Article(id=1148682689718312998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751796894720, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751796894720, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751796894720, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751796894720, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148682683779182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='2', pageStart='229', pageEnd='491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751796893293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757495676060, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=254, endPage=289, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149895992259736516, articleId=1148682689718312998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Applications and advances in the research of biosynthesis of amino acid derivatives as key ingredients in cosmetics, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=, articleAbstract=

The development of synthetic biology has witnessed rapid advancements, which have significantly promoted production innovations in multiple sectors. In the cosmetics industry, the production methods of amino acid derivatives, which are a kind of pivotal raw materials in cosmetics, are experiencing groundbreaking innovations. The traditional methods for the production of amino acid derivatives have the problem of high cost, and usually generate environmental risk. Besides, the production stabilities of the target products are often unsatisfactory. The application of synthetic biology technology in the design and engineering of microbial cell factories for the bioproduction of amino acid derivatives, can greatly enhance the production efficiency and reduce the production costs of the target products. This innovative approach not only enhances the development of green biomanufacturing, but also benefits the demand of market for natural, safe, and functional cosmetic ingredients. In this review, an overall introduction to the utilization of amino acid derivatives in cosmetics industry is first provided. Subsequently, the strategies for the construction of high-producing strains for the production of amino acid derivatives are comprehensively summarized, which are basically categorized into two groups: enzyme conversion and microbial fermentation. The application of enzyme engineering, rational metabolic engineering, and random screening in the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of amino acid derivatives are systematically introduced. Moreover, the current research advancements and trends in the biosynthesis of amino acid derivatives as cosmetic raw materials are outlined. With the support of the cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, synthetic biology will further promote the production innovation process, enabling efficient and eco-friendly biomanufacturing of a wider array of cosmetic raw materials. This ongoing evolution holds immense promise for the cosmetics industry, promising a future with sustainable and innovative products.

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随着合成生物学的快速发展,氨基酸衍生物作为一类重要的化妆品原料,其生产方式正发生历史性革新。传统生产方法存在生产成本高、环境负担重、产品稳定性差等问题。运用合成生物技术设计构建微生物细胞工厂,不仅能有效提升目标产品生产效率、降低成本,还能实现绿色生物制造,满足市场对天然、安全、功能性强化妆品原料的供应需求。本文介绍了氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用,并对其生物合成策略进行了总结,从酶转化和微生物发酵两种主要的生物合成工艺入手,探讨了酶工程、理性代谢工程以及非理性筛选等策略在化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物细胞工厂构建中的应用,并进一步对化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的生物合成研究进展与发展趋势进行了系统综述。在人工智能等前沿技术的赋能助力下,合成生物技术必将进一步推动化妆品原料高效绿色生物制造的革新进程。

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谢希贤(1976—),男,博士,教授,天津科技大学学术委员会委员。研究方向为合成生物学、代谢工程。E-mail:
马倩(1987—),女,博士,副教授。研究方向为代谢工程、系统生物学。E-mail:
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伊进行(1998—),男,博士。研究方向为发酵工程、代谢工程和系统生物学。E-mail:

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Processes, 2020, 8(10): 1321., articleTitle=High cell density cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with intensive multiple sequential batches together with a novel technique of fed-batch at cell level (FBC), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650586341828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=99, issue=17, pageStart=7069, pageEnd=7078, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=225, rfOrder=249, authorNames=ZHU Y B, SUN J, ZHU Y Y, journalName=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHU Y B, SUN J, ZHU Y Y, et al. Endogenic oxidative stress response contributes to glutathione over-accumulation in mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y518[J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015, 99(17): 7069-7078., articleTitle=Endogenic oxidative stress response contributes to glutathione over-accumulation in mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y518, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650661839303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=35, issue=6-7, pageStart=501, pageEnd=507, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=226, rfOrder=250, authorNames=WEN S H, ZHANG T, TAN T W, journalName=Enzyme and Microbial Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WEN S H, ZHANG T, TAN T W. Utilization of amino acids to enhance glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2004, 35(6-7): 501-507., articleTitle=Utilization of amino acids to enhance glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650716365258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=153, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=227, rfOrder=251, authorNames=KOBAYASHI J, SASAKI D, HARA K Y, journalName=Microbial Cell Factories, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KOBAYASHI J, SASAKI D, HARA K Y, et al. Metabolic engineering of the L-serine biosynthetic pathway improves glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2022, 21(1): 153., articleTitle=Metabolic engineering of the L-serine biosynthetic pathway improves glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650775085517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=216, issue=null, pageStart=131, pageEnd=139, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=228, rfOrder=252, authorNames=LORENZ E, SCHMACHT M, STAHL U, journalName=Journal of Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LORENZ E, SCHMACHT M, STAHL U, et al. Enhanced incorporation yield of cysteine for glutathione overproduction by fed-batch fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2015, 216: 131-139., articleTitle=Enhanced incorporation yield of cysteine for glutathione overproduction by fed-batch fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650838000077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=229, rfOrder=253, authorNames=HU X Y, SHEN X L, ZHU S, journalName=BMC Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HU X Y, SHEN X L, ZHU S, et al. Optimization of glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae HBSD-W08 using Plackett-Burman and central composite rotatable designs[J]. BMC Microbiology, 2023, 23(1): 11., articleTitle=Optimization of glutathione production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae HBSD-W08 using Plackett-Burman and central composite rotatable designs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650913497550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=38, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=230, rfOrder=254, authorNames=ZHANG J, QUAN C, WANG C, journalName=Microbial Cell Factories, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHANG J, QUAN C, WANG C, et al. Systematic manipulation of glutathione metabolism in Escherichia coli for improved glutathione production[J]. Microbial Cell Factories, 2016, 15: 38., articleTitle=Systematic manipulation of glutathione metabolism in Escherichia coli for improved glutathione production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172584650976412113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=289, issue=null, pageStart=39, pageEnd=45, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=231, rfOrder=255, authorNames=CUI X W, WAN J X, ZHANG X, journalName=Journal of Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CUI X W, WAN J X, ZHANG X, et al. Efficient glutathione production in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains using constitutive promoters[J]. 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(γ-Aminobutyric acid—γ-氨基丁酸;Caffeic acid—咖啡酸;L-Hydroxyproline—羟脯氨酸;Ergothioneine—麦角硫因;Ectoine—四氢嘧啶;γ-Polyglutamic acid—γ-聚谷氨酸;Hydroxyectoine—羟基四氢嘧啶;L-Arginine—精氨酸;Sodium N-dodecanoyl-L-alaninate—N-月桂酰丙氨酸钠;Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate—月桂酰肌氨酸钠;Sodium N-lauroyl-N-methyltaurine—甲基月桂酰基牛磺酸钠;Glutathione—谷胱甘肽;Ferulic acid—阿魏酸;Quercetin—槲皮素;Epigallocatechin gallate—没食子酸;L-Lysine—赖氨酸;L-Proline—脯氨酸;L-Citrulline—瓜氨酸;Salidroside—红景天苷;Ethyl lauroyl arginate HCl—月桂酰精氨酸乙酯盐酸盐;ε-Polylysine—ε-聚赖氨酸)

, figureFileSmall=yNnsHU30A3T3foEJYIKCQA==, figureFileBig=FRpDkvRsN6D5p+/0ArXazw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584629858091904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Microbial synthesis pathways of amino acid derivatives as cosmetic raw materials

(The biosynthetic pathway of ergothioneine: purple represents the anaerobic bacteria pathway; blue represents actinomycete pathway; green represents the bacterial pathway such as methylobacterium; red represents the fungal pathway. PEP—Phosphoenolpyruvate; Cit—Citrate; α-KG—α-Ketoglutarate; Suc—Succinate; Mal-Malate; OAA—Oxaloacetic acid; SAM—S-Adenosylmethionine; dcSAM—Decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine; ε-PL—ε-poly-L-lysine)

