Article(id=1148682689764450344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1729699200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751796894731, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751796894731, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751796894731, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751796894731, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148682683779182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='2', pageStart='229', pageEnd='491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751796893293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757495676060, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=445, endPage=460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149896337807471570, articleId=1148682689764450344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Research advances in biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with controlled molecular weights, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=, articleAbstract=

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural linear acidic polysaccharide composed of disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcA) and N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc), has been widely used in the cosmetic and medical fields. HAs with different molecular weights exhibit distinct biophysical properties. While high molecular weight HAs have stronger viscoelasticity and resistance to degradation, low molecular weight HAs demonstrate enhanced biological functions. Significant progress has been made for the industrial production of HAs, with the shift from traditional extraction from animal tissues to microbial fermentation. However, the use of the natural HA-producing species Streptococcus zooepidemicus presents challenges, such as potential pathogenicity and difficulties in molecular modifications, which limit the study on the biosynthesis of HAs with varying molecular weights. Recently, the increasing demand for specific molecular weight HAs has driven the application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques for their biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation. By identifying the key factors involved in the processes, researchers have developed various strategies to optimize the synthesis of HAs and control their molecular weights. This article first analyzes the limiting factors in the synthesis of medium and high molecular weight HAs, focusing on the genetic regulation on the synthesis pathways of HA precursors and the weakening of competitive branches. Secondly, it discusses the impact of HA synthase, precursor supply, and fermentation conditions on the synthesis of ultra-high molecular weight HAs. Finally, it summarizes the preparation strategies for low molecular weight HAs, including physical and chemical methods, enzymatic methods, and microbial direct fermentation as well. The review summarizes the latest research progress regarding challenges faced in the biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation of HAs: specifically, the insufficient molecular weight of high molecular weight HAs, the weak synthesis capability of medium molecular weight HAs, and the poor controllability of low molecular weight HAs. It provides a systematic overview on enhancing the understanding of strategies for HA biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation, aiming to facilitate the efficient biosynthesis of HAs with controlled molecular weights.

