Article(id=1148682687587610829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=1730304000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751796894213, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751796894213, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751796894213, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751796894213, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148682683779182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='2', pageStart='229', pageEnd='491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751796893293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757495676060, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=290, endPage=305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149895461785138084, articleId=1148682687587610829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Advances in biosynthesis of L-arginine using engineered microorganisms, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=, articleAbstract=

L-arginine is an alkaline amino acid that has been used as a neutralizer, moisturizer, and antioxidant in skin care products. In addition, L-arginine is also widely used in feed, medicine, and food industries. The wide range of applications for L-arginine has garnered significant attention for its robust production. L-arginine can be produced through protein hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. However, protein hydrolysis has drawbacks, including complicated operation, high purification cost, low recovery efficiency, and environmental pollution. In contrast, the microbial fermentation can use renewable and cheap feedstock. Besides, the process is performed under mild conditions, and thus is more environmentally friendly. At present, engineered microorganisms such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli are major producers of L-arginine, and design and construction of microbial strains is the robust production of L-arginine through microbial fermentation. Random mutagenesis and screening strategies are used to develop L-arginine producing microbial strains, which are random with uncertainties, resulting in a low-efficiency for the breeding. With the development of synthetic biotechnology, development of L-arginine producing strains is empowered by the rational design of artificial synthetic pathways and regulatory machineries, taking advantages of advanced genome editing technologies. This paper reviews the progress in the studies of the synthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of L-arginine production that have been discovered in different microorganisms. Synthetic biology-guided metabolic engineering strategies for improving L-arginine production in C. glutamicum and E. coli are summarized. Besides, the application of the biosensor-based high-throughput screening strategy for selecting L-arginine producing strains is introduced. Finally, potential strategies to enhancing L-arginine production and the possibility of using new carbon resources such as non-food biomass and one-carbon feedstock for L-arginine production are discussed. It is envisioned that synthetic biology-guided strain engineering will further enhance the production of L-arginine, particularly using non-food feedstock in the near future.

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L-精氨酸是一种碱性氨基酸,是护肤产品中常用的中和剂、保湿剂和抗氧化剂,此外,L-精氨酸还广泛应用于饲料、医药、食品等领域。以工程化的谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌等微生物为催化剂,以可再生的淀粉糖为原料,通过微生物发酵的方法生产L-精氨酸是目前该产品最主要的生产方法。为创制高效的工程微生物菌种,早期研究者通常采用诱变筛选的方法,但由于突变的不确定性和非定向性,育种效率较低。随着合成生物技术的发展,人工设计L-精氨酸的合成途径和调控机制,并通过基因编辑理性创制工程微生物菌种成为研究的主流。本文综述了不同微生物中发现的L-精氨酸合成途径及调控机制,以谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌为主,介绍了设计创制L-精氨酸高产菌种的合成生物学代谢改造策略,以及基于生物传感器的高通量筛选在L-精氨酸高产菌种筛选中的应用。最后,展望了进一步提高L-精氨酸生物合成水平的潜在策略,以及一碳原料等新型非粮碳资源在未来L-精氨酸生产中的应用前景。

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钟成(1979—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为微生物发酵合成生物纳米材料,纤维素的生物合成代谢与降解,固体废弃物资源综合利用等。E-mail:
王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:
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王倩(1998—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为甲醇合成氨基酸菌种选育和合成调控机制。E-mail:

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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2010, 87(3): 951-964., articleTitle=Bacillus methanolicus pyruvate carboxylase and homoserine dehydrogenaseⅠand Ⅱ and their roles for L-lysine production from methanol at 50 ℃, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172584608072872138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, awardId=2023YFD1300700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1300700), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172584604742594686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172584604746788991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, companyId=1172584604742594686, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Biotechnology,Tianjin University of Science and Technology,Tianjin 300222,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172584604755177600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, companyId=1172584604742594686, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300222)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172584604813897857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172584604822286466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, companyId=1172584604813897857, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172584604834869379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, companyId=1172584604813897857, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学重点实验室,天津 300308)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172584607494058167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Biosynthetic pathways of ʟ-arginine in microorganisms

(ArgA—acetylglutamate synthase; ArgB—acetylglutamate kinase; ArgC—acetyl-glutamyl-phosphate reductase; ArgD—acetylornithine aminotransferase; ArgE—acetylornithine deacetylase; ArgF—ornithine carbamoyltransferase; ArgG—argininosuccinate synthase; ArgH—argininosuccinate lyase; ArgF`—acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase; ArgJ—ornithine acetyltransferase)

, figureFileSmall=806ncFFTV1zpJhEB4esrQw==, figureFileBig=B4Z7MgGlRT372dvMFbaxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584607569555641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微生物中L-精氨酸生物合成途径

(ArgA—乙酰谷氨酸合成酶;ArgB—乙酰谷氨酸激酶;ArgC—乙酰谷氨酰磷酸还原酶;ArgD—乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶;ArgE—乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶;ArgF—鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶;ArgG—精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶;ArgH—精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶;ArgF`—乙酰鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶;ArgJ—鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶)

, figureFileSmall=806ncFFTV1zpJhEB4esrQw==, figureFileBig=B4Z7MgGlRT372dvMFbaxtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584607649247420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=L-arginine biosensors developed with the transcription factors and rare codons, figureFileSmall=5ROGh2bUl/yanEBwuc3cUw==, figureFileBig=zmcISpVPUc7B2u6MyT4q/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584607775076543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=CN, label=图2, caption= 基于转录因子和稀有密码子的L-精氨酸生物传感器, figureFileSmall=5ROGh2bUl/yanEBwuc3cUw==, figureFileBig=zmcISpVPUc7B2u6MyT4q/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584607858962627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Production of L-arginine by metabolically engineered microorganisms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种 代谢改造策略 原料 产量 /(g/L) 转化率 /(g/g) 生产强度 /[g/(L·h)] 发酵方式 参考文献
谷氨酸棒杆菌 增强辅因子NADPH的供应:过表达pntABppnk;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argRfarR;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除ldh(编码乳酸脱氢酶) 葡萄糖 67.01 0.35 0.89 补料分批发酵 [38]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 诱变育种;增强辅因子NADPH的供应:下调pgi的表达,过表达tkt、tal、zwf、opcA、pgl;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argGHcarAB;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argRfarR;增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:敲除ncgl1221 葡萄糖; 蔗糖 92.50 0.40 1.28 补料分批发酵 [39]
