Article(id=1148989446462173253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696608000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-07, revisedDate=1701705600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870031228, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870031228, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870031228, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870031228, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148989441470952447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='2', pageStart='217', pageEnd='395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870030037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057315553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=321, endPage=337, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999710820511940, articleId=1148989446462173253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Synthetic biology promotes the development of bacterial vaccines, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, bacterial infections have emerged as the second leading cause of death globally, posing a serious threat to public health and demanding prioritized intervention from the healthcare community worldwide. While antibiotics have conventionally been used as the primary strategy to combat bacterial infections, their efficacy is increasingly compromised due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant and even pan-drug-resistant superbacteria. Vaccines are thus considered as one of the most scientific, economical, safe, and effective means to prevent infectious diseases and improve public health, which are estimated to save 2 to 3 million lives annually, and can serve as a critical tool in the battle against antimicrobial resistance. However, the complexity of bacterial structure and pathogenic mechanism has hindered the development of vaccines. Challenges include screening and rationally design of effective antigens, ensuring compatibility of various antigen combinations, establishing animal models for preclinical evaluation, and defining reliable endpoints for clinical efficacy assessment. As a result, only a small number of bacteria vaccines have been successfully developed so far, and none of them has been licensed to combat the most prevalent drug-resistant infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Synthetic biology is a brand-new multidisciplinary focusing on repurposing natural biological systems and inventing innovative biological tools, technologies, devices, and systems for practical applications, and its concepts, principles and technologies have been extensively employed to facilitate vaccine development, including rational design, screening, and optimization of antigen, carrier, adjuvant and delivery system as well as the modulation of bacterial pathogenicity and immune responses. Herein, we outline the current status of the development of bacterial vaccines and the advancement of clinical trials for drug-resistant bacterial vaccines. Then, we summarize the application of synthetic biology technology in the development of major bacterial vaccines. Finally, we prospect the potential of synthetic biology in creating novel bacterial vaccines. Researchers have access to a greater variety of design possibilities for bacterial vaccines through synthetic biology. To maximize these benefits, we should employ synthetic biology and related technologies more efficiently in developing bacterial vaccines. Meanwhile, we should develop a scientific, reasonable, effective, and feasible management system, as well as regulatory measures, to expedite the development of efficient bacterial vaccines, therefore addressing the problem of antibiotic resistance to protect human health.