, figureFileSmall=4NfjCsYBD/KEDCVd52XXAA==, figureFileBig=D1UIsYBhinEdgps5RFwYbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584629941977986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=CN, label=图2, caption=化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的微生物合成途径

(麦角硫因合成途径:紫色代表厌氧菌途径;蓝色代表放线菌途径;绿色代表甲基杆菌等细菌途径;红色代表真菌途径。PEP—磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸;Cit—柠檬酸;α-KG—α-酮戊二酸;Suc—琥珀酸;Mal—苹果酸;OAA—草酰乙酸;SAM—S-腺苷甲硫氨酸;dcSAM—脱羧化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸;ε-PL—ε-聚赖氨酸)

, figureFileSmall=4NfjCsYBD/KEDCVd52XXAA==, figureFileBig=D1UIsYBhinEdgps5RFwYbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584630076195715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Representative studies on the synthesis of amino acid derivatives, figureFileSmall=rNKM4PqQsyAW60DSnX3uYw==, figureFileBig=+tVxsfh5C9HY6bO7T4Clyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584630130721669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=CN, label=图3, caption=氨基酸衍生物合成的代表性研究

(“绿色箭头”表示过表达,“红色叉号”表示敲除。PTS—磷酸转移酶系统;G6P—葡萄糖-6-磷酸;GA3P—3-磷酸甘油醛;L-Glu—L-谷氨酸;L-Orn—L-鸟氨酸;L-Cit—L-瓜氨酸;L-Arg—L-精氨酸;SAH—S-腺苷-L-同型半胱氨酸;SRH—S-核糖-L-同型半胱氨酸;Hcys—L-同型半胱氨酸;p-CA—对香豆酸;CA—咖啡酸;L-Asp—L-天冬氨酸;ASA—L-天冬氨酸-β-半醛;DABA—L-2,4-二氨基丁酸;ADABA—N-乙酰-L-2,4-二氨基丁酸;L-Ser—L-丝氨酸;L-Cys—L-半胱氨酸;γ-GC—γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸;L-Hos—L-高丝氨酸;Met—甲硫氨酸;bus—枯草芽孢杆菌)

(“Green arrow” indicates overexpression, “red cross” indicates knockout. PTS—Phosphotransferase system; G6P—Glucose-6-phosphate; GA3P—Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; L-Glu—L-Glutamate; L-Orn—L-Ornithine; L-Cit—L-Cittrulline;L-Arg—L-Arginine; SAH—S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine; SRH—S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine; Hcys—L-Homocysteine; p-CA—p-Coumaric acid; CA—Caffeic acid; L-Asp—L-Aspartate; ASA—Aspartate-semialdehyde; DABA—Diaminobutyrate; ADABA—N-Acetyl-diaminobutyrate; L-Ser—L-Serine; L-Cys—L-Cysteine; γ-GC— γ-Glutamylcysteine; L-Hos—L-Homoserine; Met—Methionine; busBacillus subtilis)3.1.3 γ-聚谷氨酸

, figureFileSmall=rNKM4PqQsyAW60DSnX3uYw==, figureFileBig=+tVxsfh5C9HY6bO7T4Clyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584630248162184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Progress in the biosynthesis of glutamate family amino acids and derivatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸及衍生物 底盘菌株

生产

方法

主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献
精氨酸

钝齿棒

杆菌

微生物发酵 argB定向突变,解除精氨酸抑制 5 L发酵罐 45.6 g/L 0.475 g/(L·h) [68]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 解除精氨酸反馈抑制;增加胞内NADPH水平;优化精氨酸代谢通量 5 L发酵罐 92.5 g/L 1.29 g/(L·h) [70]

大肠

杆菌

微生物发酵 多层次合理代谢工程改造;构建生物传感器辅助的高通量筛选平台BHTS;全基因组测序和逆向工程鉴定和优化有益的突变基因 5 L发酵罐 132 g/L 2.75 g/(L·h) [80]
瓜氨酸

粪链

球菌

全细胞催化 优化ADI固定化条件和催化反应条件

改进型填充床

反应器

95.6 g/(L·d) [54]

大肠

杆菌

全细胞催化 大肠杆菌中表达乳酸乳球菌来源的ADI并通过易错PCR对酶进行突变;反应条件优化 30 L生物反应器 176.9 g/L 22.1 g/(L·h) [39]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 阻断瓜氨酸降解;质粒过表达argJ基因,提高瓜氨酸的代谢通量 摇瓶 8.51 g/L 0.12 g/(L·h) [89]

大肠

杆菌

微生物发酵 系统代谢工程对合成途径多模块耦合;Esa QS系统动态控制argG基因的表达 5 L发酵罐 82.1 g/L 1.71 g/(L·h) [65]
γ-聚谷氨酸 地衣芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 60Co-γ射线辐照和ARTP诱变协同复合诱变技术;发酵培养基组分及条件优化 摇瓶 32.53 g/L 0.45 g/(L·h) [81]
地衣芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 代谢工程改善ATP供应 1 L发酵罐 43.81 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [90]
特基拉芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 过表达外源ppcaceEpykicdhgltAgdhA基因;对关键酶Ppc、Pyk和AceE进行组装;低成本糖蜜作为发酵碳源 5 L发酵罐 25.73 g/L 0.48 g/(L·h) [91]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 异源pgsBCA基因表达强度组合;优化发酵溶氧水平 5 L发酵罐 50.2 g/L 1.05 g/(L·h) [92]
γ-氨基丁酸 大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 过表达乳球菌来源gadB基因;敲除gabAgabB基因阻断竞争通路;发酵条件优化 200 L生物反应器 614.15 g/L 40.94 g/(L·h) [93]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 定向进化和高通量筛选;过表达GadE;建立PLP自供系统 5 L生物反应器 307.5 g/L 61.49 g/(L·h) [94]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 胞外分泌表达大肠杆菌来源突变体GadBmut;阻断GABA降解 3 L发酵罐 77.6 g/L 1.21 g/(L·h) [95]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 强化甘油利用途径;敲除GABA降解途径并引入外源GABA合成途径;构建GABS动态调控GABA合成途径的基因表达 7.5 L发酵罐 45.6 g/L 0.63 g/(L·h) [96]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 敲除ldhApqoack基因;过表达ppcgltAacnicdgdhpdxST基因;PCP_2836 odhA 5 L发酵罐 81.31 g/L 1.36 g/(L·h) [87]
短乳杆菌 全细胞催化 pH自动维持系统 10 L发酵罐 321.9 g/L 6.71 g/(L·h) [97]
反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 将地中海交替单胞菌来源PHP引入脯氨酸途径 5 L发酵罐 45.83 g/L 1.27 g/(L·h) [98]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 建立木糖诱导表达体系;强化脯氨酸合成途径;引入小单孢菌属来源P4H 5 L发酵罐 48.6 g/L 1.22 g/(L·h) [67]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体物脯氨酸合成;引入指孢囊菌来源P4H;引入NOG途径;发酵工艺优化 5 L发酵罐 89.4 g/L 2.03 g/(L·h) [73]
亚精胺 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 同源重组共表达异源speDspeE基因;发酵介质优化 摇瓶 227.4 mg/L 3 mg/(L·h) [99]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 优化前体物供应;解除反馈抑制;强化转运途径 孔板 2.3 g/L 20 mg/(L·h) [100]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 高亚精胺合成酶双重突变 摇瓶 933.5 mg/L 155.6 mg/(L·h) [47]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 双酶级联催化系统;优化酶表达条件和反应条件 摇瓶 3.7 g/L 463 mg/(L·h) [101]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584630365602698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

