundation of embryonic development has primarily relied upon meticulous examination of developmental processes in model organisms. However, investigating the development of mammals has presented numerous challenges, including interspecies disparities, ethical considerations, and technical constraints. With the rapid advancement of stem cell technology, researchers have endeavored to overcome these obstacles by harnessing the potential of stem cells to generate sophisticated invitro embryo models. The rapid advancement of stem cell technology has revolutionized our approach to study embryonic development. While the ability of current embryo models to fully simulate the authentic developmental process is yet to be verified, they undeniably present new possibilities for developmental biology research. This review primarily focuses on mouse and human, summarizing the types of stem cells used in constructing embryo models and elucidating the roles and importance of different stem cells in simulating developmental processes. This review systematically presents and dissects crucial events and spatiotemporal dynamics in the embryonic development of both mice and humans across various stages. We thoroughly discuss the remarkable milestones achieved by existing embryo models, explore methods for evaluating the biomimicry of these models, and highlight the crucial role of bioengineering methods in embryo model development. The pivotal role of bioengineering in advancing embryonic model development is underscored, emphasizing its indispensable contribution to providing the requisite technical scaffolding for the realization of instruct multicellular induced self-organization with high-level spatiotemporal orders. Additionally, we provide perspectives for the optimization and progressive refinement of embryo models, so as to improve their relevance and applicability. In summary, engineered advances in stem cell-based synthetic development could not only improve our understanding of the inherent complexities of embryos, but also hold the potential for applications in disease research, drug screening, reproductive medicine, toxicological assessments, and other related fields, thereby opening new avenues for both fundamental and translational research.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yizhao HAN, Jia GUO, Yue SHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148993302201955091, articleId=1148993298339001015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=CN, title=干细胞模拟发育:细胞元件、胚胎模型与工程方法, columnId=1148682685129748680, journalTitle=合成生物学, columnName=特约评述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近百年来,胚胎发育的理论基础主要源于对模式动物的研究,珍稀哺乳动物的发育研究一直受到种间差异、伦理及技术手段等条件的制约。随着干细胞技术的迅猛发展,研究者们利用干细胞构建体外胚胎模型突破传统发育研究的局限性。目前,胚胎模型是否能够完全模拟真实胚胎的发育过程尚待验证,但这无疑为发育生物学研究带来新的可能性。本文以小鼠和人为主要讨论模型,总结用于构建胚胎模型的干细胞种类,阐释不同干细胞在模拟发育过程中的作用和重要性。文章系统呈现了胚胎在不同发育阶段的关键事件和时空动态过程,全面阐述胚胎模型取得的显著成果,详细探讨如何评估胚胎模型的仿生度,以及生物工程学方法在胚胎模型开发中的关键作用,为胚胎模型的进一步优化和发展提供参考。通过对胚胎模型领域的深入研究,有助于更全面细致地了解胚胎发育过程,并为早期发育研究、疾病研究、药物筛选、生殖医学及毒性评估等领域提供更为精确的理论依据和应用工具,进而为未来生命科学的发展开辟新的途径。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邵玥(1986—),男,副教授,博士生导师,“国家海外高层次青年人才引进计划”获得者。研究方向包括生物力学、器官修复、生殖健康、合成胚胎学等。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=T4PCXAa1oEGSOcsoDINnxQ==, magXml=b5QDykGMP2x0O2cnLHuXqA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=A4x38rKls1pUEEy75T0ipw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=iyJI8dy5V2EtoVilWJvE/g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

韩宜钊(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为基于生物工程的干细胞发育生物学。E-mail:

, authorsList=韩宜钊, 郭佳, 邵玥)}, authors=[Author(id=1172892115970438131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hanyz22@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116033352693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892115970438131, language=EN, stringName=Yizhao HAN, firstName=Yizhao, middleName=null, lastName=HAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116121433078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892115970438131, language=CN, stringName=韩宜钊, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084, bio={"img":"ElMEPorHKPtayrXS/2y2vg==","content":"

韩宜钊(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为基于生物工程的干细胞发育生物学。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=ElMEPorHKPtayrXS/2y2vg==, bioContent=

韩宜钊(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为基于生物工程的干细胞发育生物学。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172892115878163439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115894940656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115903329265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084)])]), Author(id=1172892116209513464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116310176762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892116209513464, language=EN, stringName=Jia GUO, firstName=Jia, middleName=null, lastName=GUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116406645755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892116209513464, language=CN, stringName=郭佳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172892115878163439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115894940656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115903329265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084)])]), Author(id=1172892116473754621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yshao@tsinghua.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116545057791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892116473754621, language=EN, stringName=Yue SHAO, firstName=Yue, middleName=null, lastName=SHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1172892116612166656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, authorId=1172892116473754621, language=CN, stringName=邵玥, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172892115878163439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115894940656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115903329265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1172892116775743488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=stem cells), Keyword(id=1172892116834463745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=embryo models), Keyword(id=1172892116918349826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=mammalian embryology), Keyword(id=1172892116985458691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=microenvironment), Keyword(id=1172892117077733380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=bioengineering), Keyword(id=1172892117190979589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=high-fidelity), Keyword(id=1172892117295837190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, orderNo=7, keyword=self-organization), Keyword(id=1172892117396500487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=干细胞), Keyword(id=1172892117547495432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=胚胎模型), Keyword(id=1172892117606215689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=哺乳动物胚胎学), Keyword(id=1172892117677518858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=微环境), Keyword(id=1172892117778182155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=生物工程), Keyword(id=1172892117874651148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=高保真度), Keyword(id=1172892117941760013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=自组装)], refs=[Reference(id=1172892118856118294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1917, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=49, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=MALL F P, journalName=American Journal of Anatomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MALL F P. On the frequency of localized anomalies in human embryos and infants at birth[J]. American Journal of Anatomy, 1917, 22(1): 49-72., articleTitle=On the frequency of localized anomalies in human embryos and infants at birth, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892118923227159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=21, issue=10, pageStart=571, pageEnd=584, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=KIM J, KOO B K, KNOBLICH J A, journalName=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KIM J, KOO B K, KNOBLICH J A. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2020, 21(10): 571-584., articleTitle=Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892118981947416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=548, issue=7668, pageStart=413, pageEnd=419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=MA H, MARTI-GUTIERREZ N, PARK S W, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MA H, MARTI-GUTIERREZ N, PARK S W, et al. Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos[J]. Nature, 2017, 548(7668): 413-419., articleTitle=Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119040667673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=23, issue=4, pageStart=171, pageEnd=175, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=DENNIS S J, THOMAS M A, WILLIAMS D B, journalName=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference= DENNIS S J, THOMAS M A, WILLIAMS D B, et al. Embryo morphology score on day 3 is predictive of implantation and live birth rates[J]. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2006, 23(4): 171-175., articleTitle=Embryo morphology score on day 3 is predictive of implantation and live birth rates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119107776538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=18, issue=6, pageStart=700, pageEnd=708, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=SHAHBAZI M N, JEDRUSIK A, VUORISTO S, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHAHBAZI M N, JEDRUSIK A, VUORISTO S, et al. Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2016, 18(6): 700-708., articleTitle=Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119237799963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=170, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=PERLMAN R L, journalName=Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference= PERLMAN R L. Mouse models of human disease: an evolutionary perspective[J]. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2016, 2016(1): 170-176., articleTitle=Mouse models of human disease: an evolutionary perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119309103132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=24, issue=6, pageStart=36, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=DAVIS N A, journalName=The Hastings Center Report, refType=null, unstructuredReference= DAVIS N A. Interests and sentience: life before birth: the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses by bonnie steinbock[J]. The Hastings Center Report, 1994, 24(6): 36-37., articleTitle=Interests and sentience: life before birth: the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses by bonnie steinbock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119376211997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=282, issue=5391, pageStart=1145, pageEnd=1147, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=THOMSON J A, ITSKOVITZ-ELDOR J, SHAPIRO S S, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= THOMSON J A, ITSKOVITZ-ELDOR J, SHAPIRO S S, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts[J]. Science, 1998, 282(5391): 1145-1147., articleTitle=Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119439126558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=131, issue=5, pageStart=861, pageEnd=872, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=TAKAHASHI K, TANABE K, OHNUKI M, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= TAKAHASHI K, TANABE K, OHNUKI M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors[J]. Cell, 2007, 131(5): 861-872., articleTitle=Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119514624031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=6016, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=LIN F, LI X, SUN S Y, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIN F, LI X, SUN S Y, et al. Mechanically enhanced biogenesis of gut spheroids with instability-driven morphomechanics[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 6016., articleTitle=Mechanically enhanced biogenesis of gut spheroids with instability-driven morphomechanics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119573344288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=165, issue=7, pageStart=1586, pageEnd=1597, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=CLEVERS H, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CLEVERS H. Modeling development and disease with organoids[J]. Cell, 2016, 165(7): 1586-1597., articleTitle=Modeling development and disease with organoids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119627870241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1975, volume=72, issue=4, pageStart=1441, pageEnd=1445, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=MARTIN G R, EVANS M J, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MARTIN G R, EVANS M J. Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1975, 72(4): 1441-1445., articleTitle=Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119682396194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=557, issue=7703, pageStart=106, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=RIVRON N C, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, VRIJ E J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= RIVRON N C, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, VRIJ E J, et al. Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells[J]. Nature, 2018, 557(7703): 106-111., articleTitle=Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119749505059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=186, issue=17, pageStart=3548, pageEnd=3557, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=RIVRON N C, MARTINEZ ARIAS A, PERA M F, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= RIVRON N C, MARTINEZ ARIAS A, PERA M F, et al. An ethical framework for human embryology with embryo models[J]. Cell, 2023, 186(17): 3548-3557., articleTitle=An ethical framework for human embryology with embryo models, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892119887917092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=16, issue=6, pageStart=1416, pageEnd=1424, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=CLARK A T, BRIVANLOU A, FU J P, journalName=Stem Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CLARK A T, BRIVANLOU A, FU J P, et al. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2021, 16(6): 1416-1424., articleTitle=Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120013746213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=722, pageEnd=743, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=SHAO Y, FU J P, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHAO Y, FU J P. Engineering multiscale structural orders for high-fidelity embryoids and organoids[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(5): 722-743., articleTitle=Engineering multiscale structural orders for high-fidelity embryoids and organoids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120080855078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1954, volume=40, issue=11, pageStart=1080, pageEnd=1087, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=STEVENS L C, LITTLE C C, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference= STEVENS L C, LITTLE C C. Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred strain of mice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1954, 40(11): 1080-1087., articleTitle=Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred strain of mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120139575335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1972, volume=28, issue=1, pageStart=163, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=EVANS M J, journalName=Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= EVANS M J. The isolation and properties of a clonal tissue culture strain of pluripotent mouse teratoma cells[J]. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 1972, 28(1): 163-176., articleTitle=The isolation and properties of a clonal tissue culture strain of pluripotent mouse teratoma cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120231850024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1981, volume=292, issue=5819, pageStart=154, pageEnd=156, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=EVANS M J, KAUFMAN M H, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= EVANS M J, KAUFMAN M H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos[J]. Nature, 1981, 292(5819): 154-156., articleTitle=Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120324124713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=4, issue=6, pageStart=487, pageEnd=492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=NICHOLS J, SMITH A, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= NICHOLS J, SMITH A. Naive and primed pluripotent states[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2009, 4(6): 487-492., articleTitle=Naive and primed pluripotent states, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120517062699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=4, issue=6, pageStart=513, pageEnd=524, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=HANNA J, MARKOULAKI S, MITALIPOVA M, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HANNA J, MARKOULAKI S, MITALIPOVA M, et al. Metastable pluripotent states in NOD-mouse-derived ESCs[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2009, 4(6): 513-524., articleTitle=Metastable pluripotent states in NOD-mouse-derived ESCs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120634503214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=448, issue=7150, pageStart=196, pageEnd=199, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=TESAR P J, CHENOWETH J G, BROOK F A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= TESAR P J, CHENOWETH J G, BROOK F A, et al. New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature, 2007, 448(7150): 196-199., articleTitle=New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120693223471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=107, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=KOJIMA Y, KAUFMAN-FRANCIS K, STUDDERT J B, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KOJIMA Y, KAUFMAN-FRANCIS K, STUDDERT J B, et al. The transcriptional and functional properties of mouse epiblast stem cells resemble the anterior primitive streak[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 14(1): 107-120., articleTitle=The transcriptional and functional properties of mouse epiblast stem cells resemble the anterior primitive streak, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120798081074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=29, issue=10, pageStart=1496, pageEnd=1503, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=BERNEMANN C, GREBER B, KO K, journalName=Stem Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BERNEMANN C, GREBER B, KO K, et al. Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features[J]. Stem Cells, 2011, 29(10): 1496-1503., articleTitle=Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120898744371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=282, issue=5396, pageStart=2072, pageEnd=2075, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=TANAKA S, KUNATH T, HADJANTONAKIS A K, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= TANAKA S, KUNATH T, HADJANTONAKIS A K, et al. Promotion of trophoblast stem cell proliferation by FGF4[J]. Science, 1998, 282(5396): 2072-2075., articleTitle=Promotion of trophoblast stem cell proliferation by FGF4, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892120957464628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=7, pageStart=1102, pageEnd=1118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=SEONG J, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, HOLZMANN V, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SEONG J, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, HOLZMANN V, et al. Epiblast inducers capture mouse trophectoderm stem cells in vitro and pattern blastoids for implantation in utero [J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(7): 1102-1118., articleTitle=Epiblast inducers capture mouse trophectoderm stem cells in vitro and pattern blastoids for implantation in utero, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121016184885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=8, issue=6, pageStart=1028, pageEnd=1041, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=NIAKAN K K, SCHRODE N, CHO L T, journalName=Nature Protocols, refType=null, unstructuredReference= NIAKAN K K, SCHRODE N, CHO L T, et al. Derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Protocols, 2013, 8(6): 1028-1041., articleTitle=Derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121087488054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=19, issue=10, pageStart=1164, pageEnd=1177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=ANDERSON K G V, HAMILTON W B, ROSKE F V, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ANDERSON K G V, HAMILTON W B, ROSKE F V, et al. Insulin fine-tunes self-renewal pathways governing naive pluripotency and extra-embryonic endoderm[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2017, 19(10): 1164-1177., articleTitle=Insulin fine-tunes self-renewal pathways governing naive pluripotency and extra-embryonic endoderm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121137819703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=375, issue=6580, pageStart=574, pageEnd=578, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=OHINATA Y, ENDO T A, SUGISHITA H, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OHINATA Y, ENDO T A, SUGISHITA H, et al. Establishment of mouse stem cells that can recapitulate the developmental potential of primitive endoderm[J]. Science, 2022, 375(6580): 574-578., articleTitle=Establishment of mouse stem cells that can recapitulate the developmental potential of primitive endoderm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121209122872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=169, issue=2, pageStart=243, pageEnd=257, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=YANG Y, LIU B, XU J, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YANG Y, LIU B, XU J, et al. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency[J]. Cell, 2017, 169(2): 243-257. e25., articleTitle=Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121267843129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=550, issue=7676, pageStart=393, pageEnd=397, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=YANG J, RYAN D J, WANG W, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YANG J, RYAN D J, WANG W, et al. Establishment of mouse expanded potential stem cells[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7676): 393-397., articleTitle=Establishment of mouse expanded potential stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121343340602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=49, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=POSFAI E, SCHELL J P, JANISZEWSKI A, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= POSFAI E, SCHELL J P, JANISZEWSKI A, et al. Evaluating totipotency using criteria of increasing stringency[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2021, 23(1): 49-60., articleTitle=Evaluating totipotency using criteria of increasing stringency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121393672251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=5, pageStart=526, pageEnd=541, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=WANG X X, XIANG Y L, YU Y, journalName=Cell Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WANG X X, XIANG Y L, YU Y, et al. Formative pluripotent stem cells show features of epiblast cells poised for gastrulation[J]. Cell Research, 2021, 31(5): 526-541., articleTitle=Formative pluripotent stem cells show features of epiblast cells poised for gastrulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121511112767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=184, issue=11, pageStart=2843, pageEnd=2859, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=SHEN H, YANG M, LI S Y, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHEN H, YANG M, LI S Y, et al. Mouse totipotent stem cells captured and maintained through spliceosomal repression[J]. Cell, 2021, 184(11): 2843-2859. e20., articleTitle=Mouse totipotent stem cells captured and maintained through spliceosomal repression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121607581763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=617, issue=7962, pageStart=792, pageEnd=797, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=HU Y Y, YANG Y Y, TAN P C, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HU Y Y, YANG Y Y, TAN P C, et al. Induction of mouse totipotent stem cells by a defined chemical cocktail[J]. Nature, 2023, 617(7962): 792-797., articleTitle=Induction of mouse totipotent stem cells by a defined chemical cocktail, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121758576714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=3, pageStart=400, pageEnd=418, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=YANG M Z, YU H W, YU X, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YANG M Z, YU H W, YU X, et al. Chemical-induced chromatin remodeling reprograms mouse ESCs to totipotent-like stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(3): 400-418. e13., articleTitle=Chemical-induced chromatin remodeling reprograms mouse ESCs to totipotent-like stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121880211535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=513, pageEnd=529, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=XU Y X, ZHAO J R, REN Y X, journalName=Cell Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XU Y X, ZHAO J R, REN Y X, et al. Derivation of totipotent-like stem cells with blastocyst-like structure forming potential[J]. Cell Research, 2022, 32(6): 513-529., articleTitle=Derivation of totipotent-like stem cells with blastocyst-like structure forming potential, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892121968291921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=540, issue=7631, pageStart=51, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=WU J, GREELY H T, JAENISCH R, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WU J, GREELY H T, JAENISCH R, et al. Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras[J]. Nature, 2016, 540(7631): 51-59., articleTitle=Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122089926742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=511, issue=7511, pageStart=606, pageEnd=610, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=GUO H S, ZHU P, YAN L Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GUO H S, ZHU P, YAN L Y, et al. The DNA methylation landscape of human early embryos[J]. Nature, 2014, 511(7511): 606-610., articleTitle=The DNA methylation landscape of human early embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122257698904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=20, issue=9, pageStart=1131, pageEnd=1139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=YAN L Y, YANG M Y, GUO H S, journalName=Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YAN L Y, YANG M Y, GUO H S, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq profiling of human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 2013, 20(9): 1131-1139., articleTitle=Single-cell RNA-seq profiling of human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122387722334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=278, pageEnd=282, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=O′LEARY T, HEINDRYCKX B, LIERMAN S, journalName=Nature Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= O′LEARY T, HEINDRYCKX B, LIERMAN S, et al. Tracking the progression of the human inner cell mass during embryonic stem cell derivation[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2012, 30(3): 278-282., articleTitle=Tracking the progression of the human inner cell mass during embryonic stem cell derivation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122526134371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=424, pageEnd=429, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=CHEN G K, GULBRANSON D R, HOU Z G, journalName=Nature Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CHEN G K, GULBRANSON D R, HOU Z G, et al. Chemically defined conditions for human iPSC derivation and culture[J]. Nature Methods, 2011, 8(5): 424-429., articleTitle=Chemically defined conditions for human iPSC derivation and culture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122589048934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=24, issue=null, pageStart=185, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=LUDWIG T E, LEVENSTEIN M E, JONES J M, journalName=Nature Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LUDWIG T E, LEVENSTEIN M E, JONES J M, et al. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2006, 24: 185-187., articleTitle=Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122656157800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=626, issue=7998, pageStart=357, pageEnd=366, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=OKUBO T, RIVRON N, KABATA M, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OKUBO T, RIVRON N, KABATA M, et al. Hypoblast from human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development[J]. Nature, 2024, 626(7998): 357-366., articleTitle=Hypoblast from human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122727460970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=4, pageStart=437, pageEnd=446, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=44, authorNames=GUO G, VON MEYENN F, SANTOS F, journalName=Stem Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GUO G, VON MEYENN F, SANTOS F, et al. Naive pluripotent stem cells derived directly from isolated cells of the human inner cell mass[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2016, 6(4): 437-446., articleTitle=Naive pluripotent stem cells derived directly from isolated cells of the human inner cell mass, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122786181232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=14, issue=11, pageStart=1055, pageEnd=1062, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=45, authorNames=LIU X D, NEFZGER C M, ROSSELLO F J, journalName=Nature Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU X D, NEFZGER C M, ROSSELLO F J, et al. Comprehensive characterization of distinct states of human naive pluripotency generated by reprogramming[J]. Nature Methods, 2017, 14(11): 1055-1062., articleTitle=Comprehensive characterization of distinct states of human naive pluripotency generated by reprogramming, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122895233138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=275, pageEnd=286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=46, authorNames=GIULITTI S, PELLEGRINI M, ZORZAN I, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GIULITTI S, PELLEGRINI M, ZORZAN I, et al. Direct generation of human naive induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells in microfluidics[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2019, 21(2): 275-286., articleTitle=Direct generation of human naive induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells in microfluidics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892122958147700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=360, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=47, authorNames=KILENS S, MEISTERMANN D, MORENO D, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KILENS S, MEISTERMANN D, MORENO