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细菌感染已成为全球第二大死亡因素,给人类健康与公共安全造成了巨大威胁。抗生素一直是治疗细菌感染最为主要的手段,但越来越严重的耐药问题给传统的抗生素疗法带来了严峻挑战。除了抗生素之外,疫苗被认为是防治传染性疾病传播最为科学、经济、安全和有效的手段,在人类抗击病原体感染斗争中发挥了重要作用。然而,细菌基因组庞大,致病机制复杂,研发疫苗存在有效抗原筛选、设计、制备难,抗原组合配伍难,有效性评价难,研发周期长等诸多瓶颈,导致细菌疫苗研发进展缓慢,尤其是临床常见的严重耐药致病菌尚无有效的疫苗可用。合成生物学是一门新兴的交叉学科,近年来在疫苗研究领域已经得到了广泛应用,包括抗原的筛选、理性设计、配伍组合,载体、佐剂和递送系统的设计以及免疫应答调控等。本文综述了细菌疫苗研究的现状以及耐药细菌疫苗临床试验研究进展,总结了合成生物学技术在几种重要类型细菌疫苗研发中的应用进展,最后对相关前景进行了展望。合成生物学在疫苗的形式、疫苗递送、疫苗的研制效率等方面为研究人员提供了更为广阔的空间,未来,应最大化地发挥合成生物学的优势,充分发展和应用合成生物学技术手段,建立科学、理性、有效、可行的管理制度,建设生物安全保障法律体系和监管措施,高效推动细菌疫苗研发,解决抗生素耐药问题,造福人类健康。

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邹全明(1963—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为超级细菌感染与创新疫苗研发。E-mail:
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章金勇(1982—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为病原体致病机制与免疫防治。E-mail:

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Major drug-resistant bacterial vaccines under clinical trial evaluation

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靶标细菌 研发机构 疫苗名称 抗原成分 试验阶段 参考文献
金黄色葡萄球菌 Pfizer SA4Ag CP5、CP8、ClfA、Ag3 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [14]
Nabi rLukS-PV/rAT rLukS-PV、rAT Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [15]
TMMU&Olymvax rFSAV Hla、IsdB、SeB、MntC、SpA5 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [13]
肺炎链球菌 Sanofi Pasteur PPrV PcpA、PhtD、PylD1 Ⅰ期 [16]
Genocea GEN-004 SP-2108、SP-0148、SP-1912 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [17]
Intercell AG IC47 PcsB、StkP、PsaA Ⅰ期 [18]
结核杆菌 Statens Serum Institut H56 Ag85B、ESAT-6、Rv2660c Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [19]
Quratis Inc ID93 Rv2608、RV3619、Rv3620、Rv1813 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [20]
MRF GamTBvac Ag85a、ESAT6、CFP10 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [21]
铜绿假单胞菌 GmbH IC43 OprF、OprI Ⅲ期 [22]
), ArticleFig(id=1172891853067268836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148989446462173253, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

开展临床试验评价的主要耐药细菌疫苗

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
靶标细菌 研发机构 疫苗名称 抗原成分 试验阶段 参考文献
金黄色葡萄球菌 Pfizer SA4Ag CP5、CP8、ClfA、Ag3 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [14]
Nabi rLukS-PV/rAT rLukS-PV、rAT Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [15]
TMMU&Olymvax rFSAV Hla、IsdB、SeB、MntC、SpA5 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [13]
肺炎链球菌 Sanofi Pasteur PPrV PcpA、PhtD、PylD1 Ⅰ期 [16]
Genocea GEN-004 SP-2108、SP-0148、SP-1912 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [17]
Intercell AG IC47 PcsB、StkP、PsaA Ⅰ期 [18]
结核杆菌 Statens Serum Institut H56 Ag85B、ESAT-6、Rv2660c Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [19]
Quratis Inc ID93 Rv2608、RV3619、Rv3620、Rv1813 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [20]
MRF GamTBvac Ag85a、ESAT6、CFP10 Ⅰ、Ⅱ期 [21]
铜绿假单胞菌 GmbH IC43 OprF、OprI Ⅲ期 [22]
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章金勇 , 顾江 , 关山 , 李海波 , 曾浩 , 邹全明
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(2): 321-337
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(2): 321-337
合成生物学助力细菌疫苗研发
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章金勇 , 顾江, 关山, 李海波, 曾浩, 邹全明
作者信息
  • 陆军军医大学国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400037