谷氨酸族氨基酸及其衍生物的生物合成进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸及衍生物 底盘菌株

生产

方法

主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献
精氨酸

钝齿棒

杆菌

微生物发酵 argB定向突变,解除精氨酸抑制 5 L发酵罐 45.6 g/L 0.475 g/(L·h) [68]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 解除精氨酸反馈抑制;增加胞内NADPH水平;优化精氨酸代谢通量 5 L发酵罐 92.5 g/L 1.29 g/(L·h) [70]

大肠

杆菌

微生物发酵 多层次合理代谢工程改造;构建生物传感器辅助的高通量筛选平台BHTS;全基因组测序和逆向工程鉴定和优化有益的突变基因 5 L发酵罐 132 g/L 2.75 g/(L·h) [80]
瓜氨酸

粪链

球菌

全细胞催化 优化ADI固定化条件和催化反应条件

改进型填充床

反应器

95.6 g/(L·d) [54]

大肠

杆菌

全细胞催化 大肠杆菌中表达乳酸乳球菌来源的ADI并通过易错PCR对酶进行突变;反应条件优化 30 L生物反应器 176.9 g/L 22.1 g/(L·h) [39]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 阻断瓜氨酸降解;质粒过表达argJ基因,提高瓜氨酸的代谢通量 摇瓶 8.51 g/L 0.12 g/(L·h) [89]

大肠

杆菌

微生物发酵 系统代谢工程对合成途径多模块耦合;Esa QS系统动态控制argG基因的表达 5 L发酵罐 82.1 g/L 1.71 g/(L·h) [65]
γ-聚谷氨酸 地衣芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 60Co-γ射线辐照和ARTP诱变协同复合诱变技术;发酵培养基组分及条件优化 摇瓶 32.53 g/L 0.45 g/(L·h) [81]
地衣芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 代谢工程改善ATP供应 1 L发酵罐 43.81 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [90]
特基拉芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 过表达外源ppcaceEpykicdhgltAgdhA基因;对关键酶Ppc、Pyk和AceE进行组装;低成本糖蜜作为发酵碳源 5 L发酵罐 25.73 g/L 0.48 g/(L·h) [91]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 异源pgsBCA基因表达强度组合;优化发酵溶氧水平 5 L发酵罐 50.2 g/L 1.05 g/(L·h) [92]
γ-氨基丁酸 大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 过表达乳球菌来源gadB基因;敲除gabAgabB基因阻断竞争通路;发酵条件优化 200 L生物反应器 614.15 g/L 40.94 g/(L·h) [93]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 定向进化和高通量筛选;过表达GadE;建立PLP自供系统 5 L生物反应器 307.5 g/L 61.49 g/(L·h) [94]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 胞外分泌表达大肠杆菌来源突变体GadBmut;阻断GABA降解 3 L发酵罐 77.6 g/L 1.21 g/(L·h) [95]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 强化甘油利用途径;敲除GABA降解途径并引入外源GABA合成途径;构建GABS动态调控GABA合成途径的基因表达 7.5 L发酵罐 45.6 g/L 0.63 g/(L·h) [96]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 敲除ldhApqoack基因;过表达ppcgltAacnicdgdhpdxST基因;PCP_2836 odhA 5 L发酵罐 81.31 g/L 1.36 g/(L·h) [87]
短乳杆菌 全细胞催化 pH自动维持系统 10 L发酵罐 321.9 g/L 6.71 g/(L·h) [97]
反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 将地中海交替单胞菌来源PHP引入脯氨酸途径 5 L发酵罐 45.83 g/L 1.27 g/(L·h) [98]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 建立木糖诱导表达体系;强化脯氨酸合成途径;引入小单孢菌属来源P4H 5 L发酵罐 48.6 g/L 1.22 g/(L·h) [67]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体物脯氨酸合成;引入指孢囊菌来源P4H;引入NOG途径;发酵工艺优化 5 L发酵罐 89.4 g/L 2.03 g/(L·h) [73]
亚精胺 解淀粉芽孢杆菌 微生物发酵 同源重组共表达异源speDspeE基因;发酵介质优化 摇瓶 227.4 mg/L 3 mg/(L·h) [99]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 优化前体物供应;解除反馈抑制;强化转运途径 孔板 2.3 g/L 20 mg/(L·h) [100]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 高亚精胺合成酶双重突变 摇瓶 933.5 mg/L 155.6 mg/(L·h) [47]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 双酶级联催化系统;优化酶表达条件和反应条件 摇瓶 3.7 g/L 463 mg/(L·h) [101]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584630487237516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Progress in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acid derivatives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸衍生物 底盘菌株 生产方法 主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献

对香

豆酸

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 筛选p-CA合成基因;优化蛋白活性;增加辅因子利用率;优化发酵工艺 5 L发酵罐 3.09 g/L 49.05 mg/(L·h) [74]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 筛选p-CA合成基因;增加前体物供应;阻断竞争途径;平衡PEP与E4P碳通量 1 L发酵罐 12.50 g/L 130 mg/(L·h) [119]
解脂耶氏酵母 微生物发酵 增加TAL基因拷贝数;强化莽草酸途径通量;阻断苯丙氨酸的竞争途径 摇瓶 1.04 g/L 8.63 mg/(L·h) [120]

白藜

芦醇

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入异源丙二酸同化途径,增加关键前体丙二酰辅酶A的供应;CRISPRi技术下调脂肪酸合成途径基因,阻断丙二酰辅酶A消耗途径;引入并优化异源TAL途径 摇瓶 304.5 mg/L 6.344 mg/(L·h) [121]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 混菌发酵;优化发酵条件(接种比例、碳源比例) 摇瓶 204.8 mg/L 2.44 mg/(L·h) [122]
解脂耶氏酵母 微生物发酵 引入白藜芦醇合成途径相关酶并采用刚性连接肽EAAAK连接;增加前体物供应;优化发酵条件(控制pH以维持酵母正常形态) 5 L发酵罐 22.5 g/L 0.16 g/(L·h) [61]
酶催化 虎杖苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶催化虎杖苷酶;反应条件优化 摇瓶 22.5 g/L 5.63 g/(L·h) [123]

红景

天苷

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 混菌发酵;优化发酵条件以平衡菌株生长(碳源比例、接种比例) 5 L发酵罐 6.03 g/L 0.05 g/(L·h) [124]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入红景天苷合成途径;增加前体物供应;敲除竞争途径 5 L发酵罐 26.55 g/L 0.16 g/(L·h) [71]
咖啡酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入p-CA合成途径;解除反馈抑制;阻断竞争途径;增加辅因子FAD供应;强化CA转运蛋白表达 5 L发酵罐 7.92 g/L 0.12 g/(L·h) [72]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入p-CA合成途径;阻断竞争途径;增加前体物酪氨酸供应;增加辅因子FADH2供应 5 L发酵罐 6.17 g/L 0.07 g/(L·h) [125]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 阻断苯丙氨酸和色氨酸合成,增加前体供应 5 L发酵罐 9.3 g/L 0.09 g/(L·h) [126]
阿魏酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入FA合成酶增加S-腺苷甲硫氨酸供应;强化合成途径;增加前体物供应;减少PEP向丙酮酸转化;阻断竞争途径;增加辅因子FADH2供应 3 L发酵罐 5.09 g/L 0.07 g/(L·h) [127]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入FA合成途径;增加前体物p-CA供应;增加辅因子FADH2供应;增加辅因子NADPH供应;增加S-腺苷甲硫氨酸供应;回补菌株(HIS3, URA3) 1.2 L发酵罐 3.80 g/L 0.03 g/(L·h) [75]

