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The CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology has revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, agronomy, etc. due to its simplicity and efficiency. Laboratory-developed tools, such as the widely recognized CRISPR-Cas9, have played a pivotal role in addressing a multitude of genetic diseases. By harnessing the targeted nucleic acid capabilities of the CRISPR-Cas system, researchers have successfully integrated various functionalities into Cas proteins, including fluorescent markers, transcriptional regulatory proteins, and base editing components. This has unlocked new possibilities, including chromosome imaging, transcriptional regulation, and precise base editing. Currently, Cas nucleases with large molecular weights, often exceeding 1000 amino acids, are commonly used. However, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which are extensively employed in gene therapy, have limited capacity to accommodate additional functional components beyond the coding sequences of CRISPR nucleases and guide RNAs (gRNAs). This limitation severely constrains their utilization in gene therapy and other applications. As a result, a significant focus of research has been placed on the miniaturization of CRISPR tools, making them compact enough to align with current delivery methods. Compact Cas protein variants within CRISPR-Cas systems hold the potential to create and deliver genome editing and regulatory tools into human cells using AAV. Hence, the development of miniaturized CRISPR-Cas systems presents a crucial avenue for addressing this technical challenge. This article provides a comprehensive review of research progress in miniaturizing key proteins within two classes of Cas systems: Cas9 and Cas12 for targeting DNA, and Cas13 for targeting RNA. This review encompasses the screening of novel Cas proteins, the reduction of protein structural domains, and the modification of guide RNAs, all with the intention of presenting innovative ideas for the further advancement of compact, precise gene editing, and regulatory tools. The miniaturization of CRISPR-Cas systems is a critical step toward unlocking their full potential in various fields, including biomedicine, agriculture, and basic research. As researchers continue to explore and refine these compact gene editing and regulatory tools, we can expect significant advancement in understanding and manipulating genetic information. This ongoing progress promises to have a profound impact on the future of science and technology. At present, the limitations of the miniaturized CRISPR-Cas system are mainly with the size of protein molecular weight and the efficiency and specificity of gene editing. If we can solve these problems and obtain a smaller structure in future research, not only can we optimize the transmission of the system in the body, but also develop high-efficiency and low-damage treatment methods for clinic applications. ![]()
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CRISPR-Cas基因编辑技术由于其简便性和高效性,已被广泛应用于生物学、医学、农学等领域的基础与应用研究。目前广泛使用的Cas核酸酶均具有较大的分子量(通常大于1000个氨基酸),而广泛应用于基因治疗中的腺相关病毒(AAV)载体的承载容量却十分有限,在容纳CRISPR核酸酶与gRNA的编码序列之余往往难以承载更多其他功能元件,如碱基编辑、转录调控、多基因编辑等相应元件,这严重限制了其在基因治疗等领域的应用。使用紧凑型Cas蛋白变体的CRISPR-Cas系统可能有助于用AAV产生和传递基因组编辑和调节工具到人类细胞。因此,小型化的CRISPR-Cas系统开发是解决这一技术难题的重要途径,本文主要概括了基于Cas9、Cas12和Cas13蛋白系统在小型化方面的研究进展,包括筛选新型Cas蛋白、缩减蛋白结构域以及引导RNA的改造等,旨在为开发微型精准基因编辑和调控工具提供新思路。目前小型化的CRISPR-Cas系统的局限性主要体现在蛋白分子量的大小和基因编辑的效率、特异性不可兼得上,在未来的研究中若能解决这一问题,获得更小型化的结构域,相信不仅能够优化该系统在体内的传递,更有望为临床带来高效率且低损害的治疗方法。
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1 National Engineering Laboratory of Key Technologies for Clinical Application of Local Joint Tumor Genome,Department of Urology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518036,Guangdong,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1172812751484371604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, authorId=1172812751350153873, language=CN, stringName=董颖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 深圳大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,国家地方联合肿瘤基因组临床应用关键技术工程实验室,广东 深圳 518036, bio={"img":"dFhwXqS6+CCiX/oxAjA1WA==","content":"
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董颖(1998—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为医学合成生物学。 E-mail:dongyingdcc@163.com