  • 章金勇(1982—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为病原体致病机制与免疫防治。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邹全明(1963—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为超级细菌感染与创新疫苗研发。E-mail:
Synthetic biology promotes the development of bacterial vaccines
Jinyong ZHANG , Jiang GU, Shan GUAN, Haibo LI, Hao ZENG, Quanming ZOU
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products,Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy,Institute of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine,Military Medical University,Chongqing 400037,China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-070
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细菌感染已成为全球第二大死亡因素,给人类健康与公共安全造成了巨大威胁。抗生素一直是治疗细菌感染最为主要的手段,但越来越严重的耐药问题给传统的抗生素疗法带来了严峻挑战。除了抗生素之外,疫苗被认为是防治传染性疾病传播最为科学、经济、安全和有效的手段,在人类抗击病原体感染斗争中发挥了重要作用。然而,细菌基因组庞大,致病机制复杂,研发疫苗存在有效抗原筛选、设计、制备难,抗原组合配伍难,有效性评价难,研发周期长等诸多瓶颈,导致细菌疫苗研发进展缓慢,尤其是临床常见的严重耐药致病菌尚无有效的疫苗可用。合成生物学是一门新兴的交叉学科,近年来在疫苗研究领域已经得到了广泛应用,包括抗原的筛选、理性设计、配伍组合,载体、佐剂和递送系统的设计以及免疫应答调控等。本文综述了细菌疫苗研究的现状以及耐药细菌疫苗临床试验研究进展,总结了合成生物学技术在几种重要类型细菌疫苗研发中的应用进展,最后对相关前景进行了展望。合成生物学在疫苗的形式、疫苗递送、疫苗的研制效率等方面为研究人员提供了更为广阔的空间,未来,应最大化地发挥合成生物学的优势,充分发展和应用合成生物学技术手段,建立科学、理性、有效、可行的管理制度,建设生物安全保障法律体系和监管措施,高效推动细菌疫苗研发,解决抗生素耐药问题,造福人类健康。

细菌感染  /  抗生素耐药  /  疫苗  /  合成生物学

In recent years, bacterial infections have emerged as the second leading cause of death globally, posing a serious threat to public health and demanding prioritized intervention from the healthcare community worldwide. While antibiotics have conventionally been used as the primary strategy to combat bacterial infections, their efficacy is increasingly compromised due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant and even pan-drug-resistant superbacteria. Vaccines are thus considered as one of the most scientific, economical, safe, and effective means to prevent infectious diseases and improve public health, which are estimated to save 2 to 3 million lives annually, and can serve as a critical tool in the battle against antimicrobial resistance. However, the complexity of bacterial structure and pathogenic mechanism has hindered the development of vaccines. Challenges include screening and rationally design of effective antigens, ensuring compatibility of various antigen combinations, establishing animal models for preclinical evaluation, and defining reliable endpoints for clinical efficacy assessment. As a result, only a small number of bacteria vaccines have been successfully developed so far, and none of them has been licensed to combat the most prevalent drug-resistant infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Synthetic biology is a brand-new multidisciplinary focusing on repurposing natural biological systems and inventing innovative biological tools, technologies, devices, and systems for practical applications, and its concepts, principles and technologies have been extensively employed to facilitate vaccine development, including rational design, screening, and optimization of antigen, carrier, adjuvant and delivery system as well as the modulation of bacterial pathogenicity and immune responses. Herein, we outline the current status of the development of bacterial vaccines and the advancement of clinical trials for drug-resistant bacterial vaccines. Then, we summarize the application of synthetic biology technology in the development of major bacterial vaccines. Finally, we prospect the potential of synthetic biology in creating novel bacterial