Article(id=1148989446076293850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692115200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-16, revisedDate=1699545600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870031135, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870031135, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870031135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870031135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148989441470952447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='2', pageStart='217', pageEnd='395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870030037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057315553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=353, endPage=368, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999712557428807, articleId=1148989446076293850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Dawn of the rational design of nanoparticle vaccines aided by the advance of synthetic biology techniques, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nanoparticle vaccines have been established firmly as a cornerstone of modern immunization strategies, with a compelling history that trace their pioneering use in human being back to 1981. Within the past four decades, these vaccines have not only demonstrated their efficacy, but have also been developed as powerful tools in fighting against a range of infectious diseases, most notably hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Their success can be attributed to their exceptional immunogenicity and impeccable safety as well, making them invaluable in curbing the spread of viruses and safeguarding the health and well-being of human being. The global outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has made vaccination into the forefront of public health priorities. This unprecedent challenge has accelerated the progress of various vaccine technologies, with nanoparticle vaccines attracting considerable attention. However, due to their relatively empirical design approaches and complicated manufacturing processes, progress in the clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccines has not been highlighted particularly. Therefore, the imperative for developing nanoparticle vaccines is to figure out their rational design, requiring groundbreaking advancement in novel technologies and theories. In this endeavor, synthetic biotechnology has emerged as an indispensable tool, driving the technological innovations of the production of nanoparticle vaccines. This article begins with an overview of technological advancements in the development of nanoparticle vaccines, encompassing progress from self-assembled nanoparticles to assist-assembled nanoparticles, and ultimately to antigen-display on formed nanoparticles. Furthermore, discoveries in understanding the unique roles of nanoparticle vaccines in enhancing antigen immunogenicity are updated, particularly in the function of nanoparticles with novel antigen presentation pathways. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the clinical trials of nanoparticle vaccines on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. In conclusion, we firmly believe that nanoparticle vaccines, bolstered by the scaffolding of synthetic biotechnology, are poised to emerge as steadfast guardians in the global battle against emerging and highly infectious diseases, and ongoing progress in this regard not only holds great promise, but also has potentials to revolutionize contagious disease prevention and control on a global scale.

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纳米颗粒疫苗自1981年首次应用于人体以来,经历逾40年的发展历程,在临床应用方面已取得了极大成功。尤其是在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)等疫苗领域,纳米颗粒疫苗以显著的免疫原性和良好的安全性在遏制病毒传播和疾病防控方面发挥了不可替代的作用,为人类社会的健康安全作出了巨大贡献。自新型冠状病毒疫情爆发以来,迫切的防控需要进一步推动了包括纳米颗粒疫苗在内的各类新型疫苗技术的发展。然而,由于被相对更经验化的设计方式和更复杂的制备工艺制约,纳米颗粒疫苗临床转化应用的速度并不突出。因此,通过理性设计来提升纳米颗粒疫苗的研制效率和应用范围,正成为其未来发展的重要方向和关键目标。合成生物技术在纳米颗粒疫苗发展的过程中一直起着重要作用。近年来,新型合成生物技术的应用在推动纳米颗粒平台灵活性方面取得了显著进展,有望满足未来对抗原承载多样性的需求。本文首先综述了纳米颗粒疫苗发展的技术沿革与进展,从抗原自组装形成的纳米颗粒疫苗到抗原协助组装的纳米颗粒疫苗,再到抗原平台展示的纳米颗粒疫苗。其次,总结了纳米颗粒疫苗提高抗原淋巴引流效率、抗原增强B细胞信号活化、抗原具有独特的抗原提呈方式等增强抗原免疫原性的特殊作用。最后概括了纳米颗粒疫苗在新型冠状病毒流行中的转化应用,如新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白三聚体疫苗、协助组装的新冠纳米颗粒疫苗、标签偶联展示的新冠纳米颗粒疫苗。随着对免疫应答机理的深入研究和对抗原提呈新规律的发现,利用合成生物技术也将有助于充分发掘纳米颗粒疫苗的独特免疫功能、满足高难度疫苗研制的要求。因此有理由相信:在合成生物技术助力下,未来纳米颗粒疫苗将在新突发及重大传染性疾病的防控中做出更突出的贡献。

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侯百东(1971—),男,研究员,教授,博士生导师,昌平实验室(CPNL)领衔科学家。长期从事感染免疫学基础理论研究,在B细胞TLR信号启动抗病毒免疫应答功能、新一代病原样抗原(PLA)疫苗策略研究等方面取得原创性理论突破。E-mail:
华兆琳(1974—),女,博士,副研究员,教授。研究方向为B细胞细胞活化和记忆细胞等不同细胞分化阶段中的转录调控机制,并以此为理论基础指导纳米颗粒为载体的新型疫苗的研发。 E-mail:
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马雪璟(1995—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为B细胞的分化与纳米颗粒疫苗的免疫机制。E-mail:

郭畅(1994—),女,博士后。研究方向为基于病原样抗原疫苗策略的新型疫苗研发。E-mail:

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马雪璟(1995—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为B细胞的分化与纳米颗粒疫苗的免疫机制。E-mail:

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马雪璟(1995—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为B细胞的分化与纳米颗粒疫苗的免疫机制。E-mail:

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郭畅(1994—),女,博士后。研究方向为基于病原样抗原疫苗策略的新型疫苗研发。E-mail:

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郭畅(1994—),女,博士后。研究方向为基于病原样抗原疫苗策略的新型疫苗研发。E-mail:

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Overview of nanoparticle vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

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项目 自组装 协助组装 平台展示
商品名 Nuvaxovid SCTV01E CoVLP VBI-2901/VBI-2902/VBI-2905 GBP510 ABNCoV2 LYB001
开发商 Novavax Sinoce lltech Medicao VBI Vaccines SK Biosciene Radboud University Yantai Patronus Biotech
抗原靶点 S蛋白 S蛋白 S蛋白 S蛋白 RBD蛋白 RBD蛋白 RBD蛋白
佐剂 Matrix-M SCT-VA02B AS03 E6020 AS03 MF59 氢氧化铝
接种策略 Day0 + 21 Day0 Day0 + 21 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28+56
临床阶段 三期 三期 三期 一期 三期 三期 三期
), ArticleFig(id=1172891970792992988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148989446076293850, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新型冠状病毒纳米颗粒疫苗总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 自组装 协助组装 平台展示
商品名 Nuvaxovid SCTV01E CoVLP VBI-2901/VBI-2902/VBI-2905 GBP510 ABNCoV2 LYB001
开发商 Novavax Sinoce lltech Medicao VBI Vaccines SK Biosciene Radboud University Yantai Patronus Biotech
抗原靶点 S蛋白 S蛋白 S蛋白 S蛋白 RBD蛋白 RBD蛋白 RBD蛋白
佐剂 Matrix-M SCT-VA02B AS03 E6020 AS03 MF59 氢氧化铝
接种策略 Day0 + 21 Day0 Day0 + 21 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28 Day0 + 28+56
临床阶段 三期 三期 三期 一期 三期 三期 三期
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合成生物技术助力纳米颗粒疫苗理性设计时代的到来
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马雪璟 1, 2 , 郭畅 3 , 华兆琳 1, 2, 3 , 侯百东 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(2): 353-368
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(2): 353-368
合成生物技术助力纳米颗粒疫苗理性设计时代的到来
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马雪璟1, 2 , 郭畅3 , 华兆琳1, 2, 3 , 侯百东1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院生物物理研究所,感染与免疫重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3 昌平实验室,北京 102206
  • 马雪璟(1995—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为B细胞的分化与纳米颗粒疫苗的免疫机制。E-mail:

