Article(id=1148702763204276504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=1711641600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751801680612, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751801680612, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751801680612, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751801680612, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148702761211982101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751801680138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757551070689, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149992669842386946, articleId=1148702763204276504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Exploring industrial biomanufacturing and the goal of “carbon neutrality”, columnId=1149992669754306561, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Perspective, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-renewable resources, such as petrochemicals, have made great contributions to modern civilization. However, the extensive use of fossil fuels, which have been buried for hundreds of millions of years, has led to a substantial increase in carbon imbalance. The imbalance leads to severe ecological and environmental problems. Industrial biomanufacturing, often referred to as a “sunshine economy”, represents a novel sustainable production paradigm, utilizing renewable resources in a carbon-cycling mode. This paper discusses several ways in which biomanufacturing can support China’s “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals from the perspectives of manufacturing feedstock, production mode and product usage. Biomanufacturing can reduce carbon emissions through feedstock substitution, technology iteration and product replacement. Utilization of straw biomass, producing non-food proteins and establishing a biobased industry landscape are important approaches for reducing carbon emissions in biomanufacturing. Efficient biomanufacturing of food and natural products can substantially improve production efficiency, conserve significant land resources, and thus provide land resources for “carbon replacement”. Optimizing agricultural products through biotechnology advancements and innovative product development is a crucial way to reduce pollution but also enhance the carbon sink capacity of the agricultural sector.

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地球上的不可再生资源为人类构建现代丰富的物质文明做出了巨大的贡献,然而埋藏数亿年的化石资源的大量释放,造成了严重的碳失衡所致的生态环境问题。工业生物制造是一种以碳循环的可再生资源为原料的物质制造技术,践行“阳光经济”的发展模式,是工业可持续发展的新的生产方式。本文从制造原料、生产模式及产品使用等角度探讨了生物制造在助力“双碳”战略实施方面的几种途径。生物制造可通过原料置换、技术迭代和产品替代的方式减少碳排放。秸秆等生物质碳利用、非粮蛋白的制造、生物基三苯三烯产业格局等的构建是生物制造减碳的重要途径;天然产物的高效生物制造和食品的生物制造将极大提高生产效率,节约大量土地资源,为实现“碳置换”提供土地资源;通过生物技术和产品优化未来农用产品是减少面源污染、增强农业碳汇能力的重要手段。

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应汉杰(1969—),博士,教授,中国工程院院士。研究方向:主要针对生物制造的核心技术,系统开展生物催化剂的高效应用和流程重构的研究工作。 E-mail:
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应汉杰(1969—),博士,教授,中国工程院院士。研究方向:主要针对生物制造的核心技术,系统开展生物催化剂的高效应用和流程重构的研究工作。 E-mail:

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工业生物制造与“碳中和”目标探讨
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应汉杰 , 柳东 , 王振宇 , 沈涛 , 庄伟 , 朱晨杰
合成生物学 | 观点 2025,6(1): 1-7
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合成生物学 | 观点 2025, 6(1): 1-7
工业生物制造与“碳中和”目标探讨
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应汉杰 , 柳东, 王振宇, 沈涛, 庄伟, 朱晨杰
作者信息
  • 南京工业大学,国家生化工程技术研究中心,江苏 南京 211816

通讯作者:

应汉杰(1969—),博士,教授,中国工程院院士。研究方向:主要针对生物制造的核心技术,系统开展生物催化剂的高效应用和流程重构的研究工作。 E-mail:
Exploring industrial biomanufacturing and the goal of “carbon neutrality”
Hanjie YING , Dong LIU, Zhenyu WANG, Tao SHEN, Wei ZHUANG, Chenjie ZHU
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing 211816,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-075
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地球上的不可再生资源为人类构建现代丰富的物质文明做出了巨大的贡献,然而埋藏数亿年的化石资源的大量释放,造成了严重的碳失衡所致的生态环境问题。工业生物制造是一种以碳循环的可再生资源为原料的物质制造技术,践行“阳光经济”的发展模式,是工业可持续发展的新的生产方式。本文从制造原料、生产模式及产品使用等角度探讨了生物制造在助力“双碳”战略实施方面的几种途径。生物制造可通过原料置换、技术迭代和产品替代的方式减少碳排放。秸秆等生物质碳利用、非粮蛋白的制造、生物基三苯三烯产业格局等的构建是生物制造减碳的重要途径;天然产物的高效生物制造和食品的生物制造将极大提高生产效率,节约大量土地资源,为实现“碳置换”提供土地资源;通过生物技术和产品优化未来农用产品是减少面源污染、增强农业碳汇能力的重要手段。