vaccines. Researchers have access to a greater variety of design possibilities for bacterial vaccines through synthetic biology. To maximize these benefits, we should employ synthetic biology and related technologies more efficiently in developing bacterial vaccines. Meanwhile, we should develop a scientific, reasonable, effective, and feasible management system, as well as regulatory measures, to expedite the development of efficient bacterial vaccines, therefore addressing the problem of antibiotic resistance to protect human health.

bacterial infection  /  antibiotic resistance  /  vaccines  /  synthetic biology
章金勇, 顾江, 关山, 李海波, 曾浩, 邹全明. 合成生物学助力细菌疫苗研发. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (2) : 321 -337 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-070
Jinyong ZHANG, Jiang GU, Shan GUAN, Haibo LI, Hao ZENG, Quanming ZOU. Synthetic biology promotes the development of bacterial vaccines[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (2) : 321 -337 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-070
20世纪40年代,青霉素的发现和使用开启了抗生素时代,被公认为医学领域最伟大的发明之一。自此,科学家相继研发了金霉素(1947)、氯霉素(1948)、土霉素(1950)、制霉菌素(1950)、红霉素(1952)、卡那霉素(1958)等一大批抗生素。目前抗生素的种类已达几千种,在临床上常用的亦多达数百种1。然而细菌感染的问题没有按照预期得到解决,反而由于抗菌药物的不规范使用,导致耐药细菌的不断增加,成为目前最为严重的公共卫生问题之一2-3。2022年Lancet刊文公布了全球2019年与33种细菌性病原体相关的死亡率,发现33种病原体导致全球770万人死亡,排名前五的病原体分别是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌,占所有死亡的50%以上4。我国是人口大国,根据国际平均水平推算,我国每年感染人数近1亿人,致死约150万人,是细菌感染致病的重灾区。相比之下,在2019年HIV/AIDS和疟疾导致的死亡人数则只有86万和64万,低于细菌感染所造成的死亡人数5。针对目前耐药细菌感染防控的严峻形势,2015年,WHO启动了全球抗微生物药物耐药性和使用监测系统(GLASS),汇总分析全球微生物药物耐药性发生率和耐药性趋势6。2017年WHO发布了对人类健康构成最大威胁的12种耐药细菌清单,指导和促进新型药物和手段的开发与实施,同时指出若细菌耐药得不到有效遏制,到2050年全球每年致死人数将超过1000万人,成为人类无法承受之痛7
2016年,WHO制订的《抗微生物药物耐药性全球行动计划》明确指出:疫苗是对抗致病菌感染及耐药性蔓延最科学有效的手段,将能够从源头上防控致病菌感染和降低耐药的发生率。疫苗接种不仅可以从源头上预防耐药细菌感染性疾病的发生,而且可以减少甚至避免抗生素的使用,有望打破“抗生素→耐药→新抗生素→新抗生素耐药”的死循环,彻底解决细菌耐药的难题8。合成生物学是继DNA双螺旋结构的发现、人类基因组计划后的第三次生命科学领域革命。它采用工程科学“设计-合成-测试-学习”的研究理念,有目的地设计、改造乃至重新合成生物体,促使生命科学成为可定量、可预测、可人工设计合成生命的工程科学,实现“造物致知,造物致用”9。合成生物学的重要突破和进展为医药、农业、食品等人民健康相关领域以及材料、能源等社会经济重要领域提供源源不断的创新动力10。同样地,合成生物学的理念和技术进展与细菌疫苗研发相结合,将有力推动创新细菌疫苗研究的快速发展。本文就合成生物学助力细菌疫苗研发中的进展做简要综述。
在疫苗与抗生素发明之前细菌一直是人类健康的最大威胁,如鼠疫杆菌、麻风杆菌、伤寒杆菌、霍乱弧菌、炭疽杆菌、结核杆菌等,曾经让人闻之色变的“黑死病”“麻风”“破伤风”等在细菌疫苗使用后几乎销声匿迹,疫苗在帮助人类抵抗这些细菌性传染病方面发挥了极其重要的作用。目前细菌疫苗是公共卫生防疫体系的重要组成部分,我国规划免疫的“14苗防15病”中,细菌性疫苗占“5苗5病”。此外在二类疫苗品种中,细菌疫苗品种如肺炎球菌疫苗、B群流感嗜血杆菌疫苗、A+C脑膜炎球菌疫苗等占比超过半数。然而,目前在WHO 2017年发布的12种耐药细菌清单中,包括金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌等9种临床最为常见的病原菌尚无疫苗可用,而已经使用30年以上的破伤风疫苗、流感嗜血杆菌疫苗、脑膜炎球菌疫苗,因其质量提升、产能受限等原因急需迭代升级11。因此,亟须加强创新细菌疫苗研发,为大幅降低感染与致亡人数提供安全有效的“硬核”产品。
临床研究表明,通过肺炎链球菌疫苗和流感嗜血杆菌疫苗的接种,可以显著降低上述两种细菌的耐药性,这为通过疫苗解决细菌耐药性难题提供了范本8。2022年,WHO就发文紧急呼吁善用现有疫苗和开发新疫苗应对微生物药物耐药性问题。同年,我国也发布《遏制微生物耐药国家行动计划(2022—2025年)》,强调细菌疫苗的研发和应用。然而,由于耐药细菌庞大的基因组、多样性和变异性,耐药细菌特殊的感染致病规律,易感人群的流行病学和免疫状态的特殊性等诸多技术瓶颈,导致细菌疫苗的开发举步维艰8。以金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗为例,虽然有10个疫苗先后开展了临床试验,但都未达到预期,未获得批准上市12。目前唯有1个金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗正在开展Ⅲ期临床试验13。其余的耐药细菌疫苗临床试验研究进展见表1
实验数据表明,细菌疫苗的研发虽然取得了诸多进展,但还面临许多瓶颈问题。主要表现在:第一,细菌与人体相互作用的感染免疫机制目前还不清楚。细菌大多来自于正常菌群,缺少典型的毒力因子而一般毒力“较弱”,与人体的免疫系统之间形成了相对稳定的平衡,在此过程中,细菌进化出了一套非常高效的调控宿主细胞自噬、凋亡、焦亡等信号通路,从而达到实现免疫逃逸的目的23。第二,细菌庞大的基因组、多样性和变异性严重阻碍广泛性保护疫苗抗原的筛选和鉴定24,是目前细菌疫苗研发的关键瓶颈问题。与病毒明显不同,细菌以独立的生命体存在,不仅基因组庞大,还可形成芽孢、L形变异体、鞭毛、荚膜等特殊结构。细菌感染是一个动态调控的过程,依靠差异化的致病因子,在人体组织器官造成结局迥异的感染25,这可能是大多数单一靶点的细菌疫苗均未达到预期效果的主要原因。第三,暴露后细菌疫苗的研究难题。目前的大多数疫苗都是预防性疫苗,在未暴露人群中进行使用26。然而,大多数耐药细菌仍然会造成感染,人体免疫系统和抗生素共同作用下,细菌感染虽然会被控制或清除,但它仍然会诱导机体产生一定程度的免疫应答和免疫记忆,这种预存的免疫对后续疫苗效应的影响还未有明确的阐述27。比如,Ad5型腺病毒在人群的中和抗体阳性率达到80%以上,人体预存的Ad5型腺病毒高水平中和抗体影响疫苗的免疫效力,受试者免疫前中和抗体水平与疫苗诱导的特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫水平呈负相关28