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透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种在化妆品、食品和医疗领域广泛应用的天然直链酸性黏多糖。根据分子量大小,HA可分为高、中、低三类,不同分子量的HA具有不同的功能和应用场景。随着微生物发酵技术取代传统动物组织提取法,HA工业化生产取得了巨大进步。然而,天然HA合成菌株兽疫链球菌的缺点(如潜在致病性以及难以分子改造),限制了不同分子量HA的生物合成研究。近年来,随着特定分子量HA需求的不断增长,代谢工程和合成生物技术已广泛应用于HA生物合成与分子量调控。本文首先分析了中高分子量HA合成的限制性因素,重点讨论了HA前体合成途径的基因调控及竞争支路的弱化。其次,探讨了HA合酶、前体供应和发酵条件对超高分子量HA合成的影响。最后,总结了低分子量HA的制备策略,包括物理化学法、酶法和微生物直接发酵法。还针对HA的生物合成与分子量调控面临的挑战——高分子量HA分子量不够高、中高分子量HA合成能力弱和低分子量HA分子量可控性差三方面展开系统性综述,加强对HA生物合成与分子量调控策略的理解,助力实现可控分子量HA的高效生物合成。

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康振(1982—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为食品微生物合成生物学与生物制造。E-mail:
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肖森(2002—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为透明质酸的生物合成与酶工程改造。 E-mail:

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1, caption=

Metabolic engineered microorganisms to synthesize HAs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工程菌株 改造策略 HA产量 /(g/L) HA分子量 /Da 参考文献
S. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 敲除HA裂解酶编码基因hylB 3.40 2.28×106 [67]
S. zooepidemicus 过表达HAS编码基因sehasA,提高碳源浓度 6.90 2.75×106 [68]
S. zooepidemicus MTCC 3523 调节溶解氧水平与N-乙酰葡萄糖胺供应水平 2.4 2.53×106 [69]
S. zooepidemicus 添加铁纳米颗粒 0.435 1.48×106 [66]
S. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 紫外诱变策略,开发两阶段半连续发酵工艺 29.38 [10]
E. coli K12 W3110 敲除6-磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ编码基因pfkA和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶编码基因zwf,表达HA合成途径基因簇galU-ugdglmS-glmM-glmU 0.02998 [44]
E. coli Top10 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 0.19 0.35×106~1.9×106 [45]
E. coli JM109 表达多杀巴斯德杆菌来源HAS编码基因pmhasA和大肠杆菌K5来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 3.8 [48]
Lactobacillus acidophilus 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 1.7 [70]
Lactococcus lactis CES15 PnisA启动子调控兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA表达 6.09 [52]
Streptomyces albulus 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和阿维米蒂利斯链霉菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA、乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因glmU、葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因gtaB 6.2 2×106 [71]
Pichia pastoris 表达非洲爪蟾来源HAS编码基因xhasA2和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因xhasB,毕赤酵母来源的葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因hasC,乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因hasD,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶编码基因hasE 1.7 1.2×106~2.5×106 [59]
B. subtilis 168 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA,枯草芽孢杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因tuaD,葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因gtaB,乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因glmU,磷酸葡萄糖胺变位酶编码基因glmM和谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶编码基因glmS;下调6-磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ编码基因pfkA表达 3.16 1.4×106~1.83×106 [72]
B. subtilis BGSC 1A751 表达细菌血红蛋白编码基因vhb、C组链球菌来源HAS编码基因hasA、枯草芽孢杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因tuaD 1.8 [58]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达酿脓链球菌来源HAS编码基因spHasA,恶臭假单胞菌来源谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶编码基因ptglmS,谷氨酸棒杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因cgugdA2;敲除糖基转移酶编码基因cg0420cg0424 34.2 3.21×105 [64]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA,谷氨酸棒杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因hasB 8.3 1.3×106 [61]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因seHasA,UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因hasB,敲除果糖1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶编码基因fba,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶编码基因zwf,阻断乳酸和乙酸合成 28.7 2.1×105 [60]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584646631113026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450344, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

