Article(id=1148682685582733513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725206400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-02, revisedDate=1730649600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751796893735, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751796893735, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751796893735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751796893735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148682683779182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='2', pageStart='229', pageEnd='491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751796893293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757495676060, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=233, endPage=253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149894066923205500, articleId=1148682685582733513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Enabling technology for the biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=, articleAbstract=

With the rapid growth of consumption in cosmetics, demand for their raw materials is expanding correspondingly, which not only drive the efficacy and product competitiveness but are also crucial for ensuring safety. Synthetic biology, an emerging interdisciplinary field based on engineering principles, leverages gene editing, computer simulation, and bioengineering technologies to design, modify, and even resynthesize organisms through rational strategies. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an important microbial platform, is increasingly used in the production of cosmetic raw materials. Constructing S. cerevisiae cell factories for the heterologous biosynthesis of cosmetic ingredients presents an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis, addressing both environmental concern and resource limitation. In this article, we review the development of gene editing technology and its key role in constructing biosynthetic pathways for the production of cosmetic raw materials with S. cerevisiae. We also summarize the application of metabolic engineering strategies such as multi-copy gene integration, compartmentalization, transporter engineering, and multicellular system in the optimization of S. cerevisiae cell factories. Moreover, we present the latest progress in the biosynthesis of different cosmetic active ingredients with S. cerevisiae cell factories, such as terpenes, vitamins, polyphenols, proteins and amino acids. While the potential and advantages of using S. cerevisiae for large-scale production of cosmetic raw materials are significant, a series of challenges remain, including incomplete biosynthetic pathway analysis, low biosynthesis yield, and low yield with the separation and purification. Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other advanced technologies is expected to establish more efficient gene editing tools for the optimization of yeast cell factories and the biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials, providing technical support and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the cosmetics industry.

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伴随消费者对化妆品的需求急剧增长,化妆品原料市场同步扩张。化妆品原料作为化妆品的核心成分,不仅承载着化妆品的主体功效和产品竞争力,同时对化妆品的安全也至关重要。合成生物学是以工程化设计为理念,利用基因编辑技术、计算机模拟技术和生物工程等技术对生物体进行有目标的设计、改造乃至重新合成的一门新兴交叉融合性学科。合成生物学的进步使微生物宿主能够以高效、具有成本竞争力和安全的方式合成有价值的天然产物。随着合成生物学的不断发展,酿酒酵母作为一种重要的微生物底盘细胞,在化妆品原料合成中的应用日益广泛。构建酿酒酵母细胞工厂异源生物合成化妆品原料作为一种有效的替代方案,具有环保、可持续的优点,可以减少对传统物理提取法的依赖以及规避化学合成法的污染问题。本文综述了酿酒酵母基因编辑技术的发展及其在化妆品原料生物合成途径构建中的关键作用,总结了基因多拷贝整合、区室化工程、转运工程、人工多细胞体系等代谢工程策略在化妆品原料酿酒酵母细胞工厂优化中的应用,并进一步从萜类、维生素类、多酚类、蛋白质与氨基酸类等不同类别的化妆品活性成分出发,阐述了酿酒酵母细胞工厂生物合成化妆品原料的最新进展。虽然酿酒酵母在化妆品原料大规模生产方面具有巨大潜能与优势,然而目前仍面临诸如产品生物合成途径未完全解析、生物合成水平较为低下、分离纯化困难等一系列挑战。未来,结合人工智能、机器学习等手段有望开发更为高效的基因编辑工具并应用于酿酒酵母细胞工厂的优化与化妆品原料成分的合成中,为化妆品行业的可持续发展提供理论支持和实践指导。

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连佳长(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为合成生物学的相关研究。E-mail:
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左一萌、张姣姣为共同第一作者

左一萌(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为植物天然产物合成生物学。E-mail:

张姣姣(1994—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为植物天然产物合成生物学。E-mail:

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Data-driven prediction and design for enzymatic reactions[J]. 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(PDR11—pleiotropic drug-resistant transporter 11; PDR15—pleiotropic drug resistance transporter 15; SNQ2—sensitivity to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide transporter 2)

, figureFileSmall=ZZy7dk+yHTOHUaguriHpDg==, figureFileBig=G6cIOPXnIjh8m6Tq0Nn5Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584649810395560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酿酒酵母合成化妆品活性成分的关键使能技术

(PDR11—多效性耐药转运蛋白11;PDR15—多效性耐药转运蛋白15;SNQ2—4-硝基喹啉-N-氧化物敏感转运蛋白2)

, figureFileSmall=ZZy7dk+yHTOHUaguriHpDg==, figureFileBig=G6cIOPXnIjh8m6Tq0Nn5Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584649877504427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Biosynthetic pathways for terpenoid-based cosmetic active ingredients with S. cerevisiae

(The green module represents the synthesis of monoterpene compounds, the yellow module represents the synthesis of sesquiterpene compounds, and the blue module represents the synthesis of triterpene compounds. ERGs—terpenoid biosynthesis pathway sequential catalytic enzymes; tHMG1—truncated HMG-CoA reductase; IDI1—isoprene diphosphate isomerase; GPPS—geranyl pyrophosphate synthase; tLimS—truncated limonene synthase; BBS—(-)-α-bisabolol synthase; βAS—β-amyrin synthase; OAS—oleanolic acid synthase; αAS—α-amyrin synthase; CYP450—cytochrome P450 enzyme; CPR—cytochrome P450 reductase)

, figureFileSmall=YMcV1a8A3EihZRaST0BZxQ==, figureFileBig=ojvVRxRSiXSKjwS7w+ol0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584649990750638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=CN, label=图3, caption=酿酒酵母萜类化妆品活性成分的生物合成途径

(绿色模块代表单萜化合物的合成,黄色模块代表倍半萜化合物的合成,蓝色模块代表三萜化合物的合成。ERGs—萜类化合物生物合成途径顺序催化酶;tHMG1—截短的HMG-CoA还原酶;IDI1—异戊二烯二磷酸异构酶;GPPS—香叶基焦磷酸合酶;tLimS—截短的柠檬烯合酶;BBS—(-)-α-红没药醇合酶;βAS—β-香树脂醇合酶;OAS—齐墩果酸合酶;αAS—α-香树脂醇合酶;CYP450—细胞色素P450酶;CPR—细胞色素P450还原酶)

, figureFileSmall=YMcV1a8A3EihZRaST0BZxQ==, figureFileBig=ojvVRxRSiXSKjwS7w+ol0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584650053665201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Biosynthetic pathways for vitamin-based cosmetic active ingredients with S. cerevisiae

(α-KG—α-ketoglutaric acid; VA—vitamin A; VB3—vitamin B3; VB5—vitamin B5; VC—vitamin C; VE—vitamin E; CrtE—GGPP synthetase; CrtB—octahydrolycopene synthase; CrtI—octahydrolycopene dehydrogenase; CrtY—lycopene cyclase; BCMO—β-Carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase)

, figureFileSmall=6m0OytNUZb7lNV37CTLoeQ==, figureFileBig=Cv8RWbRwFWBx6RPTEWA5PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584650154328500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=CN, label=图4, caption=酿酒酵母维生素类化妆品活性成分的生物合成途径

(α-KG—α-酮戊二酸;VA—维生素A;VB3—维生素B3;VB5—维生素B5;VC—维生素C;VE—维生素E;CrtE—GGPP合成酶;CrtB—八氢番茄红素合成酶;CrtI—八氢番茄红素脱氢酶;CrtY—番茄红素环化酶;BCMO—β-胡萝卜素15,15′-单加氧酶)

, figureFileSmall=6m0OytNUZb7lNV37CTLoeQ==, figureFileBig=Cv8RWbRwFWBx6RPTEWA5PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584650217243063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials with S. cerevisiae

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物质

类别

物质

名称

英文名 分子式 功能

发酵

方式

产量 改造策略 参考文献
萜类 α-红没药醇 α-Bisabolol C15H26O 抗菌、抗炎、抗过敏

5 L

发酵罐

7.02 g/L 引入MrBBS,替换内源ERG9启动子,融合表达ERG20MrBBS,强化MVA途径,过表达内源转运蛋白PDR15 [4]
α-檀香醇 α-Santalol C15H24O 加速伤口愈合、促进皮肤再生、减少红血丝、抗敏

5 L

发酵罐

1.18 g/L 使用GAL启动子表达SaSSyCYP736A167SaCPR2,使用HXT1启动子替换酵母自身ERG9启动子,过表达tHMG1UPC2-1 [5]
薄荷醇 Menthol C10H20O 清凉、舒缓止痒、增强皮肤渗透性 摇瓶 6.28 mg/L 强化MVA途径,动态调节ERG20基因 [52]
柠檬烯 Limonene C10H16 增香、抗氧化、镇定消炎作用

