Article(id=1148989441881994240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696608000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-07, revisedDate=1706457600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751870030135, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1714406400000, pubDateStr=2024-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751870030135, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751870030135, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751870030135, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148989441470952447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='2', pageStart='217', pageEnd='395', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751870030037, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057315553, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774973969068079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148989441470952447, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=310, endPage=320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999711835533510, articleId=1148989441881994240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Development of mRNA vaccines in response to the Public Health Emergency of International Concern, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other states through the international spread of disease and potentially requires a coordinated international response”. To date, WHO has declared seven PHEIC events, including the H1N1 influenza, Ebola, poliomyelitis, Zika, COVID-19 and mpox. Vaccination remains as an effective method in preventing infectious diseases. The International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee's recommendations for preventing or reducing the international spread of disease and avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic include an emphases on the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases, as well as the vaccine development. The mRNA vaccine represents a platform technology for the development of next-generation vaccines, and possesses distinct advantages, such as a shortened development cycle, scalable and cost-effective production, as well as enhanced amplification capacity, highlighting its potential in rapid responding to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In recent decades, the development of mRNA synthesis technology and nucleic acid delivery system has facilitated the rapid development of mRNA vaccines and their clinical applications. Here, we overview the development of mRNA vaccines in response to the past PHEICs, and discuss challenges and trends in this regard. Currently, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been authorized for human use, while multiple mRNA vaccines against influenza, Zika, mpox and Ebola have been evaluated in clinical or pre-clinical studies. Despite their proven efficacy, there is still room for further improvement of the mRNA vaccines. The mRNA design, optimization, delivery, formulation, manufacturing, storage, and transportation can be further improved by integrating synthetic biology, biochemistry, artificial intelligence, and other multidisciplinary technologies. Although the emergence of the next PHEIC cannot be predicted with certainty, we are optimistic that the mRNA vaccine technology will play a pivotal role in preventing pandemics in the future.

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“国际公共卫生紧急事件”(简称PHEIC)是指疾病的国际传播对其他国家构成公共卫生风险,需要采取协调一致的国际应对措施的不同寻常事件。迄今为止,世界卫生组织(WHO)一共宣布了7次PHEIC,包括甲型H1N1流感、埃博拉、脊髓灰质炎、寨卡、新型冠状病毒感染和猴痘疫情。疫苗是应对传染病疫情的有力武器,合成生物学的发展突破了传统疫苗存在的难点问题和技术瓶颈,为病毒性传染病防控提供了全新的思路,尤其是mRNA疫苗作为下一代疫苗研发的平台技术,具有安全性强、有效性良好、研发周期短、易规模化生产、易扩大产能等特点,在应对新突发传染病疫情方面具有明显的优势。目前,新冠mRNA疫苗已正式获批上市,针对流感、寨卡和猴痘病毒的多款mRNA疫苗已进入临床研究阶段,埃博拉mRNA疫苗处于临床前研究阶段,而针对脊髓灰质炎病毒尚无mRNA疫苗研究的报道。本文就历次PHEIC应对中mRNA疫苗的研发进展进行了详细梳理和评述,同时对mRNA疫苗应对PHEIC的未来发展趋势和挑战进行了展望和讨论。结合合成生物学、生物化学和人工智能等多学科技术对mRNA分子设计、高效递送以及疫苗生产和储存运输等进行优化,有望进一步提高mRNA疫苗的有效性和可及性。综上,尽管尚无法预知下一次PHEIC何时会出现,但当下一次PHEIC出现时,mRNA疫苗技术一定会成为人类防范PHEIC的有力武器。