代谢工程改造微生物合成HA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工程菌株 改造策略 HA产量 /(g/L) HA分子量 /Da 参考文献
S. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 敲除HA裂解酶编码基因hylB 3.40 2.28×106 [67]
S. zooepidemicus 过表达HAS编码基因sehasA,提高碳源浓度 6.90 2.75×106 [68]
S. zooepidemicus MTCC 3523 调节溶解氧水平与N-乙酰葡萄糖胺供应水平 2.4 2.53×106 [69]
S. zooepidemicus 添加铁纳米颗粒 0.435 1.48×106 [66]
S. zooepidemicus ATCC 39920 紫外诱变策略,开发两阶段半连续发酵工艺 29.38 [10]
E. coli K12 W3110 敲除6-磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ编码基因pfkA和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶编码基因zwf,表达HA合成途径基因簇galU-ugdglmS-glmM-glmU 0.02998 [44]
E. coli Top10 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 0.19 0.35×106~1.9×106 [45]
E. coli JM109 表达多杀巴斯德杆菌来源HAS编码基因pmhasA和大肠杆菌K5来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 3.8 [48]
Lactobacillus acidophilus 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA 1.7 [70]
Lactococcus lactis CES15 PnisA启动子调控兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA表达 6.09 [52]
Streptomyces albulus 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA和阿维米蒂利斯链霉菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因ugdA、乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因glmU、葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因gtaB 6.2 2×106 [71]
Pichia pastoris 表达非洲爪蟾来源HAS编码基因xhasA2和UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因xhasB,毕赤酵母来源的葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因hasC,乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因hasD,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶编码基因hasE 1.7 1.2×106~2.5×106 [59]
B. subtilis 168 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA,枯草芽孢杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因tuaD,葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因gtaB,乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶编码基因glmU,磷酸葡萄糖胺变位酶编码基因glmM和谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶编码基因glmS;下调6-磷酸果糖激酶Ⅰ编码基因pfkA表达 3.16 1.4×106~1.83×106 [72]
B. subtilis BGSC 1A751 表达细菌血红蛋白编码基因vhb、C组链球菌来源HAS编码基因hasA、枯草芽孢杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因tuaD 1.8 [58]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达酿脓链球菌来源HAS编码基因spHasA,恶臭假单胞菌来源谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶编码基因ptglmS,谷氨酸棒杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因cgugdA2;敲除糖基转移酶编码基因cg0420cg0424 34.2 3.21×105 [64]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因sehasA,谷氨酸棒杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因hasB 8.3 1.3×106 [61]
C. glutamicum 13032 表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS编码基因seHasA,UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因hasB,敲除果糖1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶编码基因fba,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶编码基因zwf,阻断乳酸和乙酸合成 28.7 2.1×105 [60]
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可控分子量透明质酸的生物合成研究进展
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肖森 1, 2, 3 , 胡立涛 1, 2, 3 , 石智诚 1, 2 , 王发银 1, 2 , 余思婷 1, 2 , 堵国成 2, 4 , 陈坚 2, 3, 4 , 康振 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 445-460
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 445-460
可控分子量透明质酸的生物合成研究进展
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肖森1, 2, 3, 胡立涛1, 2, 3, 石智诚1, 2, 王发银1, 2, 余思婷1, 2, 堵国成2, 4, 陈坚2, 3, 4, 康振1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 江南大学生物工程学院,糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122