在疫苗研究领域,合成生物学为疫苗研制提供了全新的技术平台和路线,这些平台和路线就像模块一样,方便组装和替换,通过不同的元件进行组装,得到不同的疫苗类型。而不同病原体的保护性抗原则是技术平台中的可变模块,可变模块的不同组合和模块的组装则得到不同的病原体疫苗29。合成生物学在疫苗中的应用已经涉及各个方面,如:病原体的改造,毒力基因的敲除,抗原的筛选和融合抗原的设计,序列的优化和合成,抗原的表达调控、展示和递送,免疫应答的调节等(图1),以下对合成生物学在几种重要类型的细菌疫苗研究中的应用进行小结。
基因缺失疫苗是通过合成生物学手段将病原体的致病相关基因全部或部分敲除,获得致病基因缺失的菌(毒)株而制备的减毒活疫苗。这类疫苗使病原体丧失或降低了致病性,但最大程度地保留了免疫原性,通常只需要模仿病原体自然感染的方式免疫一次就能达到良好的免疫保护效果。基因缺失疫苗通常不需要额外加入佐剂等成分,但能诱导强大而持久的免疫应答,包括体液免疫、细胞免疫和局部黏膜免疫,且不存在“返祖现象”,较传统活疫苗更安全有效30
基因缺失疫苗的构建依赖于对病原体致病机制的深入研究,明确哪些关键成分在病原体致病过程中发挥了关键作用,这样才能做到在疫苗构建中有的放矢31。如Priebe等32构建了铜绿假单胞菌PAO1菌株的致病基因aroA突变株,利用该突变株滴鼻免疫小鼠,实验结果显示该疫苗免疫后未向血液、肝脏或脾脏扩散,肺部没有明显的病理学损伤,但能诱导机体产生高滴度的具有调理吞噬作用的杀菌抗体,且对不同铜绿假单胞菌菌株感染有良好的保护作用。合成生物学的许多工具手段已被开发用于设计和优化生命系统,其中应用最广泛也最具有代表性的是基于微生物适应性免疫系统的CRISPR-Cas基因编辑技术33,该技术可以对病毒、细菌乃至高等生物的目的基因实现高效靶向精准敲除、敲入、替换等,在基因缺失疫苗研究中具有操作灵活、费用低廉、靶向性强、特异性高等优势34。2020年,有研究使用CRISPR-Cas系统编辑利什曼原虫基因组获得基因编辑菌株LmCen-/-,降低其传染性和致病性,作为减毒疫苗免疫后能够诱导长期免疫应答而不引起疾病,对针蝇和沙蝇传播的实验性利什曼原虫感染具有免疫保护效果35。Atasoy等36开发了一种高效、快速的NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9和cre-lox介导的基因组编辑方法,用于同时删除毒力因子并将抗原插入感染性喉气管炎病毒中,以产生重组、多价和更安全的疫苗载体。在金黄色葡萄球菌中,有研究报道了一种CRISPR/Cas9系统(pCasSA),使用含有Cas9、sgRNA、λ-Red重组酶和供体DNA的单个质粒,可以快速高效地实现基因组编辑,包括基因缺失、插入和单碱基替换突变等37,为基因缺失疫苗研发奠定了基础。
基因工程亚单位疫苗又称为重组亚单位疫苗,是指将病原体的特定保护性抗原的编码基因克隆到质粒等表达载体上,在原核或真核细胞中异源表达,并提取表达产物辅以佐剂等其他成分制备而成的疫苗。合成生物学在基因工程亚单位疫苗的研究中有着广泛的应用,主要体现在以下几个方面:
获取具有良好免疫原性和保护效果的抗原是亚单位疫苗研发的前提,细菌基因组庞大,比病毒大数十倍甚至数千倍,保护性抗原筛选困难。基于gRNA文库的CRISPR-Cas筛选技术可用于快速筛选与特定表型和生物功能相关的基因和通路38。Garst等39建立了一种基于CRISPR-Cas9的基因编辑新技术CREATE,可以在全基因组范围内实现可跟踪的编辑,采用该技术在病原体内成功实现了红霉素耐药基因的筛选。Pacheco等40采用CRISPR-Cas9筛查技术从宿主肠上皮细胞中筛选出了与肠出血性大肠杆菌入侵相关的基因。保护性抗原一般是与病原体致病密切相关的毒力因子、外膜蛋白、分泌蛋白等,基于gRNA文库的CRISPR-Cas筛选技术在抗原筛选方面具有良好的应用前景。亚单位疫苗制备首先需要实现抗原的异源表达,不同的宿主具有不同的密码子偏嗜性,后者对蛋白质表达水平有复杂影响。利用合成生物学技术能够根据表达宿主的密码子偏嗜性对抗原编码序列进行优化,通过全基因合成优化后的序列,从而显著提升蛋白质异源表达水平。有研究对结核分枝杆菌的两个抗原(ESAT6和CFP10)进行了融合表达,未进行密码子优化时为包涵体表达,对融合抗原基因序列进行密码子优化后,融合蛋白实现可溶表达,且产率达到约67 mg/L41,大大提高了抗原蛋白表达量。孙鹏等42利用生物学软件对鸡IL-17基因序列及氨基酸序列进行比较分析,依据人和鸡偏爱的密码子对IL-17基因进行密码子优化,合成优化的序列后在人胚胎肾293T细胞中实现了鸡IL-17的高效表达。
细菌毒力因子众多,致病机制复杂多样,单一抗原的疫苗往往难以发挥较好的保护效果,需要多种靶向不同致病通路的抗原同时发挥免疫效果。多个抗原往往会导致后续生产和制剂工艺的复杂和多变,影响产业化。通过合成生物技术,对不同抗原的序列进行分析和优化,根据不同抗原的理化性质和结构特征,引入不同的linker,构建融合蛋白,被证实是一条切实可行的路径。国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心长期从事超级细菌原创疫苗研发,在融合抗原的设计和优化上积累了丰富的经验,如金黄色葡萄球菌α溶血素(Hla)和铁离子表面决定蛋白B(IsdB)的融合蛋白HI43,铜绿假单胞菌V抗原(PcrV)、外膜蛋白I(OprI)和T6SS核心转运蛋白Hcp1组成的融合蛋白HCP等44,这些融合蛋白的构建不仅简化了后续工艺,还从一定程度上增强了单个抗原的免疫原性和结构稳定性,在动物实验中能诱导更为高效和全面的免疫应答,对相应病原体的攻毒显示出更好的保护效果。蛋白抗原中往往含有多个表位,有效表位和无效表位中存在一定的竞争关系,通过结构生物学和合成生物学手段可以对抗原进行重新设计,彻底去除或空间闭塞不需要的表位,更好地发挥优势表位的作用,从而防止或减少无效抗体反应的引发,特异性扩增靶向首选表位的反应45
抗原的免疫原性与分子量大小密切相关,通过抗原的寡聚化增强其分子量大小,能显著增强抗原的免疫原性46。病毒结构蛋白具有天然的寡聚现象,为工程化插入异源抗原、制备病毒样颗粒(VLP)疫苗提供了良好的平台。通过合成生物学手段在病毒结构蛋白表面暴露的位置寻找抗原插入部位,将抗原插入到相应的位置,通过病毒结构蛋白的自组装,可以实现抗原VLP颗粒的形成,一方面实现抗原的寡聚化,另一方面抗原更容易接近免疫系统,从而大幅增强抗原的免疫原性47。Joyner等48采用金黄色葡萄球菌α溶血素(Hla)的两个表位构建了两种VLP颗粒疫苗:AP205-LND和Qβ-LND,疫苗免疫后小鼠对Hla皮下攻击具有良好的保护效果,可以显著减少损伤范围和中性粒细胞局部浸润,诱导产生的抗体能有效中和Hla并防止毒素介导的靶细胞裂解。采用铁蛋白(ferritin)、天然构象的Hla七聚体等作为载体制备疫苗也观察到了类似的现象49-50。此外,通过将免疫调节剂或具有抗原提呈细胞靶向性的蛋白与抗原偶联,也可以增强抗原的靶向性,调控抗原的提呈,增强免疫应答。本课题组51前期研究发现Hla与多个蛋白抗原偶联后可以增强后者的免疫原性,进一步研究发现Hla可以靶向树突状细胞表面的解聚素金属蛋白酶10(ADAM10),进而激活下游的Notch信号通路,增强机体对抗原的免疫应答,为基于Hla的抗原设计奠定了基础。此外,有文献报道采用转甲状腺素蛋白作为表位疫苗的载体蛋白,可以增强抗原从注射部位引流淋巴结的有效摄取,保护抗原免受蛋白酶降解和减少远端淋巴器官中的抗原提呈,从而将疫苗免疫原性提高多达90倍52