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秦成峰(1979—),男,研究员,博士生导师,国家杰出青年基金获得者。研究方向为病毒的防控基础与疫苗研究。E-mail:
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叶青(1988—),女,副研究员。研究方向为RNA病毒疫苗设计。E-mail:

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“国际公共卫生紧急事件”下的mRNA疫苗研发
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叶青 , 秦成峰
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(2): 310-320
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(2): 310-320
“国际公共卫生紧急事件”下的mRNA疫苗研发
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叶青 , 秦成峰
作者信息
  • 军事科学院军事医学研究院微生物流行病研究所,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京 100071
  • 叶青(1988—),女,副研究员。研究方向为RNA病毒疫苗设计。E-mail:

通讯作者:

秦成峰(1979—),男,研究员,博士生导师,国家杰出青年基金获得者。研究方向为病毒的防控基础与疫苗研究。E-mail:
Development of mRNA vaccines in response to the Public Health Emergency of International Concern
Qing YE , Chengfeng QIN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity,Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Sciences,Beijing 100071,China
出版时间: 2024-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-072
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“国际公共卫生紧急事件”(简称PHEIC)是指疾病的国际传播对其他国家构成公共卫生风险,需要采取协调一致的国际应对措施的不同寻常事件。迄今为止,世界卫生组织(WHO)一共宣布了7次PHEIC,包括甲型H1N1流感、埃博拉、脊髓灰质炎、寨卡、新型冠状病毒感染和猴痘疫情。疫苗是应对传染病疫情的有力武器,合成生物学的发展突破了传统疫苗存在的难点问题和技术瓶颈,为病毒性传染病防控提供了全新的思路,尤其是mRNA疫苗作为下一代疫苗研发的平台技术,具有安全性强、有效性良好、研发周期短、易规模化生产、易扩大产能等特点,在应对新突发传染病疫情方面具有明显的优势。目前,新冠mRNA疫苗已正式获批上市,针对流感、寨卡和猴痘病毒的多款mRNA疫苗已进入临床研究阶段,埃博拉mRNA疫苗处于临床前研究阶段,而针对脊髓灰质炎病毒尚无mRNA疫苗研究的报道。本文就历次PHEIC应对中mRNA疫苗的研发进展进行了详细梳理和评述,同时对mRNA疫苗应对PHEIC的未来发展趋势和挑战进行了展望和讨论。结合合成生物学、生物化学和人工智能等多学科技术对mRNA分子设计、高效递送以及疫苗生产和储存运输等进行优化,有望进一步提高mRNA疫苗的有效性和可及性。综上,尽管尚无法预知下一次PHEIC何时会出现,但当下一次PHEIC出现时,mRNA疫苗技术一定会成为人类防范PHEIC的有力武器。

国际公共卫生紧急事件  /  mRNA疫苗  /  病毒性传染病  /  流感病毒  /  埃博拉病毒  /  脊髓灰质炎病毒  /  寨卡病毒  /  新冠病毒  /  猴痘病毒

A Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “an extraordinary event which is determined to constitute a public health risk to other states through the international spread of disease and potentially requires a coordinated international response”. To date, WHO has declared seven PHEIC events, including the H1N1 influenza, Ebola, poliomyelitis, Zika, COVID-19 and mpox. Vaccination remains as an effective method in preventing infectious diseases. The International Health Regulations (IHR) Emergency Committee's recommendations for preventing or reducing the international spread of disease and avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic include an emphases on the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for diseases, as well as the vaccine development. The mRNA vaccine represents a platform technology for the development of next-generation vaccines, and possesses distinct advantages, such as a shortened development cycle, scalable and cost-effective production, as well as enhanced amplification capacity, highlighting its potential in rapid responding to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. In recent decades, the development of mRNA synthesis technology and nucleic acid delivery system has facilitated the rapid development of mRNA vaccines and their clinical applications. Here, we overview the development of mRNA vaccines in response to the past PHEICs, and discuss challenges and trends in this regard. Currently, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines have been authorized for human use, while multiple mRNA vaccines against influenza, Zika, mpox and Ebola have been evaluated in clinical or pre-clinical studies. Despite their proven efficacy, there is still room for further improvement of the mRNA vaccines. The mRNA design, optimization, delivery, formulation, manufacturing, storage, and transportation can be further improved by integrating synthetic biology, biochemistry, artificial intelligence, and other multidisciplinary technologies. Although the emergence of the next PHEIC cannot be predicted with certainty, we are optimistic that the mRNA vaccine technology will play a pivotal role in preventing pandemics in the future.