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1 深圳大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,国家地方联合肿瘤基因组临床应用关键技术工程实验室,广东 深圳 518036)])]), Author(id=1172812751551480470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1172812751631172248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, authorId=1172812751551480470, language=EN, stringName=Mengdan MA, firstName=Mengdan, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 National Engineering Laboratory of Key Technologies for Clinical Application of Local Joint Tumor Genome,Department of Urology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518036,Guangdong,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1172812751694086809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, authorId=1172812751551480470, language=CN, stringName=马孟丹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1 深圳大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,国家地方联合肿瘤基因组临床应用关键技术工程实验室,广东 深圳 518036, bio={"img":"Fi6ISPLGtGU4oi0VI57qZQ==","content":"
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马孟丹(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为医学合成生物学。 E-mail:mamengdan7@163.com
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1 National Engineering Laboratory of Key Technologies for Clinical Application of Local Joint Tumor Genome,Department of Urology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518036,Guangdong,China
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1 National Engineering Laboratory of Key Technologies for Clinical Application of Local Joint Tumor Genome,Department of Urology,The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518036,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812751207547531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, companyId=1172812751190770313, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 深圳大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,国家地方联合肿瘤基因组临床应用关键技术工程实验室,广东 深圳 518036)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172812751270462092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812751274656397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, companyId=1172812751270462092, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Institute of Synthetic Biology,Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen 518000,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812751283045006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, companyId=1172812751270462092, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院合成生物学研究所,广东 深圳 518000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172812752834937514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Targeted cleavages of Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13, figureFileSmall=2ND0m0N+swVUU8lldev/9w==, figureFileBig=I2WBbTes3G8ZJLvadg54Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812752923017899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
Cas9、Cas12和Cas13的靶向切割特点, figureFileSmall=2ND0m0N+swVUU8lldev/9w==, figureFileBig=I2WBbTes3G8ZJLvadg54Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812752985932460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Schematic diagram of Cas9 structure[23], figureFileSmall=6hNbf3QEAvQGXdzeV9MA5g==, figureFileBig=rjlIS2IGotJSiNfOgEjwZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753053041325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
Cas9结构示意图[23], figureFileSmall=6hNbf3QEAvQGXdzeV9MA5g==, figureFileBig=rjlIS2IGotJSiNfOgEjwZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753111761582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Schematic diagram of Cas12a structure, figureFileSmall=jZhpS4hsz+rHvXtLTtkE8g==, figureFileBig=3rhqCM6sjsrXBLL7OHx0Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753178870447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
Cas12a结构示意图, figureFileSmall=jZhpS4hsz+rHvXtLTtkE8g==, figureFileBig=3rhqCM6sjsrXBLL7OHx0Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753241785008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Schematic diagram of Cas13 structure, figureFileSmall=Le3ZdRoep9hSw1flPv9KPA==, figureFileBig=w4WBQybVvR1triF95sEkwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753300505265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Cas13结构示意图, figureFileSmall=Le3ZdRoep9hSw1flPv9KPA==, figureFileBig=w4WBQybVvR1triF95sEkwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812753363419826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison of the characteristics of Cas9, Cas12 and Cas13