  • 2 江南大学,未来食品科学中心,江苏 无锡 214122
  • 3 江苏省产业技术研究院,江苏集萃未来食品技术研究所有限公司,江苏 宜兴 214200
  • 4 江南大学生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122
  • 肖森(2002—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为透明质酸的生物合成与酶工程改造。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

康振(1982—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为食品微生物合成生物学与生物制造。E-mail:
Research advances in biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with controlled molecular weights
Sen XIAO1, 2, 3, Litao HU1, 2, 3, Zhicheng SHI1, 2, Fayin WANG1, 2, Siting YU1, 2, Guocheng DU2, 4, Jian CHEN2, 3, 4, Zhen KANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology,Ministry of Education,School of Biotechnology,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 Science Center for Future Foods,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,Jiangsu,China
  • 3 Institute of Future Food Technology,Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute,Yixing 214200,Jiangsu,China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology,Ministry of Education,School of Biotechnology,Jiangnan University,Wuxi 214122,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-062
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透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种在化妆品、食品和医疗领域广泛应用的天然直链酸性黏多糖。根据分子量大小,HA可分为高、中、低三类,不同分子量的HA具有不同的功能和应用场景。随着微生物发酵技术取代传统动物组织提取法,HA工业化生产取得了巨大进步。然而,天然HA合成菌株兽疫链球菌的缺点(如潜在致病性以及难以分子改造),限制了不同分子量HA的生物合成研究。近年来,随着特定分子量HA需求的不断增长,代谢工程和合成生物技术已广泛应用于HA生物合成与分子量调控。本文首先分析了中高分子量HA合成的限制性因素,重点讨论了HA前体合成途径的基因调控及竞争支路的弱化。其次,探讨了HA合酶、前体供应和发酵条件对超高分子量HA合成的影响。最后,总结了低分子量HA的制备策略,包括物理化学法、酶法和微生物直接发酵法。还针对HA的生物合成与分子量调控面临的挑战——高分子量HA分子量不够高、中高分子量HA合成能力弱和低分子量HA分子量可控性差三方面展开系统性综述,加强对HA生物合成与分子量调控策略的理解,助力实现可控分子量HA的高效生物合成。

透明质酸  /  分子量  /  生物合成  /  代谢工程  /  合成生物学

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural linear acidic polysaccharide composed of disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid (D-GlcA) and N-acetylglucosamine (N-GlcNAc), has been widely used in the cosmetic and medical fields. HAs with different molecular weights exhibit distinct biophysical properties. While high molecular weight HAs have stronger viscoelasticity and resistance to degradation, low molecular weight HAs demonstrate enhanced biological functions. Significant progress has been made for the industrial production of HAs, with the shift from traditional extraction from animal tissues to microbial fermentation. However, the use of the natural HA-producing species Streptococcus zooepidemicus presents challenges, such as potential pathogenicity and difficulties in molecular modifications, which limit the study on the biosynthesis of HAs with varying molecular weights. Recently, the increasing demand for specific molecular weight HAs has driven the application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology techniques for their biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation. By identifying the key factors involved in the processes, researchers have developed various strategies to optimize the synthesis of HAs and control their molecular weights. This article first analyzes the limiting factors in the synthesis of medium and high molecular weight HAs, focusing on the genetic regulation on the synthesis pathways of HA precursors and the weakening of competitive branches. Secondly, it discusses the impact of HA synthase, precursor supply, and fermentation conditions on the synthesis of ultra-high molecular weight HAs. Finally, it summarizes the preparation strategies for low molecular weight