public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)  /  mRNA vaccine  /  viral infectious disease  /  influenza virus  /  Ebola virus  /  poliovirus  /  Zika virus  /  SARS-CoV-2  /  mpox virus
叶青, 秦成峰. “国际公共卫生紧急事件”下的mRNA疫苗研发. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (2) : 310 -320 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-072
Qing YE, Chengfeng QIN. Development of mRNA vaccines in response to the Public Health Emergency of International Concern[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (2) : 310 -320 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-072
传染病一直是人类社会发展面临的重大挑战。近年来,新发、突发传染病仍然层出不穷,持续威胁全球公共卫生安全与全球经济可持续发展。为有效管理全球公共卫生安全,世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)于2005年修订了《国际卫生条例》,旨在消除公共卫生风险,预防、抵御和控制传染病的国际传播,并提供公共卫生应对措施。《国际卫生条例》于2007年6月正式生效,是具有法律效力的国际卫生安全指导性文件。根据《国际卫生条例》规定,“国际公共卫生紧急事件”(Public Health Emergency of International Concern, PHEIC)是指疾病的国际传播对其他国家构成公共卫生风险,并可能需要采取协调一致的国际应对措施的不同寻常事件。在认定PHEIC的同时,WHO总干事可根据《国际卫生条例》突发事件委员会的建议发布应对该类事件的临时建议。
迄今为止,WHO一共宣布过7次PHEIC,均为病毒感染引起的传染性疾病,分别是2009年甲型H1N1流感疫情1、2014年西非埃博拉疫情2、2014年脊髓灰质炎疫情3、2016年寨卡疫情4、2019年刚果(金)埃博拉疫情5、2020年新型冠状病毒感染6和2022年猴痘疫情7。疫苗是应对传染病疫情的最有力武器之一。《国际卫生条例》突发事件委员会应对PHEIC的主要建议也明确包括重视疾病的快速发现和治疗,以及疫苗研发和接种8
合成生物学的发展突破了传统疫苗存在的难点问题和技术瓶颈,在病毒疫苗研发中具有广泛的应用,为病毒性传染病防控提供了全新的思路和技术平台。mRNA疫苗属于继灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和病毒载体疫苗等之后的第三代核酸疫苗,能够通过特定的递送系统将表达抗原的mRNA直接导入体内,利用宿主细胞合成目的蛋白,从而激活宿主免疫系统,对特定的疾病发挥预防或治疗的作用9-11。mRNA疫苗的概念于20世纪90年代被首次提出12。1990年,Wolff等12将体外合成的mRNA注射到小鼠骨骼肌中,证实其能够成功在体内表达目的蛋白,为mRNA疫苗技术的应用奠定了基础。起初,由于技术的限制,mRNA疫苗的临床应用遇到了较大的阻碍。随后,合成生物学等领域的发展极大解决了mRNA分子合成与修饰以及核酸递送系统等核心问题,使mRNA疫苗得以快速发展并被进一步推向临床应用。例如,向人工合成的mRNA分子中引入核苷修饰,能够有效降低mRNA分子在体内引发的非预期炎症反应,极大提高mRNA分子的稳定性1013。匈牙利科学家Katalin Karikó和美国科学家Drew Weissman因提出这一重要发现被授予2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。同时,脂质纳米颗粒等高效递送系统的开发也为mRNA技术的广泛应用带来了新的曙光。与传统疫苗相比,mRNA疫苗的制备能够通过人工合成实现,无需依赖细胞培养,其研发周期短,生产工艺和质量控制容易标准化,有利于疫苗的规模化生产,尤其适用于应对突发大规模疫情。本文结合历次PHEIC中mRNA疫苗的研究和应用(图1),探讨mRNA疫苗技术的应用前景和未来发展趋势。