没食

子酸

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入GA合成所需酶、增加前体物供应 摇瓶 1266.39 mg/L 35.18 mg/(L·h) [128]
根皮素 酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入根皮素合成途径;增加丙二酰辅酶A供应;优化发酵条件 5 L发酵罐 619.50 mg/L 7.74 mg/(L·h) [129]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入根皮素合成基因并对CHS酶进行诱变 摇瓶 1.85 mg/L [130]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584630554346381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

芳香族氨基酸衍生物的生物合成进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸衍生物 底盘菌株 生产方法 主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献

对香

豆酸

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 筛选p-CA合成基因;优化蛋白活性;增加辅因子利用率;优化发酵工艺 5 L发酵罐 3.09 g/L 49.05 mg/(L·h) [74]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 筛选p-CA合成基因;增加前体物供应;阻断竞争途径;平衡PEP与E4P碳通量 1 L发酵罐 12.50 g/L 130 mg/(L·h) [119]
解脂耶氏酵母 微生物发酵 增加TAL基因拷贝数;强化莽草酸途径通量;阻断苯丙氨酸的竞争途径 摇瓶 1.04 g/L 8.63 mg/(L·h) [120]

白藜

芦醇

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入异源丙二酸同化途径,增加关键前体丙二酰辅酶A的供应;CRISPRi技术下调脂肪酸合成途径基因,阻断丙二酰辅酶A消耗途径;引入并优化异源TAL途径 摇瓶 304.5 mg/L 6.344 mg/(L·h) [121]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 混菌发酵;优化发酵条件(接种比例、碳源比例) 摇瓶 204.8 mg/L 2.44 mg/(L·h) [122]
解脂耶氏酵母 微生物发酵 引入白藜芦醇合成途径相关酶并采用刚性连接肽EAAAK连接;增加前体物供应;优化发酵条件(控制pH以维持酵母正常形态) 5 L发酵罐 22.5 g/L 0.16 g/(L·h) [61]
酶催化 虎杖苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶催化虎杖苷酶;反应条件优化 摇瓶 22.5 g/L 5.63 g/(L·h) [123]

红景

天苷

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 混菌发酵;优化发酵条件以平衡菌株生长(碳源比例、接种比例) 5 L发酵罐 6.03 g/L 0.05 g/(L·h) [124]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入红景天苷合成途径;增加前体物供应;敲除竞争途径 5 L发酵罐 26.55 g/L 0.16 g/(L·h) [71]
咖啡酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入p-CA合成途径;解除反馈抑制;阻断竞争途径;增加辅因子FAD供应;强化CA转运蛋白表达 5 L发酵罐 7.92 g/L 0.12 g/(L·h) [72]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入p-CA合成途径;阻断竞争途径;增加前体物酪氨酸供应;增加辅因子FADH2供应 5 L发酵罐 6.17 g/L 0.07 g/(L·h) [125]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 阻断苯丙氨酸和色氨酸合成,增加前体供应 5 L发酵罐 9.3 g/L 0.09 g/(L·h) [126]
阿魏酸 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入FA合成酶增加S-腺苷甲硫氨酸供应;强化合成途径;增加前体物供应;减少PEP向丙酮酸转化;阻断竞争途径;增加辅因子FADH2供应 3 L发酵罐 5.09 g/L 0.07 g/(L·h) [127]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入FA合成途径;增加前体物p-CA供应;增加辅因子FADH2供应;增加辅因子NADPH供应;增加S-腺苷甲硫氨酸供应;回补菌株(HIS3, URA3) 1.2 L发酵罐 3.80 g/L 0.03 g/(L·h) [75]

没食

子酸

大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入GA合成所需酶、增加前体物供应 摇瓶 1266.39 mg/L 35.18 mg/(L·h) [128]
根皮素 酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 引入根皮素合成途径;增加丙二酰辅酶A供应;优化发酵条件 5 L发酵罐 619.50 mg/L 7.74 mg/(L·h) [129]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入根皮素合成基因并对CHS酶进行诱变 摇瓶 1.85 mg/L [130]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584630646621072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Progress in the biosynthesis of aspartate family amino acid derivatives, ergothioneine and peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸衍生物 底盘菌株 生产方法 主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献
四氢嘧啶 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入四氢嘧啶合成途径;增加前体物供应;优化补糖速率 15 L发酵罐 131.80 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [59]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体物供应;优化培养基(碳氮比例) 2.4 L发酵罐 34.27 g/L 0.57 g/(L·h) [177]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 采用转录平衡技术设计启动子表达文库对菌株进行优化 1 L发酵罐 65 g/L 1.16 g/(L·h) [58]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 引入四氢嘧啶合成途径;避免副产物积累;减少反馈抑制 5 L发酵罐 115.87 g/L 1.49 g/(L·h) [178]
羟基四氢嘧啶 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入羟基四氢嘧啶合成途径并进行优化;引入esaI/esaR群体感应系统控制sucA表达 摇瓶 14.93 g/L 0.42 g/(L·h) [179]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 双菌株两步发酵 1 L发酵罐 74 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [180]

ε-聚赖

氨酸

小白链霉菌 微生物发酵 增强ε-PL合成酶基因转录;赖氨酸合成过程中关键酶活性增强;优化发酵工艺(酸性pH冲击工艺) 5 L发酵罐 70.3 g/L 0.37 g/(L·h) [181]
小白链霉菌 全细胞催化 表达异源lysp基因提升赖氨酸利用能力及底物转化效率;对培养基和培养条件进行优化 摇瓶 17.21 g/L 0.18 g/(L·h) [182]
麦角硫因 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 半理性设计和随机突变EgtD和TNcEgt1;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 5.4 g/L 56.3 mg/(L·h) [183]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 构建EGT菌株高密度发酵方法;发酵工艺优化;流加前体氨基酸 2 L发酵罐 7 g/L 90.9 mg/(L·h) [184]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 EGT合成模块、前体物组氨酸、半胱氨酸和腺苷蛋氨酸合成模块进行系统的代谢工程改造;发酵工艺优化 2 L发酵罐 7.2 g/L 120 mg/(L·h) [185]
裂殖酵母 微生物发酵 紫外照射和氯化锂突变;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 12.5 g/L 84.5 mg/(L·h) [186]
肌肽 酶催化 定点饱和突变来改善酯酰基转移酶的底物特异性 摇瓶 105 mmol/L [187]
酶催化 筛选来自黏质沙雷氏菌新型二肽酶SmPepD;反应条件优化;纳滤膜分离

5 L超滤膜

反应器

7.23 g/L [33]
酶催化 酶挖掘方法鉴定出来自巨大芽孢杆菌BmPepD并进行定向饱和诱变;反应条件优化

10 mL

反应体系

31.3 mmol/L [35]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 在大肠杆菌中表达SmPepD构建细胞工厂;对SmPepD理性设计获得更高活性双突变体Thr168Ser/Gly148Asp;敲除组氨酸输出蛋白yeaS基因

5 L生物

反应器

133.2 mmol/L [48]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体组氨酸和β-丙氨酸积累;引入来自哺乳动物的CARNS1基因;发酵优化;肌肽活性验证 2 L发酵罐 323.26 mg/L 6.73 mg/(L·h) [188]
谷胱甘肽 酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 适应性进化;使用丙烯醛作为选择剂 发酵罐(1.2 L工作体积) 320 mg/L 8.28 mg/(L·h) [189]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 基于氧化应激和能量代谢的逐步控制策略 10 L发酵罐 5.76 g/L 53 mg/(L·h) [190]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 异源表达来自嗜热链球菌gshF基因;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 15.21 g/L 0.82 g/(L·h) [191]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 代谢工程手段促进GSH生物合成;代谢组学分析 5 L发酵罐 22 g/(L·h) 0.407 g/(L·h) [88]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584630743090064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689718312998, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