HAs, including physical and chemical methods, enzymatic methods, and microbial direct fermentation as well. The review summarizes the latest research progress regarding challenges faced in the biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation of HAs: specifically, the insufficient molecular weight of high molecular weight HAs, the weak synthesis capability of medium molecular weight HAs, and the poor controllability of low molecular weight HAs. It provides a systematic overview on enhancing the understanding of strategies for HA biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation, aiming to facilitate the efficient biosynthesis of HAs with controlled molecular weights.

hyaluronic acid  /  molecular weight  /  biosynthesis  /  metabolic engineering  /  synthetic biology
肖森, 胡立涛, 石智诚, 王发银, 余思婷, 堵国成, 陈坚, 康振. 可控分子量透明质酸的生物合成研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 445 -460 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-062
Sen XIAO, Litao HU, Zhicheng SHI, Fayin WANG, Siting YU, Guocheng DU, Jian CHEN, Zhen KANG. Research advances in biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with controlled molecular weights[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 445 -460 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-062
透明质酸(hyaluronic acid,HA)以D-葡萄糖醛酸(D-GlcA)和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺(N-GlcNAc)为二糖单位,通过β-1,3-糖苷键和β-1,4-糖苷键连接而成,是一种自然界广泛分布的直链酸性黏多糖1-2。HA化学结构简单,但具备丰富的生物和物理学功能,如保湿性、黏弹性、生物相容性等,被广泛应用于化妆品、医疗保健和食品等领域3-6。研究表明,HA的功能和分子量密切相关,高分子量HA具有更强的物理学功能,如黏弹性与抗降解性;低分子量HA具有更强的生物学功能2。在微生物发酵技术成熟前,HA的工业生产主要依赖于从动物组织(如鸡冠、动物眼球等)中提取纯化3。该方法受原材料获取困难、提取工艺复杂、成本高昂、产品质量不稳定、制备过程中容易造成环境污染等因素限制7-8。兽疫链球菌(Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus)、多杀巴斯德杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)等菌株具备HA天然合成途径8-9,能够合成HA作为其荚膜层的主要成分。利用上述菌株合成HA具备发酵周期短、可持续等特点,现已逐步取代组织提取法成为HA主要获取来源。研究人员通过代谢工程技术对HA天然合成菌株发酵过程参数及培养基等条件的深入优化,旨在进一步提升HA生产效率10,但该策略目前依旧存在发酵水平低、分子量种类分布单一等问题。同时兽疫链球菌属于兰氏分群的C群β溶血链球菌,能够感染多种动物及人类,由于存在安全隐患且缺乏DNA操作工具,限制了通过改造HA天然合成菌株提升HA产量与分子量可调控性的可能,从而阻碍了HA产业的进一步发展11-14。因此,如何实现HA的安全高效合成与分子量精准调控成为该领域的研究热点与亟待解决的难题。随着合成生物学的快速发展,研究人员围绕HA合成与分子量调控展开系统与全面的研究,并实现了超高分子量、中高分子量与低分子量HA及寡聚糖的全类别HA安全高效生物制造,从而进一步拓宽了HA的应用前景,推动HA产业的深入发展。本文综述了HA合成与分子量调控相关技术的创新策略和进展,系统分析了超高分子量、中高分子量与低分子量HA及寡聚糖的生物合成研究现状,最后对HA分子量调控面临的挑战及发展方向进行展望。
HA因其良好的保湿性、黏弹性、生物相容性、非免疫原性等重要的生物物理学特性而受到人们的关注。HA分子量分布范围广泛,按照分子量大小可分为三大类15。超高分子量HA(Mw≥2000 kDa)具有良好的支撑性和黏弹性,主要用于关节腔注射和修复软骨;中高分子量HA(100 kDa≤Mw<2000 kDa)具有优良的保湿性和润滑性,在功能性护肤品中被广泛添加;低分子量HA(10 kDa≤Mw<100 kDa)及寡聚糖(Mw<10 kDa)具有独特的生理功能,在促进成纤维细胞增殖、新血管生成、抑制炎症和肿瘤生长等方面发挥着至关重要的作用16-21
在脊椎动物体内存在三种HA合酶(hyaluronan synthase,HAS),即HAS1、HAS2与HAS3,其中HAS2催化合成高分子量HA,超高分子量HA目前仅在部分动物组织中发现。由于HAS2在裸鼹鼠体内的高效表达,尤其是裸鼹鼠结缔组织中富含超高分子量HA,其HA分子量可达到6~12 MDa,是人体内HA分子量的5倍左右22-24。超高分子量HA通过抑制Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白CD44与信号分子间的相互作用,保护小鼠细胞免受应激诱导的细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡影响,降低自发性和诱发性癌症的发生率,延长小鼠寿命25。此外,超高分子量HA可以通过对免疫细胞的直接免疫调节作用与防止氧化应激、改善衰老过程中的屏障功能等多种途径抑制炎症发生26。上述研究表明,超高分子量HA是裸鼹鼠寿命长、抗癌症、抗炎症、皮肤抗衰老的关键性因素。
中高分子量HA具备良好的保湿性、润滑性、黏弹性,可以在皮肤表面形成薄膜,具有长久保湿、抗皱、皮肤再生等功能,并且可减少外界环境中紫外线等不利因素对皮肤造成损伤27-28,在功能性护肤品中被广泛添加。在医学领域中,中高分子量HA通过丁二醇缩水甘油醚、二乙烯基砜等交联剂交联形成的水凝胶是目前医疗美容领域使用量最大的填充物29-30,在眼科手术中被用于撑起前房,减少对角膜的破坏,同时发挥分子阻隔作用,抑制细胞的移动、增生、分化和吞噬,减少术后炎症的发生。同时,中高分子量HA也是目前眼药水中最常添加的成分,用于缓解眼部干涩,减轻药物对眼部的刺激,促进眼部创伤愈合,缓解不适症状31-33
低分子量HA及寡聚糖具有优良的抗炎特性,研究表明,低分子量HA及寡聚糖可增加金属蛋白酶-12、巨噬细胞炎症蛋白、白细胞介素IL-8和IL-12等细胞因子的表达,被普遍认为是一种高效的细胞抗炎分子34-35。同时,低分子量HA及寡聚糖能够激活诱发炎症相关细胞因子的产生,从而激活人体相关免疫系统,起到促进伤口愈合的作用,同时还可以抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长36。低分子量HA及寡聚糖能够渗透进入皮肤表皮层,从而起到透皮保湿、修复肌肉底部损伤、延缓皮肤衰老的作用,提高化妆品保湿护肤功能37-38。此外,由于HA与CD44受体的高亲和性39-41,低分子量HA及寡聚糖常作为药物递送载体,用于增强药物的靶向性、缓释性及透皮吸收性。一些疏水性抗癌药物可以通过HA侧链的羧基进行亲水性官能化,实现药物携带和靶向递送,提高疏水性抗癌药物的水溶性和生物利用率42-43