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特点 | Cas9 | Cas12 | Cas13 |
| 靶标类型 | DNA | DNA | RNA |
| 切割模式 | 产生平末端的DNA双链断裂 | 产生黏性末端的DNA双链断裂(部分产生单链DNA切割断裂) | 产生单链RNA断裂 |
| PAM序列(用于识别并结合目标) | 通常需要一个特定的PAM序列 | 需要PAM序列(不同于Cas9) | 不需要PAM序列,直接靶向于RNA |
| 优势 | 广泛应用,工具资源丰富,操作简单 | 因其需要更小的PAM及其黏性末端而更容易进行编辑 | 针对RNA的编辑能力更强 |
| 适用场景 | 基因编辑及调控、染色质成像;DNA剪切、修复和替换;转录调控[4] | 基因编辑及调控、染色质成像;特异性即时检测[5] | RNA编辑、调控翻译水平、RNA修饰;基因沉默;抑制病毒RNA复制[6] |
| 实际应用案例 | 输血依赖性β地中海贫血(TDT)和镰状细胞病(SCD)[7] | 检测COVID-19[8]、SARS-CoV-2 | 开发SHERLOCK技术,检测寨卡和登革热病毒的特定菌株[9] |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753443111603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
Cas9、Cas12、Cas13的特点对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 特点 | Cas9 | Cas12 | Cas13 |
| 靶标类型 | DNA | DNA | RNA |
| 切割模式 | 产生平末端的DNA双链断裂 | 产生黏性末端的DNA双链断裂(部分产生单链DNA切割断裂) | 产生单链RNA断裂 |
| PAM序列(用于识别并结合目标) | 通常需要一个特定的PAM序列 | 需要PAM序列(不同于Cas9) | 不需要PAM序列,直接靶向于RNA |
| 优势 | 广泛应用,工具资源丰富,操作简单 | 因其需要更小的PAM及其黏性末端而更容易进行编辑 | 针对RNA的编辑能力更强 |
| 适用场景 | 基因编辑及调控、染色质成像;DNA剪切、修复和替换;转录调控[4] | 基因编辑及调控、染色质成像;特异性即时检测[5] | RNA编辑、调控翻译水平、RNA修饰;基因沉默;抑制病毒RNA复制[6] |
| 实际应用案例 | 输血依赖性β地中海贫血(TDT)和镰状细胞病(SCD)[7] | 检测COVID-19[8]、SARS-CoV-2 | 开发SHERLOCK技术,检测寨卡和登革热病毒的特定菌株[9] |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753514414772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Miniaturization studies of Cas9
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PAM | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | 切割dsDNA | 切割ssDNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| SpCas9[24] | 160 | 5′-NGG-3′ | 42 | Y | 36 | Y | N | HEK293T |
| Nme1Cas9[25] | 162.4 | 5'-N4GAYW/N4GYTT-3'或5'-N4GTCT-3' | 24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | Neisseria meningitidis |
| SaCas9[26-27] | 126 | 5′-NNGRRT-3′ | 21~23 | Y | 19-24 | Y | N | Staphylococcus aureus |
| CjCas9[28] | 108 | 5′-N4RYAC-3′ | 22 | Y | 35 | Y | N | Campylobacter jejuni |
| mini-SaCas9[29] | 100 | 5′-NNGRRT-3′ | 20 | N | 24 | N | N | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Nme2Cas9[30] | 160 | 5′-N4CC-3′ | 22~24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | Neisseria meningitidis |
| SauriCas9[31] | 118 | 5′-NNGG-3′ | 20 | Y | 36 | Y | N | Staphylococcus auricularis |
| BlatCas9[32] | 120 | 5′-N4CNAA-3′ | 17~24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | HEK9T |
| MISER Cas9[33] | 100 | 5′-NNRGAA-3′ | 42 | Y | 36 | N | N | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| SchCas9[34] | 115 | 5′-NNGR-3′ | 21 | Y | 32 | Y | N | — |
| Nsp2Cas9[35] | 117 | 5′-N4C-3′ | 22~26 | N | 23 | Y | N | — |
| IscB[36-37] | 54 | 5′-NWRRNA-3′ | 20 | Y | 206 | Y | N | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753598300853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
Cas9的小型化研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PAM | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | 切割dsDNA | 切割ssDNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| SpCas9[24] | 160 | 5′-NGG-3′ | 42 | Y | 36 | Y | N | HEK293T |
| Nme1Cas9[25] | 162.4 | 5'-N4GAYW/N4GYTT-3'或5'-N4GTCT-3' | 24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | Neisseria meningitidis |
| SaCas9[26-27] | 126 | 5′-NNGRRT-3′ | 21~23 | Y | 19-24 | Y | N | Staphylococcus aureus |
| CjCas9[28] | 108 | 5′-N4RYAC-3′ | 22 | Y | 35 | Y | N | Campylobacter jejuni |
| mini-SaCas9[29] | 100 | 5′-NNGRRT-3′ | 20 | N | 24 | N | N | Staphylococcus aureus |
| Nme2Cas9[30] | 160 | 5′-N4CC-3′ | 22~24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | Neisseria meningitidis |
| SauriCas9[31] | 118 | 5′-NNGG-3′ | 20 | Y | 36 | Y | N | Staphylococcus auricularis |
| BlatCas9[32] | 120 | 5′-N4CNAA-3′ | 17~24 | Y | 24 | Y | N | HEK9T |
| MISER Cas9[33] | 100 | 5′-NNRGAA-3′ | 42 | Y | 36 | N | N | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| SchCas9[34] | 115 | 5′-NNGR-3′ | 21 | Y | 32 | Y | N | — |
| Nsp2Cas9[35] | 117 | 5′-N4C-3′ | 22~26 | N | 23 | Y | N | — |
| IscB[36-37] | 54 | 5′-NWRRNA-3′ | 20 | Y | 206 | Y | N | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753669604022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Miniaturization studies of Cas12
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PAM | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | 切割dsDNA | 切割ssDNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| Cas12d(CasY)[47] | 132 | 5′-TA-3′ | 17 | Y | 26 | Y | — | uncultivated microbes |