天冬氨酸族衍生物、麦角硫因及多肽类的生物合成进展

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氨基酸衍生物 底盘菌株 生产方法 主要策略 发酵规模 产量 生产强度 参考文献
四氢嘧啶 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入四氢嘧啶合成途径;增加前体物供应;优化补糖速率 15 L发酵罐 131.80 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [59]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体物供应;优化培养基(碳氮比例) 2.4 L发酵罐 34.27 g/L 0.57 g/(L·h) [177]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 采用转录平衡技术设计启动子表达文库对菌株进行优化 1 L发酵罐 65 g/L 1.16 g/(L·h) [58]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 引入四氢嘧啶合成途径;避免副产物积累;减少反馈抑制 5 L发酵罐 115.87 g/L 1.49 g/(L·h) [178]
羟基四氢嘧啶 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 引入羟基四氢嘧啶合成途径并进行优化;引入esaI/esaR群体感应系统控制sucA表达 摇瓶 14.93 g/L 0.42 g/(L·h) [179]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 双菌株两步发酵 1 L发酵罐 74 g/L 1.37 g/(L·h) [180]

ε-聚赖

氨酸

小白链霉菌 微生物发酵 增强ε-PL合成酶基因转录;赖氨酸合成过程中关键酶活性增强;优化发酵工艺(酸性pH冲击工艺) 5 L发酵罐 70.3 g/L 0.37 g/(L·h) [181]
小白链霉菌 全细胞催化 表达异源lysp基因提升赖氨酸利用能力及底物转化效率;对培养基和培养条件进行优化 摇瓶 17.21 g/L 0.18 g/(L·h) [182]
麦角硫因 大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 半理性设计和随机突变EgtD和TNcEgt1;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 5.4 g/L 56.3 mg/(L·h) [183]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 构建EGT菌株高密度发酵方法;发酵工艺优化;流加前体氨基酸 2 L发酵罐 7 g/L 90.9 mg/(L·h) [184]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 EGT合成模块、前体物组氨酸、半胱氨酸和腺苷蛋氨酸合成模块进行系统的代谢工程改造;发酵工艺优化 2 L发酵罐 7.2 g/L 120 mg/(L·h) [185]
裂殖酵母 微生物发酵 紫外照射和氯化锂突变;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 12.5 g/L 84.5 mg/(L·h) [186]
肌肽 酶催化 定点饱和突变来改善酯酰基转移酶的底物特异性 摇瓶 105 mmol/L [187]
酶催化 筛选来自黏质沙雷氏菌新型二肽酶SmPepD;反应条件优化;纳滤膜分离

5 L超滤膜

反应器

7.23 g/L [33]
酶催化 酶挖掘方法鉴定出来自巨大芽孢杆菌BmPepD并进行定向饱和诱变;反应条件优化

10 mL

反应体系

31.3 mmol/L [35]
大肠杆菌 全细胞催化 在大肠杆菌中表达SmPepD构建细胞工厂;对SmPepD理性设计获得更高活性双突变体Thr168Ser/Gly148Asp;敲除组氨酸输出蛋白yeaS基因

5 L生物

反应器

133.2 mmol/L [48]
谷氨酸棒杆菌 微生物发酵 增加前体组氨酸和β-丙氨酸积累;引入来自哺乳动物的CARNS1基因;发酵优化;肌肽活性验证 2 L发酵罐 323.26 mg/L 6.73 mg/(L·h) [188]
谷胱甘肽 酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 适应性进化;使用丙烯醛作为选择剂 发酵罐(1.2 L工作体积) 320 mg/L 8.28 mg/(L·h) [189]
酿酒酵母 微生物发酵 基于氧化应激和能量代谢的逐步控制策略 10 L发酵罐 5.76 g/L 53 mg/(L·h) [190]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 异源表达来自嗜热链球菌gshF基因;流加前体氨基酸 5 L发酵罐 15.21 g/L 0.82 g/(L·h) [191]
大肠杆菌 微生物发酵 代谢工程手段促进GSH生物合成;代谢组学分析 5 L发酵罐 22 g/(L·h) 0.407 g/(L·h) [88]
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氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用及其生物合成研究进展
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伊进行 1 , 唐宇琳 1 , 李春雨 1 , 吴鹤云 1, 2 , 马倩 1, 2 , 谢希贤 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 254-289
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 254-289
氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用及其生物合成研究进展
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伊进行1, 唐宇琳1, 李春雨1, 吴鹤云1, 2, 马倩1, 2 , 谢希贤1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457
  • 2 天津科技大学工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室,天津 300457
  • 伊进行(1998—),男,博士。研究方向为发酵工程、代谢工程和系统生物学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

谢希贤(1976—),男,博士,教授,天津科技大学学术委员会委员。研究方向为合成生物学、代谢工程。E-mail:
马倩(1987—),女,博士,副教授。研究方向为代谢工程、系统生物学。E-mail:
Applications and advances in the research of biosynthesis of amino acid derivatives as key ingredients in cosmetics
Jinhang YI1, Yulin TANG1, Chunyu LI1, Heyun WU1, 2, Qian MA1, 2 , Xixian XIE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Biotechnology,Tianjin University of Science and Technology,Tianjin 300457,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology,Ministry of Education,Tianjin University of Science and Technology,Tianjin 300457,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-060
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随着合成生物学的快速发展,氨基酸衍生物作为一类重要的化妆品原料,其生产方式正发生历史性革新。传统生产方法存在生产成本高、环境负担重、产品稳定性差等问题。运用合成生物技术设计构建微生物细胞工厂,不仅能有效提升目标产品生产效率、降低成本,还能实现绿色生物制造,满足市场对天然、安全、功能性强化妆品原料的供应需求。本文介绍了氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用,并对其生物合成策略进行了总结,从酶转化和微生物发酵两种主要的生物合成工艺入手,探讨了酶工程、理性代谢工程以及非理性筛选等策略在化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物细胞工厂构建中的应用,并进一步对化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的生物合成研究进展与发展趋势进行了系统综述。在人工智能等前沿技术的赋能助力下,合成生物技术必将进一步推动化妆品原料高效绿色生物制造的革新进程。

合成生物学  /  化妆品原料  /  酶转化  /  微生物发酵  /  绿色制造

The development of synthetic biology has witnessed rapid advancements, which have significantly promoted production innovations in multiple sectors. In the cosmetics industry, the production methods of amino acid derivatives, which are a kind of pivotal raw materials in cosmetics, are experiencing groundbreaking innovations. The traditional methods for the production of amino acid derivatives have the problem of high cost, and usually generate environmental risk. Besides, the production stabilities of the target products are often unsatisfactory. The application of synthetic biology technology in the design and engineering of microbial cell factories for the bioproduction of amino acid derivatives, can greatly enhance the production efficiency and reduce the production costs of the target products. This innovative approach not only enhances the development of green biomanufacturing, but also benefits the demand of market for natural, safe, and functional cosmetic ingredients. In this review, an overall introduction to the utilization of amino acid derivatives in cosmetics industry is first provided. Subsequently, the strategies for the construction of high-producing strains for the production of amino acid derivatives are comprehensively summarized, which are basically categorized into two groups: enzyme conversion and microbial fermentation. The application of enzyme engineering, rational metabolic engineering, and random screening in the construction of microbial cell factories for the production of amino acid derivatives are systematically introduced. Moreover, the current research advancements and trends in the biosynthesis of amino acid derivatives as cosmetic raw materials are outlined. With the support of the cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, synthetic biology will further promote the production innovation process, enabling efficient and eco-friendly biomanufacturing of a wider array of cosmetic raw materials. This ongoing evolution holds immense promise for the cosmetics industry, promising a future with sustainable and innovative products.