2009年初,墨西哥首先出现人感染甲型H1N1流感病毒病例,并迅速传播至全球多个国家。引起本次疫情的病原体是由感染人、鸟和猪的流感病毒重组而成的甲型H1N1流感病毒1。2009年4月,WHO宣布甲型H1N1流感疫情构成PHEIC。此次PHEIC持续了一年多,波及全球200多个国家和地区。2010年8月,WHO宣布解除PHEIC,将其纳入常态化管理。据WHO统计,此次流感大流行导致130多万人感染,超过1.8万人死亡;但据建模分析,本次疫情相关的死亡病例约在12.3万至20.3万之间,远高于WHO报道的死亡病例,仅在美国就有超过1.4万人死于流感大流行14-15。在大流行期间,儿童、年轻人和孕妇的死亡率显著高于以往的流感流行季节14
流感病毒属于正黏病毒科,为单股负链RNA病毒,基因组由8个独立的RNA片段组成。流感病毒的抗原性主要由病毒表面的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)决定,HA是结合细胞表面受体和诱导膜融合的主要因子,也是诱导产生中和抗体的主要抗原16-17。此外,流感病毒的HA保守茎区、NA、核蛋白(NP)、M1蛋白及M2离子通道蛋白等可用于通用疫苗设计,诱导针对不同病毒株的保护性免疫应答18-19。目前上市的流感疫苗主要为裂解苗和灭活苗。流感mRNA疫苗也取得了重要进展,目前多种候选疫苗已进入临床研究阶段。Moderna公司设计了编码甲型H7N9和H10N8流感病毒全长HA的mRNA疫苗,经肌内注射单次免疫能够在小鼠、雪貂和非人灵长类动物中诱导高水平的保护性抗体20。临床研究表明,该mRNA疫苗显示出较好的安全性和耐受性,免疫人群血清阳转率100%,具有较好的免疫原性20-21。同样以HA为靶标,Moderna公司进一步开发了针对甲型H1N1和H3N2流感病毒、乙型流感病毒Yamagata和Victoria的四价mRNA疫苗mRNA-1010,在临床研究中同样显示出良好的安全性和有效性22。目前,该疫苗已进入Ⅲ期临床试验阶段23。Moderna也开发了编码不同流感病毒HA和NA的多组分mRNA疫苗,目前已进入临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验24。另外,赛诺菲和Translate Bio合作开发的季节性H3N2流感的mRNA疫苗和Pfizer开发的多价流感mRNA疫苗也已经开展临床Ⅰ期研究10。2022年,宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员设计了一种编码20种已知流感病毒亚型HA抗原的mRNA疫苗,并在动物模型中评价了对不同流感病毒的保护作用,为通用流感疫苗的开发提供了重要参考25。综上,考虑到流感长期威胁全球公共卫生健康,开发安全、有效且能预防多种流感病毒感染的候选疫苗一直以来都是流感防控研究的重点。mRNA疫苗技术的发展也为新型流感疫苗的研发带来了新的希望。同时,mRNA技术在开发多价或多组分疫苗中也表现出显著的优势和平台拓展性,有望为广谱和通用流感疫苗的研发提供新的思路,成为未来流感防控的有效手段。