3 L

发酵罐

2.63 g/L 引入柠檬烯合酶的截断突变体tLimS并优化其拷贝数,引入ERG20 抑制蛋白,强化MVA途径,优化NADPH供应并结合线粒体区室化策略 [53]
橙花叔醇 Nerolidol C15H26O 抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护作用 摇瓶 2.54 g/L 基于四环素抑制和37 °C诱导的GAL调控系统,用HAC1启动子控制人工转录因子表达 [54]
角鲨烯 Squalene C15H30 亲肤性、渗透性,化妆品中保湿及抗氧化作用

5 L

发酵罐

9.47 g/L 过表达SpNADH-HMGR、ADH2、DzADA,增强乙醇耐受性 [3]

5 L

发酵罐

21.10 g/L 过表达tHMG1、ERG20、ERG9,结合线粒体区室化工程 [55]
齐墩果酸 Oleanolic acid C30H48O3 改善真皮胶原蛋白,增加皮肤弹性,化妆品中抗炎、抗衰剂

5 L

发酵罐

1.23 g/L 整合GgbASMtCYP716A12MtCPR基因,建立GEM模型,结合FBA和OptKnock计算优化代谢途径 [17]
100 L 发酵罐 4.07 g/L 引入植物源细胞色素b5,使用糖诱导启动子PADH2表达rSE [56]
熊果酸 Ursolic acid C30H48O3 镇静、抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化性,化妆品中抗衰成分

5 L

发酵罐

2.33 g/L 组合优化ALD6MPC2以及rHMGR、ADAGAPC平衡乙酰辅酶A与NADH/NADPH供应 [57]
积雪草苷 Asiaticoside C48H78O19 润肤剂,改善皮肤红肿、炎症及伤口愈合

5 L

发酵罐

772.30 μg/L 鉴定5种积雪草苷合成的C28糖基转移酶结合途径工程实现从头合成 [58]
人参皂苷Ro Ginsenoside Ro C48H76O19 提高角质层的含水量,化妆品中美白抗皱成分

5 L

发酵罐

0.53 g/L 挖掘类纤维素合酶Pn022859,引入AtUGDH,筛选到2个糖基转移酶UGT73F3及UGT73P40,实现从头合成 [59]
β-胡萝卜素 β-Carotene C40H56 天然抗氧化剂、清除自由基、抗炎 摇瓶 477.90 mg/L 引入来自含油酵母脂肪酶LIP2、LIP7和LIP8,添加1%橄榄油 [60]
番茄红素 Lycopene C40H56 抗氧化、抗炎

7 L

发酵罐

8.15 g/L 利用ARTP诱变结合H2O2诱导的适应性进化策略增强FPP供应,过表达crtE,引入工程化的crtI突变体(Y160F&N576S) [61]
虾青素 Astaxanthin C40H52O4 抗氧化

5 L

发酵罐

446.40 mg/L 鉴定OPI3HRD1作为新的工程目标,通过平衡β-胡萝卜素羟化酶和转酮酶、脂滴工程以及温度响应动态调控 [45]
维生素类

生育酚

(维生素

E,VE)

Tocopherol C29H5O2 抗衰老

5 L

发酵罐

320.00 mg/L GAL10GAL1启动子驱动tHMG1crtEHPPD、tMPBQMTSyHPT、tTMT和tTC等基因表达,增加SyHPT、tTMT和tTC拷贝数,引入温控系统GAL4M9 [62]

视黄醇

(视黄醛,VA)

Retinol

Retinal

C20H30O

C20H28O

增强表皮增殖和增加胶原蛋白的产生

3 L

发酵罐

视黄醇

1.26 g/L

视黄醛

2.10 g/L

引入β-胡萝卜素合成途径和β-胡萝卜素15,15′-单加氧酶(BCMO)编码基因,采用两阶段发酵,维生素A滴度为3.35 g/L [63]
维生素C(VC,抗坏血酸) Ascorbic acid C6H8O6 预防皮肤色素沉着、刺激胶原蛋白形成 摇瓶 44.00 mg/L 引入外源基因GMEVTC2VTC4GalDHGLDH,融合表达L-GalDHL-GLDH,增加VTC2拷贝,外源添加L-半乳糖或GSHVc [64]
D-泛酸(VB5) D-pantothenic acid C9H17NO45 具有舒缓、修护作用

1 L

发酵罐

4.00 g/L 构建异源β-丙氨酸异源合成途径,组合筛选泛酸合成关键酶(AHAS/KARI/DHAD/KPHMT/KPR),添加β-丙氨酸 [65]
烟酰胺 核糖核苷 NMN C11H15N2O8PP 抗衰老、抚平皱纹 30 mL反应液 12.60 g/L 构建NRK-2表面展示菌株,以NR为底物全细胞催化合成β-NMN [66]
多酚类 白藜芦醇 Resveratrol C14H12O3 防止光老化、清除自由基,化妆品中抗氧剂、抗菌剂和美白剂

3 L

发酵罐

4.10 g/L 引入RtPAL/TAL,联合苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸途径重建白藜芦醇合成途径,过表达Pc4CL 、VvSTS,敲除 DPP1 [67]
花青素 Anthocyanin C15H11ClO6 抗炎、抗衰老、美容,化妆品抗衰剂、抗敏剂 约150 μmol/L 引入DFR、AtLDOX,证实ArGSTs的催化作用,实现从头合成 [68]
咖啡酸 Caffeic acid C9H8O4 抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎

5 L

发酵罐

5.5 g/L 在咖啡酸生产菌株的基础上,增加前体供应,计酿酒酵母三种辅因子 [69]
黄腐酚 Xanthohumol C21H22O5 抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化,用于美白防晒类化妆品 摇瓶 0.14 mg/L 过表达HlPT1L、HlOMT3sc,融合表达IDI1-HlPT1LΔ1-86,结合过氧化物酶体工程 [9]
白杨素 Chrysin C15H10O4 抗炎、抗氧化,用于美白、防晒、抗衰抗皱类化妆品 摇瓶 41.90 mg/L 引入ZmPAL,融合表达PcFNSI-ScCPR-EbFNSI-1,过表达CIT、MAC1/3、CTP1、YHM2、RtMEMDH [70]
红景天苷 Salidroside C14H20O7 抗氧化、消炎,用于抗皱美白类化妆品

5 L

发酵罐

26.55 g/L 引入ARO4K229L和ARO7G141S,过表达RKI1TKL1,敲除PHA2PDC1 [23]

蛋白、

多肽及

氨基酸类

超氧化物

歧化酶

Superoxide dismutase 抗氧化 摇瓶 513.74 U/mg [71]
谷胱甘肽 Glutathione C10H17N3O6S 抗氧化 摇瓶 64.00 mg/L 过表达SER3SHM2CYS4 [72]

霉孢素类

氨基酸

MAAs 防晒,消炎

5 L

发酵罐

Shinorine

1.53 g/L

卟啉-334

1.21 g/L

整合木糖途径,引入三个编码DDGS基因和ATP抓取酶表达盒,敲除HXK2TAL1,引入4个D-Ala-D-Ala连接酶,成功生产了三种双取代的MAA [73]
其他类 海藻糖 Trehalose C12H22O11 作为化妆品中的保湿、抗辐射成分 摇瓶 约140 mg/g 过表达ARI1基因 [74]
水杨酸 Salicylic acid C7H6O3 去除角质、控制青春痘、淡化色素斑、缩小毛孔等作用 摇瓶 46.71 mg/L 引入外源水杨酸合成基因entCPfpchB,优化启动子,改造加强莽草酸途径并解除关键酶ARO4的反馈抑制,加强磷酸戊糖途径 [69]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584650326294970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682685582733513, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

生物合成化妆品原料的酿酒酵母细胞工厂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物质

类别

物质

名称

英文名 分子式 功能

发酵

方式

产量 改造策略 参考文献
萜类 α-红没药醇 α-Bisabolol C15H26O 抗菌、抗炎、抗过敏

5 L

发酵罐

7.02 g/L 引入MrBBS,替换内源ERG9启动子,融合表达ERG20MrBBS,强化MVA途径,过表达内源转运蛋白PDR15 [4]
α-檀香醇 α-Santalol C15H24O 加速伤口愈合、促进皮肤再生、减少红血丝、抗敏

5 L

发酵罐

1.18 g/L 使用GAL启动子表达SaSSyCYP736A167SaCPR2,使用HXT1启动子替换酵母自身ERG9启动子,过表达tHMG1UPC2-1 [5]
薄荷醇 Menthol C10H20O 清凉、舒缓止痒、增强皮肤渗透性 摇瓶 6.28 mg/L 强化MVA途径,动态调节ERG20基因 [52]
柠檬烯 Limonene C10H16 增香、抗氧化、镇定消炎作用

3 L

发酵罐

2.63 g/L 引入柠檬烯合酶的截断突变体tLimS并优化其拷贝数,引入ERG20 抑制蛋白,强化MVA途径,优化NADPH供应并结合线粒体区室化策略 [53]
橙花叔醇 Nerolidol C15H26O 抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护作用 摇瓶 2.54 g/L 基于四环素抑制和37 °C诱导的GAL调控系统,用HAC1启动子控制人工转录因子表达 [54]
角鲨烯 Squalene C15H30 亲肤性、渗透性,化妆品中保湿及抗氧化作用