synthetic biology  /  cosmetic raw materials  /  enzymatic conversion  /  microbial fermentation  /  green biological manufacturing
伊进行, 唐宇琳, 李春雨, 吴鹤云, 马倩, 谢希贤. 氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用及其生物合成研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 254 -289 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-060
Jinhang YI, Yulin TANG, Chunyu LI, Heyun WU, Qian MA, Xixian XIE. Applications and advances in the research of biosynthesis of amino acid derivatives as key ingredients in cosmetics[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 254 -289 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-060
合成生物学的兴起,标志着人们对生物系统进行设计与构建能力的重大进步1-2。合成生物技术作为一种前沿生物技术,通过重新设计和编程生物体的遗传物质,不仅扩展了生物体的自然功能,还为传统制造业带来了革命性的变革3。在这一时代背景下,化妆品行业亦迎来了新的发展机遇。化妆品原料的创新是推动行业发展的关键动力。实现化妆品原料的高效绿色生物制造,成为当前合成生物学领域众多企业竞相追逐的研发热点。
近年来,随着消费者对化妆品成分天然性、安全性和功能性的日益关注,氨基酸衍生物在化妆品中的应用越来越广泛4。多种氨基酸衍生物新品种在皮肤细胞抗衰老与保湿、修复与再生、美白等方面表现出显著优势,成为化妆品原料中颇具市场竞争力的产品。然而,传统的氨基酸衍生物生产方法,如化学合成和提取法,往往存在成本高、环境污染严重和原料稳定性差等问题5,限制了其在化妆品中的应用。这些问题促使科研人员和产业界寻求更为高效、环保的生产方式。
合成生物技术在高效微生物细胞工厂设计构建中的应用,使得诸多氨基酸衍生物类化妆品原料实现了绿色生物制造。这一行业革新不仅显著提升了目标产物的生产效率,而且促进了生产过程的绿色化和可持续性,为推动化妆品行业的可持续发展贡献了重要力量。此外,合成生物技术还为生产定制化的氨基酸衍生物提供了可能,满足市场对个性化和定制化产品的需求。
本文详细介绍了应用于化妆品原料中的氨基酸衍生物,并对其生物合成策略与研究进展进行了系统综述,旨在为化妆品行业的科研工作者和产业决策者提供参考,共同推动合成生物技术在化妆品原料生产领域的创新发展与应用。
氨基酸是组成生物体各种蛋白质的基石,它们在组织的代谢、生长、维护和修复过程中发挥重要作用6。氨基酸通过卤化、烷基化、羟基化等多种化学转化途径,能够形成多样的衍生物。这些衍生物不仅继承了氨基酸的两亲性,同时,由于新功能基团的引入,具有了更多优良特性,在化妆品中的应用进一步拓宽。随着消费者对健康和自然护肤产品需求的日益增长,更安全、更温和的原料开发成为化妆品行业的重要目标。氨基酸衍生物因其天然来源和对皮肤的多重益处,已经成为化妆品原料中的新星,作为抗衰老成分、保湿成分以及表面活性剂进行广泛应用(图1)。
随着年龄的增长,人们的皮肤状态会逐渐下滑,出现粗糙、皱纹、松弛无弹性等衰老现象。皮肤老化可分为两类:胶原蛋白逐渐流失导致的自然老化和外界环境刺激导致的过早老化7-8。因此,及时补充胶原蛋白以及防止皮肤氧化、光老化及糖化是预防皮肤衰老的有效方法。
多种氨基酸及其衍生物可作为化妆品原料中的抗衰老成分。甘氨酸、脯氨酸和羟脯氨酸是构成胶原蛋白的典型氨基酸;赖氨酸在原胶原分子的交联过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,可增强胶原蛋白纤维的稳定性9-10。在化妆品中添加合适浓度比例的上述氨基酸,可以有效促进皮肤中胶原蛋白的合成。谷氨酸族氨基酸衍生物γ-氨基丁酸、乙酰基羟脯氨酸及二棕榈酰羟脯氨酸等具有出色的抗皱紧肤、提高皮肤弹性效果;鸟氨酸衍生物亚精胺可通过诱导自噬机制来延缓衰老11。芳香族氨基酸衍生物白藜芦醇、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、没食子酸等具有强大的抗氧化性,被广泛用作自由基清除剂,可减少紫外线对皮肤的损伤。此外,组氨酸衍生物麦角硫因能够捕捉和中和自由基,减轻细胞的氧化应激损失,展现出显著的抗氧化和抗炎特性。肌肽是由β-丙氨酸和组氨酸组成的二肽结构,可阻止糖基化终产物的生成,延缓糖化反应速度,是一种有效的抗糖化成分。
皮肤干燥和皲裂是影响皮肤健康的常见问题。皮肤具有完整的结构,从体外到体内依次由角质层、表皮和真皮组成。在角质层细胞内,天然保湿因子(NMF)主要负责维持角质层的含水量12-13。研究表明,局部应用含有NMF的化妆品是改善皮肤屏障功能的重要方法14-15。人体中的NMF包含众多氨基酸成分,例如丝氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸等。这些氨基酸与水通道蛋白或人体的水传输系统共同作用,将水分转移到整个皮肤。氨基酸及其衍生物因较强的亲水性和持水性,并且是组成NMF的主要成分,被广泛用于保湿产品中。
天冬氨酸衍生物四氢嘧啶与羟基四氢嘧啶,是一类重要的相容性溶质,对人体皮肤细胞具有保护和稳定作用,在化妆品中应用可以增加皮肤内的含水量,实现长效保湿。研究表明,使用含有四氢嘧啶的乳膏,可有效治疗特应性皮炎16。谷氨酸族氨基酸衍生物γ-聚谷氨酸和乙酰谷氨酰胺具有优良的保湿性能,由于其极强的保水性与锁水能力,常作为高效保湿成分添加到面部护肤品及护发产品中。精氨酸是一种碱性氨基酸,作为pH调节剂能够更好地控制护肤品中的酸碱度,使护肤品更加温和稳定,适用于人体肌肤。同时,精氨酸具有保湿作用,常与其他清洁成分复配使用,以确保在保持清洁力的同时避免皮肤干燥17
氨基酸与疏水物质发生反应,生成的表面活性物质称为氨基酸型表面活性剂。相比于传统表面活性剂对环境的不利影响18,氨基酸表面活性剂作为一类天然来源的绿色环保型原料,因其优良的表面活性、安全性、温和性、生物降解性能和抗菌性19,广泛用于化妆品产品洗面奶、沐浴露、洗发水中,现已经形成了以氨基酸作为主要清洁剂的氨基酸绿色日化产品20-21。用于个人清洁的氨基酸表面活性剂包括酰基谷氨酸盐、甘氨酸盐、肌氨酸盐和丙氨酸盐等。这类表面活性剂具有良好的发泡力、稳泡性和洗涤能力,在洗发用品中常与十二烷基醚硫酸盐一起使用,不仅起到护发功能,而且对皮肤的刺激性小,毒性低;同时,还具有一定杀菌能力,有利于头发保持柔软。此外,氨基酸表面活性剂受硬水影响较小,不脱脂,接近中性,不会刺激皮肤和眼睛,可用于面部清洁,如N-椰油酰甘氨酸钾、N-月桂酰丙氨酸钠等。