生物制造  /  碳减排  /  秸秆利用  /  细胞工厂  /  土地置换

Non-renewable resources, such as petrochemicals, have made great contributions to modern civilization. However, the extensive use of fossil fuels, which have been buried for hundreds of millions of years, has led to a substantial increase in carbon imbalance. The imbalance leads to severe ecological and environmental problems. Industrial biomanufacturing, often referred to as a “sunshine economy”, represents a novel sustainable production paradigm, utilizing renewable resources in a carbon-cycling mode. This paper discusses several ways in which biomanufacturing can support China’s “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals from the perspectives of manufacturing feedstock, production mode and product usage. Biomanufacturing can reduce carbon emissions through feedstock substitution, technology iteration and product replacement. Utilization of straw biomass, producing non-food proteins and establishing a biobased industry landscape are important approaches for reducing carbon emissions in biomanufacturing. Efficient biomanufacturing of food and natural products can substantially improve production efficiency, conserve significant land resources, and thus provide land resources for “carbon replacement”. Optimizing agricultural products through biotechnology advancements and innovative product development is a crucial way to reduce pollution but also enhance the carbon sink capacity of the agricultural sector.

biomanufacturing  /  carbon emission reduction  /  cell factory  /  land replacement  /  straw utilization
应汉杰, 柳东, 王振宇, 沈涛, 庄伟, 朱晨杰. 工业生物制造与“碳中和”目标探讨. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-075
Hanjie YING, Dong LIU, Zhenyu WANG, Tao SHEN, Wei ZHUANG, Chenjie ZHU. Exploring industrial biomanufacturing and the goal of “carbon neutrality”[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-075
化石资源等不可再生资源构建了人类物质文明的基础,在衣、食、住、行等人类生活的各个方面扮演着重要角色。然而,地球上埋藏数亿年的化石资源的大量释放,造成了全球的大气污染、CO2浓度的快速增加、气候巨变甚至由此引发的社会动荡等“混乱现象”。中国每年碳排放100亿吨(不包含甲烷),约为全球总排放量的四分之一1。2020年我国提出力争2030年前实现“碳达峰”、2060年前实现“碳中和”的目标,被称为“双碳”目标。