D, et al. Parallel derivation of isogenic human primed and naive induced pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 360., articleTitle=Parallel derivation of isogenic human primed and naive induced pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123042033782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=9, pageStart=1549, pageEnd=1565, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=48, authorNames=BAYERL J, AYYASH M, SHANI T, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BAYERL J, AYYASH M, SHANI T, et al. Principles of signaling pathway modulation for enhancing human naive pluripotency induction[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(9): 1549-1565. e12., articleTitle=Principles of signaling pathway modulation for enhancing human naive pluripotency induction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123104948346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=15, issue=4, pageStart=471, pageEnd=487, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=49, authorNames=THEUNISSEN T W, POWELL B E, WANG H Y, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= THEUNISSEN T W, POWELL B E, WANG H Y, et al. Systematic identification of culture conditions for induction and maintenance of naive human pluripotency[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 15(4): 471-487., articleTitle=Systematic identification of culture conditions for induction and maintenance of naive human pluripotency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123205611643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=6, pageStart=663, pageEnd=675, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=50, authorNames=CHAN Y S, GÖKE J, NG J H, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CHAN Y S, GÖKE J, NG J H, et al. Induction of a human pluripotent state with distinct regulatory circuitry that resembles preimplantation epiblast[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2013, 13(6): 663-675., articleTitle=Induction of a human pluripotent state with distinct regulatory circuitry that resembles preimplantation epiblast, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123264331900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=504, issue=7479, pageStart=282, pageEnd=286, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=51, authorNames=GAFNI O, WEINBERGER L, MANSOUR A A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GAFNI O, WEINBERGER L, MANSOUR A A, et al. Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature, 2013, 504(7479): 282-286., articleTitle=Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123310469246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=158, issue=6, pageStart=1254, pageEnd=1269, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=52, authorNames=TAKASHIMA Y, GUO G, LOOS R, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= TAKASHIMA Y, GUO G, LOOS R, et al. Resetting transcription factor control circuitry toward ground-state pluripotency in human[J]. Cell, 2014, 158(6): 1254-1269., articleTitle=Resetting transcription factor control circuitry toward ground-state pluripotency in human, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123385966719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=502, pageEnd=515, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=53, authorNames=THEUNISSEN T W, FRIEDLI M, HE Y P, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= THEUNISSEN T W, FRIEDLI M, HE Y P, et al. Molecular criteria for defining the naive human pluripotent state[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2016, 19(4): 502-515., articleTitle=Molecular criteria for defining the naive human pluripotent state, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123444686976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=12, issue=6, pageStart=1212, pageEnd=1222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=54, authorNames=BREDENKAMP N, STIRPARO G G, NICHOLS J, journalName=Stem Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BREDENKAMP N, STIRPARO G G, NICHOLS J, et al. The cell-surface marker sushi containing domain 2 facilitates establishment of human naive pluripotent stem cells[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2019, 12(6): 1212-1222., articleTitle=The cell-surface marker sushi containing domain 2 facilitates establishment of human naive pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123503407234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=143, issue=23, pageStart=4368, pageEnd=4380, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=55, authorNames=ZIMMERLIN L, PARK T S, HUO J S, journalName=Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZIMMERLIN L, PARK T S, HUO J S, et al. Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human naïve pluripotent state with improved functionality[J]. Development, 2016, 143(23): 4368-4380., articleTitle=Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human naïve pluripotent state with improved functionality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123578904707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=50, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=56, authorNames=OKAE H, TOH H, SATO T, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OKAE H, TOH H, SATO T, et al. Derivation of human trophoblast stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2018, 22(1): 50-63. e6., articleTitle=Derivation of human trophoblast stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123658596485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=1040, pageEnd=1056, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=57, authorNames=GUO G, STIRPARO G G, STRAWBRIDGE S E, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GUO G, STIRPARO G G, STRAWBRIDGE S E, et al. Human naive epiblast cells possess unrestricted lineage potential[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(6): 1040-1056. e6., articleTitle=Human naive epiblast cells possess unrestricted lineage potential, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123843145863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=33, issue=8, pageStart=108419, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=58, authorNames=CASTEL G, MEISTERMANN D, BRETIN B, journalName=Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CASTEL G, MEISTERMANN D, BRETIN B, et al. Induction of human trophoblast stem cells from somatic cells and pluripotent stem cells[J]. Cell Reports, 2020, 33(8): 108419., articleTitle=Induction of human trophoblast stem cells from somatic cells and pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892123960586377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=586, issue=7827, pageStart=101, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=59, authorNames=LIU X D, OUYANG J F, ROSSELLO F J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU X D, OUYANG J F, ROSSELLO F J, et al. Reprogramming roadmap reveals route to human induced trophoblast stem cells[J]. Nature, 2020, 586(7827): 101-107., articleTitle=Reprogramming roadmap reveals route to human induced trophoblast stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124019306635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=605, issue=7909, pageStart=315, pageEnd=324, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=60, authorNames=MAZID M A, WARD C, LUO Z W, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MAZID M A, WARD C, LUO Z W, et al. Rolling back human pluripotent stem cells to an eight-cell embryo-like stage[J]. Nature, 2022, 605(7909): 315-324., articleTitle=Rolling back human pluripotent stem cells to an eight-cell embryo-like stage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124090609805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=136, issue=null, pageStart=113, pageEnd=138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=62, rfOrder=61, authorNames=MOLÈ M A, WEBERLING A, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M, journalName=Current Topics in Developmental Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MOLÈ M A, WEBERLING A, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M. Comparative analysis of human and mouse development: from zygote to pre-gastrulation[J]. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2020, 136: 113-138., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of human and mouse development: from zygote to pre-gastrulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124178690191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=9, pageStart=747, pageEnd=759, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=VAN DEN BRINK S C, VAN OUDENAARDEN A, journalName=Trends in Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= VAN DEN BRINK S C, VAN OUDENAARDEN A. 3D gastruloids: a novel frontier in stem cell-based in vitro modeling of mammalian gastrulation[J]. Trends in Cell Biology, 2021, 31(9): 747-759., articleTitle=3D gastruloids: a novel frontier in stem cell-based in vitro modeling of mammalian gastrulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124237410449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=20, issue=8, pageStart=878, pageEnd=887, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=SHAHBAZI M N, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHAHBAZI M N, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M. Deconstructing and reconstructing the mouse and human early embryo[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2018, 20(8): 878-887., articleTitle=Deconstructing and reconstructing the mouse and human early embryo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124342268051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=3, pageStart=485, pageEnd=498, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=KIME C, KIYONARI H, OHTSUKA S, journalName=Stem Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KIME C, KIYONARI H, OHTSUKA S, et al. Induced 2C expression and implantation-competent blastocyst-like cysts from primed pluripotent stem cells[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2019, 13(3): 485-498., articleTitle=Induced 2C expression and implantation-competent blastocyst-like cysts from primed pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124396794005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=51, issue=6, pageStart=698, pageEnd=712, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=66, rfOrder=65, authorNames=SOZEN B, COX A L, DE JONGHE J, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SOZEN B, COX A L, DE JONGHE J, et al. Self-organization of mouse stem cells into an extended potential blastoid[J]. Developmental Cell, 2019, 51(6): 698-712. e8., articleTitle=Self-organization of mouse stem cells into an extended potential blastoid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124459708566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=179, issue=3, pageStart=687, pageEnd=702, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=LI R H, ZHONG C Q, YU Y, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LI R H, ZHONG C Q, YU Y, et al. Generation of blastocyst-like structures from mouse embryonic and adult cell cultures[J]. Cell, 2019, 179(3): 687-702. e18., articleTitle=Generation of blastocyst-like structures from mouse embryonic and adult cell cultures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124564566167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=2023, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536583v1, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=JANA D, SINGH P, SAILASREE P, journalName=bioRxiv, refType=null, unstructuredReference= JANA D, SINGH P, SAILASREE P, et al. Efficient self-organization of blastoids solely from mouse ESCs is facilitated by transient reactivation of 2C gene network[EB/OL]. bioRxiv, 2023: 2023.04.12.536583. (2023-04-13)[2023-12-01]., articleTitle=Efficient self-organization of blastoids solely from mouse ESCs is facilitated by transient reactivation of 2C gene network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124631675033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=66, issue=3, pageStart=423, pageEnd=435, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=69, rfOrder=68, authorNames=ZHANG P F, ZHAI X Z, HUANG B Y, journalName=Science China Life Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHANG P F, ZHAI X Z, HUANG B Y, et al. Highly efficient generation of blastocyst-like structures from spliceosomes-repressed mouse totipotent blastomere-like cells[J]. Science China Life Sciences, 2023, 66(3): 423-435., articleTitle=Highly efficient generation of blastocyst-like structures from spliceosomes-repressed mouse totipotent blastomere-like cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124719755419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=141, issue=22, pageStart=4231, pageEnd=4242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=70, rfOrder=69, authorNames=VAN DEN BRINK S C, BAILLIE-JOHNSON P, BALAYO T, journalName=Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference= VAN DEN BRINK S C, BAILLIE-JOHNSON P, BALAYO T, et al. Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells[J]. Development, 2014, 141(22): 4231-4242., articleTitle=Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124774281372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=356, issue=6334, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=71, rfOrder=70, authorNames=HARRISON S E, SOZEN B, CHRISTODOULOU N, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HARRISON S E, SOZEN B, CHRISTODOULOU N, et al. Assembly of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells to mimic embryogenesis in vitro [J]. Science, 2017, 356(6334): eaal1810., articleTitle=Assembly of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells to mimic embryogenesis in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124837195934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=20, issue=8, pageStart=979, pageEnd=989, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=72, rfOrder=71, authorNames=SOZEN B, AMADEI G, COX A, journalName=Nature Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SOZEN B, AMADEI G, COX A, et al. Self-assembly of embryonic and two extra-embryonic stem cell types into gastrulating embryo-like structures[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2018, 20(8): 979-989., articleTitle=Self-assembly of embryonic and two extra-embryonic stem cell types into gastrulating embryo-like structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124916887712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=1, pageStart=496, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=73, rfOrder=72, authorNames=ZHANG S P, CHEN T Z, CHEN N X, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHANG S P, CHEN T Z, CHEN N X, et al. Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 496., articleTitle=Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892124967219362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=5140, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=74, rfOrder=73, authorNames=GIRGIN M U, BROGUIERE N, HOEHNEL S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GIRGIN M U, BROGUIERE N, HOEHNEL S, et al. Bioengineered embryoids mimic post-implantation development in vitro [J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 5140., articleTitle=Bioengineered embryoids mimic post-implantation development in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125042716836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=3277, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=75, rfOrder=74, authorNames=XU P F, BORGES R M, FILLATRE J, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XU P F, BORGES R M, FILLATRE J, et al. Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 3277., articleTitle=Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125105631398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=56, issue=3, pageStart=366, pageEnd=382, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=76, rfOrder=75, authorNames=AMADEI G, LAU K Y C, DE JONGHE J, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AMADEI G, LAU K Y C, DE JONGHE J, et al. Inducible stem-cell-derived embryos capture mouse morphogenetic events in vitro [J]. Developmental Cell, 2021, 56(3): 366-382. e9., articleTitle=Inducible stem-cell-derived embryos capture mouse morphogenetic events in vitro, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125189517480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=610, issue=7930, pageStart=143, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=77, rfOrder=76, authorNames=AMADEI G, HANDFORD C E, QIU C X, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AMADEI G, HANDFORD C E, QIU C X, et al. Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis[J]. Nature, 2022, 610(7930): 143-153., articleTitle=Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125256626345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=185, issue=18, pageStart=3290, pageEnd=3306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=78, rfOrder=77, authorNames=TARAZI S, AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, JOUBRAN C, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= TARAZI S, AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, JOUBRAN C, et al. Post-gastrulation synthetic embryos generated ex utero from mouse naive ESCs[J]. Cell, 2022, 185(18): 3290-3306. e25., articleTitle=Post-gastrulation synthetic embryos generated ex utero from mouse naive ESCs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125348901033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=10, pageStart=1445, pageEnd=1458, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=79, rfOrder=78, authorNames=LAU K Y C, RUBINSTEIN H, GANTNER C W, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LAU K Y C, RUBINSTEIN H, GANTNER C W, et al. Mouse embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergoes neurulation and heart development[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(10): 1445-1458. e8., articleTitle=Mouse embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergoes neurulation and heart development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125432787114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=591, issue=7851, pageStart=620, pageEnd=626, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=80, rfOrder=79, authorNames=YU L Q, WEI Y L, DUAN J L, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YU L Q, WEI Y L, DUAN J L, et al. Blastocyst-like structures generated from human pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature, 2021, 591(7851): 620-626., articleTitle=Blastocyst-like structures generated from human pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125525061804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=6, pageStart=1016, pageEnd=1022, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=81, rfOrder=80, authorNames=YANAGIDA A, SPINDLOW D, NICHOLS J, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YANAGIDA A, SPINDLOW D, NICHOLS J, et al. Naive stem cell blastocyst model captures human embryo lineage segregation[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(6): 1016-1022. e4., articleTitle=Naive stem cell blastocyst model captures human embryo lineage segregation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125621530798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=591, issue=7851, pageStart=627, pageEnd=632, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=82, rfOrder=81, authorNames=LIU X D, TAN J P, SCHRÖDER J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU X D, TAN J P, SCHRÖDER J, et al. Modelling human blastocysts by reprogramming fibroblasts into iBlastoids[J]. Nature, 2021, 591(7851): 627-632., articleTitle=Modelling human blastocysts by reprogramming fibroblasts into iBlastoids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125730582704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=5550, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=83, rfOrder=82, authorNames=SOZEN B, JORGENSEN V, WEATHERBEE B A T, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SOZEN B, JORGENSEN V, WEATHERBEE B A T, et al. Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 5550., articleTitle=Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125780914354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=7, issue=1, pageStart=81, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=84, rfOrder=83, authorNames=FAN Y, MIN Z Y, ALSOLAMI S, journalName=Cell Discovery, refType=null, unstructuredReference= FAN Y, MIN Z Y, ALSOLAMI S, et al. Generation of human blastocyst-like structures from pluripotent stem cells[J]. Cell Discovery, 2021, 7(1): 81., articleTitle=Generation of human blastocyst-like structures from pluripotent stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125852217524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=9, pageStart=1246, pageEnd=1261, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=85, rfOrder=84, authorNames=YU L Q, LOGSDON D, PINZON-ARTEAGA C A, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YU L Q, LOGSDON D, PINZON-ARTEAGA C A, et al. Large-scale production of human blastoids amenable to modeling blastocyst development and maternal-fetal cross talk[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(9): 1246-1261. e9., articleTitle=Large-scale production of human blastoids amenable to modeling blastocyst development and maternal-fetal cross talk, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892125944492214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=601, issue=7894, pageStart=600, pageEnd=605, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=86, rfOrder=85, authorNames=KAGAWA H, JAVALI A, KHOEI H H, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KAGAWA H, JAVALI A, KHOEI H H, et al. Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation[J]. Nature, 2022, 601(7894): 600-605., articleTitle=Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126061932728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=41, pageEnd=53, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=87, rfOrder=86, authorNames=DE SANTIS R, RICE E, CROFT G, journalName=Stem Cell Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference= DE SANTIS R, RICE E, CROFT G, et al. The emergence of human gastrulation upon in vitro attachment[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2024, 19(1): 41-53., articleTitle=The emergence of human gastrulation upon in vitro attachment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126137430202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=9, pageStart=1148, pageEnd=1165, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=88, rfOrder=87, authorNames=KARVAS R M, ZEMKE J E, ALI S S, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KARVAS R M, ZEMKE J E, ALI S S, et al. 3D-cultured blastoids model human embryogenesis from pre-implantation to early gastrulation stages[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(9): 1148-1165. e7., articleTitle=3D-cultured blastoids model human embryogenesis from pre-implantation to early gastrulation stages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126204539068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=419, pageEnd=425, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=89, rfOrder=88, authorNames=SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, GURDZIEL K, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, GURDZIEL K, et al. Self-organized amniogenesis by human pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic implantation-like niche[J]. Nature Materials, 2017, 16(4): 419-425., articleTitle=Self-organized amniogenesis by human pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic implantation-like niche, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126267453629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=208, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=90, rfOrder=89, authorNames=SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, TOWNSHEND R F, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, TOWNSHEND R F, et al. A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 208., articleTitle=A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126355534015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=573, issue=7774, pageStart=421, pageEnd=425, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=91, rfOrder=90, authorNames=ZHENG Y, XUE X F, SHAO Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHENG Y, XUE X F, SHAO Y, et al. Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells[J]. Nature, 2019, 573(7774): 421-425., articleTitle=Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126431031489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=744, pageEnd=759, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=92, rfOrder=91, authorNames=ROSTOVSKAYA M, ANDREWS S, REIK W, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ROSTOVSKAYA M, ANDREWS S, REIK W, et al. Amniogenesis occurs in two independent waves in primates[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(5): 744-759. e6., articleTitle=Amniogenesis occurs in two independent waves in primates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126502334659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=11, issue=8, pageStart=847, pageEnd=854, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=93, rfOrder=92, authorNames=WARMFLASH A, SORRE B, ETOC F, journalName=Nature Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WARMFLASH A, SORRE B, ETOC F, et al. A method to recapitulate early embryonic spatial patterning in human embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Methods, 2014, 11(8): 847-854., articleTitle=A method to recapitulate early embryonic spatial patterning in human embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126636552389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=582, issue=7812, pageStart=410, pageEnd=415, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=94, rfOrder=93, authorNames=MORIS N, ANLAS K, VAN DEN BRINK S C, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= MORIS N, ANLAS K, VAN DEN BRINK S C, et al. An in vitro model of early anteroposterior organization during human development[J]. Nature, 2020, 582(7812): 410-415., articleTitle=An in vitro model of early anteroposterior organization during human development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126712049863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=962, pageEnd=972, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=95, rfOrder=94, authorNames=SIMUNOVIC M, SIGGIA E D, BRIVANLOU A H, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SIMUNOVIC M, SIGGIA E D, BRIVANLOU A H. In vitro attachment and symmetry breaking of a human embryo model assembled from primed embryonic stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(6): 962-972., articleTitle=In vitro attachment and symmetry breaking of a human embryo model assembled from primed embryonic stem cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126783353033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=33, issue=9, pageStart=661, pageEnd=678, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=96, rfOrder=95, authorNames=AI Z Y, NIU B H, YIN Y, journalName=Cell Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AI Z Y, NIU B H, YIN Y, et al. Dissecting peri-implantation development using cultured human embryos and embryo-like assembloids[J]. Cell Research, 2023, 33(9): 661-678., articleTitle=Dissecting peri-implantation development using cultured human embryos and embryo-like assembloids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126842073291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=577, issue=7791, pageStart=537, pageEnd=542, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=97, rfOrder=96, authorNames=XIANG L F, YIN Y, ZHENG Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XIANG L F, YIN Y, ZHENG Y, et al. A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos[J]. Nature, 2020, 577(7791): 537-542., articleTitle=A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126917570765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=622, issue=7983, pageStart=584, pageEnd=593, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=98, rfOrder=97, authorNames=WEATHERBEE B A T, GANTNER C W, IWAMOTO-STOHL L K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WEATHERBEE B A T, GANTNER C W, IWAMOTO-STOHL L K, et al. Pluripotent stem cell-derived model of the post-implantation human embryo[J]. Nature, 2023, 622(7983): 584-593., articleTitle=Pluripotent stem cell-derived model of the post-implantation human embryo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892126984679631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=622, issue=null, pageStart=574, pageEnd=583, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=99, rfOrder=98, authorNames=PEDROZA M, GASSALOGLU S I, DIAS N, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= PEDROZA M, GASSALOGLU S I, DIAS N, et al. Self-patterning of human stem cells into post-implantation lineages[J]. Nature, 2023, 622: 574-583., articleTitle=Self-patterning of human stem cells into post-implantation lineages, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127072760017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=453, issue=7194, pageStart=519, pageEnd=523, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=100, rfOrder=99, authorNames=YING Q L, WRAY J, NICHOLS J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= YING Q L, WRAY J, NICHOLS J, et al. The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal[J]. Nature, 2008, 453(7194): 519-523., articleTitle=The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127144063187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=186, issue=18, pageStart=3776, pageEnd=3792, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=101, rfOrder=100, authorNames=LIU L Z, OURA S, MARKHAM Z, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU L Z, OURA S, MARKHAM Z, et al. Modeling post-implantation stages of human development into early organogenesis with stem-cell-derived peri-gastruloids[J]. Cell, 2023, 186(18): 3776-3792., articleTitle=Modeling post-implantation stages of human development into early organogenesis with stem-cell-derived peri-gastruloids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127240532181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=622, issue=7983, pageStart=562, pageEnd=573, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=102, rfOrder=101, authorNames=OLDAK B, WILDSCHUTZ E, BONDARENKO V, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= OLDAK B, WILDSCHUTZ E, BONDARENKO V, et al. Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells[J]. Nature, 2023, 622(7983): 562-573., articleTitle=Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127282475223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=255, pageEnd=262, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=102, authorNames=KARSENTI E, journalName=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KARSENTI E. Self-organization in cell biology: a brief history[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2008, 9(3): 255-262., articleTitle=Self-organization in cell biology: a brief history, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127349584089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=1819, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=104, rfOrder=103, authorNames=CHEN Q, SHI J C, TAO Y, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CHEN Q, SHI J C, TAO Y, et al. Tracing the origin of heterogeneity and symmetry breaking in the early mammalian embryo[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1819., articleTitle=Tracing the origin of heterogeneity and symmetry breaking in the early mammalian embryo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127429275867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=132, issue=null, pageStart=44, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=105, rfOrder=104, authorNames=IMUTA Y, KOYAMA H, SHI D B, journalName=Mechanisms of Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference= IMUTA Y, KOYAMA H, SHI D B, et al. Mechanical control of notochord morphogenesis by extra-embryonic tissues in mouse embryos[J]. Mechanisms of Development, 2014, 132: 44-58., articleTitle=Mechanical control of notochord morphogenesis by extra-embryonic tissues in mouse embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127500579036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=55, issue=null, pageStart=119, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=106, rfOrder=105, authorNames=CAMPÀS O, journalName=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CAMPÀS O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues[J]. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 2016, 55: 119-130., articleTitle=A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127571882206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=571, issue=7763, pageStart=112, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=107, rfOrder=106, authorNames=CHAN C J, COSTANZO M, RUIZ-HERRERO T, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CHAN C J, COSTANZO M, RUIZ-HERRERO T, et al. Hydraulic control of mammalian embryo size and cell fate[J]. Nature, 2019, 571(7763): 112-116., articleTitle=Hydraulic control of mammalian embryo size and cell fate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127659962591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=131, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=108, rfOrder=107, authorNames=HIRAMATSU R, MATSUOKA T, KIMURA-YOSHIDA C, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HIRAMATSU R, MATSUOKA T, KIMURA-YOSHIDA C, et al. External mechanical cues trigger the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in early mouse embryos[J]. Developmental Cell, 2013, 27(2): 131-144., articleTitle=External mechanical cues trigger the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in early mouse embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127760625888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=24, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=109, rfOrder=108, authorNames=SAMAL P, MAURER P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SAMAL P, MAURER P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, et al. A new microengineered platform for 4D tracking of single cells in a stem-cell-based in vitro morphogenesis model[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(24): e1907966., articleTitle=A new microengineered platform for 4D tracking of single cells in a stem-cell-based in vitro morphogenesis model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127857094882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=8, issue=2, pageStart=171, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=109, authorNames=CHUNG K, KIM Y, KANODIA J S, journalName=Nature Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CHUNG K, KIM Y, KANODIA J S, et al. A microfluidic array for large-scale ordering and orientation of embryos[J]. Nature Methods, 2011, 8(2): 171-176., articleTitle=A microfluidic array for large-scale ordering and orientation of embryos, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892127940980964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=172, issue=5, pageStart=1079, pageEnd=1090, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=111, rfOrder=110, authorNames=SONNEN K F, LAUSCHKE V M, URAJI J, journalName=Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SONNEN K F, LAUSCHKE V M, URAJI J, et al. Modulation of phase shift between Wnt and Notch signaling oscillations controls mesoderm segmentation[J]. Cell, 2018, 172(5): 1079-1090. e12., articleTitle=Modulation of phase shift between Wnt and Notch signaling oscillations controls mesoderm segmentation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128003895526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=56, issue=23, pageStart=3276, pageEnd=3287, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=112, rfOrder=111, authorNames=GOVINDASAMY N, LONG H Y, JEONG H W, journalName=Developmental Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GOVINDASAMY N, LONG H Y, JEONG H W, et al. 3D biomimetic platform reveals the first interactions of the embryo and the maternal blood vessels[J]. Developmental Cell, 2021, 56(23): 3276-3287., articleTitle=3D biomimetic platform reveals the first interactions of the embryo and the maternal blood vessels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128062615784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=17, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=113, rfOrder=112, authorNames=SAMAL P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, TRUCKENMÜLLER R, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SAMAL P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, TRUCKENMÜLLER R, et al. Grow with the flow: when morphogenesis meets microfluidics[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(17): e1805764., articleTitle=Grow with the flow: when morphogenesis meets microfluidics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128112947434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=150, issue=14, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=114, rfOrder=113, authorNames=REPINA N A, JOHNSON H J, BAO X P, journalName=Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference= REPINA N A, JOHNSON H J, BAO X P, et al. Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling models cell-intrinsic embryogenic patterning using 2D human pluripotent stem cell culture[J]. Development, 2023, 150(14): dev201386., articleTitle=Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling models cell-intrinsic embryogenic patterning using 2D human pluripotent stem cell culture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128171667692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=2366, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=115, rfOrder=114, authorNames=IZQUIERDO E, QUINKLER T, DE RENZIS S, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference= IZQUIERDO E, QUINKLER T, DE RENZIS S. Guided morphogenesis through optogenetic activation of Rho signalling during early Drosophila embryogenesis [J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 2366., articleTitle=Guided morphogenesis through optogenetic activation of Rho signalling during early Drosophila embryogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128242970861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=370, issue=6522, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=116, rfOrder=115, authorNames=VEENVLIET J V, BOLONDI A, KRETZMER H, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= VEENVLIET J V, BOLONDI A, KRETZMER H, et al. Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites[J]. Science, 2020, 370(6522): eaba4937., articleTitle=Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128322662637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=17, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=117, rfOrder=116, authorNames=BONDARENKO V, NIKOLAEV M, KROMM D, journalName=The EMBO Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference= BONDARENKO V, NIKOLAEV M, KROMM D, et al. Embryo-uterine interaction coordinates mouse embryogenesis during implantation[J]. The EMBO Journal, 2023, 42(17): e113280., articleTitle=Embryo-uterine interaction coordinates mouse embryogenesis during implantation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128410743023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=593, issue=7857, pageStart=119, pageEnd=124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=118, rfOrder=117, authorNames=AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, OLDAK B, SHANI T, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference= AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, OLDAK B, SHANI T, et al. Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis[J]. Nature, 2021, 593(7857): 119-124., articleTitle=Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128477851890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=30, issue=5, pageStart=611, pageEnd=616, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=119, rfOrder=118, authorNames=PINZÓN-ARTEAGA C A, WANG Y J, WEI Y L, journalName=Cell Stem Cell, refType=null, unstructuredReference= PINZÓN-ARTEAGA C A, WANG Y J, WEI Y L, et al. Bovine blastocyst-like structures derived from stem cell cultures[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(5): 611-616. e7., articleTitle=Bovine blastocyst-like structures derived from stem cell cultures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128565932275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=149, issue=20, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=120, rfOrder=119, authorNames=NIETHAMMER M, BURGDORF T, WISTORF E, journalName=Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference= NIETHAMMER M, BURGDORF T, WISTORF E, et al. In vitro models of human development and their potential application in developmental toxicity testing[J]. Development, 2022, 149(20): dev200933., articleTitle=In vitro models of human development and their potential application in developmental toxicity testing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128616263925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=354, issue=6315, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=121, rfOrder=120, authorNames=DE BAKKER B S, DE JONG K H, HAGOORT J, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= DE BAKKER B S, DE JONG K H, HAGOORT J, et al. An interactive three-dimensional digital atlas and quantitative database of human development[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6315): aag0053., articleTitle=An interactive three-dimensional digital atlas and quantitative database of human development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128695955703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1956, volume=98, issue=3, pageStart=435, pageEnd=493, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=122, rfOrder=121, authorNames=HERTIG A T, ROCK J, ADAMS E C, journalName=The American Journal of Anatomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HERTIG A T, ROCK J, ADAMS E C. A description of 34 human ova within the first 17 days of development[J]. The American Journal of Anatomy, 1956, 98(3): 435-493., articleTitle=A description of 34 human ova within the first 17 days of development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172892128758870265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=67, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=123, rfOrder=122, authorNames=FUJIMOTO T, journalName=Congenital Anomalies, refType=null, unstructuredReference= FUJIMOTO T. Nishimura's collection of human embryos and related publications[J]. Congenital Anomalies, 2001, 41(1): 67-71., articleTitle=Nishimura's collection of human embryos and related publications, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172892118638014484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, awardId=12102229, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12102229), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172892118692540437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, awardId=U21A20203, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U21A20203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172892115878163439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115894940656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892115903329265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, companyId=1172892115878163439, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172892118134697998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Early embryonic development processes in human and mouse(Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=B946GHklTKNYpgrDZATZdQ==, figureFileBig=ExPcVU15dQDo72MBp9lN+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892118189223951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, label=图1, caption=小鼠和人早期胚胎发育过程(本图已由BioRender.com授权), figureFileSmall=B946GHklTKNYpgrDZATZdQ==, figureFileBig=ExPcVU15dQDo72MBp9lN+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892118243749904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Presentation of research achievements in stem cell-based mouse and human embryonic models (Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=TwF66Ffi2iOMbIwF1CKyYA==, figureFileBig=kDF3D+MO+a81YzmP96k8ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892118310858769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于干细胞的小鼠和人的胚胎模型研究成果展示(本图已由BioRender.com授权), figureFileSmall=TwF66Ffi2iOMbIwF1CKyYA==, figureFileBig=kDF3D+MO+a81YzmP96k8ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892118407327762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Bioengineering tools for embryo modeling(Created with BioRender.com), figureFileSmall=WIkh07+Twpm+MOIYQlGgRg==, figureFileBig=5tQ7I6sydo+ZPxouY6e6Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892118470242323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993298339001015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=用于构建胚胎模型的生物工程学工具(本图已由BioRender.com授权), figureFileSmall=WIkh07+Twpm+MOIYQlGgRg==, figureFileBig=5tQ7I6sydo+ZPxouY6e6Tg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1125365342200512522, delFlag=0, nameCn=合成生物学, nameEn=Synthetic Biology Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2096-8280, eissn=2097-6364, cn=10-1687/Q, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=0, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=DYzLVLWmksc12pIVWhrf0A==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Synth Biol J, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1760953921208, createdBy=null, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=S, firstLetterEn=S, subjectCode=Life Sciences, subjectName=生命科学, subjectCodeEn=Life Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=DYzLVLWmksc12pIVWhrf0A==, picEn=kDWgmVQ+b/F72HmoCsY5MQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1187090042657849503, language=CN, name=合成生物学, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/, createdTime=1760953921236, updatedTime=1760953921236, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/CN/column/column3.