    郭畅(1994—),女,博士后。研究方向为基于病原样抗原疫苗策略的新型疫苗研发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

侯百东(1971—),男,研究员,教授,博士生导师,昌平实验室(CPNL)领衔科学家。长期从事感染免疫学基础理论研究,在B细胞TLR信号启动抗病毒免疫应答功能、新一代病原样抗原(PLA)疫苗策略研究等方面取得原创性理论突破。E-mail:
华兆琳(1974—),女,博士,副研究员,教授。研究方向为B细胞细胞活化和记忆细胞等不同细胞分化阶段中的转录调控机制,并以此为理论基础指导纳米颗粒为载体的新型疫苗的研发。 E-mail:
Dawn of the rational design of nanoparticle vaccines aided by the advance of synthetic biology techniques
Xuejing MA1, 2 , Chang GUO3 , Zhaolin HUA1, 2, 3 , Baidong HOU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity,Institute of Biophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
  • 3 Changping Laboratory,Beijing 102206,China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-055
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纳米颗粒疫苗自1981年首次应用于人体以来,经历逾40年的发展历程,在临床应用方面已取得了极大成功。尤其是在乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)、人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)等疫苗领域,纳米颗粒疫苗以显著的免疫原性和良好的安全性在遏制病毒传播和疾病防控方面发挥了不可替代的作用,为人类社会的健康安全作出了巨大贡献。自新型冠状病毒疫情爆发以来,迫切的防控需要进一步推动了包括纳米颗粒疫苗在内的各类新型疫苗技术的发展。然而,由于被相对更经验化的设计方式和更复杂的制备工艺制约,纳米颗粒疫苗临床转化应用的速度并不突出。因此,通过理性设计来提升纳米颗粒疫苗的研制效率和应用范围,正成为其未来发展的重要方向和关键目标。合成生物技术在纳米颗粒疫苗发展的过程中一直起着重要作用。近年来,新型合成生物技术的应用在推动纳米颗粒平台灵活性方面取得了显著进展,有望满足未来对抗原承载多样性的需求。本文首先综述了纳米颗粒疫苗发展的技术沿革与进展,从抗原自组装形成的纳米颗粒疫苗到抗原协助组装的纳米颗粒疫苗,再到抗原平台展示的纳米颗粒疫苗。其次,总结了纳米颗粒疫苗提高抗原淋巴引流效率、抗原增强B细胞信号活化、抗原具有独特的抗原提呈方式等增强抗原免疫原性的特殊作用。最后概括了纳米颗粒疫苗在新型冠状病毒流行中的转化应用,如新型冠状病毒刺突蛋白三聚体疫苗、协助组装的新冠纳米颗粒疫苗、标签偶联展示的新冠纳米颗粒疫苗。随着对免疫应答机理的深入研究和对抗原提呈新规律的发现,利用合成生物技术也将有助于充分发掘纳米颗粒疫苗的独特免疫功能、满足高难度疫苗研制的要求。因此有理由相信:在合成生物技术助力下,未来纳米颗粒疫苗将在新突发及重大传染性疾病的防控中做出更突出的贡献。

纳米颗粒  /  疫苗  /  合成生物学  /  免疫应答  /  抗原提呈  /  新型冠状病毒肺炎

Nanoparticle vaccines have been established firmly as a cornerstone of modern immunization strategies, with a compelling history that trace their pioneering use in human being back to 1981. Within the past four decades, these vaccines have not only demonstrated their efficacy, but have also been developed as powerful tools in fighting against a range of infectious diseases, most notably hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Their success can be attributed to their exceptional immunogenicity and impeccable safety as well, making them invaluable in curbing the spread of viruses and safeguarding the health and well-being of human being. The global outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has made vaccination into the forefront of public health priorities. This unprecedent challenge has accelerated the progress of various vaccine technologies, with nanoparticle vaccines attracting considerable attention. However, due to their relatively empirical design approaches and complicated manufacturing processes, progress in the clinical trials of SARS-CoV-2 nanoparticle vaccines has not been highlighted particularly. Therefore, the imperative for developing nanoparticle vaccines is to figure out their rational design, requiring groundbreaking advancement in novel technologies and theories. In this endeavor, synthetic biotechnology has emerged as an indispensable tool, driving the technological innovations of the production of nanoparticle vaccines. This article begins with an overview of technological advancements in the development of nanoparticle vaccines, encompassing progress from self-assembled nanoparticles to assist-assembled nanoparticles, and ultimately to antigen-display on formed nanoparticles. Furthermore, discoveries in understanding the unique roles of nanoparticle vaccines in enhancing antigen immunogenicity are updated, particularly in the function of nanoparticles with novel antigen presentation pathways. Finally, a comprehensive summary of the clinical trials of nanoparticle vaccines on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. In conclusion, we firmly believe that nanoparticle vaccines, bolstered by the scaffolding of synthetic biotechnology, are poised to emerge as steadfast guardians in the global battle against emerging and highly infectious diseases, and ongoing progress in this regard not only holds great promise, but also has potentials to revolutionize contagious disease prevention and control on a global scale.