荚膜多糖、脂多糖是细菌的重要毒力因子,与细菌导致的严重感染密切相关,这些多糖成分也是疫苗研究的理想抗原。但多糖分子量一般较小,免疫原性低下;同时多糖大多属于胸腺非依赖抗原,不能诱导机体产生免疫记忆性B细胞,免疫保护效果有限53。将多糖成分与载体蛋白共价结合,构建多糖-蛋白结合疫苗,是一种有效的途径。在这种疫苗中,多糖成分为抗原,和载体蛋白结合后分子量增大,免疫原性增强;同时载体蛋白还可以发挥佐剂效应,通过多种机制促进免疫记忆性B细胞成熟,从而提供长期免疫保护。目前常用的载体蛋白主要有:白喉毒素的交叉反应物(CRM197)、破伤风类毒素(tetanus toxoid,TT)、白喉类毒素(diphtheria toxoid,DT)等54。在传统的多糖蛋白结合疫苗研究中,多糖成分主要通过生物提取或化学合成的方法获得,然后通过化学交联的方法获得与载体蛋白的结合物55。目前上市的肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌以及伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗均为采用上述方法获得的多糖-蛋白结合疫苗。这种方法存在结合效率低下、结合位点不确定、产品均一性差、质控困难、成本高昂等多种问题。
采用合成生物学的研究策略,通过生物合成的方法制备多糖-蛋白结合疫苗是另一种途径56。该方法通过构建含有目标多糖合成相关基因簇、糖基转移酶、载体蛋白的表达载体,转入缺失了O-抗原连接酶和自身多糖合成基因的大肠杆菌工程菌中,诱导表达的异源多糖转移至周质间隙并在糖基转移酶的催化下结合到载体蛋白上,获得多糖蛋白结合物57。其中,糖基转移酶负责将目标多糖从脂质前体转移到载体蛋白,常用的糖基转移酶主要有PglB、PglL和PglS58,分别介导不同的多糖底物对应不同的载体蛋白。目前已有很多生物合成法制备多糖蛋白结合疫苗的研究报道,如Feldman等59通过生物合成的方法制备了针对高毒力肺炎克雷伯氏菌(K1和K2型)的荚膜多糖-蛋白结合疫苗,动物实验证实该疫苗具免疫小鼠后能诱导产生高效价的IgG抗体,并对高毒力肺炎克雷伯氏菌NTUH K-2044和ATCC 43816攻毒具有良好的保护作用。彭哲慧等60通过敲除伤寒菌脂多糖合成途径中O-抗原连接酶基因,转入含脑膜炎奈瑟氏球菌蛋白糖基化途径中糖基转移酶的表达载体,以及改构的重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(rEPAN29)的表达载体,使细胞内能够诱导合成以伤寒O-特异性多糖为目标抗原(OPS)、以rEPAN29为载体蛋白的伤寒OPS-rEPAN29糖蛋白复合物,证实rEPAN29作为载体蛋白能有效增加糖链的免疫原性。孔庆科等61通过合成生物学等方法,将肺炎链球菌的荚膜多糖成功表达合成于减毒沙门氏菌的表面,并连接于沙门氏菌内毒素的类脂A上,利用遗传改造的减毒沙门氏菌载体递送肺炎链球菌多糖疫苗。该疫苗口服免疫小鼠后可引起高效的Th1偏向性细胞免疫应答和体液免疫应答,荚膜多糖特异性抗血清具有体外吞噬杀菌功能,并对肺炎链球菌D39或WU2的攻毒感染具有有效的保护作用。目前,针对福氏志贺氏菌和大肠杆菌的生物偶联多糖-蛋白结合疫苗Flexyn2a62和ExPEc4V63正在开展人体临床试验。
核酸疫苗通过将编码特定抗原蛋白质的外源基因直接引入宿主细胞中,利用宿主细胞的表达系统合成抗原,从而诱发免疫反应,以达到预防或治疗疾病的目的64。核酸疫苗可以分为两种主要类型:DNA疫苗和mRNA疫苗65-66。与传统疫苗相比,核酸疫苗具有几个关键优势,包括简化的制备过程、较低的生产成本、更短的研发周期以及进一步改进的潜力。随着微生物全基因组测序技术的发展,核酸疫苗研究已进入精准设计阶段22。核酸疫苗序列设计对于疫苗的成功研发具有重要意义,合成生物学在设计、研发新型核酸疫苗方面同样取得了一定的进展,可依据密码子偏好性,优化编码抗原的核酸序列;对质粒载体的启动子、增强子、内含子等转录调控元件进行优化,提高外源基因的表达23,这种细致的设计方法对核酸疫苗的开发和应用有着显著贡献。值得注意的是,针对细菌的基于核酸的疫苗目前还处于临床前研究和开发阶段,尚无批准用于细菌感染的疫苗67。且在这一领域积累的经验主要基于DNA疫苗,对于针对细菌的mRNA疫苗的研究和开发有限。
在DNA疫苗领域,传统的裸粒子转染在体内引发有效免疫反应方面效率较低,具有挑战性。首先,细胞屏障会对DNA进入细胞造成阻碍,其次,由于体内存在大量的核酸酶,使外源DNA容易被降解。递送技术的发展对于DNA疫苗的成功至关重要,而缺乏安全高效的递送系统仍然是这些疫苗实现商业化要克服的主要障碍。为了解决这一挑战,目前已开发了新的物理或化学方法,如电穿孔、基因枪、生物注射器(无针注射)和微阵列,以提高外源DNA的转染效率68。然而,这些方法也存在局限性,包括潜在的细胞损伤、用药过程中的不适和无法应用于黏膜等。近几年,通过借鉴纳米医学、结构生物学和材料科学等领域的最新进展而开发的新型递送系统,如脂质体、自组装纳米颗粒、类病毒颗粒和聚合物纳米材料已经被探索出来69。这种跨学科的研究努力有可能显著增强基于DNA的细菌疫苗的免疫应答强度,并且产生多样化的免疫应答类型69。最初,DNA疫苗主要集中在预防和治疗病毒和肿瘤疾病上70。然而,随着DNA疫苗技术的成熟,广泛的研究扩展到针对细菌的DNA疫苗。
在肺炎链球菌中,将编码表面黏附素(PsaA)的基因插入到真核表达载体pVAX1中,构建pVAX1-PsaA DNA疫苗。经核酸疫苗初免,PsaA蛋白加强免疫后,可在小鼠体内诱导高水平抗PsaA特异性抗体的产生71。在金黄色葡萄球菌中,采用多价疫苗策略,将编码凝集因子A(Clfa)、纤连蛋白结合蛋白A(FnBPA)和分选酶(Srt)的质粒混合后免疫动物,可诱导Th1和Th2型细胞免疫应答,同时产生以IgG2a为主的抗原特异性抗体,并持续产生IFN-γ和CD8+ T细胞主导的免疫应答72。在铜绿假单胞菌中,通过制备的二价组合DNA疫苗pOPRL+pOPRF免疫后,可显著提高鸡血清IFN-γ和IL-2的浓度。接种100 μg DNA疫苗后,感染铜绿假单胞菌鸡的生存率可提高至85%73。将编码铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A突变基因toxA和钙反应蛋白V基因pcrV同时连接至真核表达载体pIRES,制备一种新型DNA疫苗。与编码单一抗原的DNA疫苗相比,接种新型DNA疫苗的小鼠可诱导更高水平抗原特异性IgG的表达,增强脾细胞增殖及细胞因子的分泌74。这些发现揭示了利用多价DNA疫苗策略对抗细菌感染的潜力,并强调了激活细胞免疫应答的重要性75,为开发细菌DNA疫苗提供了有价值的见解。
在mRNA疫苗领域,合成生物学方法已经应用于提高疫苗RNA在细胞内的稳定性、降低细胞毒性、提高蛋白质生产等方面。利用合成生物学提高RNA稳定性和翻译效率的主要方法是工程化改造RNA结构或碱基组成。mRNA容易被快速降解,稳定性较差,此外,作为外源核酸,mRNA进入人体后容易引发强烈的免疫反应,从而迅速被免疫系统识别并清除76。为了确保mRNA疫苗的稳定性和免疫原性,优化mRNA序列的设计至关重要。通过对mRNA的5′末端帽子的改造,可防止5′核酸外切核酸酶的降解。修改的序列嵌入到5′和3′末端的非编码区域,可提高mRNA的翻译效率和延长其半衰期。修饰3′ poly(A)尾部有助于稳定mRNA并增强蛋白质的翻译77。利用修饰核苷酸可以减少先天免疫激活,抑制先天免疫系统对mRNA的识别,从而减少细胞毒性78。例如Moderna和BioNTech公司使用假尿苷、N-1-甲基假尿苷、5-甲氧基尿苷、5-甲基胞苷等合成了能规避先天免疫效应物的mRNA,并成功推进了两款新冠肺炎(COVID-19)mRNA疫苗的上市79。优化序列和密码子可以增强翻译效率,设计环化的mRNA可以规避核酸酶降解并延长其半衰期。利用合成生物学工程化改造mRNA的结构或碱基组成,能提高RNA稳定性和翻译效率。其中,较为常见的RNA结构改造是在RNA上新增一个完整的5′端帽子结构Cap1(N7MeGpppN20-OMe)、增加模块化的5′端非编码区(5′UTRs)和3′端非编码区(3′UTRs),以增强mRNA的稳定性和翻译效率,并进一步减少磷酸酶使用29。除此之外,开放阅读框(ORF)区域密码子优化同样重要,CureVac公司利用全转录工程,即用同义密码子替换ORF区域的密码子,使GC含量最大化,可在与优化的5′端和3′端非编码区匹配时,显著提高蛋白质的产量80。除上述结构外,poly(A)尾对于维持mRNA的稳定性及翻译效率起到了重要作用,对其进行改造也是目前mRNA疫苗研发的有效手段之一。通过对尾部非A核苷酸的系统替代实验,首次证明含胞苷C序列作为合成mRNA的尾部可提高合成mRNA的表达强度和表达时间。此外,C取代还可以抵抗mRNA的降解,从而延长其半衰期81。近年来,利用合成生物学对病毒及细菌等进行全基因组测序,使得mRNA序列的优化设计成为了mRNA技术相关疫苗或药物发挥功能的决定性因素。在mRNA序列优化时,还需要考虑编码区5′端避免出现二级结构和茎环结构。此外,由于密码子的简并性,使得mRNA序列的候选挖掘空间无比广阔,这给序列设计带来巨大的挑战。百度团队研发出来的Linear Design,将宿主密码子适应性和化学结构稳定性结合起来,作为序列优化的双重指标,这使得优化后的mRNA既可以实现体内的高效表达,也可以提升半衰期,在体内存在更长的时间,意味着靶标蛋白表达量也会提高,从而诱导更多的中和抗体或者发挥更好的治疗效果82