有关微生物发酵法生产HA的研究出现在20世纪80年代。基于HA天然合成菌株兽疫链球菌发酵生产HA,研究人员通过对菌种、代谢过程、培养基和发酵参数等条件的深入优化,促使HA发酵产率和生产强度得到大幅度提高,工业化生产水平达到了6.6 g/L8。微生物发酵法生产HA具有生产工艺流程简单、不受原料限制、易于分离、产品质量稳定、纯度高、成本低以及对环境友好等优势,极具市场吸引力。然而致病性基因的存在和DNA操作工具的缺乏导致HA发酵浓度低、分子量分布单一,限制了链球菌宿主的应用和改造12-14。随着合成生物学与代谢工程的发展,基于对HA合成途径的解析,在遗传背景清晰的微生物宿主中构建异源HA合成途径为微生物发酵法生产HA提供了新的思路和更具吸引力的选择。过去近十几年来,国内外不同团队采用代谢工程策略已经在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli44-48、乳酸乳球菌(Lactoccus lactis49-52、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis53-58、毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris59和谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum60-64等菌株中成功构建HA合成途径,并围绕分子量调控机制展开系统研究。
中高分子量HA是目前市场最普遍存在、应用最广泛的,同时也是最易获取的65。目前,应用于HA生产的工程菌株,如兽疫链球菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等菌株发酵获得的产物均为中高分子量HA586066。本文整理归纳了基于代谢工程改造微生物合成中高分子量HA的相关研究进展(表1)。
近年来,有关于促进中高分子量HA高效合成的相关研究策略主要集中于构建异源HA合成途径、强化表达前体合成途径基因、削弱竞争代谢支路碳流量等方面。Woo等44在大肠杆菌中表达兽疫链球菌来源HAS基因,结合HA前体合成途径强化与竞争支路途径弱化调节UDP-GlcA和UDP-N-GlcNAc合成,得到可利用葡萄糖合成HA的大肠杆菌工程菌株,HA产量为29.98 mg/L。Sunguroğlu等52利用乳酸链球菌素启动NICE自动诱导系统诱导HAS编码基因在乳酸乳球菌CES15中表达,通过基因整合、替换启动子序列等策略实现HA合成途径基因表达水平的提高,HA发酵产率达到6.09 g/L。Cheng等61通过强化表达谷氨酸棒杆菌中HA前体合成途径限速酶UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶,以葡萄糖和玉米浆分别作为碳源和氮源,实现在5 L发酵罐中HA产量达到8.3 g/L,分子量高达1.3 MDa。Wang等64在实现HA异源合成的基础上,组合强化表达UDP-GlcA合成途径中UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶与UDP-N-GlcNAc合成途径中谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶,旨在调控HA前体合成途径间的代谢平衡,HA产量高达34.2 g/L,分子量为3.21×105 Da。Jin等72结合Cre/lox系统,通过替换6-磷酸果糖激酶编码基因起始密码子,下调糖酵解途径中关键限速酶,削弱糖酵解途径碳流量,HA产量由1.01 g/L提高至3.16 g/L,分子量分布范围在1.4~1.83 MDa之间。Cheng等60利用谷氨酸棒杆菌基因组规模代谢网络模型iCW773,基于OptForceMUST算法在谷氨酸棒杆菌中进行通量平衡分析,采用多种遗传策略使碳通量定向转移至HA合成途径,经5 L发酵罐发酵HA产量达到28.7 g/L,分子量为2.1×105 Da。上述研究结果表明,缺乏针对特定分子量改造的微生物合成HA大多为中高分子量HA,这可能是由于HA在天然微生物进化过程中主要用于合成荚膜多糖,而低分子量HA保湿性差,超高分子量HA合成难,因此在进化过程中生物合成HA主要为中高分子量大小。
目前,针对如何提高HA分子量大小的研究已引起广泛关注。在HA发酵过程中,微生物合成HA分子量大小受多种因素影响:①HA前体UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的供应水平。前体UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的浓度与比例决定了前体物质与HAS催化位点的结合效率能否满足HAS的聚合能力73,进而影响HA糖链的可控延伸。②HAS聚合能力。HAS的聚合能力强弱是影响合成HA分子量大小的根本条件74。③发酵培养条件。微生物发酵合成HA过程中,溶解氧、搅拌速率、pH值、温度等各种外界条件,会影响微生物的代谢状态和HA合成相关酶的活性75-77,同时搅拌形成的剪切力会直接破坏糖链,导致糖链断裂。根据上述影响HA分子量大小的因素,研究人员已经研究出多种不同策略用于调控HA糖链的分子量大小。
HA是由HAS通过聚合UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA形成。UDP-GlcA在细胞内主要通过磷酸葡萄糖变位酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶,UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶的作用将底物葡萄糖-6-磷酸催化形成。UDP-N-GlcNAc是由谷氨酰胺-果糖-6-磷酸氨基转移酶,磷酸葡萄糖胺变位酶,乙酰葡萄糖胺焦磷酸化酶/葡萄糖-1-磷酸乙酰转移酶双功能酶的共同作用催化果糖-6-磷酸合成(图1)。UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的合成途径相对独立,并且竞争性结合HAS催化位点78。由于两种前体合成途径相关酶表达水平与催化效率的差异,导致两种前体合成效率不同。Chen等73在兽疫链球菌中发现UDP-N-GlcNAc供应不足时,通过强化表达UDP-N-GlcNAc合成途径相关基因提高UDP-N-GlcNAc合成能力,HA分子量从1.8 MDa增加到3.4 MDa。Hmar等79证实,当UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA浓度大致相等时,HA的分子量从1.94 MDa增加到4.30 MDa。上述研究表明,当两种前体比例接近1∶1时,有利于糖链延伸,产生更高分子量的HA,而当两种UDP糖前体之间的比例失衡时,HAS的糖核苷酸结合位点被一种前体长时间占据,可能会终止糖链延伸,导致HA分子量下降。随着生物传感器等实时动态调控技术的发展,实现UDP-GlcA与UDP-N-GlcNAc比例的动态调控与代谢平衡,有望进一步增强HA分子量的可控性。
HAS催化UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA聚合生成HA是HA合成途径中的关键步骤,优化HAS表达水平有利于促进HA合成效率的提高。然而当前体物质即将耗尽时,维持较高的HAS表达水平可能会导致HA糖链延伸过程的提前终止。Jia等57引入两种可诱导的人工操纵子:一种通过可诱导的木糖启动子控制多杀巴斯德杆菌来源PmHAS基因表达;另一种通过异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)启动子诱导枯草芽孢杆菌来源UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶编码基因tuaD、葡萄糖-6-磷酸尿酰胺转移酶编码基因gtaB表达。通过调节两种人工操纵子诱导时间,重组枯草芽孢杆菌合成HA的分子量控制在8×103~5.4×106 Da,Jeong等59通过利用较弱的启动子AOX2替换强启动子AOX1降低HAS表达强度,成功利用工程化毕赤酵母生产HA分子量高达2.5 MDa。