5 L

发酵罐

9.47 g/L 过表达SpNADH-HMGR、ADH2、DzADA,增强乙醇耐受性 [3]

5 L

发酵罐

21.10 g/L 过表达tHMG1、ERG20、ERG9,结合线粒体区室化工程 [55]
齐墩果酸 Oleanolic acid C30H48O3 改善真皮胶原蛋白,增加皮肤弹性,化妆品中抗炎、抗衰剂

5 L

发酵罐

1.23 g/L 整合GgbASMtCYP716A12MtCPR基因,建立GEM模型,结合FBA和OptKnock计算优化代谢途径 [17]
100 L 发酵罐 4.07 g/L 引入植物源细胞色素b5,使用糖诱导启动子PADH2表达rSE [56]
熊果酸 Ursolic acid C30H48O3 镇静、抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化性,化妆品中抗衰成分

5 L

发酵罐

2.33 g/L 组合优化ALD6MPC2以及rHMGR、ADAGAPC平衡乙酰辅酶A与NADH/NADPH供应 [57]
积雪草苷 Asiaticoside C48H78O19 润肤剂,改善皮肤红肿、炎症及伤口愈合

5 L

发酵罐

772.30 μg/L 鉴定5种积雪草苷合成的C28糖基转移酶结合途径工程实现从头合成 [58]
人参皂苷Ro Ginsenoside Ro C48H76O19 提高角质层的含水量,化妆品中美白抗皱成分

5 L

发酵罐

0.53 g/L 挖掘类纤维素合酶Pn022859,引入AtUGDH,筛选到2个糖基转移酶UGT73F3及UGT73P40,实现从头合成 [59]
β-胡萝卜素 β-Carotene C40H56 天然抗氧化剂、清除自由基、抗炎 摇瓶 477.90 mg/L 引入来自含油酵母脂肪酶LIP2、LIP7和LIP8,添加1%橄榄油 [60]
番茄红素 Lycopene C40H56 抗氧化、抗炎

7 L

发酵罐

8.15 g/L 利用ARTP诱变结合H2O2诱导的适应性进化策略增强FPP供应,过表达crtE,引入工程化的crtI突变体(Y160F&N576S) [61]
虾青素 Astaxanthin C40H52O4 抗氧化

5 L

发酵罐

446.40 mg/L 鉴定OPI3HRD1作为新的工程目标,通过平衡β-胡萝卜素羟化酶和转酮酶、脂滴工程以及温度响应动态调控 [45]
维生素类

生育酚

(维生素

E,VE)

Tocopherol C29H5O2 抗衰老

5 L

发酵罐

320.00 mg/L GAL10GAL1启动子驱动tHMG1crtEHPPD、tMPBQMTSyHPT、tTMT和tTC等基因表达,增加SyHPT、tTMT和tTC拷贝数,引入温控系统GAL4M9 [62]

视黄醇

(视黄醛,VA)

Retinol

Retinal

C20H30O

C20H28O

增强表皮增殖和增加胶原蛋白的产生

3 L

发酵罐

视黄醇

1.26 g/L

视黄醛

2.10 g/L

引入β-胡萝卜素合成途径和β-胡萝卜素15,15′-单加氧酶(BCMO)编码基因,采用两阶段发酵,维生素A滴度为3.35 g/L [63]
维生素C(VC,抗坏血酸) Ascorbic acid C6H8O6 预防皮肤色素沉着、刺激胶原蛋白形成 摇瓶 44.00 mg/L 引入外源基因GMEVTC2VTC4GalDHGLDH,融合表达L-GalDHL-GLDH,增加VTC2拷贝,外源添加L-半乳糖或GSHVc [64]
D-泛酸(VB5) D-pantothenic acid C9H17NO45 具有舒缓、修护作用

1 L

发酵罐

4.00 g/L 构建异源β-丙氨酸异源合成途径,组合筛选泛酸合成关键酶(AHAS/KARI/DHAD/KPHMT/KPR),添加β-丙氨酸 [65]
烟酰胺 核糖核苷 NMN C11H15N2O8PP 抗衰老、抚平皱纹 30 mL反应液 12.60 g/L 构建NRK-2表面展示菌株,以NR为底物全细胞催化合成β-NMN [66]
多酚类 白藜芦醇 Resveratrol C14H12O3 防止光老化、清除自由基,化妆品中抗氧剂、抗菌剂和美白剂

3 L

发酵罐

4.10 g/L 引入RtPAL/TAL,联合苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸途径重建白藜芦醇合成途径,过表达Pc4CL 、VvSTS,敲除 DPP1 [67]
花青素 Anthocyanin C15H11ClO6 抗炎、抗衰老、美容,化妆品抗衰剂、抗敏剂 约150 μmol/L 引入DFR、AtLDOX,证实ArGSTs的催化作用,实现从头合成 [68]
咖啡酸 Caffeic acid C9H8O4 抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎

5 L

发酵罐

5.5 g/L 在咖啡酸生产菌株的基础上,增加前体供应,计酿酒酵母三种辅因子 [69]
黄腐酚 Xanthohumol C21H22O5 抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化,用于美白防晒类化妆品 摇瓶 0.14 mg/L 过表达HlPT1L、HlOMT3sc,融合表达IDI1-HlPT1LΔ1-86,结合过氧化物酶体工程 [9]
白杨素 Chrysin C15H10O4 抗炎、抗氧化,用于美白、防晒、抗衰抗皱类化妆品 摇瓶 41.90 mg/L 引入ZmPAL,融合表达PcFNSI-ScCPR-EbFNSI-1,过表达CIT、MAC1/3、CTP1、YHM2、RtMEMDH [70]
红景天苷 Salidroside C14H20O7 抗氧化、消炎,用于抗皱美白类化妆品

5 L

发酵罐

26.55 g/L 引入ARO4K229L和ARO7G141S,过表达RKI1TKL1,敲除PHA2PDC1 [23]

蛋白、

多肽及

氨基酸类

超氧化物

歧化酶

Superoxide dismutase 抗氧化 摇瓶 513.74 U/mg [71]
谷胱甘肽 Glutathione C10H17N3O6S 抗氧化 摇瓶 64.00 mg/L 过表达SER3SHM2CYS4 [72]

霉孢素类

氨基酸

MAAs 防晒,消炎

5 L

发酵罐

Shinorine

1.53 g/L

卟啉-334

1.21 g/L

整合木糖途径,引入三个编码DDGS基因和ATP抓取酶表达盒,敲除HXK2TAL1,引入4个D-Ala-D-Ala连接酶,成功生产了三种双取代的MAA [73]
其他类 海藻糖 Trehalose C12H22O11 作为化妆品中的保湿、抗辐射成分 摇瓶 约140 mg/g 过表达ARI1基因 [74]
水杨酸 Salicylic acid C7H6O3 去除角质、控制青春痘、淡化色素斑、缩小毛孔等作用 摇瓶 46.71 mg/L 引入外源水杨酸合成基因entCPfpchB,优化启动子,改造加强莽草酸途径并解除关键酶ARO4的反馈抑制,加强磷酸戊糖途径 [69]
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酿酒酵母使能技术在化妆品原料合成中的应用
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左一萌 1, 2 , 张姣姣 2 , 连佳长 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 233-253
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 233-253
酿酒酵母使能技术在化妆品原料合成中的应用
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左一萌1, 2, 张姣姣2, 连佳长1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学院,生物质化工教育部重点实验室,生物基运输燃料技术全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,浙江 杭州 310000
  • 左一萌(1997—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为植物天然产物合成生物学。E-mail:

    张姣姣(1994—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为植物天然产物合成生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

连佳长(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为合成生物学的相关研究。E-mail:
Enabling technology for the biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yimeng ZUO1, 2, Jiaojiao ZHANG2, Jiazhang LIAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education & National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology,College of Chemical and Biological Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,Zhejiang,China
  • 2 ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310000,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-070
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伴随消费者对化妆品的需求急剧增长,化妆品原料市场同步扩张。化妆品原料作为化妆品的核心成分,不仅承载着化妆品的主体功效和产品竞争力,同时对化妆品的安全也至关重要。合成生物学是以工程化设计为理念,利用基因编辑技术、计算机模拟技术和生物工程等技术对生物体进行有目标的设计、改造乃至重新合成的一门新兴交叉融合性学科。合成生物学的进步使微生物宿主能够以高效、具有成本竞争力和安全的方式合成有价值的天然产物。随着合成生物学的不断发展,酿酒酵母作为一种重要的微生物底盘细胞,在化妆品原料合成中的应用日益广泛。构建酿酒酵母细胞工厂异源生物合成化妆品原料作为一种有效的替代方案,具有环保、可持续的优点,可以减少对传统物理提取法的依赖以及规避化学合成法的污染问题。本文综述了酿酒酵母基因编辑技术的发展及其在化妆品原料生物合成途径构建中的关键作用,总结了基因多拷贝整合、区室化工程、转运工程、人工多细胞体系等代谢工程策略在化妆品原料酿酒酵母细胞工厂优化中的应用,并进一步从萜类、维生素类、多酚类、蛋白质与氨基酸类等不同类别的化妆品活性成分出发,阐述了酿酒酵母细胞工厂生物合成化妆品原料的最新进展。虽然酿酒酵母在化妆品原料大规模生产方面具有巨大潜能与优势,然而目前仍面临诸如产品生物合成途径未完全解析、生物合成水平较为低下、分离纯化困难等一系列挑战。未来,结合人工智能、机器学习等手段有望开发更为高效的基因编辑工具并应用于酿酒酵母细胞工厂的优化与化妆品原料成分的合成中,为化妆品行业的可持续发展提供理论支持和实践指导。