埃博拉出血热是由埃博拉病毒感染导致的一种急性出血性传染病,最早于1976年在非洲被发现,主要在中非和西非地区流行。埃博拉病毒致病性强,感染人类可引起发热、头痛、腹泻、出血和多器官功能障碍,致死率高。2014年西非埃博拉疫情和2019年刚果(金)埃博拉疫情先后被WHO列为PHEIC。2014年的西非埃博拉疫情起源于几内亚东南部,随后在短时间内快速蔓延并扩散至几内亚周边的利比里亚、塞拉利昂和尼日利亚等国家,美国、西班牙和塞内加尔等国家也相继出现感染病例。本次疫情扩散速度快,死亡率高,是该病毒被发现以来引发的最大规模的疫情暴发,引起了国际社会的广泛关注26。2014年8月,WHO宣布此次埃博拉疫情构成PHEIC。疫情一直持续至2016年3月,共导致超过2.86万人感染,超过1.13万人死亡,死亡率接近40%27-28。2019年的刚果(金)埃博拉疫情起初发生在刚果(金)和乌干达等武装冲突地区,自出现后迅速扩散,是继2014年西非埃博拉疫情之后的第二次大规模疫情暴发。2019年7月,WHO总干事宣布疫情构成PHEIC。疫情持续了近两年,截至2020年6月WHO宣布PHEIC结束,本轮疫情共导致3470人感染,2287人死亡,死亡率高达约66%29。目前,尽管疫情已宣告结束,但病毒从中间宿主向人类溢出和重新流行的风险仍然存在。
埃博拉病毒属于丝状病毒科,为单股负链RNA病毒,基因组约为18.9 kb,共编码7种蛋白,分别为包膜糖蛋白(GP)、核蛋白(NP)、VP35、VP40、VP30、VP24以及RNA聚合酶L30。目前埃博拉腺病毒载体疫苗已获批上市,其他类型疫苗均在临床或临床前研究阶段31-34。GP蛋白是介导埃博拉病毒入侵细胞的关键蛋白,也是病毒的重要保护性抗原,因此成为疫苗设计的关键靶标26。2016年,一种基于树状大分子递送系统的编码埃博拉病毒GP蛋白的复制型mRNA疫苗被证实能够在小鼠模型中诱导有效的保护性免疫应答35。2017年,Moderna公司开发了一种编码埃博拉病毒GP蛋白的mRNA疫苗,能够在豚鼠中诱导高水平的保护性抗体,并对致死剂量的病毒感染提供高效的保护作用36。最近,BioNTech公司开发了编码埃博拉病毒GP蛋白以及GP和NP蛋白共表达的复制型RNA疫苗,这两种候选疫苗均能诱导小鼠产生针对埃博拉病毒的中和抗体,并在小鼠模型中为致死剂量的埃博拉病毒感染提供有效的保护37。目前,埃博拉mRNA疫苗处于临床前研究阶段,尚无候选疫苗进入临床研究,其有效性和免疫保护持久性仍需要进一步的实验数据及临床研究支持。
脊髓灰质炎是由脊髓灰质炎病毒(简称脊灰病毒)感染引起的急性传染病,也被称为小儿麻痹症。脊髓灰质炎病毒感染的临床症状包括发热、恶心和疼痛等;同时,病毒能够入侵中枢神经系统,导致肢体弛缓性麻痹,也可导致呼吸骤停甚至死亡38,对人类健康造成巨大威胁。1988年,世界卫生大会制定了全球消灭脊髓灰质炎倡议行动,提出到2000年全球消灭脊髓灰质炎的目标。通过接种疫苗,全球脊髓灰质炎发病率显著下降,发生病例的国家也从1988年的125个国家减少至仅有阿富汗和巴基斯坦2个国家39。2014年5月,野生型脊髓灰质炎疫情再次出现,尽管感染病例仅发生在少数几个国家,但病毒的国际传播被认为是根除脊髓灰质炎的重要威胁,已经对其他国家构成公共卫生风险。同时,考虑到采取协调一致的国际措施对遏制病毒的传播和全球根除脊髓灰质炎有着关键的作用,WHO宣布脊髓灰质炎疫情构成PHEIC,同时发布了减少脊髓灰质炎国际传播的临时建议。尽管随后感染病例有所下降,WHO于2023年8月宣布,脊髓灰质炎的传播风险仍构成PHEIC,表明其仍然具备国际传播的风险。
脊灰病毒属于小RNA病毒科,肠道病毒属,为单股正链RNA病毒,基因组长约7.4 kb,包含一个开放阅读框和两端的非编码区以及poly(A)尾,共编码4种结构蛋白(VP4、VP2、VP3和VP1)和7种非结构蛋白(2A、2B、2C、3A、3B、3C和3D)40。目前,消除脊髓灰质炎的行动已进入最后的关键阶段,疫苗接种仍是实现目标的必要手段。目前上市疫苗主要包括脊灰灭活疫苗和口服脊灰减毒活疫苗,尚无针对脊灰病毒mRNA疫苗的报道。