氨基酸衍生物作为化妆品原料,除以上应用外,还具有美白、修复、防腐等功效。例如,谷胱甘肽是市面上常见的“美白丸”和“美白针”的主要成分,口服、注射、外用都可达到美白的作用22-24;阿魏酸不仅具有强大的抗氧化性能,还能通过降低酪氨酸酶活性和下调小眼畸形转录因子表达来抑制黑色素合成25;没食子酸酯26、槲皮素27能够去除活性氧和在金属酶的活性位点螯合金属离子,减少色素沉积过度,发挥美白效果28
赖氨酸、脯氨酸、瓜氨酸等氨基酸可以促进表皮细胞生长因子的合成,加速皮肤细胞更新和修复过程。其中,瓜氨酸不仅可以增加Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白的表达,而且可以促进胶原蛋白的组装和加工,促进伤口修复。红景天苷作为一种具有优良药用价值的天然生物活性成分,对皮肤细胞具有一定的抗衰老和修复能力。
在化妆品中作为生物防腐剂应用,是氨基酸衍生物的另一重要用途。月桂酰精氨酸乙酯盐酸盐是一种新型的抗菌剂,通过影响细菌细胞膜内带负电荷的膜蛋白和酶促反应机制,改变细胞膜的通透性,达到抑制微生物生长或使微生物失活的作用,对细菌、酵母菌、霉菌等均具有较强的抑菌效果29。ε-聚赖氨酸是一种以赖氨酸为单体的天然聚合物,具有广谱抑菌、安全无毒、水溶性好、热稳定性强、配伍性优等优点,作为生物防腐剂在化妆品中应用广泛30-31
对于化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的生产,天然提取法受限于天然原料且纯化难度较高,而化学合成的化妆品原料中可能含有未知杂质,容易对皮肤产生刺激或导致过敏反应。相比之下,生物合成法因产物纯度高、环境影响小等特点,成为化妆品原料创新的重要方向。在化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的生物合成中,酶转化法和微生物发酵法是两种主要的生产工艺。
酶转化法合成工艺作为一种绿色、高效的策略,具有良好的生物相容性和安全性,在化妆品原料生产领域有着广阔的应用前景。氨基酸衍生物可以在特定酶的催化作用下由相应氨基酸前体转化获得。例如,γ-氨基丁酸可以谷氨酸为前体物,经由谷氨酸脱羧酶催化获得。在生物催化领域,酶的催化效率和底物特异性是决定生产效率的关键因素。催化效率反映了酶转化的速度,而底物特异性有助于提高酶转化的专一性。在氨基酸衍生物的酶转化方面,利用酶工程技术提升酶的催化效率与底物特异性,同时,结合固定化酶技术提高酶的循环利用效率,是拓宽酶转化工艺应用的有效策略。
天然酶经过长期的进化,形成了与生物体内环境相适合的催化特性,往往无法直接满足工业生产的需要32。为此,研究人员一方面通过基因组挖掘筛选并鉴定具有更加优良底物特异性与催化效率的新型酶33-35,另一方面通过酶工程手段改变已知酶的催化特性或物理化学性质,从而获得更高性能的酶36-37
定向进化是酶工程的重要方法。定向进化通过模拟自然进化过程,不需要事先了解蛋白质的结构和构效机制,通过提高基因突变率,并设计特异性的筛选方法,快速获得具有期望功能的酶。该方法最早由Frances H. Arnold和她的团队提出38,由于在酶的定向进化领域做出的突出贡献,Frances H. Arnold于2018年获得了诺贝尔化学奖。近年来,利用易错PCR、DNA改组等随机突变方法构建基因文库,并基于生物传感器进行高通量筛选,是提高酶定向进化效率、改善酶性能的重要方法。Song等39利用基因工程手段,在大肠杆菌中成功表达了来自乳酸乳球菌的精氨酸脱亚胺酶(arginine deiminase, ADI)。该酶能够催化精氨酸生成瓜氨酸。研究者进一步采用易错PCR技术,对ADI编码基因引入随机突变。经过高灵敏度和高效率的高通量筛选方法筛选,突变体Km值从8.6 mmol/L降低到3.5 mmol/L,比活性也从141.5 U/mg提高到了195.7 U/mg。4-香豆酰-CoA连接酶(4-coumarate-CoA ligase,4CL)是参与酪氨酸衍生物合成的关键酶,可催化生成对香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸和白藜芦醇等化合物。Xiong等40通过工程化TtgR调节蛋白设计了一种白藜芦醇的生物传感器,用于定向进化筛选4CL的突变体。将筛选出的突变体引入白藜芦醇生物合成途径后,白藜芦醇和黄酮类化合物柚皮素的产量分别提高了48.0%和49.1%。以上研究表明,定向进化作为酶工程领域的一个重要技术突破,为生产更高效、更稳定的生物催化剂提供了强有力的工具。
酶的理性设计,是基于现代生物技术的一种高效且目标明确的酶工程策略。基于对蛋白质结构、功能和构效机制的深入了解,通过计算机辅助设计方法,定点引入特定的替代氨基酸,以调整酶的活性中心构象,进而改善或赋予其新的功能。例如,谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)以磷酸吡哆醛作为辅酶,通过消耗质子将谷氨酸转化为γ-氨基丁酸。然而,仅能在酸性环境下工作和热稳定性较差是限制GAD实际应用的两个主要问题。通过SWISS-MODEL同源建模法鉴定GAD的晶体结构,科研人员确定了几个关键的氨基酸残基与酶活性位点有关,并构建了一系列具有较宽pH活性范围的定点突变体41-44,显著提高了γ-氨基丁酸的生产效率。为提高该酶对温度的耐受性,Jun等45借助Discovery Studio软件进行分子动力学模拟,优化大肠杆菌GadB的N端结构域,以提高GadB的热稳定性。结果表明,三重突变体Gln5Asp/Val6Ile/Thr7Glu的热稳定性相较于野生型显著提高,其解链温度(Tm)增加7.7 ℃。方卉等46将短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)的GAD与嗜热古细菌(Thermococcus kodakarensis)的GAD进行同源序列比对后,在GAD的第13个残基位置引入了脯氨酸,通过YASARA软件进行分子动力学模拟,突变酶Gly364Pro表现出更高的热稳定性。基于亚精胺合成酶(BvHSS)的3D结构,Liu等47分别在酶的底物结合口袋和底物通道入口处设计突变,筛选获得突变体Asp361Glu和Glu232Asp/Asp361Glu,显著提高了转化1,3-二氨基丙烷和腐胺合成亚精胺的反应速率。与之类似,在肌肽合成中,基于基因组挖掘鉴定出的二肽酶SmPepD和BmPepD,通过理性设计和定点饱和突变,酶催化效率得到显著提高3548。可见,理性设计是改善酶催化性能的有效策略。
与游离形式相比,固定化酶具有更强的抵抗极端pH、高温、重金属离子等环境因素的能力49,并且易于回收/循环使用50,对于进一步拓宽酶转化的应用范围具有重要价值。酶固定化技术包括共价结合、包封、包埋、吸附等51。ADI能够水解精氨酸生成瓜氨酸和氨52,被用于瓜氨酸的酶转化生产。尽管酶催化法合成瓜氨酸优点突出,但目前报道的含有ADI的菌株都存在酶稳定性不高等难题53。ADI属于胞内酶,采用完整的细胞固定化技术,不仅能够较好地保留酶活性,而且优化了生产工艺,降低了生产成本54。在化妆品产品中添加脂肪酶,有助于维持皮肤表面油脂平衡。然而在实际应用中,游离脂肪酶易受所处环境的影响,且重复使用性差,应用受到极大限制。为此,采用吸附-包埋法55或新型固定方法电聚合一步法56对游离脂肪酶进行固定,大大提高了其原有的催化活性和稳定性,使其工业应用更加广泛。