整体来看,碳排放与污染由物质(产品)的使用及其制造过程而产生:第一,产品使用过程产生碳排放与污染问题,例如在畜牧养殖和农业种植业中抗生素、农药、化肥、塑料等传统化工产品的广泛使用以及点源排放导致了面源污染;第二,生产原料与生产过程的碳排放与污染问题,例如传统化石原料加工与制造过程的高能耗、高污染及碳排放问题。因此,人类期待新的生产模式与经济方式的变革,以解决现在以污染环境、大量释放CO2为代价的发展困境,维持自然界的碳平衡。
工业生物制造是以特定生物体如细胞或其组成部分为催化剂,进行大规模物质加工与转化的技术,具有低碳循环、绿色安全等典型特征,被世界经合组织评价为“工业可持续发展最有希望的技术”2。CO2经光合作用转化为可再生生物质原料,通过生物制造的方式转化为各类碳基化合物和产品,是一种“阳光经济”模式,具备传统化学制造所不具备的诸多优势:条件温和,环境友好,可合成手性、立体选择化合物,可合成核酸、蛋白质等化学难合成分子,可定向合成具有特定功能的细胞等。
2022年5月,我国发布《“十四五”生物经济发展规划》,确立发展生物经济的重点任务,提出到2035年“我国生物经济综合实力稳居国际前列”的目标,并形成具有相应规模生物产业的经济活动。2022年9月美国总统拜登签署了《国家生物技术和生物制造计划》法案3,意图使美国生物经济能够引领历史上的第四次工业革命。随后,美国《生物技术和生物制造的明确目标》发布了21大主题、49个目标4,用以推进美国本土的生物技术及生物制造。
因此,工业生物制造将大规模变革社会物质制造方式以及产品,通过多种途径在CO2减排方面发挥重要作用,将成为解决人类现代物质制造及产品使用问题的重要途径,树立绿色、低碳、可持续的经济发展模式,在“医、食、美、安”等多个领域为人类生活提供更加高质量的物质基础和生存环境。
生物制造技术不断发展,在形成大规模碳减排的产业之前尚需攻克诸多技术难关。尽管如此,我们基于我国的国情、资源环境等重大问题,以前瞻的视角来研判未来生物制造有效助力“双碳战略”的途径与发展需求,主要包括以下几个方面:生物制造可将化石原料替换为可再生的生物质原料(碳利用),将高能耗、高污染的传统化工反应替换为温和、清洁的生物制造过程(碳减排),将导致面源污染的产品替换为绿色、环境友好的产品,通过原料置换、技术迭代和产品替代的方式减少碳排放;通过生物制造天然产物,可实现大面积种植提取模式向高效的工厂化生产模式的转变,腾挪土地用于植树造林(碳置换)而实现碳减排;生物技术和产品可通过增强植物生长的速率和光合作用的效率将空气中稀薄的无机碳转化为高密度的植物有机碳(碳汇聚)。
美国盛产玉米、巴西盛产甘蔗、俄罗斯盛产小麦,由于地理位置和国情不同,我国则贫油、少气、缺粮。我国人均粮食所有量不到美国的1/3,粮食价格远高于美国5。同时,我国饲用粮供给形势严峻,饲用粮占粮食总量40%,每年还需进口约1亿吨大豆用作蛋白饲料6。因此,我国大宗产品的制造需要寻求一条与美国不同的生物制造路线。
我国非粮生物质资源丰富,其中各类农作物秸秆约9亿吨,农产品加工废弃物5.8亿吨7。非粮生物质是未来农工企业的基本原料,也是工业生物技术最大的挑战与机遇。美国在2023年《生物技术和生物制造的远大目标》中,提出至2040年要利用12亿吨生物质原料的目标,而同期CO2的利用目标仅6000万吨8。非粮生物质利用方法主要包括直接利用法和原料置换法。直接利用法是指通过生物或化学手段直接对非粮生物质进行转化,制备碳基化学品应用于化工体系;原料置换法是指通过生物制造技术实现非粮生物质向粮食蛋白的转化,通过饲用蛋白替代的方式解决粮食安全问题。我国每年废弃的秸秆大约为5亿吨,理论上可以产出2亿吨混合糖,可培养出6000万吨高蛋白微生物(约需要1万个200吨的发酵罐,占地约60万亩),这相当于8000万吨大豆当量的饲料蛋白(通过农业种植8000万吨大豆需要约6亿亩耕地),相比之下,土地的利用效率提高1000倍,吨蛋白用水节约90%以上,不使用农药和化肥并可减排3.5亿吨CO2。因此,以秸秆等非粮生物质为原料来生产大豆替代蛋白,在资源体量上是解决我国饲用蛋白短缺的根本出路,非粮饲用蛋白有可能成为中国生物制造中规模最大的产品。未来进一步发展基于微生物蛋白质的食品和调味品,可为解决蛋白供给提供更多路径选择和技术支持。