寨卡病毒于1947年在乌干达寨卡丛林的恒河猴中被首次分离获得。在寨卡病毒被发现后约60年内,只有零星的人类感染病例,且临床症状较轻,主要表现为发热、皮疹、头痛、关节疼痛和结膜炎等,并未受到重视。2015年5月,巴西、委内瑞拉等南美地区接连暴发寨卡疫情,并迅速扩散至全球多个国家地区,同时伴随着新生儿小头症发病率显著上升41。2016年2月,考虑到寨卡病毒感染与新生儿小头症和其他神经系统疾病的密切关联,WHO宣布此次寨卡疫情构成PHEIC,呼吁国际社会采取协调一致的措施来加速疾病诊断、治疗和疫苗开发。截至2016年底,美洲已有超过17.5万例实验室确诊病例,至少48个国家受到疫情影响,而实际感染病例可能超过50万42。我国广东、浙江和北京等地也先后出现输入性寨卡病例。2016年11月,WHO宣布疫情紧急状态结束,将其列入常态化管理。目前,虽然寨卡疫情不再构成PHEIC,但在美洲和各地旅行者中仍有散发的寨卡病例出现。
寨卡病毒属于黄病毒科黄病毒属,为有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒,基因组约为11 kb左右,包含一个开放阅读框和两端的非编码区,共编码3种结构蛋白和7种非结构蛋白43。其中,包膜糖蛋白E参与病毒颗粒的组装,与病毒的吸附、入侵密切相关44-45。E蛋白包含多个重要的抗原表位,能够诱导中和抗体产生,是寨卡病毒疫苗设计的主要抗原靶标4446-47。2017年,华盛顿大学医学院和Moderna公司等合作开发了一种编码寨卡病毒prM-E蛋白的mRNA疫苗,能够在体内产生病毒样颗粒,并在小鼠模型中有效预防寨卡病毒的感染48。同年,美国国家过敏和传染病研究所同BioNTech公司等合作证实编码寨卡病毒prM-E蛋白的mRNA疫苗单针免疫能够在小鼠和非人灵长类动物模型中诱导有效且持久的中和抗体49。随后,Moderna等50研究团队进一步通过信号肽和抗原编码序列设计等对寨卡mRNA疫苗进行优化,开发了第二代mRNA疫苗,该疫苗低剂量免疫即能诱导高水平抗体与保护性免疫应答。目前,该疫苗已完成临床Ⅰ期试验,两针免疫能够有效诱导中和抗体产生,且显示出良好的耐受性。综上,目前已有多种寨卡mRNA疫苗已进入临床前研究或临床研究阶段,并显示出较好的耐受性与免疫原性,为有效防止寨卡病毒的感染及母婴传播提供了新的思路,同时对其他虫媒病毒的科学防控也具有重要参考意义。
新型冠状病毒感染疫情(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)是严重的全球传染病大流行。新型冠状病毒(简称新冠病毒)(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)感染的症状主要包括发热、疲劳、乏力和肌肉疼痛,也可见消化系统和神经系统症状,部分病人出现淋巴细胞减少症,严重者出现呼吸困难和呼吸衰竭甚至死亡51。2020年1月,WHO宣布新冠疫情构成PHEIC。尽管新冠病毒感染致死率低于SARS冠状病毒,但其在全球范围内导致的感染和死亡人数均远高于SARS冠状病毒。更为重要的是,新冠病毒变异速度快,自疫情暴发后,各种变异株层出不穷。截至目前,不同的新冠病毒变异株已导致多个感染高峰出现52-53。2023年5月,WHO宣布新冠疫情不再构成PHEIC。然而,这并不意味着新冠病毒的流行和对全球公共卫生的威胁已经结束。截至2023年9月13日,新冠病毒在全球共造成超过7.7亿人感染,超过695万人死亡6
新冠病毒是有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒,基因组约30 kb,由两端的非编码区以及内部的读码框构成。新冠病毒编码4种结构蛋白,包括刺突糖蛋白(S)、包膜蛋白(E)、膜蛋白(M)和核衣壳蛋白(N)54。新冠病毒表面的S蛋白在病毒与受体结合和入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥重要的作用55-58。S蛋白由S1和S2亚基构成;S1亚基由N端结构域(NTD)和C端结合域(CTD)组成,其中受体结合域(RBD)含有受体结合基团,能够有效诱导机体产生保护性免疫应答,可作为疫苗研发的重要靶标59。多项研究表明,RBD是大多数新冠病毒中和抗体作用的主要靶标60-63,且部分靶向结合RBD的抗体具有广谱中和活性64-65;此外,RBD作为抗原免疫能够减少非中和抗体的产生,有助于降低抗体依赖的感染增强(antibody-dependent enhancement, ADE)风险66