酿酒酵母  /  化妆品原料  /  合成生物学  /  基因组编辑  /  代谢工程  /  细胞工厂

With the rapid growth of consumption in cosmetics, demand for their raw materials is expanding correspondingly, which not only drive the efficacy and product competitiveness but are also crucial for ensuring safety. Synthetic biology, an emerging interdisciplinary field based on engineering principles, leverages gene editing, computer simulation, and bioengineering technologies to design, modify, and even resynthesize organisms through rational strategies. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, an important microbial platform, is increasingly used in the production of cosmetic raw materials. Constructing S. cerevisiae cell factories for the heterologous biosynthesis of cosmetic ingredients presents an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional plant extraction and chemical synthesis, addressing both environmental concern and resource limitation. In this article, we review the development of gene editing technology and its key role in constructing biosynthetic pathways for the production of cosmetic raw materials with S. cerevisiae. We also summarize the application of metabolic engineering strategies such as multi-copy gene integration, compartmentalization, transporter engineering, and multicellular system in the optimization of S. cerevisiae cell factories. Moreover, we present the latest progress in the biosynthesis of different cosmetic active ingredients with S. cerevisiae cell factories, such as terpenes, vitamins, polyphenols, proteins and amino acids. While the potential and advantages of using S. cerevisiae for large-scale production of cosmetic raw materials are significant, a series of challenges remain, including incomplete biosynthetic pathway analysis, low biosynthesis yield, and low yield with the separation and purification. Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other advanced technologies is expected to establish more efficient gene editing tools for the optimization of yeast cell factories and the biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials, providing technical support and practical guidance for the sustainable development of the cosmetics industry.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  cosmetic raw materials  /  synthetic biology  /  genome editing  /  metabolic engineering  /  yeast cell factories
左一萌, 张姣姣, 连佳长. 酿酒酵母使能技术在化妆品原料合成中的应用. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 233 -253 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-070
Yimeng ZUO, Jiaojiao ZHANG, Jiazhang LIAN. Enabling technology for the biosynthesis of cosmetic raw materials with Saccharomyces cerevisiae[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 233 -253 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-070
随着消费者对化妆品成分安全性的日益关注,天然、环保、可持续的化妆品原料成为市场新宠。据统计,全球化妆品原料市场约285亿美元(约合人民币2027亿元),其中生物基产品占比40%左右。化妆品原料的活性成分主要赋予化妆品特殊功能或强化化妆品对皮肤的生理作用,使其保养作用更具针对性,也是当下各大化妆品品牌的核心竞争力所在。化妆品原料的活性成分大多来源于动物或者植物。由于其大都具有复杂的分子结构,如果从天然植物中提取又存在含量低、不可避免地会受季节影响以及无法控制的农药和重金属污染的问题;而化学合成法可能会产生有害物质,又存在选择性和收率低的问题。
从产业、资本的频繁布局来看,利用合成生物技术生产关键原料已成为重要的发展趋势。近年来,随着合成生物学产业化脚步加快,利用微生物细胞工厂异源生物合成高附加值的化妆品活性成分发展为一种可行的策略1,正在为行业带来巨大变革。例如大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母、解脂耶氏酵母、毕赤酵母等微生物细胞工厂已经实现一系列萜类2-5、维生素类6、多酚类7-9、蛋白质与氨基酸类10-11以及其他类别12化妆品活性成分的生产。酿酒酵母作为一种历史悠久、遗传背景清晰的模式微生物,具有生物安全、生长速度快、代谢途径清晰、易于基因改造等优点,利用酿酒酵母来获取化妆品活性成分可能成为化妆品行业的创新突破口。一方面,酿酒酵母自身代谢过程中会产生多种对皮肤有益的物质,因此其自身细胞代谢提取物可以作为化妆品原料,例如β-葡聚糖(β-dextran),存在于酵母细胞壁中,多作为一种抗氧化剂;另一方面,通过对酿酒酵母底盘细胞进行基因编辑和改造,使其具备合成化妆品活性成分所需的代谢途径,实现目标产物的大规模生产(图1),进而提高化妆品原料的生产效率和质量,减少对传统原料的依赖,同时具备安全性高、生产效率高及成本低的优势。
本文综述了酿酒酵母细胞工厂创建和优化的关键技术及其在合成化妆品活性成分方面的应用,展望了酿酒酵母异源合成化妆品活性成分的未来发展方向,以期为化妆品行业的可持续发展提供借鉴。
随着基因编辑技术的不断进步和基因组研究的不断深入,合成生物学工具也越发多样化和高效。合成生物学应用于化妆品原料生产主要包括两个方面:一是使用各种基因靶向改造技术将外源基因导入底盘细胞中;二是基于代谢分析通过各种工具与策略进行途径优化。