nanoparticles  /  vaccines  /  synthetic biology  /  immune responses  /  antigen presentation  /  COVID-19
马雪璟, 郭畅, 华兆琳, 侯百东. 合成生物技术助力纳米颗粒疫苗理性设计时代的到来. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (2) : 353 -368 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-055
Xuejing MA, Chang GUO, Zhaolin HUA, Baidong HOU. Dawn of the rational design of nanoparticle vaccines aided by the advance of synthetic biology techniques[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (2) : 353 -368 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-055
在人类发展的历史和现实中,传染性疾病一直对人类生命健康构成极大威胁1。疫苗是应对传染性疾病最有效的手段之一。利用天花病毒疫苗和脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗,人类创造了在自然界中彻底消除特定病原微生物的医学奇迹2。然而,随着新突发传染病原的不断涌现以及病原变异不断发生,传统疫苗防控传染性疾病的效力也在不断地受到挑战3-5。因此,发展和研制安全、高效力的新型疫苗有着迫切的现实需求。
病原抗原是疫苗成分的核心。传统疫苗的制备技术大多采用对病原体进行减毒或灭活的方式,或者使用与病原体感染相关的重要亚单位蛋白作为靶抗原,再配以不同佐剂加以应用。但前者往往面临毒力回升或者灭活不完全的问题,后者则存在免疫原性弱、无法有效诱导持久性体液免疫应答等问题。在探索兼具良好安全性和免疫原性疫苗的过程中,以HBV、HPV疫苗为代表的病毒样颗粒(virus-like particle,VLP)疫苗在临床实践中取得了极大成功。以HPV疫苗为例,在一项针对英国2008年9月起始的HPV疫苗接种计划的保护率调查研究中6,15年间对1370万名女性的随访调查结果表明,英国HPV疫苗接种计划几乎消除了1995年9月后出生的英国女性宫颈癌。在HBV、HPV疫苗等实例中观察到的安全性与免疫原性优势使得具备类似特征的疫苗成为新型疫苗研发的热点。这些不包含病毒遗传物质的疫苗保留了病毒数十到数百纳米尺度的颗粒特点和表面多价重复表位结构特征,因而又被称为纳米颗粒疫苗。经过逾40年的发展,纳米颗粒疫苗经由早期的天然病毒衣壳蛋白自组装形式,发展到可以通过多种生物合成手段构建、携带靶标抗原或佐剂的形式,极大地拓展了纳米疫苗构建的可行性与灵活性,并在临床前研发中已取得长足进步。
但不可否认的是,在2019年开始的新型冠状病毒大流行中,纳米颗粒疫苗并未能突出重围成为新冠疫苗的领头军。相较于异军突起的mRNA疫苗,纳米颗粒疫苗的转化相对滞后。这一方面因为现有纳米颗粒疫苗在工程构建方面仍存在一定局限性,还不能将任意靶标抗原都组装为纳米颗粒形式。另一方面则是对纳米颗粒增强免疫的机理认知不足,使其应用过程带着较强的经验性,主要依赖于研发人员的多次尝试组合,繁多的形制种类反而在一定程度上限制了纳米颗粒疫苗的研发效率。因此,下一代纳米颗粒疫苗的发展亟需注入新的动力源。
合成生物学是以工程化设计为思路,以构建标准化的元器件和模块为方法,以改造已存在的天然系统或从头合成全新的人工生命体系为目的的一门生命科学,近年来在结构生物学等其他学科的助力之下,合成生物学已经成为支持纳米疫苗研发快速进展的一股中坚力量,对候选抗原的稳定改良甚至是疫苗平台的自主合成都取得了巨大的突破。同时,对免疫机理的深入研究正揭示出纳米颗粒抗原具有过去被人们忽视的与免疫系统作用的重要规律。下一代纳米颗粒疫苗的发展需要充分利用这些免疫学与合成生物学最新的进展,为未来新突发传染病疫苗、高变异病毒疫苗等高难度疫苗的研制做出贡献。在本文中,我们将对现有纳米颗粒疫苗的技术发展沿革、最新理论研究进展及在新冠疫苗中的应用展开评述,希望能对其未来发展有所启发。
纳米颗粒疫苗发端于HBV、HPV疫苗的成功应用,但这些早期纳米颗粒疫苗是通过靶标抗原自发组装形成,这个特性并不适用于绝大多数靶标抗原。因此,发展能够协助靶标抗原进行组装的需求在不断推动着纳米颗粒疫苗工程技术的发展。同时,更多新发现的具有自组装为纳米颗粒性质的蛋白也为靶标抗原展示平台探索出了更灵活更广阔的发展空间。在这个过程中,合成生物学的助力作用不可忽略(图1)。以下,我们将对纳米颗粒疫苗发展的沿革、技术发展以及应用实例做进展评述。
首个获批用于人类的纳米颗粒疫苗是乙肝病毒疫苗7。20世纪70年代,肝病专家Baruch Blumberg博士因在世界上首次发现感染者血清“澳大利亚抗原”(即乙肝表面抗原,hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)而获得诺贝尔奖。基于此发现,MSD公司从无症状乙肝病毒携带者血液中分离出直径约22 nm的HBsAg亚病毒颗粒,通过尿素、胃蛋白酶、甲醛以及高温的组合处理进行灭活和纯化,作为第一代VLP疫苗在1981年被批准上市8,并在安全性和有效性上有出色的表现9-10。然而,尽管初代HBV疫苗取得了这一成功,但人们对血浆来源的疫苗可能被其他血源性病毒所污染的担忧,以及生产过程中供应限制等问题,均限制了第一代HBV疫苗的使用以及将纳米颗粒技术拓展至其他疫苗的发展。
1986年,第一个基于重组DNA技术的人类HBV疫苗获得了许可。用这种新技术开发的第二代HBV疫苗是通过基因工程手段在哺乳动物细胞或含有HBV表面基因(S基因)的酵母细胞(酿酒酵母)中表达HBsAg蛋白而制造的,且在表达过程中HBsAg蛋白即可自组装为纳米颗粒11-12。这项技术的成功展示了基因工程在疫苗领域探索开发的巨大潜力,同时也是合成生物学助力纳米颗粒疫苗发展的最初起点。