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorCommitteeLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorCommitteeLogOn.action, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1187090042716569760, language=EN, name=Synthetic Biology Journal, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/EN/2096-8280/home.shtml, createdTime=1760953921250, updatedTime=1760953921250, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/EN/column/column3.shtml, submissionAuthorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/authorLogOn.action, submissionEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorCommitteeLogOn.action, submissionReviewUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/expertLogOn.action, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorCommitteeLogOn.action, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://synbioj.cip.com.cn/Journalx_hcswx/editorCommitteeLogOn.action, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1146031712061968385, websiteList=[Website(id=1148243202290737566, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031712061968385, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/CN, language=CN, createTime=1751692112753, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753514874044, updateBy=18614031015, name=《合成生物学》中文站点, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=合成生物, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1148618543920345123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202290737566, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1751781601171, updateTime=1751781601171, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618543886790688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202290737566, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1751781601163, updateTime=1751781601163, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618543861624863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202290737566, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=IIK1WsoboRPQeScWOsQYDA==, createTime=1751781601157, updateTime=1751781601157, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618543907762210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202290737566, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1751781601168, updateTime=1751781601168, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1148618543899373601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1148243202290737566, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1751781601166, updateTime=1751781601166, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1155888775420067847, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1146031712061968385, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/EN, language=EN, createTime=1753514959438, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1753514959438, updateBy=18614031015, name=《合成生物学》英文站点, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Synthetic Biology Journal, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1155890707861725282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155888775420067847, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1753515420165, updateTime=1753515420165, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155890707849142367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155888775420067847, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1753515420162, updateTime=1753515420162, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155890707840753758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155888775420067847, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic?fileId=IIK1WsoboRPQeScWOsQYDA==, createTime=1753515420160, updateTime=1753515420160, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155890707857530977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155888775420067847, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kjdb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1753515420164, updateTime=1753515420164, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1155890707853336672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1155888775420067847, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1753515420163, updateTime=1753515420163, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=合成生物学, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=0, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Synthetic Biology Journal, journalPhotoCn=DYzLVLWmksc12pIVWhrf0A==, journalPhotoEn=kDWgmVQ+b/F72HmoCsY5MQ==, journalFirstLetter=S, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/CN/10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/EN/10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/CN/PDF/10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/EN/PDF/10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
干细胞模拟发育:细胞元件、胚胎模型与工程方法
收藏切换
PDF下载
韩宜钊 , 郭佳 , 邵玥
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(4): 734-753
收起
收藏切换
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(4): 734-753
干细胞模拟发育:细胞元件、胚胎模型与工程方法
全屏
韩宜钊 , 郭佳, 邵玥
作者信息
  • 清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084
  • 韩宜钊(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为基于生物工程的干细胞发育生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邵玥(1986—),男,副教授,博士生导师,“国家海外高层次青年人才引进计划”获得者。研究方向包括生物力学、器官修复、生殖健康、合成胚胎学等。E-mail:
Stem cell-based synthetic development: cellular components, embryonic models, and engineering approaches
Yizhao HAN , Jia GUO, Yue SHAO
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering,Department of Engineering Mechanics,School of Aerospace Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100
文章导航
收藏切换

近百年来,胚胎发育的理论基础主要源于对模式动物的研究,珍稀哺乳动物的发育研究一直受到种间差异、伦理及技术手段等条件的制约。随着干细胞技术的迅猛发展,研究者们利用干细胞构建体外胚胎模型突破传统发育研究的局限性。目前,胚胎模型是否能够完全模拟真实胚胎的发育过程尚待验证,但这无疑为发育生物学研究带来新的可能性。本文以小鼠和人为主要讨论模型,总结用于构建胚胎模型的干细胞种类,阐释不同干细胞在模拟发育过程中的作用和重要性。文章系统呈现了胚胎在不同发育阶段的关键事件和时空动态过程,全面阐述胚胎模型取得的显著成果,详细探讨如何评估胚胎模型的仿生度,以及生物工程学方法在胚胎模型开发中的关键作用,为胚胎模型的进一步优化和发展提供参考。通过对胚胎模型领域的深入研究,有助于更全面细致地了解胚胎发育过程,并为早期发育研究、疾病研究、药物筛选、生殖医学及毒性评估等领域提供更为精确的理论依据和应用工具,进而为未来生命科学的发展开辟新的途径。

干细胞  /  胚胎模型  /  哺乳动物胚胎学  /  微环境  /  生物工程  /  高保真度  /  自组装

Over the past century, the scientific foundation of embryonic development has primarily relied upon meticulous examination of developmental processes in model organisms. However, investigating the development of mammals has presented numerous challenges, including interspecies disparities, ethical considerations, and technical constraints. With the rapid advancement of stem cell technology, researchers have endeavored to overcome these obstacles by harnessing the potential of stem cells to generate sophisticated invitro embryo models. The rapid advancement of stem cell technology has revolutionized our approach to study embryonic development. While the ability of current embryo models to fully simulate the authentic developmental process is yet to be verified, they undeniably present new possibilities for developmental biology research. This review primarily focuses on mouse and human, summarizing the types of stem cells used in constructing embryo models and elucidating the roles and importance of different stem cells in simulating developmental processes. This review systematically presents and dissects crucial events and spatiotemporal dynamics in the embryonic development of both mice and humans across various stages. We thoroughly discuss the remarkable milestones achieved by existing embryo models, explore methods for evaluating the biomimicry of these models, and highlight the crucial role of bioengineering methods in embryo model development. The pivotal role of bioengineering in advancing embryonic model development is underscored, emphasizing its indispensable contribution to providing the requisite technical scaffolding for the realization of instruct multicellular induced self-organization with high-level spatiotemporal orders. Additionally, we provide perspectives for the optimization and progressive refinement of embryo models, so as to improve their relevance and applicability. In summary, engineered advances in stem cell-based synthetic development could not only improve our understanding of the inherent complexities of embryos, but also hold the potential for applications in disease research, drug screening, reproductive medicine, toxicological assessments, and other related fields, thereby opening new avenues for both fundamental and translational research.

stem cells  /  embryo models  /  mammalian embryology  /  microenvironment  /  bioengineering  /  high-fidelity  /  self-organization
韩宜钊, 郭佳, 邵玥. 干细胞模拟发育:细胞元件、胚胎模型与工程方法. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (4) : 734 -753 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100
Yizhao HAN, Jia GUO, Yue SHAO. Stem cell-based synthetic development: cellular components, embryonic models, and engineering approaches[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (4) : 734 -753 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100
自1887年弗兰克林·佩恩·莱德(Franklin Paine Mall)开始收集人类胚胎,在30年时间内约获得2000个胚胎标本,卡内基研究所将其作为重要收藏1。莱德根据外部结构照片对人类胚胎进行阶段分期,将226个胚胎划分为14个发育阶段,莱德的继任者乔治·L.斯特里特(George L. Streeter)将发育阶段扩展至23个,最终形成著名的卡内基分期(Carnegie stages)。卡内基分期为人类胚胎发育研究提供关键的系统性框架,为胚胎学和医学教育奠定重要基础。
近百年来,科学家们一直致力于研究生物发育过程。基于模式生物(如酵母、线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠等)的生物医学研究,虽然使人们对发育生物学和生理学获得深刻认知,并积累大量的实验技术和物种资源(包括特定物种的试剂和数据库),但模式生物的生理特征与人类具有差异性2。自20世纪80年代以来,虽然体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)捐赠的人类胚胎可用于体外研究3,但始终受到数量和质量的双重限制4。此外,国际指南规定人类胚胎严禁在体外培养超过受精后14天(E 14.0),或原条(primitive streak,PS)发育开始,且人类胚胎一旦进入人类子宫,将无法直接进行观察研究。虽然,第5周及之后终止妊娠的人类胚胎可用于研究5,但人们始终无法捕获胚胎发育全过程。总体而言,传统模式生物与人类之间存在的固有差异6、人类胚胎研究的伦理学问题7以及人类宫内发育观测的局限性,使人类的发育生物学研究依旧存在重大挑战。
1998年,Thomson等8首次从人类囊胚中分离胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC),开创了人类发育生物学研究和再生医学领域的新纪元。2007年,Takahashi等9利用4个特定的转录因子(OCT3/4,SOX2,KLF4和c-MYC)从成年人皮肤成纤维细胞中获得诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cell,iPSC)。这两种多能干细胞类型(iPSC和ESC)具有无限的增殖能力,并能分化为3个胚层,且不受伦理道德争议,为人类发育生物学提供强大的工具支撑。
近年来,干细胞的迅猛发展使得干细胞衍生人源类器官成为可能10。干细胞可以通过自组装,模拟人体器官三维结构和特定功能11。由此,人们开始思考,干细胞是否具备发育成为完整个体的潜能。
1975年,发育生物学家Martin和Evans12发现,畸胎瘤细胞在悬浮状态下可以自组装形成聚集细胞群并产生多种细胞类型,类似于小鼠早期胚胎分化过程,这种聚集体称为胚状体(embryoid bodies,EB)。虽然胚状体具有部分早期发育的细胞谱系,但与真实胚胎相比,胚状体的结构和细胞谱系组成存在较大差异。直至2018年,Rivron等13首次仅使用干细胞构建出结构、谱系及转录组均与小鼠囊胚高度相似的胚胎模型。随后,基于干细胞的哺乳动物胚胎模型大量出现,这些模型具有不同程度的完整性,并概括早期发育不同阶段的胚胎14。2021年,国际干细胞研究学会(International Society for Stem Cell Research,ISSCR)对基于干细胞的胚胎模型进行定义和分类,将基于干细胞的整合(包含胚胎相关的胚内胚外的全部细胞类型,并具备进一步发育潜能)和非整合(模拟胚胎发育的特定方面/组织)胚胎模型,统称为胚胎模型(embryo model)15
目前,胚胎模型构建方法主要以形态发生素(morphogen)介导的自发分化和多细胞组装为主导,而工程学方法的应用相对较为有限,其实引入工程学方法可能有助于提高胚胎模型的构建效率,避免细胞命运和组装结构的混乱,更为精准地模拟胚胎的结构和功能,从而实现构建更有序、更高效、可重复、高度保真的胚胎模型的目标16。尽管胚胎模型是否能够完全模拟哺乳动物胚胎的发育过程有待考证,但其无疑以更具可扩展性和更符合伦理标准的方式,提升了人们对哺乳动物发育的认知。此外,胚胎模型对于推动哺乳动物胚胎发育生物学、生殖医学、发育毒理学、农业育种等领域的发展具有巨大潜力。
本文详细介绍了构建人类和小鼠胚胎模型所需的关键条件,包括干细胞类型的选择、组合方式的多样性以及工程学工具的应用。由干细胞分化的不同类型细胞在模型特定阶段扮演着独特的角色,为构建更为复杂的胚胎模型提供丰富的可能性。通过灵活运用不同的组合方式,研究人员能够模拟出胚胎发育的不同阶段,深入探究发育机制。生物工程学工具在胚胎模型构建中的作用至关重要,不仅可以精准控制胚胎模型构建的初始条件,还能模拟体内生长环境,为胚胎模型的高保真构建提供可能性。文中探讨了未来研究的发展以及可能面临的挑战,旨在引导读者深入思考该领域的发展方向,以期更全面地了解和应对未来可能的问题。
早期胚胎发育涉及细胞谱系分化和形态发生的协调性,因此在构建胚胎模型时选择合适的干细胞至关重要。随着干细胞研究领域的不断发展,已成功从植入前和植入后胚胎中培育出多种干细胞类型,能够更好地模拟早期发育的特定阶段,为深入研究胚胎发育提供更多的研究工具和可能性。
1954年,Stevens和Little17在一种近交小鼠品系中,发现自发性的睾丸畸胎瘤中含有一类具备多谱系分化能力的细胞,且这些细胞可以维持多能性和持续扩增18。1981年,从小鼠囊胚中分离出小鼠的胚胎干细胞(mouse embryonic stem cell,mESC)19,其表现出naïve多能性状态,即单个细胞产生高贡献嵌合体的能力。此外,mESC也被证实高度类似于内细胞团(inner cell mass,ICM)的细胞状态,并具有ICM的多种分子特征20-21。小鼠上胚层干细胞(epiblast stem cell,EpiSC)主要是从小鼠胚胎植入后的上胚层(epiblast,EPI)衍生而来22,其与原肠晚期外胚层(ectoderm)高度相似23,但不同来源的EpiSC可能会在体外培养中存在品系差异24。滋养层干细胞(trophoblast stem cell,TSC)源自囊胚的滋养外胚层,以及植入后胚胎的胚外外胚层(extra-embryonic ectoderm,ExE),使得在体外获得滋养层谱系成为可能25。随后,研究者通过优化的EPI诱导因子对TSC再次诱导,获得了具有更高自我更新能力和更显著嵌合能力的滋养外胚层干细胞(trophectoderm stem cell,TESC)26。胚外内胚层(extraembryonic endoderm,XEN)干细胞起源于囊胚期的原始内胚层(primitive endoderm,又称为hypoblast,PrE),与顶端内胚层具有相似性,通过改变培养条件可获得内脏内胚层或内脏内胚层祖细胞27。具有更高潜能性的胚外内胚层祖细胞(naïve extra-embryonic endodermal progenitor,nEnd)具有内脏(visceral)和顶端(parietal)内胚层的双潜能性28。原始内胚层干细胞(primitive endoderm stem cell,PrESC)再现E 4.5的PrE特征,具备PrE衍生能力,并支持PrE缺失的嵌合体中囊胚的胎儿发育29。扩大潜能干细胞(expanded potential stem cell)和扩展多能干细胞(extended pluripotent stem cell),均被称为EPSC30-31。其可以来源于8细胞期或囊胚,或通过化合物诱导mESC获得30,其表达谱与E 4.5和E 5.5 EPI最接近32。单个EPS具备生成胚胎和胚外谱系的能力,且具备强大的嵌合能力30。形成多能干细胞(formative pluripotent stem cell,fPSC)可从多种细胞中衍生,包括mESC、E 5.5~6.5 EPI或iPSC。其具有介于naïve ESC和primed EpiSC之间的多能性稳态,并表现出E 6.5的EPI相似表观遗传学特征,具备分化为三胚层和原始生殖细胞的潜能33
鉴于小鼠2细胞期的胚胎细胞被认为具有全能性,研究人员将富集小鼠2细胞期特征的全能干细胞建立出来。通过mESC获得全能性卵裂球样细胞(totipotent blastomere-like cell,TBLC)34、全能干细胞(totipotent stem cell,TotiSC)35和全能样干细胞(totipotent-like stem cell,TLSC)36。此外,还可通过小鼠2细胞胚胎中衍生出来全能潜能干细胞(totipotent potential stem cell,TPS)37。这些全能干细胞具备胚胎和胚外发育的潜能,且可以长期稳定地维持。
相比于小鼠干细胞,人类干细胞的建立具有更多的挑战。评估多能性发育潜力较为严格的方法是进行体内嵌合体实验。但在人类干细胞研究中,体内嵌合体实验无法进行,因此对人类干细胞潜能性的验证存在问题。目前,少数研究使用种间嵌合的方法验证人类干细胞的潜能性38,在此情况下,对人类干细胞潜能性的评估是否具有说服力目前尚不清楚。
近年来,通过分离人类囊胚的ICM获得的人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cell,hESC)8,已证实与人植入前的ICM转录组具有较大差异39-41,其类似于小鼠植入后至原肠胚形成的EPI。目前发现人的体细胞可通过重编程获得多能性,从而产生人类诱导多能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cell,hiPSC)42。hESC和hiPSC共同称为多能干细胞(pluripotent stem cell,PSC),认为更类似于primed多能性状态。primed状态通常是指处于植入后期和原肠前期EPI多能性,其已经历了一部分的分化和成熟,但仍保持多能性状态。primed PSC通常使用mTeSR43、Essential 844等。naïve (ground)PSC可通过着床前胚胎直接衍生45、细胞重编程46-48、primed PSC特异性转录调控49及化学重编程50获得。naïve(ground)状态通常对应植入前EPI的多能性。目前用于诱导和维持naïve状态的培养条件,包括3iL51、NHSM52、t2iLGö53、5iLAF5054、PXGL55、HENSM49、LIF-3i56等。TSC有多种来源,其中包括人类囊胚和妊娠早期胎盘组织57、诱导naïve hESC细胞系58及成体细胞重编程59-60。人的EPSC可来源于囊胚、PSC诱导或体细胞重编程。EPSC细胞可在培养物中长期稳定维持,同时在单细胞水平上具备分化为胚胎和胚外谱系的能力30。此外,类似于人的8细胞卵裂球阶段的细胞特性的全能性8细胞期胚胎样细胞(8C-like cell,8CLC)已从hPSC中衍生出来,其可在体外或体内产生胚内和胚外谱系以及复杂的畸胎瘤61
干细胞作为构建胚胎模型的关键组成元素必须具备多能性,以更精准地模拟胚胎发育各个阶段。不同类型的干细胞具有特定的发育潜力,通过组合的多样性可更好地还原胚胎发育复杂性。尽管目前已构建出大量的干细胞,但其发育潜力和基础性能仍需深入研究和验证。通常评估干细胞的潜能性通过形成嵌合体以及特定的分化实验进行,但在人类干细胞的构建中,这些评估方法因伦理道德规范难以实现。深入了解不同类型干细胞特性、分子标记及其在体内和体外发育潜力的差异,将有助于更充分地利用干细胞,为构建更真实、有序的胚胎模型奠定研究基础。
在植入前阶段,小鼠和人的跨物种胚胎发育特征差异性并不明显(图1)。小鼠胚胎基因组在2细胞期(E 1.5)开始激活,细胞极化和胚胎致密化出现在8细胞期(E 2.5)。在E 3.5,小鼠胚胎发生第一次谱系分离,出现ICM和滋养外胚层(trophectoderm,TE)。第二次谱系分离,发生在E 4.75,ICM分化为EPI和PrE。人类胚胎发育从受精卵开始,进行卵裂分裂,随后在8细胞期(E 3.0)胚胎基因组激活,同时细胞极化和胚胎致密化开始发生。在E 4.5,滋养层细胞和内细胞团细胞开始分离,形成ICM和TE(E 5.0)。随后,ICM分化为EPI和PrE。
小鼠和人的植入期,展现出较大的差异性(图1)。小鼠胚胎在E 4.75从囊胚的壁滋养层(mural TE)开始植入;之后EPI腔扩大,由于组织边界收缩,极滋养层(polar TE)形成柱状,出现EXE,并形成杯状结构(egg cylinder);随后远端内脏内胚层(distal visceral endoderm,DVE)形成,并从远端向胚胎单侧迁移,而后定位于胚胎前侧,形成近侧内脏内胚层(anterior visceral endoderm,AVE);AVE释放的信号分子作用于邻近的EPI,促进其特化出胚体前侧的特征,而对侧EPI由于远离AVE信号而特化形成原条,至此,胚胎前后轴正式建立。人胚胎植入通常是发生在E 7.0,通过polar TE与子宫内膜组织互作,发生附着和侵入;EPI和PrE的分离出现在囊胚晚期和开始植入阶段之间(E 6.0~7.0),随后EPI建立起顶端-基底极性(apico-basal polarity),并形成玫瑰花结;EPI继续扩张,形成具有鳞状上皮和柱状上皮的羊膜腔,胚胎获得双层胚盘(bilaminar disk)结构,EPI位于顶端,PrE位于底端;人类原肠胚形成在E 14.0,可以观察到原条和胚胎中胚层形成62-64
首个小鼠囊胚胚胎模型,采用自下而上的非黏附悬浮方式进行自组装。将mESC置于微孔中,促使其自发聚集,之后通过在聚集体上方添加mTSC,形成转录组和形态类似于小鼠E 3.5的囊胚结构。尽管该胚胎模型不具备发育为完整胚胎的潜力,但该模型揭示胚胎内谱系诱导对滋养层发育和子宫内膜蜕膜化过程具有关键作用13。通过特定因子诱导小鼠PSC可产生自组装的胚胎模型,其包含TE和ICM谱系标志物,并能在体内子宫中诱导蜕膜化形成,但是最终会被胚胎母体吸收65。EPSC和mTSC在微孔中进行自组装获得的囊胚胚胎模型,具有EPI、PrE和TE谱系,且表现出明显的胚胎-非胚胎(embryonic-abembryonic)轴和PrE分化,并可在体外观测植入前到植入后“杯状”结构的转变66。此外,研究证明仅由EPS可通过自组装生成囊胚胚胎模型,其可分化为EPI、TE、PrE三种囊胚细胞谱系,与天然胚胎转录组相似,该模型可植入子宫,诱导子宫发生蜕膜化,并产生EPI、TE及PE衍生的活组织,但组织结构混乱67。添加外胚层诱导剂,可获得更稳定和自我更新速度更快的TESC,同时还可维持WNT6/7B分泌刺激子宫蜕膜化。相比之下,TESC和mESC形成囊胚胚胎模型的能力相对更强,从而提高子宫植入效率26。近年来,为解决mESC无法单独形成囊胚胚胎模型的问题,Jana等68在mESC自组装形成囊胚胚胎模型的过程中,通过短暂激活其2C基因网络,成功释放mESC的全能性。因此,仅由mESC便可形成囊胚胚胎模型,无需引入任何外源基因表达。该囊胚胚胎模型能够植入、诱导蜕膜化并发育成植入后组织,但与天然胚胎结构不符。
基于全能干细胞的囊胚胚胎模型也已构建出来。TLSC聚集体表现出从8细胞胚胎阶段和16细胞胚胎阶段开始的卵裂球致密化和极化,并自组装形成囊胚胚胎模型,表达ICM和TE的标志物36。由TBLC构成的囊胚胚胎模型,具有更高的效率,其可以表达与真实囊胚类似的转录组,但谱系分配相比于真实胚胎仍具有差异性,其含有较少数量的PrE。仅使用单个TBLC即可形成囊胚胚胎模型,并能够在体外发育超过植入阶段69。TPS细胞可被诱导形成类似于植入前小鼠囊胚的囊胚胚胎结构,其包含EPI、PrE、TE三个谱系,与E 4.5小鼠胚胎相似37。以上3种胚胎模型,均可在体内植入并触发蜕膜化。
目前,尚未有任何囊胚模型能够成功实现有效着床,均存在伪着床现象。这种伪着床表现为细胞与子宫内膜细胞之间只能实现简单互作,而缺乏高度复杂和精密的相互调控,无法真实模拟胚胎与子宫内膜在体内自然情况下的复杂对话。由于这种简化的相互作用,囊胚模型在形成杯状结构过程中普遍存在效率低下的问题,且难以发育至原肠胚形成阶段。该问题需在未来研究中得到进一步解决和改进,以提高囊胚模型的生物学真实性和拓宽临床应用中的前景。
2014年,首个原肠胚胚胎模型由mESC形成,展现对称破缺、轴向组织、胚层特异性及胚胎发育过程的关键特征。尽管该模型表现出与E 5.5~6.5相似的特征,但其与天然胚胎的时空事件和组织结构存在较大差距70
随后,首个同时具有胚外和胚内组织的胚胎模型(即ETS胚胎模型)由mESC和mTSC嵌入基质胶中进行自组装而建立,该模型能够模拟从植入阶段到谱系分化的发育时空事件,并最终分化出中胚层和原始生殖细胞。相较于传统的EB结构,ETS胚胎模型更准确地模拟自然胚胎的结构和基因表达模式,具有更类似自然胚胎的时空动力学特征71。Sozen等72为了更好地模拟原肠胚形成的关键发育事件,利用小鼠胚胎3种不同干细胞类型(ES、TS和XEN干细胞)进行组装,形成与小鼠天然胚胎高度类似的胚胎模型,此胚胎模型包括原肠胚形成的关键时空事件的动态发生,包括上皮-间质转化(EMT)、中胚层和定形内胚层谱系分化,该胚胎模型的基因表达部分类似于E 7.0~7.5的原肠胚,但结构并不完整。
此外,通过非黏附悬浮系统,结合小鼠mESC、mTSC和XEN干细胞,成功获得自组装胚胎模型,模拟体内胚胎发育过程(类似于小鼠胚胎E 4.5~6.5),该胚胎模型表现出腔体形成、中胚层基因表达的不对称性和原始生殖细胞前体出现,以及内脏内胚层样组织的形成。该胚胎移植到假孕小鼠子宫后,胚胎模型能够有效启动着床,并引发蜕膜组织的形成。然而,胚胎模型在着床后的发育潜力有限,可能是因为它们缺乏一些正常胚胎发育过程中的结构,如卵黄囊和Reichert膜,这些结构在胚胎保护和营养传递中起重要作用73。Girgin等74采用高通量微孔由mESC生成EPI小球和mTSC小球,然后混合培养形成胚胎模型。该胚胎模型经历轴向形态发生,表现出沿前后轴(anterior-posterior axis)、背腹轴(dorsal-ventral axis)的延伸过程。非上皮化EPI聚集体形成的胚胎组织主要生成中胚层组织,而上皮化胚胎组织则包含发育中的中脑/后脑的细胞类型,证明EPI聚集体中上皮的存在是EpiTS胚胎模型中轴形态发生和前部发育的主要决定因素。Xu等75通过整合不同大小的mESC聚集体,破坏聚集体的对称性,创造一种胚胎模型。他们利用原位杂交、免疫标记、细胞追踪及转录组分析表明,该胚胎模型通过原肠形成的过程发育出内、中、外三胚层,具有与小鼠神经胚胎阶段高度相似的发育结构,包括脊索、神经板、心脏、血管及肠管等组织,但该模型仍缺少一些前部组织结构,如前脑。
Amadei等76通过整合mESC、mTSC及瞬时表达Gata4 mESC,成功构建iETX胚胎模型。iETX胚胎模型在形态上与E 5.5和E 6.5的天然胚胎相似,并可诱导AVE形成,且该AVE能够不对称地向ES和TS衍生区室的边界迁移。该胚胎模型的前后轴在指定相对侧,随后该胚胎模型经历原肠胚形成,形成胚胎和胚外中胚层以及定形内胚层,但该研究的局限性在于培养时间受限(不超过6天)76。若通过滚筒培养系统的建立,则可以将该模型延长至E 5.5~8.5,能够形成完整的解剖结构,包括脑、神经管、跳动的心脏样结构、躯干、尾芽、肠道及原始生殖细胞。虽然该模型高度模拟天然胚胎的发育,如头褶结构的形成,但该研究仅限于肠道及其相关器官的内胚层祖细胞建立,可能需要进一步优化培养条件以实现这一目标77
在Tarazi等78的研究中,通过整合非转基因的mESC、瞬时表达Cdx2 mESC和瞬时表达Gata4 mESC,通过滚筒培养系统获得高度类似于小鼠E 5.5~8.5的胚胎发育过程,其可以形成杯状结构,完成原肠形成过程,发育成大脑(包括前脑和中脑区域)、神经褶皱、神经管、肠管、跳动的心脏、体节、迁移的原始生殖细胞和其他器官的祖细胞。Lau等79通过相同方法也可以生成类似于小鼠E 5.5~8.5阶段的胚胎发育事件,包括原肠胚形成、前后轴、大脑及跳动的心脏结构的形成,以及胚胎外组织的发育,包括卵黄囊和绒毛膜。