新冠疫苗研发共有5条技术路线同时开展,目前已有十余种新冠疫苗被WHO列入紧急使用清单67。在全球积极进行新冠疫苗开发的同时,多个mRNA疫苗研究进展顺利,Moderna和Pfizer/BioNTech公司开发的mRNA疫苗在短时间内快速完成全部临床研究并获批上市。Moderna公司研发的mRNA疫苗mRNA-1273是最早进入临床试验的疫苗之一,其编码的保护性抗原为稳定的融合前全长S蛋白68,临床Ⅲ期研究显示疫苗有效率为94.1%69。BioNTech与Pfizer公司合作研发的BNT162b2是一种编码优化的全长S蛋白的mRNA疫苗70,临床Ⅲ试验结果证实保护效力达到95%71。然而,值得注意的是,新冠病毒变异株的免疫逃逸可能导致现有疫苗的保护效力显著下降72。为有效应对新冠病毒的持续流行和变异,Moderna和Pfizer/BioNTech公司相继开发了多款针对不同变异株的mRNA疫苗,其中包含BA.1和BA.4/5全长S蛋白编码mRNA的二价疫苗先后获批上市。最近,针对XBB变异株的单价mRNA疫苗也正式获批上市。
我国高度重视新冠病毒mRNA疫苗研发,多个候选疫苗品种先后进入临床研究阶段。其中军事科学院和艾博生物共同开发的mRNA疫苗选择S蛋白RBD作为保护性抗原73,是我国首个进入临床研究的mRNA疫苗,可在2~8 ℃保存6个月以上74。目前该疫苗已完成全部临床Ⅲ期研究,于2022年9月在印尼正式获得紧急使用授权。石药集团研发的新冠mRNA疫苗SYS6006于2023年3月获批紧急使用。在新冠mRNA疫苗取得巨大成功的同时,国产mRNA疫苗的安全性和有效性也在临床研究中得以充分体现;同时,mRNA疫苗在有效应对病毒的快速变异时也显示出明显的优势,尤其适用于快速更新候选疫苗,以保证其对病毒流行株具有良好的保护效果。
猴痘病毒于1958年首次从食蟹猴中分离获得。20世纪70年代,扎伊尔共和国[即现在的刚果民主共和国,简称刚果(金)]首次报道人类感染猴痘病毒的病例75。猴痘病毒感染可引起发热、头痛、淋巴结肿大、皮疹、肌肉疼痛等典型的临床症状,严重时可导致死亡76。猴痘病毒早期主要在西非和中非的热带雨林地区流行,人与人之间的传播十分有限。然而,自2022年5月以来,猴痘病毒流行的地理范围和规模不断扩大,中非和西非以外的多个非流行国家也陆续报道了猴痘病毒感染病例,多个确诊及疑似病例并没有猴痘流行地区的旅行史77-78,且疫情出现人际传播79-80。2022年7月,WHO宣布猴痘疫情构成PHEIC。截止到2023年9月,全球累计报道猴痘确诊病例90465例,死亡病例157例,共涉及115个国家81,包括美国、英国、西班牙、巴西、德国、法国等。中国广东、北京、安徽、天津和湖北等多地均出现猴痘感染病例。本次猴痘疫情在男男性行为人群中发生了较大规模的暴发,且临床症状与此前的病例有所不同82。2023年5月,WHO宣布猴痘疫情不再构成PHEIC。
猴痘病毒属于痘病毒科正痘病毒属,基因组为双链DNA,长度约190 kb。猴痘病毒在复制过程中主要存在两种形式,分别为细胞内成熟病毒(intracellular mature virion, IMV)和细胞外包膜病毒(extracellular enveloped virion, EEV)83-84。有效的猴痘疫苗需要能够同时针对IMV和EEV发挥保护作用。因此,多组分抗原联合作用是实现高效免疫保护作用的关键85-89。目前,已有多种正痘病毒的结构蛋白被证实可作为保护性抗原,例如痘苗病毒IMV表面蛋白L1R、A27L、D8L、H3L以及EEV表面蛋白B5R、A33R等85-8789。根据同源性分析,猴痘病毒相应的潜在保护性抗原包括IMV表面蛋白M1R、A29L、E8L、H3L以及EEV表面蛋白B6R、A35R等。目前,美国批准了两款天花疫苗用于预防猴痘病毒感染,分别是非复制型天花疫苗JYNNEOS90和痘苗病毒减毒活疫苗ACAM200091。然而,这两种疫苗仅适用于特定情况下的人群接种,且对猴痘病毒的保护效力有限92