钝齿棒杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:定点突变ArgBE19Y/I74V/F91H/K234T 葡萄糖 61.20 0.43 0.64 补料分批发酵 [40]
大肠杆菌 解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:外源表达argJ;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:外源表达argCJBDF 葡萄糖 70.10 0.33 1.17 补料分批发酵 [41]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:过表达iolT1ptsG、ppgk、pyc、gltA、gdh,下调odhA的表达;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argCJBDF、argGH;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除proB,下调lysC的表达;增强辅因子NADPH的供应:下调pgi的表达 葡萄糖 87.30 0.43 1.21 补料分批发酵 [42]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强辅因子ATP的供应:过表达pykpgk,敲除frd12、nox、amn 葡萄糖 57.30 0.33 0.58 补料分批发酵 [43]
钝齿棒杆菌 阻断副产物合成途径:敲除proB;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:定点突变ArgBE19R,H26E,D311,D312R 葡萄糖 16.50 0.39 0.15 摇瓶发酵 [44]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:敲除putPpta、ncg12310ncgl1221;增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达lysE 葡萄糖 24.85 0.57 0.23 摇瓶发酵 [45]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强氮源供应:过表达glnA、aspA、gdh 葡萄糖 53.20 0.32 0.55 补料分批发酵 [46]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强氮源供应:敲除amtR,过表达amtB2 葡萄糖 60.90 0.36 0.63 补料分批发酵 [47]
大肠杆菌 阻断L-精氨酸降解途径:敲除adiA、speC、speF;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:过表达ArgAH15Y;增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达argO 葡萄糖 11.64 1.18 0.24 补料分批发酵 [48]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达lysE 葡萄糖 35.91 0.37 摇瓶发酵 [49]
钝齿棒杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:过表达glnK 49.98 0.34 0.52 补料分批发酵 [50]
大肠杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:敲除argA;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除pflB(编码丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶)、ldhA(编码乳酸脱氢酶)、poxB(编码丙酮酸氧化酶)、adhE(编码乙醇脱氢酶)、aceE(编码丙酮酸脱氢酶)、speF;阻断L-精氨酸降解途径:敲除speB、astA;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argCBI、argD、argG、argH、carAB 葡萄糖; 乙酰谷氨酸 4.00 摇瓶发酵 [51]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584607934460101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682687587610829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

代谢改造微生物合成L-精氨酸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种 代谢改造策略 原料 产量 /(g/L) 转化率 /(g/g) 生产强度 /[g/(L·h)] 发酵方式 参考文献
谷氨酸棒杆菌 增强辅因子NADPH的供应:过表达pntABppnk;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argRfarR;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除ldh(编码乳酸脱氢酶) 葡萄糖 67.01 0.35 0.89 补料分批发酵 [38]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 诱变育种;增强辅因子NADPH的供应:下调pgi的表达,过表达tkt、tal、zwf、opcA、pgl;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argGHcarAB;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argRfarR;增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:敲除ncgl1221 葡萄糖; 蔗糖 92.50 0.40 1.28 补料分批发酵 [39]
钝齿棒杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:定点突变ArgBE19Y/I74V/F91H/K234T 葡萄糖 61.20 0.43 0.64 补料分批发酵 [40]
大肠杆菌 解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:外源表达argJ;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:外源表达argCJBDF 葡萄糖 70.10 0.33 1.17 补料分批发酵 [41]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:过表达iolT1ptsG、ppgk、pyc、gltA、gdh,下调odhA的表达;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argCJBDF、argGH;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除proB,下调lysC的表达;增强辅因子NADPH的供应:下调pgi的表达 葡萄糖 87.30 0.43 1.21 补料分批发酵 [42]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强辅因子ATP的供应:过表达pykpgk,敲除frd12、nox、amn 葡萄糖 57.30 0.33 0.58 补料分批发酵 [43]
钝齿棒杆菌 阻断副产物合成途径:敲除proB;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:定点突变ArgBE19R,H26E,D311,D312R 葡萄糖 16.50 0.39 0.15 摇瓶发酵 [44]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强前体物质L-谷氨酸的供应:敲除putPpta、ncg12310ncgl1221;增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达lysE 葡萄糖 24.85 0.57 0.23 摇瓶发酵 [45]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强氮源供应:过表达glnA、aspA、gdh 葡萄糖 53.20 0.32 0.55 补料分批发酵 [46]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强氮源供应:敲除amtR,过表达amtB2 葡萄糖 60.90 0.36 0.63 补料分批发酵 [47]