人类胚胎模型的构建主要以小鼠为基础。首个完整的人类囊胚胚胎模型是通过微孔将naïve hPSC聚集,并进行连续的谱系分化和细胞自组织而建立。该模型在多个方面与天然人类囊胚相似,包括形态、大小、细胞数量、转录组,以及不同细胞谱系的组成和分布。具体而言,该模型包含EPI、PrE和TE三个谱系,类似于人类E 6.0阶段的胚胎尺寸和囊胚组成,尽管在EPI和PrE结构上并未观察到分离现象。在体外着床实验中,其表现出一些类似于真实胚胎体外着床特征,包括羊膜腔和卵黄囊样形成,细胞角蛋白(CK7)的细胞质丝状染色模式、人绒毛膜促性腺激素β(HCGB)的表达和分泌80。Yanagida等81的工作侧重于通过naïve hPSC生成高保真度的囊胚胚胎模型,类似于人类天然胚胎的E 5.0~7.0阶段。该模型包含囊胚的EPI和PrE的细胞谱系分离,表现出与天然囊胚相似的转录组特征,并在发育过程中与天然囊胚的时间尺度相符,确定囊胚胚胎模型与人类胚胎高保真,但并未获得植入后信息。此外,通过对人类成纤维细胞进行重编程,之后细胞进入微孔自行组装,最终呈现出类似于人类E 5.0~7.0囊胚的结构。该囊胚胚胎模型可模拟天然囊胚结构,包括ICM、EPI、PrE、TE及囊胚腔样腔。然而,需要指出的是,它们似乎缺乏明确定位的PrE细胞层,该囊胚胚胎模型展现出部分类似于人类胚胎着床特征,例如EPI样细胞极化和前羊膜样腔的出现,但与天然人类胚胎相比仍存在较大差异82。通过将EPSC置于微孔中进行聚集,可构建早期囊胚胚胎模型,具备人类胚胎E 3.0~9.0/10.0的部分发育特征,但细胞谱系并不完善,且这些细胞主要处于中间转录状态。然而在这个过程中,发现EPSC主要表达的是晚期EPI的特有基因,且EPSC的分化潜能具有局限性,这增加了细胞的不完全分化和分化效率较低等问题83。Fan等84开发EPSC的两步诱导法,先将EPSC诱导为TE样细胞,再与EPSC在微孔中进行组装,从而形成类似于植入前和植入后的结构、谱系及转录组,且在体外着床实验中生成植入后多种细胞亚群,但该分化方法效率较低。使用8CLC产生的囊胚胚胎模型,可形成PrE、TE及EPI细胞谱系,其转录组与人类囊胚高度相似,但针对其后续培养研究较少61
近期,Yu等85开发“囊胚胚胎模型Ⅱ代”相比于“囊胚胚胎模型Ⅰ代”82更接近于天然胚胎,其效率更高且可与子宫内膜进行互作。该模型主要通过改进培养条件提高囊胚胚胎模型的形成效率和构建时间。“囊胚胚胎模型Ⅱ代”中的EPI、PrE、TE等与人类囊胚的细胞分群和基因表达更加贴近。此外使用永生化原代子宫内膜基质细胞(immortalized primary endometrial stromal cell,IESC)与囊胚胚胎模型建立共培养系统,形成胚胎体外着床模型。研究结果表明,IESC可促进胚胎模型的生存和分化,并能在体外再现母胎串扰机制,强调胚胎植入后早期人类发育过程中的转录变化。
Kagawa等86使用naïve hPSC,通过抑制Hippo、TGF-β及ERK三个经典的信号通路,使hPSC能够“完美”模拟人类囊胚的发育过程,成功率超过70%。该方法形成的囊胚胚胎模型与人类囊胚细胞的相似度超过97%。该模型的转录组与人类胚胎高度相似,并按照人类囊胚发育的顺序和速度演变。该模型可以特异性黏附激素作用的子宫内膜细胞,之后可检测到绒毛膜促性腺激素-β激素。在体外发育直到相当于人类胚胎E 13.0,尽管与人类胚胎高度相似,其组织结构并不反映该发育阶段的特征。值得注意的是,通过使用FDA批准的小分子gp130抑制剂SC144,成功抑制该囊胚胚胎模型的着床过程。这项研究为开发人类新一代非激素类避孕药提供创新的方向,同时也为深入了解人类早期胚胎发育和相关疾病提供有力支持。
此外,有部分研究团队,更关注于囊胚胚胎模型是否能模拟人类胚胎植入后特征。De Santis等87通过naïve hESC自组装的囊胚胚胎模型,在涂有Laminin-521的塑料基底上体外着床后,可打破EPI对称性,并自组装形成原条和中胚层,模拟体外人类原肠胚形成的关键特征,其转录组特性与人类原肠胚高度相似,类似于体外人胚胎培养的E 12.0。Karvas等88使用naïve hPSC生成囊胚胚胎模型,并将其植入厚度为1~2 mm厚度的基质中,在体外培养条件下,该囊胚胚胎模型能够生长长达21天,相当于人类胚胎的卡内基6~7阶段,并形成复杂的胚胎和胎盘结构。通过对关键时间点的转录组分析,发现该囊胚胚胎模型符合从植入前到原肠阶段的人类胚胎发育过程。然而,该胚胎模型仍存在部分谱系缺失和出现时间混乱,植入后的胚胎模型也存在异质性,尽管如此,该体系仍提供连续且集成的体外发育模型。
目前,由于伦理道德、宫内胚胎难以观测等问题,人们对植入后胚胎的了解非常有限。为解决这一问题,研究人员已经开发一系列具备植入后组织结构特征的非整合和整合胚胎模型。
羊膜胚胎模型建立已经通过更改hPSC的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)条件实现89,该模型表现出羊膜样不对称EPI结构,并表现出模仿原条发育的细胞和分子特征90。之后基于微流控系统精确控制生长因子、形态发生素及抑制剂的添加,可以高通量获得类似于羊膜外胚层的双极胚囊(bipolar embryonic sac)的羊膜胚胎模型。研究人员发现羊膜外胚层样细胞在胚胎原条发育事件中具有信号中心的作用。虽然该模型在转录组和结构上类似于人体胚胎的羊膜结构,且揭示羊膜发育部分机制,但其谱系分化和结构并不完善91。随后,通过hPSC从naïve到primed多能性状态转变,可获得转录组与人类胚胎相似的早期羊膜和晚期羊膜的特征性胚胎模型,可惜的是两个独立的状态并不能连续发生92
2014年通过微图案(micropattern)结合BMP4刺激,成功实现了对hESC进行二维(2D)的空间有序分化。该方法产生了一种特殊的结构,呈现出内部外胚层、中部中内胚层(mesendoderm)、外部滋养外胚层的3层圆环结构。该方法虽然实现了类原肠胚不同胚层的重现,但该方法构建出的结构与天然胚胎结构存在较大差异93。人类三维(3D)原肠胚胎模型出现是由hESC生成的三维多细胞聚集体,可分化形成时空组织的内、中、外三胚层的衍生物,并且能够沿着前后轴经历伸长,表现出类似于人类卡内基阶段8~9期的特征,但缺少前神经和胚外谱系94。Simunovic等95采用“assembloid”方法模拟植入后人类胚胎的发育过程,研究人员利用primed hESC,在软基底上使用BMP4和FGF2诱导产生在转录上与胚外组织相似的混合细胞类型,其中包括滋养层、羊膜及胚外中胚层细胞,之后通过热可逆性ECM生成EPI球,并将其与胚外混合细胞进行自组装,形成接近于E 10.0~12.0胚胎的组织极性结构,并在体外条件下进行胚胎模型的着床。值得注意的是,在没有外源形态发生素的情况下,胚外混合组织能够打破EPI前后对称性,产生早期原肠胚细胞类型。该组装方法因为并不形成符合天然胚胎结构的模型,所以能够用于着床后更晚期发育阶段的研究,更符合伦理道德规范。Ai等96基于人胚胎体外培养经验97,通过对氧气浓度和培养基条件的调整,获得可在常规氧气浓度下培养的高存活率和高多能性的hESC,之后通过hESC与BMP4诱导的hPSC自组装形成球体,该胚胎模型出现双层胚盘、羊膜腔、卵黄囊及胚外中胚层这些人类原肠胚形成前胚胎的重要组织结构。但该胚胎模型中的谱系无法具有共同的时空发育事件,并缺乏滋养层相关谱系。Weatherbee等98通过转录因子(GATA6-SOX17和GATA3-AP2γ)过表达的hESC与野生型hESC在微孔中自组装,获得类似于胚胎着床后细胞谱系发育特征,包括管腔生成、羊膜生成、原始生殖细胞形成及EPI前体分化。同时期,Pedroza等99使用ground100和primed多能性中间态的hPSC,通过微孔聚集为3D球形,并使用自分化培养基,可获得类似于人类着床期的EPI和PrE。之后胚胎模型分化为多种原肠前期细胞谱系,包括植入后期EPI羊膜外胚层、原始条纹、中胚层、早期XEN以及最初卵黄囊诱导的特征。该胚胎模型发育阶段符合卡内基阶段4~7,但是缺少胎盘谱系。EPSC胚胎模型,通过将EPSC分别分化为EPI样细胞和PrE样细胞,并在微孔中进行自组装,获得类似于羊膜和卵黄囊的空腔,之后发育为双层胚盘和三层胚盘(trilaminar disc embryo),并伴随原条形成,直到早期器官发生。但该原肠胚周围模型缺乏滋养层细胞和绒毛膜腔,阻碍其完全再现人类胚胎发育复杂性的能力,无法体外培养超过11~13天101。Oldak等102使用未经遗传修饰的naïve hESC,形成几乎完整的植入后人类胚胎的细胞谱系,包括EPI、PrE、胚外中胚层及滋养层细胞谱系。此外,该胚胎模型的空间组织形态发生可表现出E 13~14(卡内基阶段6a)的几乎所有的结构和特征,包括胚盘和双层胚盘的形成、外胚层管腔发生、极化羊膜生成、前后对称性破坏、原始生殖细胞规范、极化卵黄囊与内脏和顶叶内胚层形成、界定绒毛膜腔和连接的胚外中胚层扩张、滋养层合胞体。
在评估基于干细胞的胚胎模型的仿生度时,需要考虑多个关键因素。理想的评价方式是将胚胎模型与同一物种相同发育阶段的体内胚胎进行比较。然而,由于伦理和法规限制,在人类胚胎研究中无法使用体内胚胎作为参照标准,这导致对其他评估方法的依赖性。
跨物种比较是首要的替代方式,选择与人类最为相近的物种(如非人灵长类动物)进行对比。然而,必须谨慎处理不同物种发育过程存在的差异,以避免得出误导性的结论。另一个常用方式是与体外培养的人类胚胎进行比较,但目前人类胚胎体外长时程培养依旧面临验证挑战。这两种方式均受限于伦理道德规范,且不能完全说明胚胎模型的潜在问题。尽管这些方法不能完全替代同种物种同发育阶段的体内胚胎比较,但其仍能提供很多有价值的信息,帮助评估模型的仿生度。
目前的评估方式,需要全面考虑胚胎模型的结构、转录组及功能上的相似性。这种全面性的评估方法是为了解决由于伦理和法规限制而无法直接采用同种物种体内胚胎验证的挑战,同时旨在提高基于干细胞的胚胎模型的真实性和可信度。
目前对于小鼠胚胎模型评价,可通过与天然小鼠胚胎进行对比。首先,胚胎模型与小鼠胚胎相比应具有整体结构上的相似性、所有谱系及相同的组织结构。其次,通过评估基因或蛋白质的表达来确认模型中是否存在正确细胞数量和类型,并验证这些细胞是否具有功能性,包括细胞形态、信号传导及细胞迁移等。在功能上,植入前胚胎模型主要考虑是否能够成功植入和发育,产生健康的小鼠。发育的关键性事件也成为评价指标,其中包括胚胎模型与母体子宫是否能相互作用并诱导蜕膜,植入过程中的激素分泌,是否可形成活的植入后组织,是否会被母体吸收等。植入后的胚胎模型,注重于管腔形成、羊膜结构形成、内脏内胚层形成和迁移、轴向形态发生、中胚层形成、原始生殖细胞出现、器官发生等。此外,目前研究更侧重于时空事件的连续发生,这可以更好地说明胚胎模型的高保真和发育潜能。
在考虑人类模型时,由于无法与人类体内胚胎进行对比且难以进行体内植入实验,使研究面临诸多挑战。结构形态的相似性成为模型评价的重要标准,要求模型尽可能与人类胚胎在结构和谱系类型上相似。目前人们对于植入后人类胚胎结构和功能,还缺少大量的知识储备,很难进行清晰的比对。单细胞RNA测序等高通量技术有助于对比大多数谱系,但仍存在未知细胞亚群的问题。在功能性验证方面,目前面临复杂的伦理道德问题。植入前的胚胎模型仅能通过体外植入实验来进行功能评价。目前主要依赖体外着床模型进行观测,其中包括水凝胶和子宫内膜细胞构建的着床模型。其评判的植入功能标准包括羊膜腔形成,卵黄囊和卵黄囊腔、滋养层和胚外中胚层的发育,外胚层管腔的发生,前后对称性破坏,原始生殖细胞发生,滋养层合胞体形成,胎盘形成,绒毛膜腔生,早期器官发生成等。此外,由于缺少体内植入验证的可能性,人们更加关注于体外的长时程培养以及发育时空事件规范性。
近年来,基于干细胞的小鼠和人类胚胎模型的研究取得显著进展(图2)。小鼠胚胎模型在结构、功能及转录组等多个方面逐渐贴近天然小鼠胚胎的发育特征。尽管在体内植入后存在发育潜力的局限性,但由于可与天然小鼠胚胎进行比对和体内植入实验,这些模型能够更迅速地揭示潜在问题。相比之下,伦理道德的限制和人类胚胎样本的稀缺,使得人们对人类胚胎发育过程的了解相对匮乏,这为胚胎模型的构建带来挑战。基于干细胞的人类胚胎模型构建主要基于小鼠胚胎模型,目前已有部分植入前和植入后胚胎模型取得进展。植入前胚胎模型的验证通常包括转录组、结构及体外着床实验,而植入后胚胎模型则主要通过对体外培养人类胚胎进行结构和转录组的对比。虽然体外培养目前仍处于摸索阶段,其验证的可靠性有待进一步考证,但这些研究成果为更深入了解胚胎发育过程提供有力的实验工具,同时也凸显了未来面临的挑战与发展方向。
自18世纪以来,人们逐渐认识到在物理和化学系统中观察到的动态组织现象对于生物学具有重要意义103。基于此,Alan Turing模型成为重要的里程碑,该理论不仅得到了化学和生物实验的验证,也深度影响了生物学领域。该模型表明化学扩散和空间异质性可能是影响胚胎发育的关键因素104。此外,体内和体外的哺乳动物胚胎研究还证实机械信号与胚胎发育密切相关。例如,机械应力的作用推动细胞的收敛-伸展等过程,形成脊索,促进形态发生105-106;在囊胚阶段,当胚胎是一个充满液体的球体时,内部静水压力不仅决定胚胎的大小,而且还指导命运的分配107;对胚胎施加的外部空间限制可直接调节杯状结构的伸长和基底膜破口的位置108。这些研究凸显了机械、化学、物理等多种因素在胚胎发育中的协同重要性。
综上所述,研究者们在基于干细胞的胚胎模型构建时,不仅关注干细胞的固有自组装特性,还通过生物工程的工具引入与体内胚胎相似的特征,从而形成有序、更加类似于天然胚胎的胚胎模型。以下将详细介绍在胚胎模型构建中广泛采用的工程学方法。
微孔阵列是一种具有较小且密集孔径、底端为U或V底的非黏附性培养结构。相比于传统孔板,微孔阵列因其孔径较小和底面结构,便于控制初始细胞量和促进少量细胞自组织聚集,有利于模拟实际胚胎中的早期少量细胞聚集过程,例如,Liu等82在人类囊胚胚胎模型构建中,初始约100个hiPSC形成聚集体,可在6天后获得类似于人类E 5~7的囊胚胚胎模型(单个聚集体细胞数量约为240个)。微孔阵列可用于确定最佳的初始细胞数量以提高胚胎模型的产生效率。例如,Yu等80通过测试单个微孔内不同细胞数量,最终确定约20~30个naïve hESC具有最高的囊胚胚胎模型的产生效率。微孔还可用于探究多种细胞组合的最佳比例,如在小鼠囊胚模型构建中,Rivron等13通过测试不同比例的mESC和mTSC数量,发现当8个ES细胞和20个TS细胞组合时,形成小鼠囊胚胚胎模型效率最高,约为70%。通过在相同宽度不同长度的微腔中,观察到较长的微孔促进了P19C5小鼠干细胞系聚集体更大程度的方向性生长,这可能是由于微孔的设计可限制干细胞在特定空间内的生长和移动,有助于模拟胚胎轴向伸长中的空间事件109。微孔阵列还具有高通量、均一性及自动化的特点,可与自动化设备相结合,提高实验效率。
微孔阵列在胚胎模型构建中具有诸多优势,但也存在一些局限性。目前,商品化微孔阵列(Aggrewell、Elplasia、Gri3D等)存在尺寸规格有限、价格昂贵、不对中国销售等问题,这将限制实验的灵活性,增加实验周期和成本。此外,微孔阵列通常是静态培养系统,无法模拟体内胚胎受力和微环境变化的动态过程。因此,在使用微孔阵列进行研究时,需要充分考虑这些局限性,并结合实际情况进行设计和制定实验方案。
微流控技术在胚胎模型研究中展现出显著优势。其灵活和精确的微孔结构设计,可实现对干细胞在特定空间内的精确控制,限制其生长和移动,模拟胚胎发育中细胞聚集和定向分化的微环境,提供更真实的模型。以羊膜胚胎模型构建为例,通过微流控芯片的三通道设计,中间通道为hESC聚集物的三维环境,一侧通道添加基础培养基,另一侧通道添加含有BMP4诱导因子的基础培养基,可实现非对称羊膜样结构的构建91。通过对微流控芯片中凹槽形状的设计,实现自动化的果蝇胚胎捕获和定向排列,显著提高了实验和定量分析效率110。此外,微流控技术可用于时序性实验设计,有助于更精细探究发育过程中的关键事件和时空动态事件。例如,在小鼠体节中胚层发育中,分子时钟由Notch和Wnt信号通路振荡组成,通过微流控芯片添加时序性信号通路调节因子,获得Notch、Wnt信号通路的同步振荡,从而获得正确的中胚层分节111。另外,微流控芯片可精确控制流体流动,实现对母体血管周围流体动力学条件的精准模拟,在体外胚胎模型植入过程中模仿胚胎与母体血管的互作112。总体而言,微流控技术为胚胎模型研究提供一个灵活、可控、高效的实验工具,有利于深入了解胚胎发育的分子机制和时空调控113
尽管微流控技术大量用于类器官和胚胎模型构建,但是微流控芯片制作主要源于个体实验室手工制作,机器与人工的差异性将导致芯片标准化程度不足,从而影响实验的一致性和可重复性。此外,微流控芯片的设计和结构可能对胚胎模型和类器官的体积变化和长期培养产生物理限制,并难以构建复杂的器官结构。未来需进一步提高微流控芯片构建胚胎模型的可重复性、效率、可扩展性、复杂性,从而提供更为优质的研究工具和平台。
光遗传学是利用光敏感蛋白质(如光敏蛋白、光敏酶等)的光感应性质,通过光的控制来操纵和调控生物系统中基因表达和细胞行为的技术。光遗传学提供一种精准的、时空可控的工具,用于操纵和调节特定细胞类型的活动、基因表达及信号通路,模拟胚胎发育过程并探究发育机制。例如,通过将optoWnt系统嵌入hESC的AAVS1安全基因组位点中,使细胞可通过光激活的方式实现Wnt信号通路调控。通过激活Wnt信号通路,hESC可在无空间模式指导下,发生自组织及上皮间质转化(EMT),模拟中胚层亚群EMT期间的动态迁移过程114。此外,光遗传学还可通过操纵与光敏感蛋白质关联的细胞骨架或肌动蛋白等组织形成的关键因素,实现对细胞的机械力调控,进而用于研究机械力在胚胎发育中的作用。Izquierdo等115通过对果蝇胚胎的光调控RhoGEF2,局部激活Rho信号通路,调控肌动蛋白Ⅱ活性,促进细胞顶端收缩,推动组织内陷,以此模拟早期果蝇胚胎发生过程中上皮细胞的顶部收缩和组织折叠。该技术为深入了解胚胎发育的分子机制和细胞行为提供了有力工具,同时也为研究胚胎中机械力的影响提供了新途径。
目前光遗传学主要应用于2D细胞层面,在构建完整胚胎模型时,其仍然存在一些限制。例如,光遗传学依赖于光敏蛋白的特异性结合,因此细胞间可能存在表达差异性;光透深度可能受到细胞或组织厚度的影响;光敏蛋白的表达稳定性可能不足,从而限制长期实验进程;基于光遗传学操纵效率、准确性、特异性均存在限制,难以对模型进行精准调控。研究人员未来可将光遗传学与其他技术手段结合,以弥补其不足,促进对胚胎发育机制的深入了解,拓展研究的深度和广度。
ECM的三维支架结构能够更好地模拟天然胚胎组织的微环境,推动细胞以更自然的方式相互作用、迁移及分化71116。此外,ECM具有灵活性,通过调节ECM的物理和化学性质,可模拟多种胚胎微环境,例如,通过调整表面性质,可促进或抑制细胞黏附,模拟胚胎发育中不同组织之间的黏附和相互作用;通过调节刚度和孔隙结构,可更好地模拟不同发育阶段的胚胎微环境90。目前,已有研究表明,通过调节水凝胶的生物力学特性、成分及可降解性,可模拟植入位点的关键特征,例如,使用ECM模拟组织硬度、细胞附着及基质重塑,提供一个高仿生的体外植入环境,可更好地观察和分析植入的动态过程及胚胎与母体血管的互作112。此外,通过在水凝胶表面引入特定的拓扑结构,模拟子宫周围组织的隐窝状结构,从而可更深入地了解胚胎与子宫之间的相互作用117。ECM还可设计为调控因子的有效载体,实现对释放速率的精准控制,对于模拟和研究信号通路的动态调控至关重要74。重要的是,在人类胚胎模型无法进行体内植入的情况下,通过ECM构建的体外着床模型得到广泛应用。尽管目前外附着模型与人类真实附着环境的仿生程度尚未可知,但基于ECM的体外附着模型提供有力的工具,可用于探究胚胎模型的仿生性、与子宫互作以及相关机制80-81
非贴壁悬浮振荡法在小鼠植入后模型构建中,已证明可有效促进细胞分散的均匀性,为不同的细胞类型之间提供均匀的聚合和自组装机会,形成更有序更复杂的结构73。同时,悬浮状态有利于促进氧气和营养物质的均匀输送,提高细胞的存活率。振荡运动引入机械刺激有助于模拟体内的生理环境,如血流、机械力等。然而,目前其与体内环境相似度依然存在未知因素,有待进一步的研究和验证。
滚筒培养系统采用将胚胎置于旋转瓶中,通过调节气体模块精确控制O2和CO2浓度,并通过调控压力装置保证气压稳定,精准模拟子宫内的生长环境。该系统支持小鼠植入后胚胎(E 7.5)持续体外发育到后肢形成阶段(E 11),且具有较高的效率118。此外,滚筒培养系统还具有便于观察和操作、参数调控灵活及能够模拟多种培养环境等优势,能够更好地模拟自然发育过程。在小鼠胚胎模型体外培养中,Tarazi等78通过微孔聚集由mESC诱导的3种不同类型细胞(iCdx2 naïve mESC、iGata4 naïve mESC、mESC)自组装形成类似于小鼠E 5.5杯状结构的胚胎模型,并通过滚筒培养系统体外培养,获得与小鼠E 8.5胚胎高度相似的胚胎模型。尽管滚筒培养系统在模拟自然发育过程方面具有显著优势,但其复杂的组成模块、调节参数较多且尚未商品化等局限性,限制了其在实验室中的普遍应用。
一直以来,人们对生物学动态组织现象的认识不断演进,促使人们深入研究机械、化学及物理等多种因素在胚胎发育中的协同作用,以更全面了解发育过程的复杂性。在提高体外胚胎模型的仿生度方面,人们不仅关注基础组成元素,如干细胞的构建,还着重于运用生物工程手段构建更真实、有序的胚胎模型。这些生物工程学工具的运用显著加速胚胎模型的构建进程(图3)。
哺乳动物发育生物学的研究具有广泛而重要的意义,涵盖科学、医学、伦理、农业及环境毒理等多个领域。通过深入了解哺乳动物发育机制,有助于揭示生命基本原理,构建完整的发育生物学理论体系并对多个相关领域有着指导意义。在医学领域中,可促进疾病预防、治疗及辅助生殖技术等理论和应用发展;在农业领域中,了解哺乳动物发育过程可改良畜牧业生产,提高繁殖效率,促进农业可持续发展119;在环境毒理研究中,可指导评估化学物质对胚胎发育的影响,为环境保护和毒理学研究提供重要信息120;伦理学方面,需要平衡科学发展与伦理原则,确保科学研究符合道德规范。
目前,对哺乳动物发育的研究主要来源于小鼠模型,对于胚胎样本获取难、育种困难的哺乳动物,仍缺乏相关理论知识和研究手段。在研究人类胚胎时,由于与模式动物存在种间差异、胚胎数量受限以及伦理道德制约等因素影响,大多依赖于早期的资料档案121-123和捐赠的体外受精的人类胚胎,这极大增加了研究的局限性。体外胚胎模型可能是目前我们可用于着床期以后,探究人类胚胎形态、机制及发育过程的唯一途径,至少在活体体外培养相关技术和法律可行范围取得新的进展之前如此。尽管已经构建许多具有突破性的胚胎模型,对胚胎发育不断产生新的认知,但这些模型仍然难以完全模拟人类胚胎发育的真实过程且合成效率较低。高仿生的胚胎模型不仅需要在结构和功能上与真实胚胎高度契合,还需要实现与体内胚胎谱系和结构发育相似的动态时空调控。为达到这一目标,需要根据体内胚胎发育过程,精确调控培养环境、细胞信号通路,监测并干预细胞分化和组织形成。然而,目前体内发育过程的许多细节仍缺乏研究,这意味着在体外准确模拟体内发育过程仍面临挑战。但通过对胚胎模型的谱系、结构、功能、发育时长等特性的不断提高,可从还原论的角度探究体内可能影响胚胎发育的因素。此外,胚胎模型构建效率低是限制其应用范围的主要因素之一,这可能源于干细胞的发育潜力不足、增殖能力差、基因稳定性欠佳,以及胚胎模型所处的体外环境与体内环境之间存在较大差异等多种问题。这可通过优化干细胞潜能、多类型细胞组合、优化培养基成分,以及利用生物工程方法模拟胚胎体内环境等方式进一步提高胚胎模型构建效率。高仿生且高效的胚胎模型具有更贴近人类生理学特征、可重复、可替代实验动物等优势,因此有利于建立更符合伦理道德规范的高效、准确、自动化实验平台,这将会对早期发育研究、疾病研究、药物筛选、生殖医学及毒性评估等多个领域产生显著影响。
随着胚胎模型的快速发展,相关的监管体系也不断完善。截至2021年,ISSCR更新了对胚胎模型的管理规范。非整合型胚胎模型在获得授权和/或经过委员会审查后,认为可以进行研究,免除专门的监管程序。而整合胚胎和人类胚胎则需通过专门的科学和伦理审查程序批准15。与此同时,关于“14天规则”的争论也在进行中,该规则限制了人类胚胎在体外培养的时间。一些观点主张维持目前的14天规则,因为胚胎发育阶段直到第14天仍是一个相对新颖的研究领域,有许多待发掘的知识,且超过14天的体外发育可能违反伦理道德规范。另一些观点支持延长规则,认为研究人类胚胎超过14天可能对早期先天性疾病和部分晚发性疾病的了解产生直接的临床影响,例如自闭症、心脏畸形及神经管缺陷等,且可加快胚胎发育的研究进程。这场争论也带来重新制定相关伦理规范的挑战,在制定规范时,必须在科学研究与社会影响之间取得平衡,确保对胚胎的研究既能够推动医学科学的进步,又能够遵循社会和道德价值观。这需要进行充分的公众讨论,重点思考科学研究的潜在好处和公众对延长规则的态度。最终,任何决定都应充分尊重伦理价值和社会观念,以确保科学研究既符合人类道德标准,又促进社会科学进步。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12102229)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U21A20203)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
MALL F P. On the frequency of localized anomalies in human embryos and infants at birth[J]. American Journal of Anatomy, 1917, 22(1): 49-72.
2
KIM J, KOO B K, KNOBLICH J A. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2020, 21(10): 571-584.
3
MA H, MARTI-GUTIERREZ N, PARK S W, et al. Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos[J]. Nature, 2017, 548(7668): 413-419.
4
DENNIS S J, THOMAS M A, WILLIAMS D B, et al. Embryo morphology score on day 3 is predictive of implantation and live birth rates[J]. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 2006, 23(4): 171-175.
5
SHAHBAZI M N, JEDRUSIK A, VUORISTO S, et al. Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2016, 18(6): 700-708.
6
PERLMAN R L. Mouse models of human disease: an evolutionary perspective[J]. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2016, 2016(1): 170-176.
7
DAVIS N A. Interests and sentience: life before birth: the moral and legal status of embryos and fetuses by bonnie steinbock[J]. The Hastings Center Report, 1994, 24(6): 36-37.
8
THOMSON J A, ITSKOVITZ-ELDOR J, SHAPIRO S S, et al. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts[J]. Science, 1998, 282(5391): 1145-1147.
9
TAKAHASHI K, TANABE K, OHNUKI M, et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors[J]. Cell, 2007, 131(5): 861-872.
10
LIN F, LI X, SUN S Y, et al. Mechanically enhanced biogenesis of gut spheroids with instability-driven morphomechanics[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 6016.
11
CLEVERS H. Modeling development and disease with organoids[J]. Cell, 2016, 165(7): 1586-1597.
12
MARTIN G R, EVANS M J. Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1975, 72(4): 1441-1445.
13
RIVRON N C, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, VRIJ E J, et al. Blastocyst-like structures generated solely from stem cells[J]. Nature, 2018, 557(7703): 106-111.
14
RIVRON N C, MARTINEZ ARIAS A, PERA M F, et al. An ethical framework for human embryology with embryo models[J]. Cell, 2023, 186(17): 3548-3557.
15
CLARK A T, BRIVANLOU A, FU J P, et al. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2021, 16(6): 1416-1424.
16
SHAO Y, FU J P. Engineering multiscale structural orders for high-fidelity embryoids and organoids[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(5): 722-743.
17
STEVENS L C, LITTLE C C. Spontaneous testicular teratomas in an inbred strain of mice[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1954, 40(11): 1080-1087.
18
EVANS M J. The isolation and properties of a clonal tissue culture strain of pluripotent mouse teratoma cells[J]. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 1972, 28(1): 163-176.
19
EVANS M J, KAUFMAN M H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos[J]. Nature, 1981, 292(5819): 154-156.
20
NICHOLS J, SMITH A. Naive and primed pluripotent states[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2009, 4(6): 487-492.
21
HANNA J, MARKOULAKI S, MITALIPOVA M, et al. Metastable pluripotent states in NOD-mouse-derived ESCs[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2009, 4(6): 513-524.
22
TESAR P J, CHENOWETH J G, BROOK F A, et al. New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature, 2007, 448(7150): 196-199.
23
KOJIMA Y, KAUFMAN-FRANCIS K, STUDDERT J B, et al. The transcriptional and functional properties of mouse epiblast stem cells resemble the anterior primitive streak[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 14(1): 107-120.
24
BERNEMANN C, GREBER B, KO K, et al. Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features[J]. Stem Cells, 2011, 29(10): 1496-1503.
25
TANAKA S, KUNATH T, HADJANTONAKIS A K, et al. Promotion of trophoblast stem cell proliferation by FGF4[J]. Science, 1998, 282(5396): 2072-2075.
26
SEONG J, FRIAS-ALDEGUER J, HOLZMANN V, et al. Epiblast inducers capture mouse trophectoderm stem cells in vitro and pattern blastoids for implantation in utero [J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(7): 1102-1118.
27
NIAKAN K K, SCHRODE N, CHO L T, et al. Derivation of extraembryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Protocols, 2013, 8(6): 1028-1041.
28
ANDERSON K G V, HAMILTON W B, ROSKE F V, et al. Insulin fine-tunes self-renewal pathways governing naive pluripotency and extra-embryonic endoderm[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2017, 19(10): 1164-1177.
29
OHINATA Y, ENDO T A, SUGISHITA H, et al. Establishment of mouse stem cells that can recapitulate the developmental potential of primitive endoderm[J]. Science, 2022, 375(6580): 574-578.
30
YANG Y, LIU B, XU J, et al. Derivation of pluripotent stem cells with in vivo embryonic and extraembryonic potency[J]. Cell, 2017, 169(2): 243-257. e25.
31
YANG J, RYAN D J, WANG W, et al. Establishment of mouse expanded potential stem cells[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7676): 393-397.
32
POSFAI E, SCHELL J P, JANISZEWSKI A, et al. Evaluating totipotency using criteria of increasing stringency[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2021, 23(1): 49-60.
33
WANG X X, XIANG Y L, YU Y, et al. Formative pluripotent stem cells show features of epiblast cells poised for gastrulation[J]. Cell Research, 2021, 31(5): 526-541.
34
SHEN H, YANG M, LI S Y, et al. Mouse totipotent stem cells captured and maintained through spliceosomal repression[J]. Cell, 2021, 184(11): 2843-2859. e20.
35
HU Y Y, YANG Y Y, TAN P C, et al. Induction of mouse totipotent stem cells by a defined chemical cocktail[J]. Nature, 2023, 617(7962): 792-797.