HAS分为两类,即Ⅰ型HAS和Ⅱ型HAS80-82。Ⅰ型HAS是一类膜蛋白,存在四个跨膜结构域(TMD)和两个膜锚定结构域(MAD),可以催化两种不同前体底物分子的结合以及HA糖链的跨膜转运[图2(a)]。不同于Ⅰ型HAS,Ⅱ型HAS是一种细胞质蛋白,仅具备HA聚合能力[图2(b)],HA的跨膜转运需借助相关转运系统。基于酶工程策略对HAS进行定向改造,调节HAS的聚合延伸能力,从而实现HA分子量的精准控制成为当下研究热点。Kumari等4发现链球菌Ⅰ型HAS(SeHAS)两种保守的极性氨基酸Lys48和Glu327通过直接相互作用影响HAS对HA糖链的聚合时间,在控制HA糖链延伸过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。通过引入Lys48Glu或Lys48Phe突变,导致HA分子量由3.6 MDa降低至0.6 MDa。此外,Weigel等83发现底物结合区域中的四个保守Cys残基通过与内膜表面建立紧密连接,促进HAS-脂质复合物的形成,参与HA分子量调控。研究结果表明,当Cys262或Cys281突变为Ala时HAS聚合时间缩短,HA分子量分别降低了13%和28%。Yang等84基于分子动力学模拟进一步分析参与稳定HA-SeHAS复合物的SeHAS的残基R406-R413,通过对C末端残基414~417的定点突变增强C末端与HA结合亲和力,发现突变体合成HA分子量由0.79 MDa提高至2.29 MDa。同样有研究证明,通过优化多杀巴氏杆菌来源Ⅱ型HAS的N端增强与HA的结合亲和力,也有助于HA分子量的提升85。此外,细胞膜成分在控制HAS的聚合能力方面也起着重要作用。Westbrook等54发现通过提高细胞膜中心磷脂含量可以促进SeHAS的功能表达,HA产量提高了2.04倍,分子量高达2.2 MDa。尽管已经对HAS影响HA分子量调控的关键位点进行了大量研究,但这些突变位点在HAS中缺乏共同的酶结构域,HAS分子量调控机制依然不清晰。因此未来对HAS结构的深入解析或对新型HAS的挖掘将为可控分子量HA的合成提供新的思路。
微生物发酵合成HA是高度需氧的过程,然而发酵过程中发酵液黏度随HA的持续积累逐渐增加,导致发酵液中溶解氧水平降低。提高溶解氧水平可以促进微生物代谢产生更多ATP,为微生物合成HA提供足够的能量。Duan等86证实,当溶解氧水平从0增加到50%时,HA分子量从1.22 MDa提高至2.19 MDa,同时HA产量由0.73 g/L提高至3.5 g/L。近些年,随着氧载体的开发与应用,在发酵过程中添加氧载体是提高发酵液溶解氧水平的有效措施。氧载体相对发酵液具有更高的氧溶解度,通过与氧分子的可逆结合,提高发酵液溶解氧水平[图3(a)]。Lai等87使用正十六烷作为氧载体,通过在2 L发酵罐中添加0.5%(体积分数)的正十六烷,HA最高产量达到4.25 g/L,分子量从5.2 MDa增加到15.4 MDa。除添加氧载体外,Abdullah等88通过采用原位产物回收(ISPR)策略,利用Amberlite树脂吸附HA以降低发酵液黏度,提高发酵液溶解氧水平,HA最终产量提高1.37倍,同时该方法有助于简化HA纯化工作。此外,在发酵过程中通过增加搅拌速率可以实现良好的传质,提高氧气供应。当搅拌速率从150 r/min增加到450 r/min时,HA分子量从1.69 MDa增加到2.01 MDa65。然而高搅拌速率在提高溶氧水平的基础上会带来高剪切力,造成HA糖链断裂。Hu等89开发出“胞内积累”策略,通过表达Ⅱ型HAS,实现HA在宿主细胞质合成与积累,保护HA糖链免受外界剪切力影响[图3(b)],从而实现了超高分子量HA的生物合成,分子量高达4.1 MDa,产量达到0.93 g/L。同时,过高的溶解氧水平会激活还原型辅酶Ⅰ(NADH),导致活性氧(ROS)增加,影响HA糖链的延伸。Zhang等90通过添加0.1 g/L水杨酸有效抑制发酵液中ROS的产生,HA分子量从1.59 MDa增加到2.12 MDa,但HA产量由3.92 g/L降低至3.45 g/L。此外,碳源的供应水平也会影响HA分子量大小的调控,Pires等13发现,在兽疫链球菌发酵过程中,当初始葡萄糖浓度由5 g/L逐步增加至45 g/L时,HA分子量大小由25 MDa提高至55 MDa,HA产量维持在0.9 g/L左右。
低分子量HA及寡聚糖具有丰富的生理学功能,如何实现低分子量HA及寡聚糖的高效、高质量制备,对于研究与推动其在化妆品、医药和食品领域的应用具有重要意义。低分子量HA及寡聚糖的制备方法主要包括物理法、化学法、体外酶解法、微生物发酵合成法。前期低分子量HA及寡聚糖的生产主要通过物理或化学方法(如高温、超声波破碎、强酸或强碱处理)破坏HA糖链获得91-92。随着对HA降解酶(hyaluronidase,HAase)的开发,利用HAase体外降解高分子量HA或通过微生物内源表达HAase实现HA边合成边解聚,为低分子量HA及寡聚糖的绿色合成提供了新方法93
物理法主要指利用高温、超声波、γ射线辐照等方式对高分子量HA糖链进行随机断裂。Gura等94通过10 min超声波处理将高分子量HA由2 MDa降解至0.4 MDa。Huang等95将HA样品暴露于γ射线照射下并逐渐提高γ射线剂量。研究发现,当使用60 kGy γ射线处理时,HA分子量由3 MDa降低至0.59 MDa。物理法降解高分子量HA时,产物分子量分布均一性差,降解效率低,且分子量大小难以控制。然而,Wu等91通过对臭氧处理降解HA进行研究发现,在40 ℃下通过臭氧处理120 min,HA分子量由1.5 MDa降低至0.87 MDa。经傅里叶红外光谱分析(FT-IR)与紫外可见吸收测试(UV-vis)得出,经臭氧处理后HA化学结构无明显变化。上述结果表明,相比于超声波破碎、γ射线辐照等方式,臭氧处理可作为低分子量HA生产的一种绿色的物理制备方法。化学法主要通过酸碱水解、氧化降解等方式降解HA,在一些氧化降解系统中,可以通过添加金属催化剂提高自由基活性,提高降解效率。Chen等96通过在H2O2氧化降解系统中添加适量浓度Cu2+实现HA的高效降解,当在50 mmol/L H2O2、5 µmol/L Cu2+、50 ℃的降解条件下反应30 min后HA分子量由1 MDa降解至0.12 MDa。然而,化学法降解HA会引入化学试剂,提高产物分离提纯难度,同时会破坏其分子结构。
不同于物理化学法,体外酶法降解合成低分子量HA及寡聚糖,反应条件温和可控,且重复性好。通过控制HAase的添加量与降解时间,可以获得均一的低分子量HA及寡聚糖,甚至可以根据特定分子量需求进行定制生产。近年来,已探索并研究了来自真核和原核生物的三类HAase用于生产低分子量HA及寡聚糖9397-98图4)。HA裂解酶(EC 4.2.2.1)分布广泛,主要来源于微生物,包括链球菌、杆菌、链霉菌、梭菌等99-100。HA裂解酶通过β-消除反应的方式,对HA糖链的β-1,4-糖苷键进行裂解切割101,形成含有不饱和双键的HA二糖。以牛睾丸为主要来源的Ⅰ型HAase(EC 3.2.1.35)和以水蛭为主要来源的Ⅱ型HAase(EC 3.2.1.36)能够通过水解的方式对HA糖链的β-1,4-糖苷键和β-1,3-糖苷键进行切割97-102,产物主要为以N-乙酰葡萄糖胺或D-葡萄糖醛酸为还原性末端的HA四糖。
通过外源添加HAase,不仅可以制备低分子量HA,而且可以提高发酵液中溶解氧水平,从而提高HA产量。Liu等103在7 L发酵体系中添加0.15 g/L水蛭来源HAase后,HA产量从5 g/L提高至6 g/L,HA分子量由1.3 MDa降低至0.21 MDa。Zhang等10开发了一种两阶段半连续发酵工艺,在第二阶段加入兽疫链球菌来源HAase SzHYal以降低发酵液的黏度,低分子量HA的产量达到29.38 g/L。Wang等64开发了一种高效的谷氨酸棒杆菌HA细胞生产工厂,产量高达34.2 g/L。然而,研究过程中发现HA荚膜层的存在并证实其能够影响细胞正常摄取营养物质,抑制细胞生长。通过向培养液中添加水蛭来源LHYal以消除荚膜层,最终合成分子量为53 kDa的低分子量HA,产量达到74.1 g/L。此外,研究人员利用不同酶降解机制的不同,开发出非天然奇数糖。He等104利用牛睾丸来源HA水解酶BTHYal和水蛭来源HA水解酶LHYal降解糖苷键的差异,开发了一种新的酶法制备奇数HA寡聚糖工艺。通过对偶数HA寡聚糖产率的定量分析,建立了LHYal水解动力学模型,为具有两个不同还原末端的偶数HA寡聚糖(HA2nNAn=1~5)提供了最佳制备条件,最后BTHYal进一步降解HA2nNAn=2~5)产生奇数HA寡聚糖。然而,酶解法制备低分子量HA及寡聚糖的限制性因素主要在于HAase的性能,高表达、高活性、高纯度HAase的获取是酶法制备低分子量HA及寡聚糖的关键。