猴痘mRNA疫苗的研发取得了迅速进展,已有多个品种进入临床研究阶段。Moderna团队选择4种保护性抗原(A29L、M1R、B6R和A35R)并对其编码序列进行优化,包括删除其糖基化位点、修改跨膜结构域和胞质尾等,分别开发了2组分、3组分与4组分mRNA疫苗93。BioNTech于2023年提交了一项猴痘疫苗临床试验(NCT05988203),用于评价两种猴痘病毒多价mRNA疫苗的安全性与免疫原性。耶鲁大学研究团队通过将5种保护性抗原(A29L、E8L、M1R、A35R和B6R)的编码序列串联在同一个mRNA分子中开发了猴痘病毒候选疫苗94。国药集团选择猴痘病毒M1R和A35R作为抗原设计候选疫苗,能够保护致死剂量的痘苗病毒感染小鼠95。军事科学院设计了多个包含不同保护性抗原(A29L、E8L、M1R、A35R和B6R)组合的3组分、4组分与5组分猴痘mRNA疫苗,并系统评价了其免疫原性与保护效力96-97。另外,中国科学院微生物研究所团队开发了编码4种保护性抗原(M1R、A29L、B6R和A35R)和6种保护性抗原(M1R、H3L、A29L、E8L、B6R和A35R)的猴痘mRNA疫苗,对致死剂量的痘苗病毒感染均能提供有效的保护98。值得注意的是,猴痘病毒编码超过190种蛋白,其中多种病毒蛋白的功能尚不十分清楚,因此,进一步解析和阐明不同蛋白的结构与功能,同时揭示不同保护性抗原的免疫活化机制,有助于为科学设计猴痘病毒新型疫苗提供参考。
根据《国际卫生条例》规定,PHEIC的认定是一种较高级别的预警,一般意味着该事件发生突然、不同寻常且情况严重,同时对该国家国界以外的公共卫生产生影响,并可能需要立即采取国际行动。在历次PHEIC的应对措施中,mRNA疫苗的研发均受到国际社会的重点关注,被广泛认为是有效应对疫情的重要手段。其中针对流感、寨卡病毒的mRNA疫苗先后进入临床研究阶段,积累了宝贵的研究经验。尤其是近期的新型冠状病毒感染,直接催生了全球首个mRNA疫苗产品的上市。
当然,目前mRNA疫苗技术仍有进一步改进和完善的空间。例如,对mRNA疫苗的抗原序列、非编码区、编码序列和多聚腺苷酸尾等进行优化有望进一步提升其稳定性和翻译效率;新型递送系统和新型给药方式的发展有望进一步拓展mRNA疫苗的应用范围;mRNA疫苗纯化、储存和运输方式的优化也将有助于提高疫苗的可及性;同时,mRNA疫苗的作用机制及不良反应仍有待进一步研究。围绕上述问题,结合合成生物学、生物信息学和机器学习等技术手段,有望开发特异性更好、保护效力更为持久的新一代疫苗。我们无法预知下一次PHEIC何时会出现,但我们知道,当下一次PHEIC出现时,mRNA疫苗技术一定会成为人类防范PHEIC的有力武器。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2302400)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82241069)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81925025)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-072
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
  • 修回日期:2024-01-29
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2302400)
国家自然科学基金(82241069)
国家自然科学基金(81925025)
作者信息
    军事科学院军事医学研究院微生物流行病研究所,病原微生物生物安全全国重点实验室,北京 100071

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秦成峰(1979—),男,研究员,博士生导师,国家杰出青年基金获得者。研究方向为病毒的防控基础与疫苗研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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