在直接利用方面,同淀粉、蔗糖相比,非粮低劣生物质组分结构复杂、解构困难,决定了其直接利用需要突破更高的技术壁垒。秸秆等低劣生物质的直接利用需要遵循“治”(治理)+“值”(增值)的思想,走生物质能源、生物基化学品、材料多联产的综合精炼路线,实现秸秆组分的“吃干榨净”。目前,纤维素酶售价约为17~34美元/公斤9,纤维素酶价格昂贵是限制秸秆利用的主要因素,未来随着纤维素酶生产效率的提高或者构建整合生物转化过程等,有望推动秸秆产业化利用的进程。此外,使用生物质作为原料经热解、气化可生产合成气——以CO和H2为主的化工合成原料气,较煤制合成气每吨可减排CO2约0.57吨。尽管目前成本仍比煤基合成气高,通过这种生物质能改变能源利用结构,有望成为实现碳减排的选择。
世界经合组织预计2030年大约35%的化学品和其他工业产品来自生物制造,预计在2060年达到50%以上8。生物制造将为化学品和材料的绿色制造开辟新的原料和路线。例如以光合作用生成的生物质作为原料替代煤炭、石油、天然气等化石能源,通过生物制造的方式制备生物基三苯三烯,再以生物基三苯三烯制备传统化工产品,将实现真正意义上的零碳排放。以生物乙烯为例,乙烯是世界上产量最大的基本化工原料,是石油化工产业的核心。巴西石油化工公司Braskem公司自2011年起,通过由甘蔗糖平台制造的生物乙醇经脱水制备生物乙烯,目前产能已达到260万吨/年,并进一步通过聚合制备高密度生物基聚乙烯10。此外,美国DuPont、沙特阿拉伯SABIC、日本Mitsui等公司均已逐步开设了生物乙烯工厂,开展生物基聚乙烯的制备工艺。假设乙烯全部由生物基产品替代,每年可减少碳排放4.93亿吨(按静态计算),占全球碳排放量的1.52%。生物乙烯大规模生产的成功,为传统化工的绿色、低碳转型提供了极具希望的样板。
人类的文明史同样是材料的发展史,生物基材料制造亦将成为减碳主战场。传统塑料从石油或煤炭中制备而来,很难自然降解;而生物材料以生物质为原料具有绿色安全、生物可降解的特性。如1,3-丙二醇是最大来源的塑料单体之一,传统工业合成1,3-丙二醇均是以化石资源作为原料,而其生物制造则以玉米、甘油等作为原材料,在室温条件下即可合成11。与化石资源合成路线相比,生物制造法合成1,3-丙二醇可使CO2减排63%,能耗降低30%12。尼龙在纺织行业和工程塑料领域具有重要应用,传统化学合成尼龙6X需要以己二腈为原料,而生物制造则以葡萄糖和氨为原料合成尼龙5X,可替代尼龙6X13。此外,生物制造在合成电子用产品原料聚酰亚胺、个人护理产品及合成橡胶原料法尼烯、角鲨烯等方面也取得了重要突破。
对材料而言,通过细胞直接合成生物聚合材料更具优势,能够制造可降解、易修饰、功能性强的高端生物材料。聚羟基酸、聚氨基酸、聚酯、多糖、核酸等均可由微生物直接在体内完成聚合。如聚谷氨酸、细菌纤维素、聚羟基脂肪酸等目前已实现了规模化生产,其具有良好的生物相容性,可用于农业、饲料、医疗、食品、服装等领域,未来随着应用研究的深入其市场规模将不断扩大。
除此之外,细胞在合成天然特殊新材料方面潜力无穷。如蛛丝蛋白作为天然高性能结构蛋白,其纤维强度超过钢材,韧性是碳纤维的5~6倍,而密度仅为钢的1/7。DNA是一种很有前途的数据存储介质,其信息密度大、寿命长。通过将数字信息转换为DNA序列,每克DNA将可以存储百亿GB的数据,但是目前DNA数据的读取成本偏高且读取过程复杂,未来需要发展更加高效便捷的DNA测序技术以实现DNA数据的快速读取。生物混凝土中,一些细菌靠“吃”乳酸钙生长,然后“吐”出CO2形成碳酸钙从而实现对混凝土裂缝的修复,这对于混凝土结构修复技术来讲具有划时代的意义。总之,生物制造可借助细胞独特的合成功能极大扩展未来材料空间,为人类提供性能更佳、品种更多、更加绿色低碳的材料。
植物天然产物、稀有中药材有效成分、动物内源性活性物质等将是未来大健康产业母核分子的重要来源。通过工业生物合成实现植物、动物、稀有微生物等有效成分的制造由传统的种植养殖向高效的生物制造工厂转变,将极大提高生产效率和节约大量的土地,为“扩绿”“降碳”提供土地基础。
中药是我国特色资源,中药功效成分的生物制造对中西医结合及中药现代化具有重要意义。通过生物制造,数千平方米的发酵车间可以取代数万亩的农业用地,将为我国腾挪出巨大的土地空间,用于植树造林促进碳减排。如虫草素是蛹虫草的有效成分之一,具有调节免疫的功效,可改善机体内环境。但是天然虫草和蛹虫草中虫草素含量很低(小于0.1 mg/g),且重金属砷含量易超标14。通过生物制造技术生产虫草素,1台吨级生物反应器产量与虫草核心产区10万平方公里的年产量相当,虫草素含量可提升上千倍,功效明显增强。燕窝酸是燕窝中的核心成分,有助于促进大脑神经递质修复,延缓大脑衰老。生物制造技术中1吨发酵罐一天所产燕窝酸是16 660只燕子一个月产生的量。传统中药材中的药食用真菌,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、抗病毒、有效治疗呼吸及心血管系统疾病等功效15。海洋藻类物质,具有增强免疫力、调节血糖和血脂、修复神经递质、缓解疲劳等功效16。这些“山珍海味”可通过微生物细胞工厂和生物精炼实现高浓度合成,并可通过母核结构修饰等实现生理活性的提升,对于构建有中国特色的健康养生产品具有重要意义。