将外源基因导入到酿酒酵母系统主要包括基于同源重组替换、Cre-loxP系统、丝氨酸整合酶系统、基于核酸酶的锌指核酸酶(ZFN)、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶系统(transcription activator-like effector nuclease, TALEN)和CRISPR-Cas系统13-14。酿酒酵母中的同源重组(HR)已广泛应用于外源DNA的质粒构建和染色体整合。尽管如此,HR对于现代代谢工程所需的复杂和无标记的基因组工程来说,效率相对较低。最新一代的基因组编辑工具CRISPR-Cas系统可以精确高效地识别并切割特定核酸序列,然后依赖于酵母原有的HR系统进行修复或替换,在编辑效率和操作简便性上具有优势;也使得对微生物的改造从最初的不定向诱变到定向改造,是目前酿酒酵母基因组靶向改造选择最多的工具之一15。有研究者提出了一种体内无标记整合DNA片段的多位点整合方法CasEMBLR,该方法可成功将15个DNA片段引入到3个靶位点合成类胡萝卜素和将10个片段引入到2个位点创建酪氨酸生产菌株16。酿酒酵母基因编辑技术已有系统阐述,这里不再赘述13。最近,Zhang等17建立一种基于全局代谢流模拟计算的基因自主震荡性沉默策略,将代谢通量分析(FBA)和优化敲除(OptKnock)等算法与酿酒酵母基因组代谢模型(GEM)相结合,并将该策略应用于齐墩果酸的生产,其产量和稳定性得到显著提升。
以上述酿酒酵母编辑工具为基础开发了相应的途径构建方法。基于酿酒酵母自身同源重组能力,DNA双链断裂介导的基因编辑在β-胡萝卜素的合成途径构建中发挥作用,可以实现17个外源DNA片段的组装和整合18。考虑到异源长途径的组装需要大量基因组整合位点,Reider Apel等19基于外源基因的表达水平,表征了一批染色体复制起始位点(autonomously replicating sequences, ARS)附近的基因组整合位点;此外,Liu等20基于外源基因的遗传稳定性,筛选并表征了一系列基于必需基因间隔区的基因组整合位点,并实现了血根碱(24个表达盒)和阿玛碱(29个表达盒)等长途径的高效组装和稳定遗传。
在酿酒酵母中重构外源途径,表达元件是最基本的组分,主要包括启动子、终止子、外源基因以及核糖体结合位点等。其中启动子工程较为常用,已经表征了大量酿酒酵母内源启动子可供使用21,为了拓展启动子应用范围,基于易错PCR构建的启动子随机突变文库可用于启动子改良,Alper等22结合流式细胞分选对TEF1启动子的随机突变文库进行分选,获得了强度提升2倍的突变体。另外,对外源基因进行密码子优化是增强外源基因表达的有效策略,主要用于限速酶的优化,Liu等23在研究酿酒酵母细胞工厂生产红景天苷时,发现密码子优化的UDP糖基转移酶RrU8GT33opt表现出最高的酪醇糖基化效率。
增加外源基因拷贝数是增强外源基因表达最直接的方式,一方面使用2 μ高拷贝质粒作为表达载体可以实现外源基因高拷贝表达,使番茄红素(Lycopene)产量提高约10倍24。另一方面,酿酒酵母自身存在多拷贝整合位点,基于此可以有效提高外源基因的拷贝数25,也更适用于工业化生产应用13。酿酒酵母中常用作异源基因整合的多拷贝位点主要有Ty转座子上的δ位序列26和核糖体DNA(rDNA)序列27-28图2(a)]。
δ序列是酵母反转录转座子Ty1中的长末端重复序列。大约有400个序列差异很小的δ序列散布在酿酒酵母的整个染色体中26。近些年高速发展的CRISPR-Cas系统借助高浓度的抗性标签压力筛选也成功应用于酿酒酵母δ位点高拷贝整合或基因组多位点定点整合29。咖啡酸(caffeic acid)是一种植物来源的酚类化合物,具有抗氧化和抗菌特性。Qi等30利用酿酒酵母多拷贝质粒引入三个密码子优化的外源合成咖啡酸的基因——酪氨酸解氨酶(coTAL)基因、P450还原酶1(coCPR1)基因以及对香豆酸3-羟化酶(coC3H)基因,实现了咖啡酸从头合成菌株的构建,随后结合δ序列多拷贝整合策略,构建了coTAL的19拷贝菌株。与初始菌株相比,咖啡酸产量提高了50倍。rDNA是核糖体RNA基因,在所有真核基因组中都是高度重复的,其拷贝数从100到1000不等27。Zheng等28开发了一种基于酿酒酵母中rDNA动态平衡介导的多拷贝基因整合策略,该技术无需使用抗生素,没有抗生素耐药性的风险,提供了一种适合生产食品或化妆品相关产品的方法31。Li等7将该策略应用于酿酒酵母合成白藜芦醇(resveratrol),将途径酶基因HaTALAT4CL1VvVST1拷贝数分别提高到8.43、8.64和11.16,结合补料分批发酵,使得白藜芦醇产量提高36倍。随后,Ronda等32开发了一种可以实现多位点同时整合工具CrEdit,一次可以整合3个长度为5.1~6.6 kb的胡萝卜素合成途径基因,效率高达85%。另外Peng等33设计了一个通过调整启动子强度或翻译效率(HapAmp)的人工遗传结构,可以实现异源基因多拷贝的稳定整合,拷贝数可达47个,该方法大大提高了倍半萜类的橙花醇和四萜类的番茄红素的生物合成水平。
优化异源宿主前体供应能改变途径中代谢流,增加酿酒酵母中主代谢流产物的合成。除了增加外源基因的表达量外,使宿主内源基因的表达上调也能促进前体积累,例如增加内源乙酰辅酶A通量以及甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径通量可以有效提高MVA途径下游角鲨烯、红没药醇等产物的合成。同样地,下调或敲除竞争性代谢支路可以减少前体分流,从而增加主代谢产物的合成。弱化竞争途径内源启动子是常用策略34,例如Shi等35通过敲降内源性旁路基因ERG1并过表达POS5,使得酿酒酵母中番茄红素产量提高1.39倍。
随着代谢工程的发展,在酿酒酵母细胞内成功组装了越来越多的异源复杂途径。酿酒酵母细胞中存在线粒体(mitochondrion)、过氧化物酶体(peroxisome)、高尔基体(Golgi apparatus)、内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)、脂滴(lipid droplet,LD)和液泡(vacuole)等多个细胞器,如果将异源长途径的不同模块分布到不同细胞器中(区室化工程),可以增加底物和酶的局部浓度,并且减少中间代谢物的细胞毒性[图2(b)]。Liu等36在酿酒酵母过氧化物酶体中合成角鲨烯,过表达NADP+依赖型异柠檬酸脱氢酶IDP2和IDP3增加NADPH向过氧化物酶体的转运、过表达过氧化物酶体腺嘌呤核苷酸转运蛋白(ANT1)增加ATP的供应,并杂交构建二倍体细胞质和过氧化物酶体双重代谢菌株,使角鲨烯滴度达到了11.0 g/L。Arendt等37通过敲除磷脂酸磷酸酶(PAH1)导致内质网扩增,促进了三萜类化合物、三萜皂苷以及倍半萜青蒿酸的积累。Kim等38过表达激活脂质生物合成的转录因子INO2,促进内质网膜面积增加,使角鲨烯和原人参二醇产量分别提高了71倍和8倍。脂滴作为细胞内脂溶性环境,能够储存亲脂性化合物,有利于提高亲脂性化合物的高效合成39。例如通过调节脂滴大小和容量使角鲨烯产量达到了255.11 mg/L40,番茄红素产量达到了70.5 mg/g DCW。Shi等41使用PLN1蛋白将原人参萜二醇合酶(PPDS)靶向定位到脂滴,使底物转化效率提高了394%,最终原人参萜二醇(PPD)型人参皂苷CK滴度达到了5 g/L。
化妆品活性成分结构复杂、性质多样,在酿酒酵母中异源合成时可能面临在细胞内大量积累而导致的细胞毒性或代谢负担问题,在进一步突破产物产量瓶颈时受到限制,因此应用转运工程有望提供一种微生物细胞工厂高效生产化妆品活性化合物的新思路42图2(c)]。基于转运蛋白的产物外排是最直接有效的方式,一些酿酒酵母内源转运蛋白可以有效提高产物合成。SNQ2是一种4-硝基喹啉-N-氧化物敏感转运蛋白,属于酿酒酵母内源ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter),其过表达可以显著增加β-胡萝卜素的外排43。基于此,人工设计的酿酒酵母细胞工厂可以更有效生产化妆品原料,Jiang等4设计了一种全新的(-)-α-红没药醇生物合成菌株,PDR15的过表达使细胞外(-)-α-红没药醇的产量增加了138.9%。Jiao等44通过工程改造酿酒酵母生产维生素E时发现,PDR11YOL075C的过表达使细胞外生育三烯酚分别增加了1.34倍和1.36倍。
利用酿酒酵母进行目标产物的合成经常需要对细胞代谢重新布局以提高产物产量,因此需要对不同的靶标进行不同程度的表达调控。然而,酿酒酵母代谢调控网络复杂,需要利用组合基因组工程对多个靶标基因进行组合优化,从而提高目标产物的代谢效率。Lian等25开发的CRISPR-AID三功能正交体系就是这样一种工具,核心部件是Staphylococcus aureus来源的SaCas9、核酸酶失活的dLbCpf1(nuclease-deficient Cpf1 from Lachnospiraceae bacterium,融合激活结构域)和dSpCas9 (nuclease-deficient Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes,融合抑制结构域),可以同时实现基因敲除、转录激活和转录抑制,该工具已经用于酿酒酵母多个重要遗传性状的组合优化。Li等45使用三功能CRISPR体系筛选了一个与脂质代谢相关的基因库,鉴定了OPI3HRD1,通过脂质工程和平衡β-胡萝卜素羟化酶和酮酶的表达使得虾青素产量达到10.21 mg/g DCW,最后结合脂滴工程和温度响应调控在补料分批发酵中产生了446.4 mg/L的虾青素。