相较于DNA疫苗,针对细菌感染的mRNA疫苗的研究相对有限,只有少数类型的细菌抗原被用于mRNA疫苗的开发。此外,大多数这些疫苗仍处于概念验证阶段。mRNA疫苗的第一个优势是其制造简单而迅速。mRNA疫苗的基本原理是提供编码目标抗原或免疫原的转录本。一旦有编码免疫原的序列可用,RNA合成可以立即在同一平台上进行。该过程易于扩展,并且不受细胞依赖性限制,mRNA制剂和制造过程中平台变化最小76。第二,mRNA疫苗在转染后通过mRNA的快速翻译表达目标蛋白(抗原)。与基于DNA的疫苗相比,mRNA疫苗具有更高的生物安全性,因为抗原的翻译发生在细胞质而不是细胞核中,因此与基于DNA的疫苗相比,mRNA整合进基因组的可能性要小得多。此外,与DNA相比,mRNA更安全,因为mRNA携带要翻译的短序列,不与宿主基因组相互作用83。第三,mRNA因其技术优势,理论上能够表达任何蛋白质,可以防治多种疾病,故此mRNA可以作为一种极具潜力的通用技术平台。目前mRNA可应用于传染病预防、肿瘤免疫治疗、蛋白替代、CAR-T/M等,总体可分为三大类:预防疫苗、治疗疫苗、治疗药物。其中预防疫苗领域的布局最丰富,其次是治疗药物领域。大量文献表明,mRNA疫苗在结核分枝杆菌和链球菌感染的预防和治疗方面已显示出令人鼓舞的初步结果84-85。然而,还需要进行更广泛的研究来进一步验证mRNA疫苗在对抗细菌感染方面的有效性。
在一项示范性研究中,载有编码李斯特氏菌单核细胞增殖素蛋白(GAPDH)mRNA的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗被证明可以增加小鼠中特异性抗原CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的百分比。该疫苗还诱导特异性抗体的表达,增强了小鼠对由李斯特氏菌单核细胞增殖素、结核分枝杆菌和肺炎链球菌引起的感染的抵抗能力85。最近,Maruggi等86利用自放大mRNA(SAM)平台制备了表达链球菌溶血素O(SLOdm)和分枝杆菌2a骨干蛋白(BP-2a)的mRNA疫苗。接种这些疫苗的小鼠产生了大量特异性血清抗体,并在A组和B组链球菌感染的小鼠模型中提供了一致的保护。王鹏等87最近开发了两种针对铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白OprF和OprI以及Ⅲ型分泌系统关键开关蛋白PcrV的mRNA-LNP疫苗分子(PcrV-mRNA-LNP或mRNA-PcrV+mRNA-OprF-I)。免疫研究表明,两种疫苗接种都触发了混合的Th1/Th2或略偏向Th1的免疫反应,而PcrV-mRNA-LNP引发的抗体滴度显著高于OprF-I-mRNA-LNP引发的抗体滴度。不仅如此,日本学者开发了针对铜绿假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统的mRNA疫苗,该系统在致病过程中起着关键作用。利用脂质纳米颗粒递送修饰的mRNA疫苗接种小鼠,可提高小鼠的存活率,减少肺部的炎症,并减轻细菌感染后肺部的病理变化88。以色列特拉维夫大学的研究人员成功开发出针对鼠疫耶尔森氏菌的有效核苷酸修饰的mRNA-LNP疫苗,该疫苗专门针对细菌的F1胚囊抗原。在对C57BL/6小鼠的测试中,这种mRNA-LNP疫苗展示了诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫反应的能力89。除此之外,使用脂质纳米颗粒包裹修饰的mRNA(mRNA-LNP)平台来开发针对莱姆病的mRNA疫苗也有重大进展。首先,耶鲁大学医学院的研究人员利用脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)递送在黑腿蜱的唾液中发现的19种蛋白(19ISP)的mRNA,开发了一种针对黑腿蜱的mRNA疫苗,促使皮肤对蜱虫叮咬产生快速反应,限制了蜱虫吸食血液和感染宿主的时间,还会让宿主能够快速发现蜱虫叮咬,从而预防黑腿蜱传播的莱姆病90。随后,宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员同样利用LNP递送莱姆病的致病源伯氏疏螺旋体表达的抗原OspA的mRNA,这种OspA mRNA-LNP疫苗在单次接种后,可诱导小鼠产生良好的体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答91。这些发现突显了mRNA疫苗在开发有效的预防细菌感染策略方面的潜力。
细菌外膜囊泡(outer membrane vesicle,OMV)包含亲本细菌中的多种外膜蛋白成分,呈纳米囊状结构,且不可繁殖和复制;结构中含有脂多糖(LPS)、脂蛋白、鞭毛蛋白、细菌DNA片段等病原体相关分子模式(PAMP),能刺激机体产生强烈的免疫反应,被认为是理想的细菌疫苗的候选形式92。目前已有两种包含OMV的疫苗获批上市,VA-MENGOC-BCTM和BexseroTM,用于预防侵入性B群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(MenB)感染,其安全性和保护效果在临床上得到了充分证实93-94。野生型细菌产生的膜囊泡含有有毒成分,并且产量低,导致OMV直接应用于人体有一定的安全性风险,且生产效率低和成本高。合成生物学已被广泛应用于亲本细菌的改造,降低OMV的毒性、提高产量,并用于外源蛋白抗原的集中展示95
野生细菌OMV中的LPS可以通过Toll样受体4(TLR4)途径刺激宿主产生强烈的炎症反应,增加了OMV的毒力并限制了其应用96。LPS由脂质A、核心寡糖和O-抗原组成。脂质A是LPS的毒性基团,由1个六酰化二葡糖胺、6个酰基链和2个磷酸基团组成。LpxL是参与脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌中脂质A合成的重要酰基转移酶,lpxL缺失株产生的OMV激活TLR4的活性远低于野生型细菌97,减弱了OMV中LPS的毒性,同时保留了疫苗免疫反应所需的佐剂活性98。此外,缺乏全长O-抗原和/或不完整的核心多糖可以导致LPS的截短。在大多数革兰氏阴性细菌中,核心寡糖和O-抗原合成的基因整合到两个操纵子中,即waa和wba,以上基因缺失的细菌产生的OMV毒力也显著下降99
除了LPS,OMV还可以包装许多其他毒力因子,如细菌黏附素、蛋白酶和细胞毒素等,连续缺失细菌中编码不同毒力因子的基因也是减弱OMV的有效策略。例如,通过连续删除了铜绿假单胞菌PA103中编码毒力因子的14个基因,产生了PA-m14突变体(ΔexoUexoAexoTlasAlasBwbjApchAphzMalgrhlABpvdAplcHphoAlpxL)。在BALB/c小鼠中,肌内注射50 μg来自PA-m14突变体的OMV没有引起任何死亡,相反,用野生型MV攻击的小鼠在3天后100%死亡100。连续缺失不同的基因可能会导致细菌存活受到影响,因此需要通过系统研究去确定缺失基因的种类和数量。为了制备毒性降低的OMV,迫切需要新的快速有效的细菌工程策略。