HBV疫苗的成功鼓舞着人们在其他病毒上寻找着相似的可能。另一个取得成功的是HPV疫苗,包括GSK公司二价疫苗希瑞适(Cervarix)13、MSD公司四价疫苗佳达修(Gardasil)14以及MSD公司九价疫苗佳达修9(Gardasil9)15均在人体上取得了极为优良的保护效果。以二价疫苗Cervarix为例,与未接种者相比,15年间16~18岁、14~16岁、12~13岁的接种者宫颈癌发病率分别降低了34%、62%、87%,宫颈上皮内瘤变3级(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3,CIN3)的发病率分别降低了39%、75%、97%。而在10~18岁的未婚女性中,接种四价疫苗Gardasil十年之内,对高危型HPV16和HPV18持续感染的保护效果在接种一针剂之后即可达到95%616。HPV纳米颗粒疫苗的生产同样是基于重组DNA技术,且基于20世纪90年代早期对HPV主要衣壳蛋白L1蛋白的体外自组装性质研究,在昆虫表达系统中插入HPV L1蛋白的基因序列,经由该表达系统转染昆虫细胞后,昆虫细胞可在强启动子推动下高表达L1蛋白。L1一旦成功表达,即可在昆虫细胞内自发组装形成结构上与HPV病毒相似的直径约50 nm的空心病毒样颗粒。重要的是,L1蛋白形成的纳米颗粒可在动物身上引起高效价的中和抗体反应17-18,而对应的变性后非组装形式的L1蛋白并不能诱导中和抗体19
戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)疫苗是另一个成功的应用实例。由厦门大学夏宁邵团队与万泰生物联合研发的戊型肝炎疫苗益可宁(Hecolin)在2011年被批准上市,是国际上第一个获批的戊型肝炎疫苗,也是国内第一个纳米颗粒疫苗。该戊型肝炎疫苗的原理是利用大肠杆菌表达系统表达戊肝病毒衣壳蛋白,再将经过纯化的多个衣壳蛋白在合适的条件下组成具有高度复杂结构的病毒样颗粒20。在其临床实验数据中,保护效力可达86.8%21-22
以HBV、HPV、HEV等为代表的天然自组装病毒样纳米颗粒疫苗的成功将纳米颗粒平台推动至疫苗学界的关注热点,成为兼具良好安全性与保护效力的前沿疫苗设计策略。
对于不具备自组装性质的蛋白抗原,通过基因融合表达协助组装元件是构建纳米颗粒疫苗的常用手段(图1)。针对有包膜的纳米平台,一般是将抗原与人为改造后的跨膜蛋白共表达,融合蛋白通常含有病毒跨膜元件,由于需要脂质分子的合成,融合蛋白通常需要在真核或者哺乳动物细胞中进行表达,表达后可通过类似出芽的方式形成包膜形式的纳米颗粒。但最近也有报道,使用细菌外泌体囊泡(outer-membrane vesicles,OMV)制备的纳米颗粒疫苗可有效预防肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)的致命感染23。另外,包膜形式的纳米颗粒可能在展示T细胞相关的线性表位方面有其相关优势,目前有研究将新型冠状病毒的线性肽表位展示于红细胞来源的外泌体(exosomal)表面,在HLA转基因小鼠中诱导出了强烈的CD8+ T细胞免疫反应24。而针对无包膜的纳米颗粒平台,可通过融合自组装亚单位后直接协助靶抗原进行组装,并且可在更为简单的如原核或者酵母表达系统中进行表达,生产更加方便,因而是目前应用更多的纳米颗粒疫苗类型25
2015年由GSK公司研发的以乙肝病毒表面抗原HBsAg为载体的疟疾疫苗RTS,S/AS01(Mosquirix)获批上市,该疫苗将疟原虫环子孢子蛋白(circumsporozoite protein,CSP)的C末端第207~395位重复区域作为抗原表位(RT),基因融合至乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg),形成RTS融合蛋白,当在酵母中表达时,该融合蛋白可以自发组装形成病毒样颗粒26。该疫苗在非洲疟疾流行地区对幼儿和儿童可达到50%的保护效率27
除病毒样颗粒之外,其他天然存在的自组装蛋白纳米颗粒也可从多种来源中获得28。例如,几乎所有生物体都会产生铁蛋白(ferritin),这是一种主要在细胞内储存铁的蛋白质,具有强大的热稳定性和化学稳定性。ferritin由24个亚基组成29,每个亚基含四束α螺旋,以四级结构自组装,具有八面体对称性,每个八面体单元具有三重轴对称性,是呈现三聚体抗原的便捷支架。2013年Nabel与其合作者30报道了一项以铁蛋白为纳米疫苗平台的疫苗设计工作,采用基因工程手段,将流感血凝素(HA)抗原融合于铁蛋白N端,在哺乳动物细胞中表达后可自组装为纳米颗粒,使其可以多价展示流感HA抗原天然三聚体构象。该纳米颗粒在小鼠身上展现出了令人鼓舞的免疫结果31:与目前的商业疫苗相比,这些动物产生了更有效的免疫反应,中和抗体的水平显著提高,在文章中尤其强调了该疫苗设计策略可诱导出更多的针对H1N1的广谱中和抗体,为纳米颗粒形式流感疫苗提供了良好设计实例。在后续19年的工作中,研究人员设计了针对流感的马赛克疫苗(Mosaic vaccine),即在铁蛋白表面近距离展示来自流感不同毒株的HA抗原,可诱导B细胞产生针对HA保守表位的广谱中和抗体32。另外,近期有研究表明,铁蛋白纳米颗粒可能可以通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路诱导树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)的成熟,从而增强免疫反应33
二氧四氢蝶啶合酶(lumazine synthase,LS)是自组装纳米颗粒疫苗中另一个广泛使用的展示平台,能够自组装成内径9 nm、外径15 nm左右的二十面体纳米颗粒。该酶在微生物与植物中催化核黄素(通常也称为维生素B2)生物合成的倒数第二步。在芽孢杆菌科中,这些酶形成结构独特的复合物,包含60个二氧四氢蝶啶合酶亚基的二十面体外壳和3个核黄素合酶亚基的核心,而许多其他细菌具有空的二氧四氢蝶啶合酶衣壳34。在人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)疫苗设计中,gp120蛋白是产生广谱中和抗体的重要靶向抗原。eOD-GT系列抗原是人为设计的亲和力优化的gp120抗原,可以提高与VRC01前体B细胞的结合能力35。而将eOD-GT抗原融合至LS合酶,并加入合适的衔接蛋白之后,即可协助eOD-GT组装为六十聚体纳米颗粒。动物实验结果表明,与单聚和低聚体eOD-GT蛋白相比,六十聚体eOD-GT蛋白显示出了显著活化前体B细胞的能力以及更好的生发中心(germinal center,GC)反应36。目前该疫苗已在健康人群中开展了一期临床试验(NCT03547245),结果表明,在接种疫苗组的36人中,97%诱导出了VRC01前体B细胞的反应37;而诱导针对eOD-GT的多功能CD4+ T细胞的反应率为84%,CD4+辅助性T细胞优先靶向疫苗平台和eOD-GT抗原,而外周血中VRC01记忆B细胞的水平与疫苗特异性CD4+ T细胞水平相关38,有希望为HIV疫苗设计带来突破。