多细胞体系指的是由多个细胞组成的生物体系,这些细胞会通过细胞间通信、协作和分工来共同实现生物体系的功能46-47,成为合成生物学发展的新方向。大肠杆菌-大肠杆菌混合培养体系已经应用于一些化妆品原料的生产中,例如白藜芦醇48和红景天苷49。然而,跨物种的多细胞体系的研究还比较少,大肠杆菌 -酿酒酵母的多细胞培养体系用于化妆品活性成分的生产仅有个别实例,例如抗皱美白明星成分-红景天苷。在大肠杆菌引入欧芹来源的芳香氨基酸脱羧酶(PcAAS)用于上游酪醇的合成,在酿酒酵母中引入糖基转移酶用于红景天苷的合成,结合实验室适应性进化及共培养体系优化,多细胞体系可以利用蔗糖和葡萄糖的混合碳源合成3.47 g/L红景天苷50图2(d)]。另外,降龙涎香醚的前体(-)-龙涎二醇也在酿酒酵母多细胞体系中成功合成,由于从葡萄糖到(-)-龙涎二醇的代谢途径尚未解析,He等51构建了酿酒酵母-Hyphozyma roseonigra人工多细胞体系,其中酿酒酵母负责将葡萄糖转化为香紫苏醇,Hyphozyma roseonigra ATCC 20624负责进一步将香紫苏醇转化为终产物。在优化后的共培养体系中,以葡萄糖为原料可以合成644.2 mg/L的(-)-龙涎二醇。
合成生物学的发展已经为化妆品行业带来了许多新的可能性,酿酒酵母细胞工厂合成化妆品活性成分已经成为化妆品行业大规模获得原料的新方法,在此按照化妆品活性成分的类别对其在酿酒酵母中的生物合成及应用进行综述(表1)。
萜类化合物是一类种类繁多、功能多样的化合物,具有良好的生物活性,在食品、保健品以及医疗等领域应用广泛。其中,一些萜类化合物可以作为化妆品活性成分发挥抗氧化、抗衰、保湿等功效,在图3中总结了其生物合成路径。
红没药醇(bisabolol),又称防风根醇、甜红没药醇,是一种倍半萜类化合物,存在于菊科植物的精油中,如母菊、巴西菊、香子兰菊等,也可从橄榄科植物没药树中提取。因其具有抗菌、抗炎、抗过敏作用,常用于针对皮肤过敏人群或儿童的护肤品中,也用于调理皮肤粉刺。其生物合成效率仍较低,Jiang等4通过引入异源基因MrBBS并替换内源ERG9启动子,融合表达ERG20MrBBS同时强化MVA途径并结合转运工程(过表达内源转运蛋白PDR15以增强产物外排),在5 L发酵罐的补料分批发酵中获得7.02 g/L的(-)-α-红没药醇。
α-檀香醇(α-santalol)是一种倍半萜类化合物,檀香精油的主要成分之一,可加速伤口愈合,促进皮肤再生,减少红血丝,用于抗敏类化妆品和提升化妆品品质。因为自然限制,其产率低下,因此其生物合成备受关注。Zha等5使用GAL启动子表达檀香醇生物合成相关的基因(黄皮来源的檀香烯合酶基因SaSSy、檀香来源的CYP736A167SaCPR2),使用PHXT1启动子替换酵母自身ERG9启动子,同时过表达tHMG1UPC2-1,在5 L发酵罐的补料分批发酵中表获得了1.2 g/L的Z-α-檀香醇。同样地,一些挥发性烯萜化合物也可用做化妆品原料,起到功能性或增加产品香型与品质的作用,例如薄荷醇(menthol)52、柠檬烯(limonene)53和橙花叔醇(nerolidol)54等。
角鲨烯是一种高度不饱和长链三萜类化合物,分子式为C30H50,是动植物甾醇和三萜类物质合成的重要中间产物。角鲨烷是经过角鲨烯氢化获得的一类油脂。具有优良的亲肤性及渗透性,作为一种化妆品成分,主要起到保湿及抗氧化的作用。目前,欧盟禁止使用动物源角鲨烷用于化妆品成分。酿酒酵母通过MVA途径生物合成角鲨烯,Rasool等75使用13种新型启动子组成型表达途径关键酶基因,并外源添加特比萘芬抑制角鲨烯单加氧酶,最终角鲨烯产量达到304.16 mg/L。随后,Li等3通过逐步过表达MVA途径关键酶基因,并引入Silicibacter pomeroyi来源的HMG-CoA还原酶(NADH-HMGR)、天然乙醇脱氢酶(ADH2)和Dickeya zeae来源的乙醛脱氢酶(ADA),增强底盘菌株的乙醇耐受性,以乙醇为碳源获得了9.47 g/L的角鲨烯。Zhou等76利用大肠杆菌marO元件设计酿酒酵母内源ERG1ERG11启动子下调,分别使得角鲨烯含量提高4.9倍和4.8倍,在甘蔗糖蜜中发酵培养,角鲨烯积累达到3.53 g/L。Zhu等55联用细胞质和线粒体工程,解决了线粒体区室化带来的细胞毒性问题,使两阶段发酵中角鲨烯积累达到21.10 g/L,是酿酒酵母合成角鲨烯的最高水平。
齐墩果酸(oleanolic acid, OA)是一种的天然五环三萜类化合物,广泛存在于水果蔬菜中,而在橄榄植物中最丰富,医药上OA具有保肝护肝作用,因其可以改善真皮胶原蛋白增加皮肤弹性,在化妆品中常常作为抗炎、抗衰成分。计算生物学结合传统的代谢工程技术可以合理设计底盘细胞代谢网络,Zhang等17借助基因组尺度代谢模型(GEM)和通量优化算法重新设计了酿酒酵母中的OA合成途径。首先整合GgbASMtCYP716A12MtCPR基因,构建了工程菌株OA07;建立酿酒酵母GEM模型,结合FBA计算和OptKnock计算框架对酿酒酵母OA07进行虚拟代谢工程,最终在5 L自动发酵罐中获得1.23 g/L的OA;Cheng等56进一步在OA07菌株中过表达HMG-CoA还原酶与β-香树脂醇合酶基因,引入鼠源的鲨烯单加氧酶(rSE)与植物源细胞色素b5来调控OA合成途径,并使用糖诱导型启动子PADH2控制rSE的表达来平衡菌株生长和产物合成,在5 L发酵罐的补料分批发酵中OA产量达到3.89 g/L,在100 L的生物反应器中产量达到4.07 g/L,均为目前所报道的最高水平。
熊果酸(ursolic acid, UA)也是五环三萜类化合物的重要代表,具有镇静、抗炎、抗菌等生理功能,因明显的抗氧化功能,在化妆品中用作抗衰成分。其从头生物合成是通过在酿酒酵母中引入长春花来源的 CrαAS和 CrAO实现77,后来Lu等78通过优化细胞色素P450酶与CPR的适配性,在5 L发酵罐中获得123.27 mg/L的UA。Jin等79结合脂滴区室化策略,3 L发酵罐中UA合成水平达到1132.9 mg/L。为促进乙酰辅酶A供应和辅因子平衡,Jia等57将两个乙酰辅酶A相关基因(ALD6MPC2)以及参与NADH/NADPH 产生的三个基因(rHMGRADAGAPC)进行组合优化,在酿酒酵母中将UA合成水平提高到2.33 g/L。
积雪草苷(asiaticoside)和人参皂苷(ginsenoside)均属于三萜类皂苷的代表产物,积雪草苷主要作为润肤剂,改善皮肤红肿、炎症及伤口愈合80。最近,积雪草苷实现从头合成。通过对积雪草转录组分析鉴定了5种积雪草苷合成的C28糖基转移酶,结合途径工程最终在5 L发酵罐中实现了772.3 μg/L的积雪草苷合成58。人参皂苷能明显提高皮肤角质层的含水量,降低皮肤水分散失值,减少面部皱纹,在化妆品中有美白抗皱功效。在其前体PPD中引入不同糖基转移酶UGT可以在酿酒酵母实现一些稀有人参皂苷的从头生物合成81,例如引入UGTPg1可以合成稀有人参皂苷CK;引入UGTPg45可以合成稀有人参皂苷Rh2。人参皂苷Ro也在酿酒酵母中实现从头合成,产量达到0.53 g/L59
类胡萝卜素主要是由植物和微生物合成的四萜类化合物,β-胡萝卜素是一种天然的抗氧化剂,具有清除自由基、抗炎的作用,广泛应用于食品、化妆品和制药等领域82。为了改善酿酒酵母中β-胡萝卜素积累,Zhao等82过调节脂质代谢关键因子过表达甾醇酰基转移酶基因are1/2,使细胞内甾醇酯水平提高,并且敲除磷脂酸磷酸酶基因pah1dpp1lpp1,使β-胡萝卜素产量达到了8.98 mg/g DCW。后来,Bu等83开发了一种同时提高细胞储存能力并加强类胡萝卜素通路代谢通量的策略,最终菌株产生11.4 mg/g DCW和142 mg/L的β-胡萝卜素。Fathi等60引入来自解脂耶氏酵母的细胞外脂肪酶(LIP2)并整合crtIcrtYBcrtE,工程菌株在添加1%橄榄油的YPD培养基中β-胡萝卜素产量达到46.5 mg/g DCW和477.9 mg/L。番茄红素因其抗氧化、抗癌、抗炎等特性在食品、化妆品、营养补充剂和医学领域应用广泛3584-86。Shi等35通过调整番茄红素的关键生物合成酶基因的拷贝数,敲除内源旁路基因,增加前体乙酰辅酶A供应等,平衡NADPH利用,调控GAL诱导系统,构建的高产番茄红素菌株在摇瓶发酵中可产生310 mg/L番茄红素,使用优化的两阶段补料分批发酵方法,7 L发酵罐中番茄红素产量可达3.28 g/L。Huang等85对番茄红素合成途径进行模块化构建和优化,依次增强MVA途径、乙酰辅酶A供应模块和番茄红素外源酶模块的代谢通量,并引入乙酸盐作为外源碳源,替换天然的ERG9启动子使番茄红素产量进一步增加了42.3%。进一步通过表达ABC转运蛋白来促进番茄红素外排。与对照菌株相比,最终菌株胞外番茄红素水平增加了12.7倍,总番茄红素产量达到343.7 mg/L85。Zhou等61提出了一种利用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变结合H2O2诱导的适应性实验室进化(ALE)的整合策略,以改善上游代谢通量向FPP的供应。提高crtE的表达并引入工程化的crtI突变体(Y160F&N576S)增加FPP到番茄红素的生物转化,最终,在7 L生物反应器中,番茄红素的最高滴度为8.15 g/L。虾青素是一种高价值的抗氧化剂,在农业、食品、化妆品、药品和营养保健品领域有着广泛的应用4587-91。Li等45通过脂质工程、平衡β-胡萝卜素羟化酶和酮酶的表达、脂滴工程和温度响应动态调控等策略,在补料分批发酵中合成了446.4 mg/L的虾青素。