大肠杆菌 阻断L-精氨酸降解途径:敲除adiA、speC、speF;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:过表达ArgAH15Y;增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达argO 葡萄糖 11.64 1.18 0.24 补料分批发酵 [48]
钝齿棒杆菌 增强L-精氨酸转运:过表达lysE 葡萄糖 35.91 0.37 摇瓶发酵 [49]
钝齿棒杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:过表达glnK 49.98 0.34 0.52 补料分批发酵 [50]
大肠杆菌 解除终产物对L-精氨酸合成关键酶的反馈抑制:敲除argA;阻断副产物合成途径:敲除pflB(编码丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶)、ldhA(编码乳酸脱氢酶)、poxB(编码丙酮酸氧化酶)、adhE(编码乙醇脱氢酶)、aceE(编码丙酮酸脱氢酶)、speF;阻断L-精氨酸降解途径:敲除speB、astA;解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制:敲除argR;强化L-精氨酸合成途径:过表达argCBI、argD、argG、argH、carAB 葡萄糖; 乙酰谷氨酸 4.00 摇瓶发酵 [51]
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L-精氨酸的微生物合成研究进展
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王倩 1, 2 , 果士婷 2 , 辛波 1 , 钟成 1 , 王钰 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 290-305
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 290-305
L-精氨酸的微生物合成研究进展
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王倩1, 2, 果士婷2, 辛波1, 钟成1 , 王钰2
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300222
  • 2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学重点实验室,天津 300308
  • 王倩(1998—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为甲醇合成氨基酸菌种选育和合成调控机制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

钟成(1979—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为微生物发酵合成生物纳米材料,纤维素的生物合成代谢与降解,固体废弃物资源综合利用等。E-mail:
王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:
Advances in biosynthesis of L-arginine using engineered microorganisms
Qian WANG1, 2, Shiting GUO2, Bo XIN1, Cheng ZHONG1 , Yu WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Biotechnology,Tianjin University of Science and Technology,Tianjin 300222,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-068
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L-精氨酸是一种碱性氨基酸,是护肤产品中常用的中和剂、保湿剂和抗氧化剂,此外,L-精氨酸还广泛应用于饲料、医药、食品等领域。以工程化的谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌等微生物为催化剂,以可再生的淀粉糖为原料,通过微生物发酵的方法生产L-精氨酸是目前该产品最主要的生产方法。为创制高效的工程微生物菌种,早期研究者通常采用诱变筛选的方法,但由于突变的不确定性和非定向性,育种效率较低。随着合成生物技术的发展,人工设计L-精氨酸的合成途径和调控机制,并通过基因编辑理性创制工程微生物菌种成为研究的主流。本文综述了不同微生物中发现的L-精氨酸合成途径及调控机制,以谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌为主,介绍了设计创制L-精氨酸高产菌种的合成生物学代谢改造策略,以及基于生物传感器的高通量筛选在L-精氨酸高产菌种筛选中的应用。最后,展望了进一步提高L-精氨酸生物合成水平的潜在策略,以及一碳原料等新型非粮碳资源在未来L-精氨酸生产中的应用前景。

L-精氨酸  /  代谢工程  /  合成生物学  /  一碳原料  /  谷氨酸棒杆菌  /  大肠杆菌

L-arginine is an alkaline amino acid that has been used as a neutralizer, moisturizer, and antioxidant in skin care products. In addition, L-arginine is also widely used in feed, medicine, and food industries. The wide range of applications for L-arginine has garnered significant attention for its robust production. L-arginine can be produced through protein hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. However, protein hydrolysis has drawbacks, including complicated operation, high purification cost, low recovery efficiency, and environmental pollution. In contrast, the microbial fermentation can use renewable and cheap feedstock. Besides, the process is performed under mild conditions, and thus is more environmentally friendly. At present, engineered microorganisms such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli are major producers of L-arginine, and design and construction of microbial strains is the robust production of L-arginine through microbial fermentation. Random mutagenesis and screening strategies are used to develop L-arginine producing microbial strains, which are random with uncertainties, resulting in a low-efficiency for the breeding. With the development of synthetic biotechnology, development of L-arginine producing strains is empowered by the rational design of artificial synthetic pathways and regulatory machineries, taking advantages of advanced genome editing technologies. This paper reviews the progress in the studies of the synthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of L-arginine production that have been discovered in different microorganisms. Synthetic biology-guided metabolic engineering strategies for improving L-arginine production in C. glutamicum and E. coli are summarized. Besides, the application of the biosensor-based high-throughput screening strategy for selecting L-arginine producing strains is introduced. Finally, potential strategies to enhancing L-arginine production and the possibility of using new carbon resources such as non-food biomass and one-carbon feedstock for L-arginine production are discussed. It is envisioned that synthetic biology-guided strain engineering will further enhance the production of L-arginine, particularly using non-food feedstock in the near future.

L-arginine  /  metabolic engineering  /  synthetic biology  /  one-carbon feedstocks  /  Corynebacterium glutamicum  /  Escherichia coli
王倩, 果士婷, 辛波, 钟成, 王钰. L-精氨酸的微生物合成研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 290 -305 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-068
Qian WANG, Shiting GUO, Bo XIN, Cheng ZHONG, Yu WANG. Advances in biosynthesis of L-arginine using engineered microorganisms[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 290 -305 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-068
1886年,Schlus首次从植物羽扁豆的幼苗中发现并分离出L-精氨酸1。1896年,Kossel发现其在鱼精蛋白中大量存在,故将其命名为L-精氨酸2-3。L-精氨酸是一种条件必需氨基酸,正常情况下,人体自身合成的L-精氨酸可以满足日常生理需求,但处于特殊阶段或病理状态下时,L-精氨酸合成不足,需要从外界补充摄取4。L-精氨酸在食品、医药、饲料和化妆品等行业有广泛应用。在食品行业中,L-精氨酸常被用作食品调味剂和饮料添加剂;在医药行业中,L-精氨酸被用于生产多种药物,用于治疗高氨血症、口服氨基酸补充剂、缓解疲劳、改善肝功能以及调节内分泌等5。此外,在动物饲料中添加L-精氨酸可以促进动物的生长发育,修复肠道损伤,提高机体免疫力并且预防各种疾病的发生6。作为一种碱性氨基酸,L-精氨酸也被广泛用作化妆品的中和剂和保湿剂5。美国环境组织(Environmental Working Group,EWG)制定了EWG化妆品成分安全等级标准,其中L-精氨酸为绿色等级,安全系数高,对人体健康影响较小,可替代三乙醇胺、氨甲基丙醇和氢氧化钠等作为化妆品的中和剂5。此外,L-精氨酸与共轭亚油酸结合而形成的抗氧化剂,能够有效消除皮肤表面的超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基及二苯代苦味肼基自由基等有害物质,有助于减缓皮肤老化 7
L-精氨酸主要可通过蛋白水解法和微生物发酵法制得8。其中,蛋白水解法通过水解毛发、猪皮等富含蛋白质的原料,并进一步分离提纯来制备L-精氨酸,但该方法存在操作烦琐、提纯成本高、回收效率低以及污染环境等缺点9。近年来微生物发酵成为生产L-精氨酸的主流方法10。与蛋白水解法相比,微生物发酵法原料同样廉价易得,且生产工艺更为简单,反应条件更为温和,更加环境友好。微生物发酵法生产L-精氨酸的关键是发酵菌种的获得。诱变育种和代谢工程改造是获取高产L-精氨酸菌株的两种常见方法 11。传统诱变技术存在突变位点随机、筛选工作量大和遗传表型不稳定等缺点,而代谢工程改造能够通过人工理性设计和构建获得遗传表型较为稳定的L-精氨酸生产菌株12-14
本文主要综述了不同微生物中L-精氨酸合成途径及调控机制,并以谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌为主,介绍了设计创制L-精氨酸生产菌株的代谢工程改造方法,以及基于生物传感器的高通量筛选方法在获得L-精氨酸高产菌种中的应用,最后进一步展望了提高L-精氨酸生物合成水平的潜在策略,以及开发非粮一碳原料在解决传统L-精氨酸发酵生产中碳源限制问题的应用前景。
微生物发酵生产L-精氨酸的底盘主要包括谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌15。谷氨酸棒杆菌作为重要的L-精氨酸生产底盘具有多个显著的优势16-17。一是拥有完整的L-精氨酸代谢途径,无需外源导入基因;二是适应性强,能够利用己糖和戊糖等多种碳源来满足自身生长和氨基酸生产;三是具有成熟的基因编辑工具,便于进行基因的精确改造和代谢通路优化18-23。大肠杆菌因其生长繁殖速度快、遗传背景清晰、发酵生产工艺成熟等优势,也被广泛用作L-精氨酸生产底盘24-25。此外,钝齿棒杆菌是谷氨酸棒杆菌的亚种,与谷氨酸棒杆菌具有高达99%的基因组同源性,具备与谷氨酸棒杆菌类似的优良性能和L-精氨酸生产潜力26 ,因此也被用作L-精氨酸的生产底盘27-28
在微生物中存在3种不同的L-精氨酸合成途径,根据乙酰鸟氨酸代谢方式的不同可分为以大肠杆菌为代表的L-精氨酸合成途径、以谷氨酸棒杆菌为代表的L-精氨酸合成途径和以黄单胞菌为代表的L-精氨酸合成途径图129-32
在大肠杆菌中L-精氨酸是以L-谷氨酸为前体物质,经乙酰谷氨酸合成酶ArgA、乙酰谷氨酸激酶ArgB、乙酰谷氨酰磷酸还原酶ArgC、乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶ArgD、乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶ArgE、鸟氨酸氨基甲酰转移酶ArgF、精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶ArgG和精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶ArgH这8种酶催化生成。其中ArgA催化前体L-谷氨酸合成乙酰谷氨酸,是L-精氨酸合成途径的关键限速酶,受到终产物L-精氨酸的反馈抑制24。除此之外,L-精氨酸合成途径中的argA、argB、argC、argD、argE、argF、argG、argH基因均受到阻遏蛋白ArgR的转录负调控,当细胞中L-精氨酸浓度上升时,ArgR阻遏L-精氨酸合成相关基因的转录33
谷氨酸棒杆菌与大肠杆菌中L-精氨酸合成途径主要区别在于不同的酶参与了乙酰鸟氨酸转化29。在大肠杆菌中,乙酰鸟氨酸由ArgE催化脱乙酰基形成鸟氨酸。而在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,乙酰鸟氨酸通过鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶ArgJ催化成鸟氨酸。ArgJ具有双重功能,它能够同时催化合成途径中的第1、5步反应,即将乙酰鸟氨酸的乙酰基团转移至L-谷氨酸分子上,并形成鸟氨酸和乙酰谷氨酸。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,L-精氨酸合成基因形成argCJBDFRargGH两簇操纵子34。其中,ArgB受终产物L-精氨酸反馈抑制,是L-精氨酸合成的关键限速酶1535-36。此外,L-精氨酸操纵子的转录受到阻遏蛋白ArgR和FarR的反馈抑制,FarR可以结合在argC、argB、argF、argG等基因的上游,而ArgR结合在argCargG上游的启动子区域,二者通过调控L-精氨酸合成基因的转录调节L-精氨酸的合成15
在黄单胞菌中L-精氨酸合成途径与前两种合成途径的主要区别在于,乙酰鸟氨酸并非先被转化为鸟氨酸再进行下一步代谢,而是在ArgF′催化下转化为乙酰瓜氨酸,后者在ArgE催化下生成瓜氨酸,并最终转化为L-精氨酸。在L-精氨酸合成新途径中,多个基因的转录也受到ArgR阻遏蛋白的调控24