人为理性设计体外协助融合蛋白组装的纳米颗粒平台也在结构生物学与合成生物学的辅助之下被设计出来,如I53-50A/B39。这是一种计算机辅助设计得到的双组分纳米颗粒,在体外将两组分混合后20个三聚体I53-50A及12个五聚体I53-50B共组装为正二十面体颗粒形式。为了形成正二十面体结构,每个三聚体等边三角形的顶点需与每个五聚体形成的五边形的顶点相连40。而其组分A也是天然三聚体抗原的良好支架,将抗原与组分A融合表达后,与组分B进行混合,即可协助靶抗原组装成为纳米颗粒。2019年的一篇文章报道了I53-50用于呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)疫苗的研发实例41。将F糖蛋白变体DS-Cav1融合于A模块的三聚体折叠区的N端,与B模块混合后即可组装获得RSV纳米颗粒。DS-Cav1是基于结构信息人为改造的处于膜融合前稳定构象的RSV三聚化F糖蛋白变体,已被报道与膜融合后的F糖蛋白相比可诱导出更强的中和抗体水平42-45,目前该F蛋白三聚体RSV疫苗已处于一期临床阶段(NCT03049488)。而组装为纳米颗粒的DS-Cav1在小鼠中可诱导出与单独DS-Cav1相比10倍以上的中和抗体41,因此应是一款更具优势的升级版候选疫苗。然而最新发表的文章指出46,I53-50-A融合DS-Cav1后仍可导致其构象不稳定,在I53-50纳米颗粒上86%的抗原主要展示为F蛋白融合后构象,使得针对中和表位的抗体诱导效果不佳44。2023年5月,FDA批准了用于60岁以上成年人的两款RSV重组蛋白疫苗——GSK公司的Arexvy和辉瑞公司的Abrysvo47-48,均基于结构信息利用合成生物学手段对DS-Cav1进行了改良。Arexvy是基于DS-Cav1的序列基础,通过引入半胱氨酸残基形成二硫键,从而稳定蛋白质的构象;Abrysvo则选择在DS-Cav1的基础上,增加两个位点突变,使得DS-Cav1三聚体的单体之间增加了额外的二硫键,让三聚体结构更稳定。未来基于更稳定三聚体的RSV纳米颗粒疫苗应将抗体的诱导集中于膜融合前F蛋白的中和表位上46
基因融合协助组装拓宽了纳米颗粒疫苗的抗原适用范围,但在一些情景下融合蛋白并不能正确表达。对抗原天然构象的展示以暴露更多中和表位是纳米颗粒疫苗设计的共识,但较大的抗原亚单位蛋白导致的空间位阻会直接影响纳米颗粒疫苗的稳定性49。在早期的设计中50,较长的富含甘氨酸的柔性衔接肽被合成至HBcAg平台,拓展的空间距离使得疫苗平台允许展示长达238个氨基酸的蛋白。另外,降低平台表面所展示的抗原密度也可改善疫苗稳定性,但抗原密度降低不可避免会导致疫苗免疫原性降低,因此需要在设计中将疫苗的稳定性与免疫原性相平衡51。如今,将纳米颗粒平台与异源抗原进行分立表达然后进行组合的方法,正成为构建纳米颗粒疫苗的新策略。根据抗原连接方法,这种类型抗原展示可以采用化学偶联或者标签偶联等共价连接的方式(图1)。在某些研究中,也有通过纳米抗体等非共价展示的方式的应用,但由于其抗原展示存在着稳定性不足容易脱落等问题,因而在此我们重点介绍共价展示的构建方法。
化学偶联主要是通过化学修饰作用,通过抗原与载体上已有的活泼官能团之间的反应形成新的化学键,从而将抗原展示于纳米平台表面。化学偶联手段多见于早期,多为化学分子与小的蛋白质,可以观察到针对这些分子免疫反应增强的现象,如NicQβ疫苗,将尼古丁半抗原共价连接至噬菌体Qβ外壳蛋白形成的纳米颗粒,可观察到产生有潜在戒烟作用的抗体反应52。但分子量较大的蛋白分子的化学偶联可能存在稳定性问题,而且由于偶联氨基酸的随机性也可能导致抗原非定向展示和展示不均匀等问题。
标签偶联得益于2022年获得诺贝尔化学奖的点击化学技术,将自然界中自然存在的蛋白偶联体的分立组分,分别表达于抗原和载体上,而后即可通过偶联体系中的自发结合迅速完成抗原在纳米平台上的展示。在新型的疫苗平台中,使用AviTag或SpyTag/Spycatcher等偶联系统的平台可使已经稳定组装之后的纳米颗粒对体积较大的抗原进行展示53-55,也可在固定平台上展示具有不同修饰需要的抗原。尤其是以SpyTag/SpyCatcher为标签的蛋白偶联体系应用最为广泛5456-58。该系统将链球菌化脓性纤连蛋白结合蛋白FbaB分裂为两个组件:SpyCatcher(113个氨基酸)和SpyTag (13个氨基酸)。纳米颗粒平台与靶标抗原可分别与其中一种标签形成融合蛋白,并且可以融合到N端或C端,体外分立表达后,进行标签偶联,偶联之后的疫苗平台与靶标抗原即可形成不可逆的肽键55。噬菌体来源的病毒样颗粒AP20559在大肠杆菌中表达时可自组装成由180个单体组成的正二十面体,即为该标签系统的良好展示平台,尤其是在新冠大流行背景下展现出了良好的应用前景,基于该系统的新冠纳米颗粒疫苗60在3.1及3.2部分有详细描述。而上文中介绍过的多种纳米颗粒平台也均可结合SpyCatcher/Spytag的使用实现对靶标抗原的多价展示,在新型冠状病毒大流行期间,中山大学张军团队61即采用SpyCatcher/Spytag系统,以Ferritin为疫苗平台将新冠病毒RBD蛋白展示为纳米颗粒,在小鼠与非人灵长类动物中均诱导出了稳定的免疫保护反应。
在标签偶联系统中,偶联组分是通过融合表达的方式组装于纳米颗粒之上,因此相较于化学偶联的方式,标签偶联增加了抗原展示的均匀性与定向性。而基于已有载体的抗原展示很大程度上保证了纳米颗粒的完整性。并且这种二元分立的标签偶合系统使得同一纳米颗粒平台可以展示任意不同的靶标抗原,具有良好的系统灵活性,尤其适用于在应对高突变病原体时需要对疫苗版本进行快速更新的场景。该系统的特点在于可将纳米平台与抗原分别作为独立元件进行合成生物学改造,使得纳米颗粒疫苗具备模块化与工程化的优势,在实际中可以很大程度提升其应用适配性(图1)。另外,新技术如微流控技术等可以通过高度重复和高通量的方式制备纳米颗粒,在未来纳米颗粒疫苗生产中可以搭配合成生物技术提高生产效率62