维生素是维持生物体新陈代谢所必需的一类有机化合物,在食品、医药、化妆品等行业都有广泛的应用。维生素家族中,按溶解性可分为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素两大类:脂溶性维生素包括维生素A和维生素E等;水溶性维生素包括维生素B3、维生素B5和维生素C等6图4总结了一些典型的维生素类活性成分的生物合成路径。
视黄醇(retinol)作为维生素A成分,可用于抗皱,其合成是在β-胡萝卜素下游引入β-胡萝卜素15,15′-单加氧酶(BCMO)6392。Hu等92为了实现在酿酒酵母中生产高纯度的视黄醇,首先加强了前体和NADPH的供应,并在工程菌株中共表达crtE03MtPOS5,然后通过与大肠杆菌共培养表达视黄醛还原酶基因Env9,经补料分批发酵,最终视黄醇的产量高达2479.34 mg/L。Sun等63引入BCMO基因,从木糖生产维生素A,当采用两阶段发酵,以十二烷或橄榄油作为提取剂时,维生素A滴度为3350 mg/L,包括2094 mg/L视黄醛和1256 mg/L视黄醇。
D-泛酸(D-pantothenic acid)又称维生素B5,具有良好的舒缓、修护的作用。Guo等65通过筛选不同物种来源的天冬氨酸脱羧酶(ADC),包括7种吡哆醛5′-磷酸依赖性脱羧酶,3种丙酮基依赖性天冬氨酸脱羧酶构建β-丙氨酸异源合成途径,然后进一步组合筛选泛酸合成关键酶(AHAS/KARI/DHAD/ KPHMT/KPR),通过添加β-丙氨酸来生产D-泛酸。通过调节通路模块的拷贝数、敲除内源旁路基因、平衡NADPH利用以及调控GAL诱导系统,构建了利用葡萄糖调控基因表达的高产D-泛酸菌株,优化补料分批发酵可产4 g/L的D-泛酸,是迄今为止酿酒酵母中报道的最高滴度。
维生素B3在黄褐斑治疗中体现有益的作用,也能促进胶原蛋白的生成,提高皮肤弹性,减少细纹93。维生素B3主要包括3种形式:烟酸(NA)、烟酰胺(NAM)和烟酰胺核糖核苷(NMN),生产上多用NA和NAM为底物来合成NMN94。He等66利用表面展示技术将人源烟酰胺核苷激酶2(NRK-2)功能性地展示在酿酒酵母EBY 100的细胞表面,形成了一种全细胞生物催化剂,在ATP和Mg2+存在下,实现由烟酰胺核苷(NR)一步转化为β-NMN。通过对NR、ATP、Mg2+用量、pH值、反应温度等因素的优化,NR合成β-NMN的最大转化率为98.2%,反应液中β-NMN的含量为12.6 g/L。
维生素C又称抗坏血酸(ascorbic acid),是一种天然存在的抗氧化剂,具有对抗自由基、抑制黑色素形成的美白功效。Peng等64引入外源基因(GMEVTC2VTC4GalDHGLDH),融合表达L-GalDHL-GLDH,增加VTC2拷贝,成功实现维生素C从头生物合成,摇瓶发酵水平达44 mg/L。
维生素E又称生育酚(tocopherol),是人类饮食中必不可少的营养物质,具有清除自由基、抗癌、抗心血管疾病、抗衰老等功能,包括生育酚(α,β,γ,δ)和生育三烯酚(α,β,γ,δ)。Shen等62参照光合生物中维生素E的合成途径,且适当地截短植物酶的N端转运信号肽,提高了蛋白表达水平,并结合酿酒酵母内源的莽草酸途径和MVA途径,构建了产维生素E的酿酒酵母工程菌株。进一步通过引入温控系统GAL4M9,解耦细胞生长与产物合成,实现细胞工厂高密度发酵,生育三烯酚产量提高3.4倍,达到320 mg/L,是工程酵母合成生育三烯酚的最高水平报道。
多酚类化合物是一类含有多个酚基团的有机化合物,包括黄酮类化合物、类黄酮化合物等。它们往往具有很强的抗氧化性质,可帮助保护细胞免受自由基损伤,在化妆品中起到抗氧化作用。
白藜芦醇作为一种天然抗氧化剂,其局部应用可防止光老化,并具有较强的清除自由基和抗脂质过氧化的作用,用作化妆品中的抗氧剂、抗菌剂和美白剂。白藜芦醇多从葡萄果皮中提取获得,其生物合成研究也备受关注。Li等7通过重建酪氨酸合成途径,外源添加对香豆酸,多拷贝整合HaTALAT4CL1VvVST1等关键酶基因,并过表达ScARO4K229LScARO7G141SScACC1S659A, S1157A,实现了白藜芦醇在酿酒酵母中的从头合成,以葡萄糖或乙醇为碳源分批补料发酵,白藜芦醇滴度分别达到415.65 mg/L和531.41 mg/L。后来,Meng等67在酿酒酵母中引入杜鹃花来源的双功能苯丙氨酸/酪氨酸解氨酶(RtPAL/TAL),联合苯丙氨酸与酪氨酸途径重建白藜芦醇合成路线,白藜芦醇产量提高462%,并结合多拷贝整合途径关键酶基因、提高对芳香族氨基酸和丙二酰辅酶A的代谢通量以及删除旁途径基因,最终白藜芦醇产量达到了4.10 g/L。为了进一步拓展白藜芦醇的应用,Liu等8通过转录组分析挖掘了虎杖来源的3-O-糖基转移酶(R3GAT)对其进行糖基化修饰,在酿酒酵母中从头合成545 mg/L的白藜芦醇苷。
花青素(anthocyanin)是一种植物中广泛存在的水溶性天然色素,是植物花瓣的主要显色物质,属于黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎、抗衰老、美容等作用,在化妆品中常用作抗衰剂、抗敏剂。目前其大规模生产来自于植物提取,无法满足可持续供应,微生物合成受限于合成途径最后一步尚未解析。最近的一项研究表征了拟南芥来源的花青素合酶(AtLDOX),结合18O同位素示踪,证明了花青素合酶催化生成的真正产物是黄烷-3,3,4-三醇,矮牵牛花来源的谷胱甘肽转移酶(ArGST)在花青素合成中的起催化功能而非转运功能,并在酿酒酵母中重构了完整的花青素生物合成路径,实现了花青素的可持续异源合成68
咖啡酸具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎等多种生物学活性,在医药、食品和化妆品等行业具有较大的应用价值30。在咖啡酸合成细胞工厂构建研究中,首先需要引入咖啡酸通路基因ORgTALOHpaBHpaC实现咖啡酸合成6995-96。Li等97通过阻断芳香醇的通路通量、消除酪氨酸诱导的反馈抑制、优化培养基等策略,咖啡酸产量最高为11.43 mg/L。Liu等96通过筛选了不同物种来源的HpaBHpaC,在酿酒酵母中咖啡酸产量达到289.4 mg/L。Zhou等95在酿酒酵母中使用改进的GAL调节系统控制咖啡酸通路基因,咖啡酸摇瓶水平达到569.0 mg/L。Chen等69系统地设计酿酒酵母中三种辅因子(FADH2、S-adenosyl-L-methionine和NADPH)的供应和再生,在5 L发酵罐中补料分批发酵咖啡酸产量达到了5.5 g/L。
黄腐酚(xanthohumol)是啤酒花中分离的一种黄酮类化合物,具有抗菌、抗炎及抗氧作用,可用于治疗痤疮等面部疾患,有防晒作用,也可用于美白类护肤品。因其在啤酒中含量较低,提取较为困难,生物合成是一种有效的替代方案。Yang等9实现了酿酒酵母中黄腐酚的从头合成,通过平衡三个平行的生物合成途径、异戊烯基转移酶工程、增强前体供应、构建酶融合和过氧化物酶体工程,从葡萄糖合成了0.14 mg/L的黄腐酚。
白杨素(chrysin)存在于黄芪、蜂胶等传统药食同源的原料中,属于黄酮类化合物,可从黄芪根中提取,具有抗氧性及抗炎性,可用于美白、防晒、抗衰抗皱等化妆品产品中。目前其生产受到前体利用率低和缺乏高活性催化酶的阻碍,Xu等70筛选了高催化活性和特异性的酶(ZmPAL)来合成反式肉桂酸,同时增强莽草酸和分支酸途径,并过表达细胞质和线粒体碳代谢基因CIT、MAC1/3、CTP1、YHM2、RtMEMDH,以增强乙酰辅酶A供应,最终从头合成41.90 mg/L的白杨素。
多肽是由2个及2个以上的氨基酸以肽键连接具有多种生物学功能的化合物,具有抗氧化和抗菌等活性,可广泛用于食品、药品及化妆品等领域98。目前发酵法可获得的短肽化妆品原料如谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)10-11和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)71
GSH是存在于真核细胞中的内源性抗氧化剂化合物,是由L-谷氨酸、L-半胱氨酸和甘氨酸组成的水溶性三肽10。其产量可以通过两种方式提高:提高酵母中的GSH含量72和增加细胞生物量99。Kobayashi等72将L-丝氨酸合成通路上四个基因(SER1SER2SER3SER33)分别过表达,GSH含量分别提高了1.3倍、1.4倍、1.9倍和1.9倍,并引入参与Gly和L-半胱氨酸生物合成的胱硫氨酸β合酶(SHM2)和丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(CYS4L)。最终,GSH生物产量最高达64.0 mg/L,比对照菌株高出约2.5倍。随后,Hu等100通过系统优化影响GSH生产的三个最重要因素庚酮、KH2PO4和谷氨酸,最终获得GSH产量为3.70 g/L。Chen等101通过系统优化发酵技术,选择糖蜜和玉米浸泡液作为混合碳源,制备由1.5% KMnO4、3%硬脂酸、2%聚乙二醇和3%琼脂粉组成的KMnO4缓释颗粒,以6 g/L柠檬酸钠作为能量佐剂饲喂可提高细胞内ATP水平,最后在10 L发酵罐中GSH积累量达到5.76 g/L,比对照组高2.84倍。