传统农用化工产品的使用如化肥、除草剂、杀虫剂等造成了严重的面源污染和土壤生态问题。利用高效微生物及其代谢物取代传统农用化工产品,发挥增加叶绿体、增强光合作用、生物固氮、生物防治、营养调节、持水缓释等功效,可助力实现农业高质量发展和固碳增汇的目标。
氮肥是农业中施用量最大的肥料,传统化工需要在高温高压下合成NH3,过程耗费大量的能源。美国Pivot Bio公司,利用基因编辑技术增强了γ-变形菌的生物固氮机制,其被播种喷洒到土壤中可在土壤中生长并附着在植物的根部,实现植物全生命周期稳定供氮17。该技术已在美国推广应用100万英亩田地(1英亩=4046.86米2),每英亩节省化肥11公斤、增产156公斤,减少了30%~40%的肥料投入,并且不产生含氮污染物18。农药的使用也是种植业中关键的环节,生物技术可针对害虫设计双链RNA(dsRNA),害虫摄食后在体内发生RNAi作用导致死亡,具有靶向性强、生态安全、环境友好等优势,被认为是继化学农药、转基因之后农药史上的“第三次革命”。目前拜尔(孟山都)公司在喷洒型RNA生物农药应用研发上基本实现了商品化19。聚谷氨酸是由微生物合成的肥料助剂,添加后肥料利用率明显提高,在不减产的前提下减肥20%~31%,减水50%,提高农业生产效率20。一些微生物代谢物如磷酰化生物钙经叶面喷施,可有效增加叶绿素含量,使得光合作用增强,从而促进CO2的吸收、增加碳汇21
因此,未来通过研发绿色生物技术及产品,将有毒、高污染的传统农用化学品氮肥、磷肥、杀虫剂、除草剂等替换为绿色清洁的光合增强剂、固氮增效剂、营养调节剂、植物保护剂、水分调节剂等,可有效降低环境污染,实现增加农业生产力与农业碳汇的目标。
秸秆等大量农业生产剩余物的利用可有效减少碳排放,在我国构建以秸秆等低劣生物质为原料的高效转化路线和完整工业系统十分必要。针对从秸秆到糖、饲用蛋白等涉及国家重大战略和对老百姓的生活生产有重大影响的研究,可成立专门的机构遴选和管理重大科技创新项目,集中财力办大事,从国家层面建立统筹研发机制和国家级平台,打通研发资源,破除外围障碍,推广研究成果。
秸秆制糖、生物制造非粮蛋白等农工一体化产业在展现变革作用之前,往往存在融资困难、上下游产业链不够成熟的问题,类似新能源汽车产业,国家在科技、税收、补贴和政策方面的前期扶持是实现这些新产业开局、度过艰难生存期的关键。推进碳税和碳交易政策的实施,促进人们把生产过程的污染物排放和环境影响纳入到整体生产成本或效益中,将有效推动生物制造这一绿色低碳科技产业的发展。
近年来,天然产物的工厂化生物制造迅速发展,但政策的更新比较缓慢,目前我国生物技术产品与传统审批政策之间已明显脱节,需积极打通工业生物制造天然产物审批的政策堵点,完善产品监督机制,结合中医药养生文化制定安全评价体系与管理机制,允许在科学的边界内宣传生物制造的新型营养食品和保健食品的功效和作用机制,以支持产业的健康发展。
生物制造是解决人类现代碳排放与污染问题的重要途径,可通过原料置换、技术迭代和产品替代等方式减少碳排放。在我国需要突破低劣生物质碳利用难题,用以替代化石资源和粮食资源,为大规模生物制造奠定原料基础。未来,越来越多的精细化学品、石油基化学品、食品和药品等将通过生物制造实现绿色生产,工业化学品原料和路线替代、农业产品转向工业化生物合成等诸多变革将不断扩大,生物制造将助力我国进入低碳化的高质量发展阶段。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(21636003)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-075
  • 接收时间:2023-10-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-25
  • 修回日期:2024-03-29
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(21636003)
作者信息
    南京工业大学,国家生化工程技术研究中心,江苏 南京 211816

通讯作者:

应汉杰(1969—),博士,教授,中国工程院院士。研究方向:主要针对生物制造的核心技术,系统开展生物催化剂的高效应用和流程重构的研究工作。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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