| Cas12e5(CasX)[47-48] | 108 | 5′-TTCN-3′ | 20 | Y | 23 | Y | — | uncultivated microbes |
| FnCpf1(Cas12a)[49] | 147 | 5′-KYTV-3′ | 20 | N | 14 | Y | Y | — |
| AaCas12b(C2c1)[50] | 125 | 5′-TTN-3′ | 20 | Y | 37 | Y | Y | Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus |
| Cas12c(C2c3)[51-52] | 133.09~146.3 | 5′-TG-3′或5′- TN-3′ | 17-18 | Y | 17 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12g[51] | 79.2~91.3 | 5′-NA-3′ | 30 | Y | 36 | N | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12h[51] | 95.7~101.64 | 5′- RTR-3′ | — | N | — | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12i[51] | 113~120 | 5′ TTN-3′ | 28 | N | 24 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12j[53-54] | 70~80 | 5′-TBN-3′或5′-TTN-3′ | 14-20 | N | 26 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| CasMINI[55] | 58 | 5′-TTTR-3′ | 23 | Y | 26 | Y | Y | TRE3G-GFP HEK293T |
| UnCas12f[56-57] | 44~77 | 5′-TTTA-3′ | 34-39 | Y | 37 | Y | Y | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753732518583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
Cas12的小型化研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PAM | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | 切割dsDNA | 切割ssDNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| Cas12d(CasY)[47] | 132 | 5′-TA-3′ | 17 | Y | 26 | Y | — | uncultivated microbes |
| Cas12e5(CasX)[47-48] | 108 | 5′-TTCN-3′ | 20 | Y | 23 | Y | — | uncultivated microbes |
| FnCpf1(Cas12a)[49] | 147 | 5′-KYTV-3′ | 20 | N | 14 | Y | Y | — |
| AaCas12b(C2c1)[50] | 125 | 5′-TTN-3′ | 20 | Y | 37 | Y | Y | Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus |
| Cas12c(C2c3)[51-52] | 133.09~146.3 | 5′-TG-3′或5′- TN-3′ | 17-18 | Y | 17 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12g[51] | 79.2~91.3 | 5′-NA-3′ | 30 | Y | 36 | N | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12h[51] | 95.7~101.64 | 5′- RTR-3′ | — | N | — | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12i[51] | 113~120 | 5′ TTN-3′ | 28 | N | 24 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas12j[53-54] | 70~80 | 5′-TBN-3′或5′-TTN-3′ | 14-20 | N | 26 | Y | Y | HEK293T |
| CasMINI[55] | 58 | 5′-TTTR-3′ | 23 | Y | 26 | Y | Y | TRE3G-GFP HEK293T |
| UnCas12f[56-57] | 44~77 | 5′-TTTA-3′ | 34-39 | Y | 37 | Y | Y | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753841570488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Miniaturization studies of Cas13
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PFS | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | ssRNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| Cas13a(C2c2)[74] | 138 | 3′-AT /C | 14~18 | N | 28 | Y | — |
| Cas13b(C2c6)[74-75] | 128 | 5′-D和3′-UAA | 30 | Y | 36 | Y | — |
| Cas13c(C2c7)[74] | 123 | 3′-U | 30 | N | 36 | Y | — |
| Cas13d[76] | 102 | N | 30 | N | 36 | Y | Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 |
| Cas13Rx(RfxCas13d)[70] | 106 | 3′-A | 30 | N | 22 | Y | Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 |
| Cas13X.1[77] | 85 | 5′-A/G/C-3′ | 30 | N | 36 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13Y.1[77] | 85 | N | 30 | N | 36 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13bt[78] | 85~88 | 5ʹ-D | 30 | N | 30 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13e3[71] | 84 | N | 27 | N | 30 | Y | — |
), ArticleFig(id=1172812753908679353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762419937728, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
Cas13的小型化研究
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 蛋白 | 分子量/kDa | PFS | spacer/nt | tracrRNA | 直接重复序列(DR) | ssRNA | 实验细胞/细菌 |
| Cas13a(C2c2)[74] | 138 | 3′-AT /C | 14~18 | N | 28 | Y | — |
| Cas13b(C2c6)[74-75] | 128 | 5′-D和3′-UAA | 30 | Y | 36 | Y | — |
| Cas13c(C2c7)[74] | 123 | 3′-U | 30 | N | 36 | Y | — |
| Cas13d[76] | 102 | N | 30 | N | 36 | Y | Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 |
| Cas13Rx(RfxCas13d)[70] | 106 | 3′-A | 30 | N | 22 | Y | Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 |
| Cas13X.1[77] | 85 | 5′-A/G/C-3′ | 30 | N | 36 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13Y.1[77] | 85 | N | 30 | N | 36 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13bt[78] | 85~88 | 5ʹ-D | 30 | N | 30 | Y | HEK293T |
| Cas13e3[71] | 84 | N | 27 | N | 30 | Y | — |
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