代谢途径理性设计和代谢工程改造在L-精氨酸生产菌株设计创制中的应用越来越广泛,其主要策略包括解除终产物L-精氨酸对关键限速酶的反馈抑制、解除或减弱阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制、切断或减弱L-精氨酸的降解以及强化胞内辅因子NADPH和ATP的供应等2437表1总结了谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌等微生物合成L-精氨酸的代谢改造策略。
在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,参与L-精氨酸合成代谢的多个基因均受到阻遏蛋白ArgR和FarR的调控。当细胞内L-精氨酸浓度达到一定阈值时,ArgR会结合在L-精氨酸合成操纵子argCJBDFRargGH的操纵序列上,抑制结构基因的转录,从而调节胞内L-精氨酸浓度,使其维持在适当的水平3952-53。除了ArgR之外,FarR也可结合在argC、argB、argF、argG等基因上游,调控胞内L-精氨酸的浓度54-55。在大肠杆菌中,L-精氨酸合成途径中多个基因的转录水平也受到ArgR的抑制,且抑制程度随着L-精氨酸或其类似物的浓度增加而增强24。解除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸合成关键基因的转录负调控是提高L-精氨酸产量的关键策略15。Park等39以谷氨酸棒杆菌ATCC 21831为出发菌株,利用随机诱变筛选出L-精氨酸结构类似物刀豆氨酸和精氨酸异羟肟酸的抗性菌株AR1,进一步在该菌株中敲除精氨酸阻遏蛋白编码基因argRfarR,补料分批发酵结果显示,敲除菌的L-精氨酸累积量达到61.90 g/L。Zhan等38在谷氨酸棒杆菌SNK118中敲除argRfarR基因,解除了阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸合成基因的反馈抑制,通过补料分批发酵,L-精氨酸产量达到了51.96 g/L,较出发菌株增加28.4%。此外,利用定向进化或理性设计等手段,获得不与L-精氨酸合成基因的操纵序列结合的阻遏蛋白突变体,也是消除阻遏蛋白对L-精氨酸操纵子的转录抑制的手段之一。Chen等发现大肠杆菌的ArgR突变体ArgRL107K和ArgRNVL107K以三聚体而非与野生型相同的六聚体形式存在,这两种突变体与L-精氨酸合成基因的结合能力不再受L-精氨酸调控56-57。敲除L-精氨酸合成途径的阻遏蛋白编码基因,或者蛋白质工程改变阻遏蛋白与DNA的相互作用,是提高L-精氨酸产量的有效策略24
微生物的L-精氨酸合成关键酶往往受到终产物L-精氨酸的反馈抑制。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,argB基因编码的乙酰谷氨酸激酶催化乙酰谷氨酸转化为乙酰谷氨酸磷酸,是L-精氨酸合成的关键限速酶55。ArgB是典型的由同源二聚体组成的六聚体结构24。ArgB对L-精氨酸较为敏感,其活性受到L-精氨酸的反馈抑制。当胞内L-精氨酸浓度小于1 mmol/L时,L-精氨酸便会结合在ArgB的羧基端,使得其构象转变为不利于催化反应进行的形式,从而抑制L-精氨酸的合成1524。为了解除L-精氨酸对ArgB的反馈抑制,通常利用定点突变来降低ArgB对L-精氨酸的敏感性或者异源表达不受L-精氨酸反馈抑制的基因来减弱L-精氨酸对ArgB的反馈抑制作用,增加L-谷氨酸向L-精氨酸的代谢通量15。Ikeda等58在谷氨酸棒杆菌RB中外源表达不受L-精氨酸反馈抑制的大肠杆菌来源的argB基因,使得L-精氨酸的产量提高了3倍。Zhang等40发现钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5 ArgBE19Y突变能够很大程度上缓解反馈抑制,另外还发现引入I74V、F91H和K234T突变能够提高ArgB的催化活性和热稳定。在此基础上,在钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5引入ArgB的E19Y、I74V、F91H和K234T这四个组合突变,在5 L发酵罐中的培养96 h后,L-精氨酸的积累量达到61.20 g/L,比出发菌株提高了41.8%。Xu等50发现PⅡ信号转导蛋白GlnK(由glnK编码)能够缓解L-精氨酸对ArgB的反馈抑制,在钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5过表达glnK后,ArgB的L-精氨酸半抑制常数增加1.4倍,L-精氨酸产量达到了49.78 g/L,相比于出发菌株L-精氨酸产量提高了22.61%。在大肠杆菌中,argA编码的乙酰谷氨酸合成酶会受到终产物L-精氨酸的反馈抑制24。Wang等41采用随机诱变的方法,筛选到一株大肠杆菌MG1655的L-精氨酸生产菌株,之后通过两种改造策略提高L-精氨酸产量。其中一种为在敲除argR的基础上引入定点突变ArgAH15Y以解除L-精氨酸对ArgA的反馈抑制,L-精氨酸产量提高到4.20 g/L。另一种为在敲除argR的基础上导入来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌中不受L-精氨酸反馈抑制的argJ基因,使得L-精氨酸产量有了显著提高,达到了12.80 g/L。Nie等51以大肠杆菌BW25113为起始菌株,通过敲除argA,随后经过进一步的工程改造,该菌株摇瓶发酵可消耗40 g/L的葡萄糖和5 g/L乙酰谷氨酸,产生4 g/L的L-精氨酸和11.3 g/L的丙酮酸。
L-精氨酸的合成代谢除了需要特定的酶参与外还依赖于多种辅因子。NADPH作为L-精氨酸合成代谢的关键辅因子之一,不仅参与细胞内的多种代谢过程,还通过提供还原力,为细胞提供有利的生长环境59-60。在L-精氨酸的合成过程中,α-酮戊二酸经还原胺化反应合成L-谷氨酸时需要消耗1 mol NADPH,随后由ArgC催化的还原脱磷酸反应也消耗1 mol NADPH,而每合成1 molL-精氨酸需要3 molL-谷氨酸,因此合成1 mol精氨酸共需消耗4 mol NADPH,故强化辅酶NADPH的供应对于L-精氨酸的合成十分重要。在微生物中,NADPH的合成途径主要分为三种:一是通过戊糖磷酸途径(pentose phosphate pathway,PPP)和乙酸途径再生61;二是通过NAD+激酶/NADH激酶催化下再生;三是吡啶核苷酸转氢酶途径,由膜结合转氢酶(如PntAB)催化合成NADPH2462-64。Park等39将谷氨酸棒杆菌AR2中编码葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶基因pgi的起始密码子由ATG更改为GTG,下调了pgi的表达水平,迫使代谢流重定向到PPP途径,补料分批发酵结果表明L-精氨酸产量由61.90 g/L提高到80.20 g/L。Man等42将钝齿棒杆菌Cc1中pgi的RBS替换为强度更弱的元件,从翻译水平下调pgi的表达,提高了胞内的NADPH水平,补料分批发酵测得L-精氨酸产量从53.20 g/L提高到66.40 g/L,产率为0.33 g/g的葡萄糖。Zhan等38在谷氨酸棒杆菌SNK118中过表达pntAB(编码NADP+依赖的氧化还原酶)和ppnK(编码NAD+激酶)基因,将胞内NADPH的浓度从182 μmol/g增加到280 μmol/g,L-精氨酸积累量从41.50 g/L增加到61.00 g/L。
辅因子ATP对细胞的生长代谢和L-精氨酸合成至关重要65-67。ATP参与胞内大多数酶促反应,也参与维持细胞内物质的转运和代谢。当细胞内ATP供应不足时,L-精氨酸的合成和转运也会受到影响,因此增加胞内ATP的供应是提高L-精氨酸产量的另一策略24。微生物中ATP水平的调控方式主要有两种。一是通过调控ATP合成或消耗途径相关的酶来调控ATP的合成68。糖酵解途径中的3-磷酸甘油酸激酶(由pgk基因编码)和丙酮酸激酶(由pyk基因编码)催化去磷酸化反应发生时会伴随着ATP的生成,通过调控这两种酶的表达水平来实现胞内ATP水平的调控。二是通过调控氧化磷酸化的水平来调控ATP的合成,在有氧条件下,NADH作为递氢体通过电子传递链氧化,并以氧气为电子受体生成大量ATP,因此可以通过调控胞内NADH水平,来调节氧化磷酸化水平,并进一步实现ATP水平的调控69。Man等43在钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5中靶向敲除了编码黄素还原酶的基因frd1frd2,降低了胞外H2O2和胞内活性氧浓度,提高了胞内NADH和ATP水平;之后敲除noxA(编码NADH氧化酶)和amn(编码AMP核苷酶)基因,阻断了细胞内NADH的非能量氧化以及AMP水解途径;最后通过过表达pgkpyk进一步提高ATP水平;补料分批发酵结果显示,L-精氨酸产量为57.30 g/L,较钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5提高了49.21%。
L-谷氨酸是L-精氨酸合成的直接前体物质70。通过增强L-谷氨酸的供应可以提高L-精氨酸产量,其改造策略可大致分为三种:一是最大程度减少副产物的产生,使得L-谷氨酸更多流向L-精氨酸合成的方向;二是加强L-谷氨酸的合成;三是阻断L-谷氨酸由细胞内向细胞外的转运3942