相比于传统的两步法制备工艺,即先发酵生产制备高分子量HA,再降解获得低分子量HA及寡聚糖,利用微生物直接发酵合成低分子量HA及寡聚糖,可以省去大量操作步骤,有效节约成本。Jin等72在枯草芽孢杆菌168中表达水蛭来源HAase编码基因LHyal实现其高活性的分泌表达[图5(a)],同时通过RBS策略控制其表达水平,实现了HA分子量分布范围在2.2×103~1.42×106 Da的微生物直接发酵合成,HA产量高达19.38 g/L。Li等76利用温度敏感质粒pKSV7表达水蛭来源HAase,将培养温度控制在32 ℃、42 ℃,实现了分子量为8.61×103 Da和6.15×105 Da的HA的生物合成,产量分别达到4.25 g/L、2.77 g/L。此外,考虑到细胞膜可作为过滤层的天然特性,Wang等64提出并构建了一种聚合-解聚偶联策略,通过在谷氨酸棒杆菌胞内表达普通变形杆菌来源HAase编码基因chaseABC,实现HA边合成边解聚为二糖和四糖,并分泌至胞外[图5(b)]。上述研究均表明,精确控制HAase表达活性是合成特定分子量HA的有效策略。
HA作为一种自然界广泛分布的糖胺聚糖,其独特结构和丰富的功能使其在生物医学、化妆品及食品工业等应用领域中得到广泛应用,推动了HA工业化制造的快速发展2。早期HA的获取主要依靠动物组织提取,后转向天然HA合成菌株兽疫链球菌发酵生产,该生产方式的转变对于HA的规模化和绿色可持续生产以及HA的应用推广具有重要意义。然而,兽疫链球菌为致病微生物,存在安全隐患,难以进行分子改造,导致HA生产成本高且分子量种类单一,限制HA产业的进一步发展14。随着合成生物学与代谢工程技术的快速发展,HA生产开始转向以遗传背景清晰且安全的微生物作为宿主(如谷氨酸棒杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等)发酵合成44-64。近些年,基于HA分子量调控机制的解析与相关策略的不断开发,HA的生物制造产业已由原来分子量单一不可控,逐渐转向多种类、均一性高的HA可控生产,实现了超高分子量、中高分子量、低分子量HA及寡聚糖的绿色生物制造,对于进一步推动HA产业升级、拓宽其应用场景具有重大意义。
本文总结了HA分子量调控方面的研究进展与创新策略,包括优化发酵条件、调控HA前体供应、HAS定向改造以及HAase酶解法四方面。首先,通过代谢工程技术,调节代谢途径碳流量分配,实现HA前体UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA浓度与比例最优化,能够影响HA糖链的延伸从而调控HA分子量73。其次,HAS聚合能力与催化活性直接影响到HA的合成效率和分子量74。通过改造HAS影响HA分子量大小相关残基,可以调控HAS聚合能力,从而实现不同分子量HA的控制。此外,优化发酵过程中的物理化学参数,如溶解氧浓度、搅拌速率、pH值和温度,对于维持和调节HA的分子量具有重要作用75-77。较高的溶解氧水平和适当的搅拌速率有助于提高微生物HA合成效率,并有助于降低剪切力对HA分子量的不利影响。最后,HAase体外酶解法生产制备低分子量HA及寡聚糖因其可控性和重复性较好,是目前生产低分子量HA及寡聚糖的主要应用技术93。微生物直接合成法可以省去外源添加HAase的过程,实现低分子量HA及寡聚糖一步生产制备,具有高效率、低成本的优势,是未来制造低分子量HA及寡聚糖的重要方向。
HA的生物合成与分子量调控技术已取得了较快的发展,但目前在分子量控制方面仍存在一定的局限性。具体表现为:HA分子量主要集中在中高分子量,而对于高分子量和低分子量HA的调控技术相对欠缺,且HA分子量分布均一性较差,缺乏精准的分子量调控技术。针对上述关键问题,未来在HA分子量调控技术领域的研究可以围绕以下方向展开:首先,加强HAS的相关研究。HAS是控制糖链聚合、延伸和释放的关键酶,对于调控HA分子量至关重要。解析HAS的分子量调控机制,是构建合成特定大小(超高、中高和低分子量)HA的基础。然而,目前对HAS的研究,尤其是链球菌来源的Ⅰ型HAS,仍然不够深入,只鉴定了少数影响HA分子量的关键氨基酸位点,其蛋白结构和催化反应机制、糖链延伸调控机制尚不明确。因此,解析HAS晶体结构并明确其催化和分子量调控机制是实现HA分子量可控合成的首要任务。其次,HA的前体物质UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的供应与HA分子量之间的关联。优化UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的合成路径对调控HA的合成具有显著作用。充足的前体物质能够显著提升HA的合成能力,但目前对两种前体供应水平与HA分子量调控间的关联仍不明确。因此,明确UDP-N-GlcNAc和UDP-GlcA的供应水平与可控分子量HA合成的具体关系仍需进一步解析。最后,保护HA糖链延伸过程。HA糖链在合成后经转运蛋白分泌至胞外,但胞外环境中的剪切力易导致糖链的断裂,从而降低HA分子量并影响分子量分布的均一性。这是超高分子量HA微生物合成的关键限制因素之一。研究人员通过开发“胞内积累”策略89,可以有效屏蔽胞外剪切力的破坏,并延长糖链的聚合时间,从而实现超高分子量HA的合成,同时保持较高的分子量均一性。这一策略为超高分子量HA的合成提供了重要参考。然而,HA在细胞内的积累增加了后期提取的难度和成本,后续研究应重点关注如何实现细胞内HA的高效提取。通过深入探究HA的生物合成机制,优化前体物质的供应路径,以及开发有效的保护策略,实现对HA分子量的精准调控。这不仅能够提升现有HA市场的应用价值,还能够深入拓展HA在新型生物材料、药物递送系统和再生医学等领域的应用潜力,推动相关产业的创新发展。
  • 江南大学食品科学与资源国家重点实验室研发项目(5962060204240220)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370066)
  • 中央高校基本科研基金(JUSRP622003)
  • 无锡市产业创新研究院先导技术预研项目(XD24006)
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2025年第6卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-062
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-24
基金
江南大学食品科学与资源国家重点实验室研发项目(5962060204240220)
国家自然科学基金(32370066)
中央高校基本科研基金(JUSRP622003)
无锡市产业创新研究院先导技术预研项目(XD24006)
作者信息
    1 江南大学生物工程学院,糖化学与生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122
    2 江南大学,未来食品科学中心,江苏 无锡 214122
    3 江苏省产业技术研究院,江苏集萃未来食品技术研究所有限公司,江苏 宜兴 214200
    4 江南大学生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡 214122

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康振(1982—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为食品微生物合成生物学与生物制造。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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