在自然条件下,细菌分泌OMV的产量通常较低,这是限制OMV应用的最重要因素之一。出芽是细菌OMV释放的第一步,破坏外膜与肽聚糖的交联致使细菌外膜结构松散,有利于OMV的释放101。OmpA是一种外膜孔蛋白,存在与PG30中二氨基二聚酸(DAP)的周质结合位点,大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和鲍曼不动杆菌缺失OmpA的突变体增加了OMV的产生,可能是肽聚糖和外膜之间交联减少的结果102。OmpA是某些细菌OMV疫苗中的重要保护性抗原,OmpA缺失可能会导致疫苗的保护性降低,也可以通过缺失OmpA的同源蛋白来实现,如缺失脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌中的rmpM基因,提升了OMV的产量,但不会影响免疫原性或细菌生长特性103。此外,Lpp-PG交联的总数也与OMV的产生成反比。NlpI是一种参与细胞分裂的外膜脂蛋白,nlpI基因缺失阻止了PG和Lpp之间交联的形成,间接导致OMV产量的增加104
为了充分发挥OMV的生物学优势,可以通过合成生物学的手段对细菌进行改造,开发出以OMV为载体的疫苗平台。在OMV上表达异源蛋白的常用方法就是将目标蛋白与膜相关蛋白进行融合表达。细胞溶素A(ClyA)是一种在OMV上富集的跨膜蛋白,且C端具有松散的桶状结构,将目标抗原的基因与ClyA基因进行串联,即有可能在OMV表面集中表达目标抗原,且一定程度上能够保证蛋白的正确构象105。绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因与ClyA基因融合后转入大肠杆菌,表达的重组OMV在免疫小鼠中诱导出比单独使用GFP更强的抗GFP抗体滴度106。另外,通过重组策略,将鲍曼不动杆菌外膜蛋白Omp22展示到大肠杆菌OMV的表面,能够有效提升疫苗对鲍曼不动杆菌攻毒的保护效果107
O-抗原糖基化技术是开发OMV疫苗平台的另一条路线,主要用于展示异源细菌O-抗原。O-抗原的结构具有高度特异性,在不同菌株乃至同一菌株的不同血清型中都存在较大差异,使得用非致病性菌株表达致病性菌株O-抗原,通过提取OMV,开发为疫苗。有研究团队构建了表达高毒性的土拉弗朗西斯菌的O-抗原的大肠杆菌,用其分泌的OMV免疫小鼠,随后用土拉弗朗西斯菌攻毒。疫苗组攻毒后小鼠生存时间更久,并检测到显著升高的特异性IgG和IgA滴度108。也有团队借鉴以上思路,成功将两种高毒性的肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株多糖连接到大肠杆菌菌株中,其产生的OMV对攻毒提供了保护作用51
另外,也有研究者开发了将抗原包装到OMV内部的方法。肺炎链球菌表面蛋白A(PspA)存在于所有肺炎链球菌表面,能够阻碍补体对肺炎链球菌的清除作用,并能促进T细胞活化,具有良好的免疫原性109。将PspA与沙门氏菌β-内酰胺酶分泌信号串联表达能够将PspA装载到OMV囊泡内部,经鼻内免疫小鼠能诱导小鼠产生抗PspA的血清抗体,且能在肺炎链球菌攻毒中提供保护作用,仅免疫等量重组PspA蛋白无法达到这样的效果110
针对不同的OMV疫苗开发阶段及实验条件,还需要对其他相关基因进行深入研究和综合应用。例如在安全性方面还可以考虑操纵细菌的其他毒力相关基因或全局调控因子等111;在提高产量方面也可以尝试操作其他与外膜囊泡组装和分泌相关的基因等112。同时还需要结合实验数据和免疫学理论进行综合分析和优化,以实现更有效的疫苗设计和生产。
与病毒不同,细菌是具有复杂基因组的自主生物体,能够形成各种专门结构,如芽孢、L型变种、鞭毛和囊泡。细菌感染是由多种毒力因子调控的动态过程,在人体组织和器官中产生不同的结果113。这种固有的复杂性对于开发有效的细菌疫苗构成了挑战,往往使单一靶点方法失效。在细菌疫苗开发的核酸疫苗平台领域,存在一些需要解决的特定障碍。例如,核酸疫苗主要能够表达抗原蛋白,但是许多细菌感染是由革兰氏阴性细菌引起的。细菌已经进化出一些机制来规避核酸疫苗引起的防御机制,如改变细胞膜渗透性、形成生物膜、利用主动外排系统和修改作用靶标等抗药机制114。为了克服这些挑战,在细菌疫苗的构建中应采用多抗原、多靶点策略。此外,可以利用跨学科技术,包括保护组织学分析、结构疫苗学和合成生物学,增强研究方法、预测靶点并促进抗原的重新设计。通过加深对细菌致病性分子机制的理解,并采用创新的研究方法,有可能在发展有效的细菌核酸疫苗方面取得重大进展。
合成生物学的诞生与发展为解决耐药细菌疫苗问题提供了新途径。针对细菌候选靶标多、暴露后免疫机制复杂等难题,充分发挥合成生物学“格物致知”“造物致知”的优势,集成生物信息技术、人工智能技术、生物芯片技术、随机表位库技术、深度测序技术、单细胞多组学技术等的分析方法115-116,结合多尺度模拟分析,建立细菌抗原表位数据库,多维度、多层次揭示针对疫苗接种和感染的人体免疫应答规律。基于深度学习和人工智能技术算法,构建疫苗诱导免疫记忆的“路线图”,勾勒免疫应答与保护作用关系图,模拟与预测疫苗有效性关键指标,将单一靶点、单一机制的疫苗研发通过合成生物学拓展到了整体和系统范畴,推动细菌疫苗技术研发“弯道超车”。同时,还可以充分利用合成生物学大片段DNA合成、基因组组装、生物元件功能设计与自动化的能力,实现“造物致用”,全面推动细菌疫苗的开发。基于AI指导下的基因组密码子优化技术,人工合成基因组技术、人工细菌技术、结构疫苗学技术等,全面推动mRNA细菌疫苗、细菌DNA疫苗、减毒细菌疫苗、生物合成多糖疫苗、OMV疫苗,纳米颗粒疫苗等的研究,进一步缩短疫苗研发和生产周期、提高疫苗的免疫原性和广谱保护效果,提升疫苗的安全性116,解决细菌疫苗研发中的痛点难点,助力细菌疫苗研发。此外,也可以尝试使用合成生物学获得耐药细菌疫苗中常用到的佐剂原料(如QS21等),在工程化细菌/酵母中进行生产,解决目前天然提取的诸多难题。
此外,合成生物学在疫苗研制方面为研究人员提供了更为广阔的空间:在疫苗的形式方面,可以通过生物材料及材料化学设计成纳米颗粒,以增强其免疫原性117;在疫苗递送方面,改进旧有的生物递送载体,使其呈现出最理想递送效果和绝对的安全性118;从疫苗的研制效率方面,大大缩短疫苗研发生产的时间119。通过合成生物学方法研究细菌类型及结构,有助于加速阐明细菌的致病机理或药物和疫苗的研发,为疾病的预防和控制提供科学依据和技术方法。
合成生物学赋予我们设计、改造、制造生命的能力,加速耐药细菌疫苗的研发。然而合成生物学手段同时也带来了诸多生物安全隐患,如生物武器制造、生物恐怖袭击等120。因此在充分发展和应用合成生物学技术手段的同时,必须进行安全伦理审查和监督,建立科学、理性、有效、可行的管理制度,建设生物安全保障法律体系和监管、制定安全保护措施,只有这样,才能最大化地发挥合成生物学的优势,研制高效细菌疫苗,解决抗生素耐药问题,造福人类健康。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(32170938)
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2024年第5卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-070
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
  • 修回日期:2023-12-05
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(32170938)
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    陆军军医大学国家免疫生物制品工程技术研究中心,陆军军医大学药学与检验医学系微生物与生化药学教研室,重庆 400037

通讯作者:

邹全明(1963—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为超级细菌感染与创新疫苗研发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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