L-谷氨酸除参与L-精氨酸合成外,也是L-脯氨酸合成的前体物质71。L-谷氨酸经γ-谷氨酰激酶ProB、谷氨酸半醛脱氢酶ProA、吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶ProC催化产生L-脯氨酸,且每生成1 mol 的L-脯氨酸需要消耗2 mol的NADPH72。因此,L-脯氨酸的合成会与L-精氨酸竞争前体物质以及辅因子73。通过敲除或弱化L-脯氨酸合成关键基因以及L-脯氨酸转运蛋白编码基因可以降低胞内L-脯氨酸的合成,从而提高L-精氨酸的合成效率。Zhang等44在钝齿棒杆菌MT-M4敲除了proB基因,阻断了L-脯氨酸合成途径,摇瓶发酵108 h产生了14.60 g/LL-精氨酸,与钝齿棒杆菌MT-M4相比L-精氨酸产量提高了52.1%。Man等42在钝齿棒杆菌Cc5lysC-30中敲除了proB基因,对该菌株进行补料分批发酵,L-精氨酸产量达到87.30 g/L,转化率为0.43 g/g葡萄糖。但是L-脯氨酸合成途径的敲除会影响细胞的生长,因此发酵过程中需要额外添加L-脯氨酸来维持细胞的正常生长代谢,这也增加了发酵成本59。除了合成代谢关键基因的敲除,L-脯氨酸转运蛋白的编码基因的敲除也是减少合成的有效途径。Huang等45在钝齿棒杆菌MT中敲除L-脯氨酸转运蛋白的编码基因putP,L-精氨酸产量达到了14.20 g/L,比出发菌株提高了18.1%。除了L-脯氨酸,其他大多数氨基酸的合成也依赖于葡萄糖分解代谢,这也与L-精氨酸的合成竞争碳源,因此阻断其他氨基酸向胞外的转运或减弱其合成代谢,也是增强L-精氨酸积累的策略之一。Huang等45敲除了钝齿棒杆菌MT编码支链氨基酸转运蛋白的基因cgl2310使得L-精氨酸的产量提高了27.5%。
除了减少副产物的生成,加强前体物质L-谷氨酸的合成也是提高L-精氨酸产量的有效策略之一。三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)中间产物α-酮戊二酸是L-谷氨酸合成的关键前体,也是连接TCA循环和L-精氨酸合成的关键节点,引导α-酮戊二酸更多流向L-谷氨酸,是增强L-谷氨酸合成通量的方式之一15。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,常常通过调控异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICD)、异柠檬酸裂解酶(AceA)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)和α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶(α-KGDH)的表达,来促进L-谷氨酸的合成15。Man等42在钝齿棒杆菌Cc4菌株中,过表达ICD和GDH,同时减弱α-KGDH的活性,补料分批发酵结果显示L-精氨酸的产量为76.8 g/L,转化率为0.372 g/g葡萄糖。适当调节糖酵解和TCA循环的通量是增强L-谷氨酸合成通量的方式之一24。Man等42通过将pyc基因(编码丙酮酸脱羧酶)的起始密码子GTG替换成ATG以增强其表达强度,在此基础上过表达gltA基因(编码柠檬酸合酶),将代谢流引入TCA循环,L-精氨酸产量达到了68.60 g/L,转化率为0.34 g/g的葡萄糖。
此外,阻断L-谷氨酸由细胞内向细胞外的转运也是增强L-谷氨酸积累的策略之一。Park等39在谷氨酸棒杆菌AR4中敲除ncgl1221编码的L-谷氨酸转运蛋白,阻断了L-谷氨酸向胞外的转运,L-精氨酸产量显著提高。
氮在L-精氨酸的合成中发挥着重要作用47。氨甲酰磷酸和天冬氨酸是L-精氨酸合成的重要氮源24。其中,氨甲酰磷酸参与L-精氨酸合成的第6步反应。在大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌中,氨甲酰磷酸由谷氨酰胺合成酶(glnA基因编码)和氨甲酰磷酸合酶(carAB基因编码)催化合成2446。Park等39carAB基因和argGH基因上游分别添加强启动子Psod和Peftu提高了其表达水平,补料分批发酵结果显示L-精氨酸产量达到了92.50 g/L。天冬氨酸则参与L-精氨酸合成的第7步反应,并为L-精氨酸提供第4个氮原子。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,天冬氨酸主要是以L-谷氨酸和草酰乙酸为前体物质,在天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspB编码)的催化下生成。然而在大肠杆菌中,天冬氨酸也能以富马酸和氨离子(NH4 +)为前体物质,在aspA基因编码的天冬氨酸裂解酶催化下生成424674。Guo等46发现在钝齿棒杆菌SDNN403的发酵液中添加天冬氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺可以显著提高L-精氨酸的产量,因此为了促进胞内天冬氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺的合成,在该菌株中表达大肠杆菌来源的glnAaspA基因。同时过表达内源gdh促进了L-谷氨酸的合成,并进一步将L-精氨酸的产量从37.60 g/L提高到53.20 g/L。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,AmtR是调控氮代谢的全局转录因子。敲除amtR基因能够解除其对glnAgdh的转录抑制,从而提高胞内氨的同化,有利于L-精氨酸产量的提高15。Xu等47在钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5菌株中敲除了amtR基因,并在amtR基因位点插入amtB基因(编码NH4 +转运蛋白),促进了NH4 +向胞内的摄取,使得L-精氨酸产量增加到60.90 g/L,与钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5相比提高了35.14%。
大肠杆菌中存在三条L-精氨酸降解途径75:一是L-精氨酸在speA编码的生物合成精氨酸脱羧酶催化下生成胍丁烷、腐胺和亚精胺等多胺4876;二是L-精氨酸在adiA编码的精氨酸脱羧酶催化下生成胍丁烷,用于细菌适应极端酸性环境75;三是L-精氨酸在astA编码的N-琥珀酰转移酶催化下生成N2-琥珀酰-L-精氨酸,随后被琥珀酰精氨酸二氢酶催化生成N2-琥珀酰-L-鸟氨酸,最终生成L-谷氨酸和琥珀酸,该途径为细胞生长提供氮源物质77。L-精氨酸降解途径的存在会影响L-精氨酸的积累。Ginesy等48通过在大肠杆菌C600+中敲除L-精氨酸降解相关的adiA、speC、speF基因以及阻遏蛋白编码基因argR,构建了C600+Δ4菌株,在该菌株中引入解反馈抑制的ArgAH15Y或者ArgAY19C,L-精氨酸积累量分别达到了1.94 g/L和3.03 g/L。与大肠杆菌不同的是,谷氨酸棒杆菌缺乏L-精氨酸降解途径,在L-精氨酸生产中无需考虑阻断L-精氨酸降解的问题39。L-精氨酸降解途径的调控策略目前仅限于关键基因的敲除,然而过多基因的缺失会影响菌体生长状态78。随着CRISPR干扰技术的兴起,在不破坏基因的情况下同时抑制多个基因的表达水平成为可能,通过CRISPR干扰技术下调L-精氨酸降解途径是未来值得探索的方向,但还需克服脱靶效应等问题24
L-精氨酸的外排效率也是影响L-精氨酸高产的因素之一4979。在大肠杆菌中,L-精氨酸的转运主要通过ArgP-ArgO系统进行,且该系统专一性转运L-精氨酸80-82。其中,ArgP是LysR型转录调节因子,ArgO是氨基酸转运蛋白。当胞内仅存在L-精氨酸时,ArgP会激活ArgO表达;当胞内同时存在L-精氨酸和赖氨酸时,赖氨酸会与ArgP结合并抑制argO基因的转录,从而抑制L-精氨酸外排75。在ArgP中引入V216A突变能够减弱ArgP对L-精氨酸的依赖性,ArgP激活ArgO表达不再依赖于L-精氨酸和L-赖氨酸7581-83。谷氨酸棒杆菌中的L-精氨酸转运依赖于LysG-LysE系统。在L-精氨酸、赖氨酸、瓜氨酸和组氨酸存在时会激活lysE基因的转录,从而转运赖氨酸、瓜氨酸和L-精氨酸,但不转运组氨酸82。来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌中的LysE和来源于大肠杆菌中的ArgO具有同源性,但ArgO和LysE具有不同的蛋白质拓扑结构,使其转运性质存在差异84-85目前已有多位研究者通过调控L-精氨转运系统,提高了菌株的L-精氨酸产量4878。Xu等49在钝齿棒杆菌SYPA中过表达lysE,改善了L-精氨酸的转运,L-精氨酸产量达到了35.91 g/L,与出发菌株相比提高了13.6%。Jiang等86的研究表明,在大肠杆菌基因组上整合lysE并在其上游添加强启动子可以将瓜氨酸的产量提高34.8%,可尝试利用该策略增强L-精氨酸的转运。Chen等87在钝齿棒杆菌中添加表面活性剂吐温40,通过改变细胞膜或细胞壁的通透性,将L-精氨酸的产量提高了16.5%,尽管这一策略尚未在大肠杆菌中得到应用,但它为未来改造大肠杆菌生产L-精氨酸提供了一个有前景的方向。