接种疫苗产生特异性免疫保护的机理是通过刺激B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞介导的适应性免疫反应。相较于传统疫苗形式,纳米颗粒疫苗表现出更优良的免疫原性,提示其调动淋巴细胞反应可能具有更高的效率。近年来,通过对免疫应答机理的研究,纳米颗粒抗原所具备的一些独特免疫活性和作用规律正在不断被揭示出来,为纳米颗粒疫苗理性设计提供了重要指导。
在疫苗免疫过程中,抗原从注射部位引流至淋巴器官的效率越高,免疫系统捕获抗原后激活免疫反应的效率也就越高。研究发现抗原的大小可影响抗原在引流淋巴结中的引流动力,进而影响抗原提呈细胞的捕获效率。直径在20~200 nm左右的分子颗粒可以自由地从外周组织渗透入淋巴内皮细胞间隙,从而可被DC有效捕获并提呈给适应性免疫系统。大于200 nm的颗粒需要组织驻留DC的携带,需要历经约24 h才能到达附近淋巴结63。而直径在几纳米的抗原虽能迅速扩散,但会被巨噬细胞迅速降解,而大于10 nm的抗原能有效抵御巨噬细胞的吞噬64。最恰当的引流大小为40 nm左右65-67,纳米疫苗颗粒正符合该有效范围。因此,抗原引流和提呈效率的提高被认为是纳米颗粒疫苗免疫原性强的一个重要原因。
纳米颗粒表面密集排列展示的抗原某种程度上模拟了天然病毒的结构,被认为是其免疫原性增强的另一个重要原因。重复展示的抗原带来的多价性质可以有效促进B细胞受体的交联,增强B细胞的活化。有小鼠实验表明,纳米颗粒表面展示的RSV抗原密度与产生的中和抗体水平相关41。而另有研究表明,当重复表位在纳米颗粒表面间隔为5~10nm时,与病毒表面衣壳蛋白的平均距离相似68,是较为理想的激活B细胞的几何模式69。而最近的研究发现,利用脂质体构建的纳米颗粒抗原可以通过改变B细胞受体信号来增强B细胞的反应70。另外,重复的抗原表面也是一个良好激活B细胞补体系统的分子性质,可以通过介导CD19-CD21复合物更好地促进B细胞的活化71。伴随BCR的交联以及补体系统的活化可以诱导转录因子Blimp1以及XBP1的表达72,而这些分子的表达对长寿命浆细胞的分化十分重要73
抗原提呈作用是启动适应性免疫应答的关键环节之一,而DC是最经典的抗原提呈细胞,传统上认为CD4+ T细胞的初始活化离不开DC的抗原提呈作用,因而在过去的疫苗设计中大都会考虑增强对DC的刺激以提高疫苗的免疫反应。而最近针对纳米颗粒疫苗免疫机理的研究提示存在不同反应情况,我们实验室发现除了经典的DC启动CD4+ T细胞通路之外,还存在着第二条通过B细胞来启动CD4+ T细胞活化的免疫反应通路(图2),而这条通路是在针对Qβ-VLP这类纳米颗粒的研究中首先被揭示的。
来源于大肠杆菌噬菌体的病毒样颗粒Qβ-VLP74在大肠杆菌中表达时可包裹宿主的单链RNA(single-stranded RNA,ssRNA),ssRNA是一种病原分子模式,也是TLR7(Toll-like receptor 7)的配体,可以诱发天然免疫信号。但TLR不仅表达于天然免疫细胞上,也表达于适应性免疫细胞,如TLR7就可表达于B细胞内体(endosome)。而Qβ-VLP即可通过其内部包裹的宿主核酸刺激B细胞的TLR信号。在早期的研究中,Qβ-VLP所引起的抗体增强就被发现是依赖于B细胞上的TLR7,而非DC75。而后发现,Qβ-VLP所诱导的TLR信号可以有效增强B细胞的初始活化,并促进B细胞向浆细胞、GC B细胞以及记忆B细胞分化。内源性缺失TLR信号的B细胞其Qβ特异性细胞尤其是GC B的数目有明显下降,抗体反应也有明显缺陷76
近年来77,我们发现在Qβ-VLP所诱导的免疫反应中,CD4+ T细胞的初始活化以及后续分化可以不依赖DC,只需抗原特异性B细胞的活化即可。在该研究中,我们在Qβ-VLP中插入了一段来自Ova蛋白的多肽,该多肽可被MHCⅡ提呈进而活化TCR转基因的CD4+ OT-Ⅱ细胞。在实验设计中我们分别将DC或者B细胞缺失TLR信号的小鼠进行OT-Ⅱ细胞过继转移,并免疫Qβ-Ova-VLP,前者OT-Ⅱ细胞的活化与分化并未出现明显缺陷,然而在B细胞TLR信号缺失的小鼠中,OT-Ⅱ细胞的增殖有所下降,其后续分化为辅助性T细胞(T helper cell,Th cell)的能力受到了明显影响,且该增殖分化缺陷在B细胞缺失MHCⅡ的小鼠中同样观察到。因而B细胞在该情况下可以作为专职抗原提呈细胞来启动CD4+ T细胞的初始活化78,并与其互作后完成自身的分化,且该作用依赖于B细胞上的TLR信号,是一条完全独立的免疫反应启动通路。
DC更多驻留在组织中,对于从组织中入侵的病原的免疫响应十分重要79。但由于许多病毒具有血液传播的特点,因此B细胞抗原提呈通路的生理意义很可能是为更好地应对血液中存在的病毒。当观察Qβ-VLP尾静脉免疫3 h后脾脏中DC细胞与B细胞捕获抗原情况时77,发现血液中的Qβ-VLP基本都被抗原特异性B细胞所捕获,而非DC。当用偶联了Ova的灭活流感病毒免疫小鼠时,发现脾脏中OT-Ⅱ细胞的增殖分化在缺失抗原特异性B细胞后也出现了明显缺陷,而在缺失DC时并无明显障碍,与Qβ-VLP免疫时的表现相一致。因此有理由认为,B细胞通过表达可响应病毒核酸的天然免疫受体来启动适应性免疫反应是一条进化上保守的天然抗病毒免疫通路,尤其是针对可引起病毒血症的病毒。
基于以上发现内容,我们提出,包裹核酸的多价展示抗原的蛋白类纳米颗粒可作为一种依赖B细胞抗原提呈途径以及B细胞TLR信号通路的新型疫苗策略(图2),此种形式疫苗很可能是通过天然的抗病毒机制来调动适应性免疫系统,因此在调动机体抗病毒免疫反应时应有其内在优势,并且在免疫时无需加入额外佐剂。由于此种形式疫苗表面的多价性质、内部包裹核酸的结构与天然病毒结构非常相似,我们将该形式的纳米颗粒疫苗称为病原样抗原(pathogen-like antigen, PLA)80。独特免疫通路的提出,意味着增强免疫反应的途径有了其他选择的可能性,在今后的疫苗设计中可充分利用DC与B细胞的不同生理功能特点,并借助合成生物学手段,对疫苗免疫增强的靶向性进行改造,从而使纳米颗粒疫苗更符合实际应用需要。因此,免疫学基础理论的不断突破与包括合成生物学在内的现代生物学手段的不断进步,是下一代新型纳米疫苗的重要研发方向。
值得注意的是,mRNA疫苗使用的LNP-mRNA脂质体颗粒81虽然大小也符合纳米颗粒的范畴,其内部也包裹核酸,但并不直接展示靶标抗原,且其作用机制不依赖B细胞上的TLR信号82。因此我们推测,LNP-mRNA疫苗并不能通过B细胞来启动免疫反应。而其余蛋白类纳米颗粒疫苗的多价性质是否也能某种程度上通过B细胞启动免疫反应,其对DC细胞的依赖程度如何,是一个有待探讨的问题(图2)。