胶原蛋白是最古老、最丰富的细胞外基质蛋白,在食品、化妆品、制药和生物医学行业中有许多应用102。重组人源胶原蛋白具有促进皮肤屏障修护,为细胞提供支撑,实现细胞再生、抗衰和重建皮肤等功能,由于其基因编码序列与人体自身的序列一致,生物学相容性更佳,成为敏感肌人群偏好的抗衰老成分之一102。重组胶原蛋白的表达体系主要包括大肠杆菌、酵母、植物、杆状病毒和哺乳动物细胞等。在酿酒酵母中,Vaughn等103通过将胶原蛋白基因片段与脯基-4-羟化酶的α亚基和β亚基基因共表达,成功合成了人类Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的重组片段。
超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是生物体细胞内广泛存在且必需的抗氧化成分,功效全面。Pinmanee等71对小脑产生的SOD进行纯化,获得了比活性为513.74 U/mg的SOD,并构建了高产菌株酿酒酵母TBRC657,在没有任何化学诱导的情况下,在由糖蜜和酵母提取物组成的优化培养基上,SOD产量比原合成培养基提高了3.97倍。
霉孢素类氨基酸(MAA)是一类由藻类、浮游植物和珊瑚产生的强紫外线吸收化合物73104,具有抗炎作用,可作为商业防晒霜中的活性成分。Hengardi等104在酿酒酵母中表达了斑点蓝藻的四种MAA生物合成酶DDGS(NpR5600)、OMT(NpR5599)、ATPGL(NpR5598)和D-Ala-D-Ala连接酶(NpR5597),构建了生产霉菌素-甘氨酸-丝氨酸(shinorine)的酵母菌株,并确定了shinorine是由磷酸戊糖途径中间体7-磷酸-景天庚酮糖(S7P)产生的。Kim等73则首先将木糖利用基因(XYL1XYL2XYL3)整合到酿酒酵母菌株中,通过木糖喂养增加前体S7P产量;然后通过基因组的delta序列随机整合三个编码DDGS基因获得了从S7P生产各种MAA共同前体MG的多拷贝菌株;通过删除己糖激酶(HXK2)和转醛缩酶(TAL1),增加限速酶基因的拷贝数,进一步增强MG合成;然后通过引入蓝藻中4个D-Ala-D-Ala连接酶,成功在酿酒酵母中生产了三种双取代的MAA,包括shinorine、卟啉-334和霉菌素-2-甘氨酸(M2G);最后通过补料分批发酵shinorine的最高产量菌株可达1.53 g/L,卟啉-334最高产量菌株产量可达1.21 g/L,这是迄今为止酿酒酵母中报告的最高MAA滴度,为工业生产各种类型的MAA奠定基础73
麦角硫因(ERG)是一种特殊的含硫氨基酸,具有抗氧化作用。L-麦角硫因在自然界中很少见,蘑菇是其主要的食物来源。化学合成过程复杂且昂贵。系统代谢工程改造的酿酒酵母可以大量生产麦角硫因,在增加合成途径关键基因拷贝数、鉴定出天然AQR1转运蛋白、培养基优化、补充泛酸等策略下,工程菌株在无需补充氨基酸前体的条件下160 h内合成2.39 g/L的麦角硫因,为基于发酵的低成本生产麦角硫因铺平了道路105
除了上述几大类化妆品活性成分外,还有其他化合物作为化妆品活性成分使用,最具代表性的化合物有海藻糖(trehalose)、β-葡聚糖12、水杨酸(salicylic acid)以及茉莉素(jasmonin)等。海藻糖,又名“生命之糖”,在化妆品中可起到保湿、抗辐射、皮肤渗透等功能,是各大美妆品牌面膜的活性原料之一,在环境胁迫下,酿酒酵母会产生大量的海藻糖而使细胞免受侵害,因此这也是生产海藻糖的主要策略之一。研究发现过表达醛还原酶基因ARI1,一定程度增加了酵母中海藻糖含量74。水杨酸也称2-羟基苯甲酸(2-hydroxybenzoic acid),具有去除角质、控制青春痘、淡化色素斑、缩小毛孔等作用,广泛应用于化妆品中。此外水杨酸衍生物甲氧基水杨酸钾(4-MSK)是一种有效的药用美白成分,是资生堂樱花瓶和悦薇系列单品的核心成分之一,其在大肠杆菌中实现合成后,刘少奇106在酿酒酵母中引入外源水杨酸合成基因entCPfpchB,实现了酿酒酵母中水杨酸的首次合成,通过优化启动子、改造加强莽草酸途径并解除关键酶ARO4的反馈抑制、单基因或多基因质粒转化加强磷酸戊糖途径,水杨酸最高产量为46.15 mg/L。茉莉素是一种用于化妆品中的香型化合物,Tang等107使用模块化工程使得酿酒酵母中茉莉素合成水平达19.0 mg/L。
酿酒酵母作为一种重要的微生物底盘细胞,在化妆品原料合成领域具有广阔的应用前景,但仍面临一些挑战。首先,酿酒酵母的代谢途径调控需要更加精细化的设计,以提高化妆品原料合成的专一性和纯度;其次,基因改造可能带来的生物安全问题需要引起关注;最后,从实验室规模到工业化生产的转化过程中,还需要解决一系列工艺和成本问题。
优化化妆品原料合成生物学体系是最基础的一环,然而酿酒酵母全局代谢调控相对复杂,结合传统代谢工程及系统合成生物学的方法可以实现对酿酒酵母的精准调控,例如组合基因组工程和途径共定位等。近年来,以CRISPR-Cas为代表的基因编辑技术已经取得了重大突破,在此基础上开发的酿酒酵母全基因组进化技术可以用于对酿酒酵母基因组精确的表达调控。一些新的元件也可借鉴使用,例如光遗传学调控系统和磁感应蛋白系统108等。此外,借助高通量筛选技术可以有效地获得更具优势的酿酒酵母底盘细胞;结合人工智能可以定制新的原料分子及特殊活性成分化合物用于化妆品制造。
由于化妆品是由各种原料经过合理调配加工而成的复配混合物,化妆品创新的源头很大程度上取决于原料创新。可以通过化妆品原料化合物的活性和多样性的衍生来实现,也就是说在化合物结构中的特定位置引入特定的官能团,从而赋予化合物新的生物活性。有研究通过改变化合物分子中的碳骨架结构来拓展化合物的化学空间,对经典C15烯萜骨架甲基化从而获得C16非常规烯萜骨架109,继而通过P450酶的催化获得系列非常规烯萜,其中一些可能具有更好的生物活性或药理学特性。借鉴相似的策略,C20、C25等经典烯萜骨架衍生而来的非常规烯萜或许具备新的生物活性。
另外,高通量筛选技术的应用为海量数据的获取提供了基础,而随着系统生物学、机器学习和人工智能的发展,海量数据驱动的计算模拟能够更加高效地优化酶的功能,更加精确地操控细胞内的代谢途径,大大加快细胞工厂的优化进程110,从而快速提高目标产品的产量和质量。未来的研究需要在合成生物学、代谢工程、系统生物学和计算生物学等领域进行探索和深度融合,以实现现有技术的进一步突破。
综上所述,本文综述了酿酒酵母生物合成化妆品活性成分的关键技术及其应用,重点阐述了在酿酒酵母细胞中萜类、维生素类、多酚类、蛋白类及其他类化妆品活性成分的生物合成,为创建酿酒酵母细胞工厂大规模生产高价值的化妆品原料提供了借鉴及方向。然而,尽管酿酒酵母细胞工厂在合成化妆品原料方面取得了显著的进展,但仍然面临诸多挑战。例如,如何进一步提高细胞工厂的稳定性和生产效率,如何降低生产成本,以及如何确保生产过程的可持续性和环境友好性等。在未来除了需要开发更高效的基因编辑工具用来优化化妆品原料合成生物学体系,同时应进一步加强酿酒酵母代谢途径的调控研究,提高原料合成的效率和纯度,积极探索酿酒酵母合成化妆品原料的工业化生产路径,降低生产成本,推动其在化妆品行业的广泛应用。
  • 浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金(226-2023-00015)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22278361)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32200052)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32300053)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22478341)
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2025年第6卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-070
  • 接收时间:2024-09-02
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-02
  • 修回日期:2024-11-04
基金
浙江省属高校基本科研业务费专项资金(226-2023-00015)
国家自然科学基金(22278361)
国家自然科学基金(32200052)
国家自然科学基金(32300053)
国家自然科学基金(22478341)
作者信息
    1 浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学院,生物质化工教育部重点实验室,生物基运输燃料技术全国重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310027
    2 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,浙江 杭州 310000

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连佳长(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为合成生物学的相关研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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