生物传感器是一种专门用于检测化合物浓度的装置,可以把化合物浓度转换为易于检测的电信号或荧光信号。生物传感器通常由两个部分组成:一个负责特异性识别待测化合物的信号识别模块;另一个负责将识别到的化合物浓度转化为电信号或荧光信号的信号转化模块88。根据识别元件的不同,生物传感器可分为基于转录因子(transcription factor,TF)的生物传感器、基于稀有密码子的生物传感器、基于蛋白翻译元件的生物传感器、基于核糖体开关的生物传感器等89。其中,基于TF和稀有密码子的生物传感器被广泛应用于L-精氨酸高产菌株的筛选90
基于TF的生物传感器的原理是当胞内代谢物达到一定浓度时,代谢物与转录因子形成复合物并结合在调控基因的启动子区域,从而诱导或者阻遏下游报告基因的转录(图291。转录因子往往具有相似的蛋白结构,包括C端效应物结合域和N端保守的DNA结合域,当效应物与C端结合后会导致蛋白N端构象变化,进一步影响转录因子与调控基因的启动子区域的结合,激活或阻遏报告基因的转录92。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,基于LysG转录因子的生物传感器常用来筛选碱性氨基酸高产菌株93。该生物传感器是一种诱导激活型的生物传感器,即在碱性氨基酸达到一定浓度时,LysG转录因子与L-精氨酸等碱性氨基酸结合,导致蛋白构象变化,并进一步与其调控的启动子结合,激活下游报告基因或其他基因的转录。Binder等94利用谷氨酸棒杆菌的LysG和黄色荧光蛋白eYFP构建了生物传感器,将其应用于受L-精氨酸反馈抑制的ArgB突变体文库的筛选,并获得了解除L-精氨酸反馈抑制的ArgBK47H/V65A突变蛋白。在argR缺失的谷氨酸棒杆菌中过表达ArgBK47H/V65A突变体,L-精氨酸的积累量达到了34 mmol/L95。Stella等96构建了基于LysG和eYFP的生物传感器,将其应用于需钠弧菌L-精氨酸高产菌株的筛选,将出发菌株进行随机诱变后利用流式细胞荧光分选技术(FACS)进行分选,并筛选出L-精氨酸产量为22.30 mg/L的菌株。Jiang等97利用ArgP转录因子,以氯霉素抗性基因作为报告基因构建了生物传感器,将大肠杆菌胞内L-精氨酸的浓度转变为在氯霉素抗性下的细胞生长情况。在利用常压室温等离子体对AR12菌株进行随机诱变后,利用该生物传感器筛选到了一株L-精氨酸产量提高了18.9%的高产菌株。
基于稀有密码子生物传感器的原理是将报告基因(如荧光蛋白基因或抗生素抗性基因)中常见密码子替换为稀有密码子,稀有密码子的翻译受稀有氨酰-tRNA的供应限制,当细胞内氨基酸浓度降低到一定阈值以下时,氨酰-tRNA的合成会受到限制,稀有密码子的翻译速度降低,从而导致报告基因的表达水平降低(图2)。通过外源氨基酸的添加或者内源氨基酸的合成,可以增强稀有密码子的翻译,从而提高报告基因的表达水平,促使细胞输出更强的荧光信号或更强的抗生素抗性90。Zheng等98开发了一种基于稀有密码子的生物传感器,将荧光蛋白基因或抗性基因中的L-精氨酸密码子替换为稀有密码子,并结合常压室温等离子体技术,将其应用于谷氨酸棒杆菌筛选到了L-精氨酸产量为2.742 mg/g生物质的生产菌株。
代谢工程在L-精氨酸高产菌株选育中的应用已越来越广泛,成为传统诱变育种方法的有力补充99。目前微生物发酵法生产L-精氨酸的最高产量为92.50 g/L,底盘菌株为谷氨酸棒杆菌,底物葡萄糖的转化率为0.40 g/g。然而,该产量和转化率与多种大宗氨基酸相比仍然存在较大差距,如L-赖氨酸最高产量可达到223.40 g/L,葡萄糖转化率为0.68 g/g100-101。因此,L-精氨酸的发酵生产存在较大优化空间。首先,工程化改造的L-精氨酸生产菌株往往需要引入重组质粒来实现基因的表达,这也导致其存在质粒丢失或菌株生长代谢不稳定的问题,使得L-精氨酸产量不稳定。为了维持质粒在工程菌株中的稳定复制,需要在细菌培养时添加一定浓度的抗生素来增加筛选压力,但是抗生素的使用不仅增加了生产成本,也为生态安全造成了隐患。可利用CRISPR等基因编辑工具将待表达基因整合到基因组上,获得不带筛选编辑且遗传表型更加稳定的工程菌株3942。此外,可将传统代谢工程与生物信息分析相结合,通过组学分析和代谢网络建模等手段设计开发更有工业应用价值的L-精氨酸高产菌株102。L-精氨酸的合成是以TCA中间代谢物α-酮戊二酸为前体物质,因此如何平衡细胞生长和L-精氨酸的合成的碳通量也是L-精氨酸微生物合成中的关键问题。可利用生长依赖型启动子设计生长偶联型生物传感器,动态调控α-酮戊二酸流向TCA循环和L-精氨酸合成的通量平衡,如在指数生长阶段碳源流向TCA循环,保证细胞的正常生长,在稳定期调控碳源流向L-精氨酸合成方向。
传统的L-精氨酸发酵均以葡萄糖为原料,存在“与人争粮”的风险。目前已有研究者以秸秆、玉米芯、糖蜜等非粮原料生产L-精氨酸。Wen等103改造谷氨酸棒杆菌利用玉米秸秆作为碳源生产L-精氨酸的前体物质L-谷氨酸,产量达到65.20 g/L。另外,一碳原料在自然界中广泛存在,其中甲烷和甲醇是两种最重要的一碳化合物。甲醇作为一种非粮一碳原料,具有来源丰富、价格低廉、能量密度高等优势,已逐步成为生物制造的优选原料。受限于缺乏高效转化一碳原料合成L-精氨酸的底盘细胞等原因,目前尚无以甲醇等一碳原料生产L-精氨酸的工作报道。大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌等常用的工业模式菌株无法天然利用甲醇、甲烷等一碳化合物作为碳源,但随着对微生物甲醇利用机制研究的逐步深入,有研究者通过在大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌等菌株中构建甲醇同化途径,使其具备了甲醇利用能力104-105。Bennett等106在大肠杆菌中外源表达RuMP途径的关键基因,改造后的菌株能同时利用葡萄糖和甲醇为原料生产丙酮和丁醇。Chen等107在大肠杆菌BW25113ΔrpiAB基因组整合了甲醇脱氢酶和RuMP途径的关键酶,结合适应性进化,实现甲醇依赖性生长和最大化代谢通量平衡。随后通过工程改造结合实验室进化实现菌株能以甲醇为唯一碳源,最终进化菌株倍增时间达到8.5 h,光密度达到2。Reiter等108采用连续恒化培养和连续稀释进化获得一株能以甲醇为唯一碳源,倍增时间为4.3 h的菌株Mecoli-ref-2。随后经工程改造后,以甲醇为碳源可生产乳酸、聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)、衣康酸以及对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)。Tuyishime等109在谷氨酸棒杆菌中引入外源甲醇脱氢酶、木糖异构酶和RuMP途径的关键酶,赋予该菌株甲醇利用能力,结合适应性进化,该菌株可共利用甲醇和木糖生产谷氨酸,但产量仅为230 mg/L。上述研究为构建转化一碳原料生产L-精氨酸的合成甲基营养菌提供了参考。然而,尽管合成甲基营养菌在甲醇利用方面取得了一些进展,但大部分研究仍需要提供葡萄糖、木糖等辅助碳源,且甲醇等一碳原料利用效率低。开发可高效利用甲醇等一碳原料进行生长和代谢的天然甲基营养菌作为底盘菌株,是构建L-精氨酸高产菌株的另一策略110。甲醇芽孢杆菌是一种革兰氏阳性、嗜热的兼性天然甲基营养菌,通过NAD依赖型甲醇脱氢酶和核酮糖单磷酸循环同化甲醇,能够在50 ℃条件下利用甲醇为唯一碳源快速生长并高效合成前体L-谷氨酸,从而具备L-精氨酸的生产潜力,成为生物转化甲醇生产L-精氨酸的优选底盘111-112。然而目前没有研究表明甲醇芽孢杆菌可以用来产L-精氨酸,同时该菌还缺乏完整的基因编辑工具,阻碍了代谢工程改造其产L-精氨酸。基于此,开发新型原料以及与之匹配的底盘菌种为未来通过代谢改造获得高产L-精氨酸的工程菌种提供了重要的研究方向。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1300700)
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2025年第6卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-068
  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
  • 修回日期:2024-10-31
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    1 天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300222
    2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学重点实验室,天津 300308

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钟成(1979—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为微生物发酵合成生物纳米材料,纤维素的生物合成代谢与降解,固体废弃物资源综合利用等。E-mail:
王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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