36
YANG M Z, YU H W, YU X, et al. Chemical-induced chromatin remodeling reprograms mouse ESCs to totipotent-like stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(3): 400-418. e13.
37
XU Y X, ZHAO J R, REN Y X, et al. Derivation of totipotent-like stem cells with blastocyst-like structure forming potential[J]. Cell Research, 2022, 32(6): 513-529.
38
WU J, GREELY H T, JAENISCH R, et al. Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras[J]. Nature, 2016, 540(7631): 51-59.
39
GUO H S, ZHU P, YAN L Y, et al. The DNA methylation landscape of human early embryos[J]. Nature, 2014, 511(7511): 606-610.
40
YAN L Y, YANG M Y, GUO H S, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq profiling of human preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 2013, 20(9): 1131-1139.
41
O′LEARY T, HEINDRYCKX B, LIERMAN S, et al. Tracking the progression of the human inner cell mass during embryonic stem cell derivation[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2012, 30(3): 278-282.
42
CHEN G K, GULBRANSON D R, HOU Z G, et al. Chemically defined conditions for human iPSC derivation and culture[J]. Nature Methods, 2011, 8(5): 424-429.
43
LUDWIG T E, LEVENSTEIN M E, JONES J M, et al. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2006, 24: 185-187.
44
OKUBO T, RIVRON N, KABATA M, et al. Hypoblast from human pluripotent stem cells regulates epiblast development[J]. Nature, 2024, 626(7998): 357-366.
45
GUO G, VON MEYENN F, SANTOS F, et al. Naive pluripotent stem cells derived directly from isolated cells of the human inner cell mass[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2016, 6(4): 437-446.
46
LIU X D, NEFZGER C M, ROSSELLO F J, et al. Comprehensive characterization of distinct states of human naive pluripotency generated by reprogramming[J]. Nature Methods, 2017, 14(11): 1055-1062.
47
GIULITTI S, PELLEGRINI M, ZORZAN I, et al. Direct generation of human naive induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells in microfluidics[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2019, 21(2): 275-286.
48
KILENS S, MEISTERMANN D, MORENO D, et al. Parallel derivation of isogenic human primed and naive induced pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 360.
49
BAYERL J, AYYASH M, SHANI T, et al. Principles of signaling pathway modulation for enhancing human naive pluripotency induction[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(9): 1549-1565. e12.
50
THEUNISSEN T W, POWELL B E, WANG H Y, et al. Systematic identification of culture conditions for induction and maintenance of naive human pluripotency[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2014, 15(4): 471-487.
51
CHAN Y S, GÖKE J, NG J H, et al. Induction of a human pluripotent state with distinct regulatory circuitry that resembles preimplantation epiblast[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2013, 13(6): 663-675.
52
GAFNI O, WEINBERGER L, MANSOUR A A, et al. Derivation of novel human ground state naive pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature, 2013, 504(7479): 282-286.
53
TAKASHIMA Y, GUO G, LOOS R, et al. Resetting transcription factor control circuitry toward ground-state pluripotency in human[J]. Cell, 2014, 158(6): 1254-1269.
54
THEUNISSEN T W, FRIEDLI M, HE Y P, et al. Molecular criteria for defining the naive human pluripotent state[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2016, 19(4): 502-515.
55
BREDENKAMP N, STIRPARO G G, NICHOLS J, et al. The cell-surface marker sushi containing domain 2 facilitates establishment of human naive pluripotent stem cells[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2019, 12(6): 1212-1222.
56
ZIMMERLIN L, PARK T S, HUO J S, et al. Tankyrase inhibition promotes a stable human naïve pluripotent state with improved functionality[J]. Development, 2016, 143(23): 4368-4380.
57
OKAE H, TOH H, SATO T, et al. Derivation of human trophoblast stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2018, 22(1): 50-63. e6.
58
GUO G, STIRPARO G G, STRAWBRIDGE S E, et al. Human naive epiblast cells possess unrestricted lineage potential[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(6): 1040-1056. e6.
59
CASTEL G, MEISTERMANN D, BRETIN B, et al. Induction of human trophoblast stem cells from somatic cells and pluripotent stem cells[J]. Cell Reports, 2020, 33(8): 108419.
60
LIU X D, OUYANG J F, ROSSELLO F J, et al. Reprogramming roadmap reveals route to human induced trophoblast stem cells[J]. Nature, 2020, 586(7827): 101-107.
61
MAZID M A, WARD C, LUO Z W, et al. Rolling back human pluripotent stem cells to an eight-cell embryo-like stage[J]. Nature, 2022, 605(7909): 315-324.
62
MOLÈ M A, WEBERLING A, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M. Comparative analysis of human and mouse development: from zygote to pre-gastrulation[J]. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2020, 136: 113-138.
63
VAN DEN BRINK S C, VAN OUDENAARDEN A. 3D gastruloids: a novel frontier in stem cell-based in vitro modeling of mammalian gastrulation[J]. Trends in Cell Biology, 2021, 31(9): 747-759.
64
SHAHBAZI M N, ZERNICKA-GOETZ M. Deconstructing and reconstructing the mouse and human early embryo[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2018, 20(8): 878-887.
65
KIME C, KIYONARI H, OHTSUKA S, et al. Induced 2C expression and implantation-competent blastocyst-like cysts from primed pluripotent stem cells[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2019, 13(3): 485-498.
66
SOZEN B, COX A L, DE JONGHE J, et al. Self-organization of mouse stem cells into an extended potential blastoid[J]. Developmental Cell, 2019, 51(6): 698-712. e8.
67
LI R H, ZHONG C Q, YU Y, et al. Generation of blastocyst-like structures from mouse embryonic and adult cell cultures[J]. Cell, 2019, 179(3): 687-702. e18.
68
JANA D, SINGH P, SAILASREE P, et al. Efficient self-organization of blastoids solely from mouse ESCs is facilitated by transient reactivation of 2C gene network[EB/OL]. bioRxiv, 2023: 2023.04.12.536583. (2023-04-13)[2023-12-01]. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.12.536583v1
69
ZHANG P F, ZHAI X Z, HUANG B Y, et al. Highly efficient generation of blastocyst-like structures from spliceosomes-repressed mouse totipotent blastomere-like cells[J]. Science China Life Sciences, 2023, 66(3): 423-435.
70
VAN DEN BRINK S C, BAILLIE-JOHNSON P, BALAYO T, et al. Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells[J]. Development, 2014, 141(22): 4231-4242.
71
HARRISON S E, SOZEN B, CHRISTODOULOU N, et al. Assembly of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cells to mimic embryogenesis in vitro [J]. Science, 2017, 356(6334): eaal1810.
72
SOZEN B, AMADEI G, COX A, et al. Self-assembly of embryonic and two extra-embryonic stem cell types into gastrulating embryo-like structures[J]. Nature Cell Biology, 2018, 20(8): 979-989.
73
ZHANG S P, CHEN T Z, CHEN N X, et al. Implantation initiation of self-assembled embryo-like structures generated using three types of mouse blastocyst-derived stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2019, 10(1): 496.
74
GIRGIN M U, BROGUIERE N, HOEHNEL S, et al. Bioengineered embryoids mimic post-implantation development in vitro [J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 5140.
75
XU P F, BORGES R M, FILLATRE J, et al. Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 3277.
76
AMADEI G, LAU K Y C, DE JONGHE J, et al. Inducible stem-cell-derived embryos capture mouse morphogenetic events in vitro [J]. Developmental Cell, 2021, 56(3): 366-382. e9.
77
AMADEI G, HANDFORD C E, QIU C X, et al. Embryo model completes gastrulation to neurulation and organogenesis[J]. Nature, 2022, 610(7930): 143-153.
78
TARAZI S, AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, JOUBRAN C, et al. Post-gastrulation synthetic embryos generated ex utero from mouse naive ESCs[J]. Cell, 2022, 185(18): 3290-3306. e25.
79
LAU K Y C, RUBINSTEIN H, GANTNER C W, et al. Mouse embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergoes neurulation and heart development[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(10): 1445-1458. e8.
80
YU L Q, WEI Y L, DUAN J L, et al. Blastocyst-like structures generated from human pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature, 2021, 591(7851): 620-626.
81
YANAGIDA A, SPINDLOW D, NICHOLS J, et al. Naive stem cell blastocyst model captures human embryo lineage segregation[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2021, 28(6): 1016-1022. e4.
82
LIU X D, TAN J P, SCHRÖDER J, et al. Modelling human blastocysts by reprogramming fibroblasts into iBlastoids[J]. Nature, 2021, 591(7851): 627-632.
83
SOZEN B, JORGENSEN V, WEATHERBEE B A T, et al. Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 5550.
84
FAN Y, MIN Z Y, ALSOLAMI S, et al. Generation of human blastocyst-like structures from pluripotent stem cells[J]. Cell Discovery, 2021, 7(1): 81.
85
YU L Q, LOGSDON D, PINZON-ARTEAGA C A, et al. Large-scale production of human blastoids amenable to modeling blastocyst development and maternal-fetal cross talk[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(9): 1246-1261. e9.
86
KAGAWA H, JAVALI A, KHOEI H H, et al. Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation[J]. Nature, 2022, 601(7894): 600-605.
87
DE SANTIS R, RICE E, CROFT G, et al. The emergence of human gastrulation upon in vitro attachment[J]. Stem Cell Reports, 2024, 19(1): 41-53.
88
KARVAS R M, ZEMKE J E, ALI S S, et al. 3D-cultured blastoids model human embryogenesis from pre-implantation to early gastrulation stages[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(9): 1148-1165. e7.
89
SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, GURDZIEL K, et al. Self-organized amniogenesis by human pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic implantation-like niche[J]. Nature Materials, 2017, 16(4): 419-425.
90
SHAO Y, TANIGUCHI K, TOWNSHEND R F, et al. A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 208.
91
ZHENG Y, XUE X F, SHAO Y, et al. Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells[J]. Nature, 2019, 573(7774): 421-425.
92
ROSTOVSKAYA M, ANDREWS S, REIK W, et al. Amniogenesis occurs in two independent waves in primates[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(5): 744-759. e6.
93
WARMFLASH A, SORRE B, ETOC F, et al. A method to recapitulate early embryonic spatial patterning in human embryonic stem cells[J]. Nature Methods, 2014, 11(8): 847-854.
94
MORIS N, ANLAS K, VAN DEN BRINK S C, et al. An in vitro model of early anteroposterior organization during human development[J]. Nature, 2020, 582(7812): 410-415.
95
SIMUNOVIC M, SIGGIA E D, BRIVANLOU A H. In vitro attachment and symmetry breaking of a human embryo model assembled from primed embryonic stem cells[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2022, 29(6): 962-972.
96
AI Z Y, NIU B H, YIN Y, et al. Dissecting peri-implantation development using cultured human embryos and embryo-like assembloids[J]. Cell Research, 2023, 33(9): 661-678.
97
XIANG L F, YIN Y, ZHENG Y, et al. A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos[J]. Nature, 2020, 577(7791): 537-542.
98
WEATHERBEE B A T, GANTNER C W, IWAMOTO-STOHL L K, et al. Pluripotent stem cell-derived model of the post-implantation human embryo[J]. Nature, 2023, 622(7983): 584-593.
99
PEDROZA M, GASSALOGLU S I, DIAS N, et al. Self-patterning of human stem cells into post-implantation lineages[J]. Nature, 2023, 622: 574-583.
100
YING Q L, WRAY J, NICHOLS J, et al. The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal[J]. Nature, 2008, 453(7194): 519-523.
101
LIU L Z, OURA S, MARKHAM Z, et al. Modeling post-implantation stages of human development into early organogenesis with stem-cell-derived peri-gastruloids[J]. Cell, 2023, 186(18): 3776-3792.
102
OLDAK B, WILDSCHUTZ E, BONDARENKO V, et al. Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells[J]. Nature, 2023, 622(7983): 562-573.
103
KARSENTI E. Self-organization in cell biology: a brief history[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2008, 9(3): 255-262.
104
CHEN Q, SHI J C, TAO Y, et al. Tracing the origin of heterogeneity and symmetry breaking in the early mammalian embryo[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 1819.
105
IMUTA Y, KOYAMA H, SHI D B, et al. Mechanical control of notochord morphogenesis by extra-embryonic tissues in mouse embryos[J]. Mechanisms of Development, 2014, 132: 44-58.
106
CAMPÀS O. A toolbox to explore the mechanics of living embryonic tissues[J]. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 2016, 55: 119-130.
107
CHAN C J, COSTANZO M, RUIZ-HERRERO T, et al. Hydraulic control of mammalian embryo size and cell fate[J]. Nature, 2019, 571(7763): 112-116.
108
HIRAMATSU R, MATSUOKA T, KIMURA-YOSHIDA C, et al. External mechanical cues trigger the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in early mouse embryos[J]. Developmental Cell, 2013, 27(2): 131-144.
109
SAMAL P, MAURER P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, et al. A new microengineered platform for 4D tracking of single cells in a stem-cell-based in vitro morphogenesis model[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(24): e1907966.
110
CHUNG K, KIM Y, KANODIA J S, et al. A microfluidic array for large-scale ordering and orientation of embryos[J]. Nature Methods, 2011, 8(2): 171-176.
111
SONNEN K F, LAUSCHKE V M, URAJI J, et al. Modulation of phase shift between Wnt and Notch signaling oscillations controls mesoderm segmentation[J]. Cell, 2018, 172(5): 1079-1090. e12.
112
GOVINDASAMY N, LONG H Y, JEONG H W, et al. 3D biomimetic platform reveals the first interactions of the embryo and the maternal blood vessels[J]. Developmental Cell, 2021, 56(23): 3276-3287.
113
SAMAL P, VAN BLITTERSWIJK C, TRUCKENMÜLLER R, et al. Grow with the flow: when morphogenesis meets microfluidics[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(17): e1805764.
114
REPINA N A, JOHNSON H J, BAO X P, et al. Optogenetic control of Wnt signaling models cell-intrinsic embryogenic patterning using 2D human pluripotent stem cell culture[J]. Development, 2023, 150(14): dev201386.
115
IZQUIERDO E, QUINKLER T, DE RENZIS S. Guided morphogenesis through optogenetic activation of Rho signalling during early Drosophila embryogenesis [J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9(1): 2366.
116
VEENVLIET J V, BOLONDI A, KRETZMER H, et al. Mouse embryonic stem cells self-organize into trunk-like structures with neural tube and somites[J]. Science, 2020, 370(6522): eaba4937.
117
BONDARENKO V, NIKOLAEV M, KROMM D, et al. Embryo-uterine interaction coordinates mouse embryogenesis during implantation[J]. The EMBO Journal, 2023, 42(17): e113280.
118
AGUILERA-CASTREJON A, OLDAK B, SHANI T, et al. Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis[J]. Nature, 2021, 593(7857): 119-124.
119
PINZÓN-ARTEAGA C A, WANG Y J, WEI Y L, et al. Bovine blastocyst-like structures derived from stem cell cultures[J]. Cell Stem Cell, 2023, 30(5): 611-616. e7.
120
NIETHAMMER M, BURGDORF T, WISTORF E, et al. In vitro models of human development and their potential application in developmental toxicity testing[J]. Development, 2022, 149(20): dev200933.
121
DE BAKKER B S, DE JONG K H, HAGOORT J, et al. An interactive three-dimensional digital atlas and quantitative database of human development[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6315): aag0053.
122
HERTIG A T, ROCK J, ADAMS E C. A description of 34 human ova within the first 17 days of development[J]. The American Journal of Anatomy, 1956, 98(3): 435-493.
123
FUJIMOTO T. Nishimura's collection of human embryos and related publications[J]. Congenital Anomalies, 2001, 41(1): 67-71.
2024年第5卷第4期
PDF下载
364
159
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100
  • 接收时间:2023-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01
  • 修回日期:2024-03-04
基金
国家自然科学基金(12102229)
国家自然科学基金(U21A20203)
作者信息
    清华大学航天航空学院工程力学系,生物力学与医学工程研究所,北京 100084

通讯作者:

邵玥(1986—),男,副教授,博士生导师,“国家海外高层次青年人才引进计划”获得者。研究方向包括生物力学、器官修复、生殖健康、合成胚胎学等。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/CN/10.12211/2096-8280.2023-100
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