新型冠状病毒的大规模传播推动着各种新型冠状病毒疫苗的快速研发及应用,相关纳米颗粒疫苗也在该背景之下迅速发展。目前在WHO备案的处于临床试验阶段的疫苗共有183种,其中纳米颗粒疫苗有7种,约占候选疫苗的4%83。可按技术形式大致分为三类:第一是由新型冠状病毒刺突S蛋白(spike protein)自组装形成的三聚体形式纳米颗粒;第二是包膜形式协助展示或者自组装蛋白协助形成的纳米颗粒;第三是抗原与平台分立表达后通过标签偶联展示的纳米颗粒(表1)。下面将分别介绍。
Nuvaxovid是FDA批准的首款新型冠状病毒纳米颗粒疫苗,是基于病毒自发形成的S蛋白三聚体,因其大小在十几纳米左右,并且也为多聚体蛋白,因而从概念上根据其具有的性质可作为纳米颗粒疫苗归类。该疫苗由Novavax公司采用昆虫表达系统进行表达,对S蛋白S1/S2切割位点进行3Q突变以及S2亚基进行2P突变84,这两种突变可很好地将S蛋白稳定于融合前的三聚体构象状态,并以其专有的基于皂苷的Matrix-M为佐剂,该佐剂可有效激活天然免疫细胞进入注射部位,提高局部淋巴结中的抗原加工提呈,进而增强适应性免疫应答85。在以SARS-CoV-2阿尔法株(Alpha)为主要流行株的英国进行的三期临床数据显示86,该疫苗接种两针后总体保护效力为89.7%,针对原始株的保护效力为96.4%,针对Alpha变异株的保护效力为86.3%,表现出良好的安全性及有效性。
同为S蛋白三聚体疫苗,中国神州生物自主研发的重组新型冠状病毒四价疫苗SCTV01E87(Alpha/Beta/Delta/BA.1变异株)则是将S蛋白胞外段与T4 噬菌体纤维蛋白(Foldon)三聚化基序88融合表达用于稳定三聚体蛋白构象,选用的是公司自行开发的基于角鲨烯乳液的水包油佐剂SCT-VA02B。与常规铝佐剂相比,该佐剂可诱导一个Th1/Th2平衡的T细胞免疫应答。在小鼠上进行抗原比例优化发现,当Alpha∶Beta∶Delta∶BA.1=1∶1∶1∶3时可诱导一个针对四种突变体抗原更为均衡的体液免疫应答。而且该疫苗在25 ℃下可稳定保存6个月以上89-90,适于长途运输和长期保存。该疫苗在国内BA.5、BF.7等突变株流行高峰期间进行随机双盲安慰剂对照的三期临床试验,数据显示91在已经完成新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗基础免疫或者加强免疫的人群中再次加强免疫一针SCTV01E后,14天到4个月期间预防所有新冠病毒感染(含有症状和无症状感染者)的保护效力为82.4%,测序结果显示感染毒株包括BF.7、BA.5、DY.1/2/3/4等奥密克戎(Omicron)突变株,体现其具有突出的广谱性优势,而且加强免疫安全性良好,局部和全身系统性副反应发生率低,主要为轻度级副作用,未发生与SCTV01E相关的严重不良事件。
冠状病毒样颗粒CoVLP是加拿大Medicago公司研发的一款植物来源重组新型冠状病毒疫苗,是世界上首个获批的可用于人体的植物来源疫苗。该疫苗是在植物叶片细胞中表达出直径在100~150 nm之间的基于S蛋白的病毒样颗粒,由其融合的植物信号肽与流感病毒的跨膜区与胞质尾端辅助展示为包膜形式的纳米颗粒,再配合GSK公司研发的基于角鲨烯和α-生育酚水包油型佐剂AS03加以应用。该疫苗稳定性好,在2~8 ℃下可稳定保持6个月以上。在加拿大进行的一期临床试验数据表明92,CoVLP与AS03佐剂共同使用可显著提高志愿者血清中中和抗体滴度,接种2次后可诱导出高水平且持久的中和抗体反应以及Th1/Th2平衡的T细胞应答,进而起到免疫保护作用。后续通过85个研究中心在包括加拿大、美国、英国在内的6个国家进行三期临床试验,数据显示93该疫苗对Omicron以外的全部突变毒株的保护效力为69.5%,其中Alpha突变株的保护效力为100%,对Gamma突变株的保护效力为87.8%,对Delta突变株的保护效力为74%,对中重症的免疫保护效力为78.8%。而且在临床试验期间没有报告与疫苗接种相关的严重不良事件,说明该疫苗具有良好的安全性。但由于该公司的21%股权由烟草制造商Philip Morris持有,WHO拒绝了该疫苗申请的紧急使用授权。
美国VBI Vaccines公司研发的新型冠状病毒疫苗VBI-2900是基于鼠白血病病毒(murine leukemia virus,MLV)的包膜型VLP(enveloped virus-like particle,eVLP)候选疫苗,将处于融合前状态的S蛋白与水疱性口炎病毒VSV跨膜细胞质结构域(transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain,TMCTD)融合表达,再与MLV-Gag基因共表达94,利用TMCTD将S蛋白展示在Gag形成的脂质颗粒上,再配铝佐剂使用。VBI-2900由三种包膜病毒样颗粒疫苗组成,VBI-2901是包括SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的多价冠状病毒疫苗,VBI-290295是针对原始株SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的单价疫苗,VBI-2905是针对Beta SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的单价疫苗。目前VBI-2901处于一期临床试验阶段(NCT05614245),VBI-2902处于一期/二期临床试验阶段(NCT04773665)。
另一个协助组装的纳米颗粒是GBP510,由韩国SK生物科学与美国华盛顿大学联合研发。GBP510疫苗利用了可自组装的I53-50纳米颗粒39,在其设计中96将S蛋白的受体结合区域(receptor binding domain,RBD)连接至三聚体I53-50A的N端,与I53-50B体外共组装后得到展示有60个RBD蛋白的纳米颗粒,再配合AS03佐剂使用。GBP510疫苗三期临床(NCT05007951、NCT05501522)数据中期数据已经正式发表97。临床试验是通过38个研究中心在包括韩国、菲律宾、越南等在内的6个国家进行,中期数据显示在第二次接种2周后GBP510/AS03比阿斯利康腺病毒载体疫苗ChAdOx-1S诱导更高水平的抗体及中和抗体,其中包括针对原始株、Delta突变株及BA.1突变株的中和抗体。在疫苗安全性方面,GBP510/AS03接种组有0.2%的参与者在接种疫苗后30分钟内发生了全身性不良反应,局部不良反应发生率为56.7%,略高于ChAdOx-1S组的49.2%,其中主要为注射部位疼痛。在疫苗接种后随访6个月内,GBP510/AS03组有11.3%参与者感染新型冠状病毒,ChAdOx-1S组感染率为11.7%,且均为轻症或者无症状感染者。2022年6月GBP510已通过有效性和安全性评价正式获批使用。
ABNCoV2是丹麦Bavarian Nordic公司与Radboud大学联合研发的一款新型冠状病毒疫苗。该疫苗设计是利用SpyTag/SpyCatcher共价连接系统,将新型冠状病毒RBD蛋白展示在病毒样颗粒表面98,再配合基于角鲨烯乳液的水包油佐剂MF59使用。目前正在进行三期临床试验(NCT05329220)来观察已经完成新冠疫苗基础免疫及加强免疫人群中再次接种ABNCoV2后的安全性和有效性。国内第一个进入临床审批阶段的新型冠状病毒纳米颗粒疫苗是烟台派诺生物联合中国科学院武汉病毒研究所研发的LYB00199。与ABNCoV2设计非常类似,LYB001也是在设计中将RBD蛋白通过其特有的Covalink®蛋白结合技术均匀展示在纳米颗粒表面,再配合氢氧化铝佐剂制备为疫苗成品。该疫苗正在中国和巴基斯坦的多个研究中心进行三期临床试验(NCT05664932、NCT05683600),以评估该疫苗作为已经接种两针或者三针新型冠状病毒灭活疫苗人群的免疫加强针时预防新型冠状病毒的安全性和有效性。
RBD-PLA疫苗是作者实验室利用噬菌体AP205来源的VLP平台构建的异源展示纳米颗粒疫苗60。AP205-VLP包裹来自宿主的ssRNA,作为B细胞上TLR7的配体,在免疫时无需额外加入佐剂。在设计中将AP205-VLP与RBD蛋白分别与SpyTag和SpyCatcher融合表达,之后利用SpyTag/SpyCatcher之间的共价连接作用将RBD均匀温和地展示在AP205-VLP表面。动物免疫研究显示该疫苗可以诱导高滴度的中和抗体、Th1方向极化、持久GC反应、长寿命浆细胞和记忆B细胞产生,这些都是疫苗产生持久免疫保护的必需条件,同时证实该疫苗能够在非人灵长类动物中诱导高滴度中和抗体,并在攻毒试验中加速病毒的清除。同时新型冠状病毒各类突变体不断出现时,针对不同突变体RBD蛋白,该疫苗平台表现出较高的调整抗原灵活性,及对各类突变株的较好中和活性。此疫苗已完成临床前免疫效力评价和安全性评价,正在进行IND申报。在后续针对RBD-PLA疫苗免疫原性机制的研究中发现,RBD-PLA所诱导的特异性GC反应与中和抗体在B细胞TLR7信号缺失的小鼠中100存在明显缺陷,表明PLA疫苗的免疫原性增强依赖于B细胞内源性TLR信号。比较RBD-PLA与未展示在纳米颗粒表面的RBD二聚体重组蛋白疫苗的反应特点,发现RBD二聚体疫苗两次免疫后可诱导出RBD特异性抗体、RBD特异性GC B细胞及记忆B细胞,但GC反应强度随时间下降明显,且记忆B细胞产生较少。与之相比,RBD-PLA在一次免疫后即可诱导出高强度的抗体与RBD特异性细胞反应,RBD特异性GC反应在免疫3个月后仍可检测到,而且在免疫1年后仍能在骨髓及脾脏中检测到RBD特异性抗体分泌细胞。这些结果都表明PLA疫苗策略是一种具有前景的疫苗发展途径。
经过四十余年的发展、特别是COVID-19疫情的推动,纳米颗粒形式的疫苗进入了加速发展的时代。理论领域对纳米颗粒疫苗天然免疫信号作用和抗原提呈机理等独特免疫规律的发现显现出其作为疫苗平台不可被替代的优势。同时,随着合成生物技术突飞猛进的发展,在包括结构生物学、化学生物学、各种组学在内的工具支持下,研发人员可实现对具有高免疫原性和保护性靶抗原的快速筛选,和对抗原展示的精准控制与灵活推广。这种理论与技术的结合将推动在免疫理论指导下设计更符合应用场景与施用人群的疫苗形制,使下一代新型纳米颗粒疫苗的研发更具理性设计的优势。展望其发展,我们有理由相信:基于纳米颗粒疫苗的已有转化基础,加上理性设计的指导,未来纳米颗粒疫苗将在应对新突发传染性疾病,以及流感、HIV等高变异病毒的疫苗研制领域取得成功。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81991495)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0508901)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2300501)
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2024年第5卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-055
  • 接收时间:2023-08-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-16
  • 修回日期:2023-11-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(81991495)
国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0508901)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2300501)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院生物物理研究所,感染与免疫重点实验室,北京 100101
    2 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3 昌平实验室,北京 102206

通讯作者:

侯百东(1971—),男,研究员,教授,博士生导师,昌平实验室(CPNL)领衔科学家。长期从事感染免疫学基础理论研究,在B细胞TLR信号启动抗病毒免疫应答功能、新一代病原样抗原(PLA)疫苗策略研究等方面取得原创性理论突破。E-mail:
华兆琳(1974—),女,博士,副研究员,教授。研究方向为B细胞细胞活化和记忆细胞等不同细胞分化阶段中的转录调控机制,并以此为理论基础指导纳米颗粒为载体的新型疫苗的研发。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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