相对于发酵法以葡萄糖等廉价碳源进行发酵,酶法合成仍然面临底物成本相对昂贵、酶活性易受影响等问题。但从长远来看,酶转化工艺由于其高效率和低能耗特性,能够控制整体生产成本,提高产品的市场竞争力,仍是化妆品行业未来发展的重要方向之一。在未来,随着高通量筛选方法、基因工程工具、“组学”技术以及人工智能的进一步发展,通过半理性设计,如涉及计算建模的定向进化和依赖蛋白质结构和功能的理性设计,有助于创造和改良适用于特定应用的酶;通过设计多酶复合体或级联反应以及开发更高性能的固定化载体,可进一步提高整个合成途径的效率和特异性。
利用微生物发酵技术生产化妆品原料,不仅底物廉价、来源广泛,并且更迎合化妆品研发潮流趋势,可为大规模工业化生产带来巨大的商业化效益。近年来,基于代谢工程与合成生物技术的发展,结合理性设计和非理性筛选策略,构建氨基酸衍生物高效生产菌株成为化妆品原料生产领域的研究热点。
利用代谢工程技术进行理性设计,包括底物利用效率提升、目标途径强化、副产物途径阻断、分解代谢途径阻断、输出过程强化等,是微生物细胞工厂设计构建中常用的策略57。在氨基酸衍生物细胞工厂的构建过程中,运用“推-拉”策略,对前体物氨基酸进行供应强化,同时,提高目标途径强度,增强输出效率等,可有效提升目标产物合成效率。
在氨基酸衍生物细胞工厂构建中,以氨基酸衍生物的天然合成菌株作为底盘细胞面临诸多挑战,通常存在生长环境特殊、基因编辑工具不完善,以及天然途径合成效率低等问题。因此,研究者倾向于运用合成生物技术,以谷氨酸棒杆菌、大肠杆菌以及酿酒酵母等模式工业微生物为底盘细胞,进行异源合成途径的构建。例如,嗜盐菌是四氢嘧啶的天然合成菌株,但高盐诱导特性和不成熟的基因编辑技术成为限制四氢嘧啶产量提升的瓶颈。通过在大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌中表达嗜盐菌来源的ectBAC基因簇,已实现四氢嘧啶的高效异源合成58-59。又如非黄酮类多酚化合物白藜芦醇,在植物中的含量很低,且提取成本高,目前已成功将植物来源的合成途径在多种底盘微生物中进行异源表达,为实现白藜芦醇的大规模发酵生产奠定了基础60-61
氨基酸衍生物的合成与中心碳代谢密切相关,产物合成往往需要与细胞生长竞争前体物,因此,生产与生长的平衡至关重要。多项研究表明,动态平衡产物合成与细胞生长,对于提高目标产物的转化率与生产效率具有重要的作用62。根据构建原理或响应机制不同,动态调控系统可以分为代谢物依赖型和非代谢物依赖型63。代谢物依赖型动态调控通常涉及构建能够响应特定代谢物浓度的生物传感器,通过传感器产生的信号直接或间接地调控目标基因的表达64。而非代谢物依赖型动态调控主要通过感应外界环境因素或与宿主细胞系统正交的信号分子而实现基因表达的动态调控。其中,通过感知细胞群体密度的变化调节相关基因或蛋白质表达水平的群体感应系统(QS)已被广泛用于动态调控领域。Jiang等65将EsaQS系统与TEVp结合,在转录和蛋白质水平上动态调节ArgG节点,进行代谢状态从“生长模式”到“生产模式”的自动转换,实现了微生物发酵生产瓜氨酸的最高产量和生产强度。Hu等66基于PD4启动子开发了模块化PhrQ-RapQ-DegU群体感应系统,实现了细胞生长和产物高效合成的动态平衡,γ-PGA的产量提高了6.53倍。可见,动态调控在实现目标产物的高效合成方面具有显著优势。随着合成生物技术的发展以及新工具的开发,动态调控在微生物细胞工厂构建中的应用将会更加广泛和深入。
关键酶的改造与表达强化是目标途径强化的重要方式,利用上述酶工程手段可以有效提升关键酶的催化性能。终产物积累对关键酶产生反馈抑制或反馈阻遏,是许多目标产物合成中面临的关键问题。解除终产物对合成途径中关键酶的反馈调节作用,对于提高目标产物产量至关重要。主要采用的策略包括两种:解除关键酶受到的反馈抑制与反馈阻遏,以及增强产物外排。有研究将编码γ-谷氨酸激酶基因proB中319位G替换成A,编码蛋白的第107位氨基酸天冬酰胺替换为脯氨酸,可有效缓解脯氨酸对γ-谷氨酸激酶的反馈抑制67。对精氨酸合成途径中的关键酶进行解反馈筛选、敲除转录调控阻遏蛋白以及增强精氨酸外排可有效解除反馈抑制与阻遏,提高精氨酸产量68-70。在酪醇生物合成途径中,酪氨酸脱氨酶的活性受到其产物或结构类似物的抑制,根据其三维结构进行定点突变,解除终端产物的反馈抑制作用,使得红景天苷产量进一步提升71。咖啡酸在细胞内过量积累会对细胞产生毒害作用,通过过表达转运蛋白不仅可以减轻咖啡酸对细胞的毒性,而且可以减少其对代谢途径的抑制作用72
氨基酸及其衍生物合成途径普遍涉及多种辅因子的需求,其中,烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)是一种极为重要的核苷酸类辅酶,是参与如对香豆酸、反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸等多种氨基酸衍生物生物合成的关键辅酶因子。为提高胞内NADPH供应水平,常用的代谢调控策略包括:优化NADPH合成代谢相关酶7073-74、减弱或阻断NADPH竞争支路75,以及发酵优化溶解氧水平73等。随着系统代谢工程以及合成生物技术的不断发展,通过精细调控胞内NADPH水平以及循环再生,可有效提升目的产物的合成效率。
利用传统物理和化学方法诱导突变,进一步筛选获取性能提升的菌株,能够充分利用基因突变的多向性,有效获得理想表型。非理性诱变育种至今仍是工业育种中常用的技术手段之一。近年来,随着诱变技术、高通量筛选技术的飞速发展,非理性筛选拥有了更为广泛的应用。除此之外,适应性进化的非理性策略,亦被证明是微生物细胞工厂理性设计构建的一种有力补充,理性与非理性策略的组合应用,共同促进了微生物细胞工厂的高效构建。
与传统诱变技术相比,常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术作为一种新型物理诱变技术,不仅具有更高的突变率,而且能够保持较低的处理温度,细胞存活率显著提高76。ARTP技术诱变原理是通过氧化性离子和自由基对DNA等生物分子进行了较均匀、高效的DNA损伤,并刺激保守和非保守区域产生修复机制,从而诱发菌株基因突变。目前,ARTP诱变技术因其突变率高、使用方便、操作安全已被广泛应用于微生物育种77。Rao研究团队78-79通过ARTP诱变技术,在谷氨酸棒杆菌中筛选得到谷氨酰胺生产菌株以及生产精氨酸的优势菌株。Jiang等80通过设计并应用生物传感器辅助的高通量筛选(BHTS)平台,利用ARTP诱变技术来加速筛选高效精氨酸生产菌,结果证明BHTS平台可以从大规模突变体库中快速筛选精氨酸高产菌株,为进一步挖掘大肠杆菌的精氨酸生产潜力提供了有力的工具。此外,相比于单一诱变因素育种,采用60Co-γ射线辐照和ARTP诱变协同复合诱变技术可扩大诱变幅度,提高诱变效果。利用此方法,已成功筛选出γ-聚谷氨酸高产菌81
适应性进化(adaptive laboratory evolution, ALE)是一种利用微生物的生存本能,改善微生物性能的有效方法,与传统的物理、化学诱变相比,具有更强的目的性和方向性,并且条件比较温和。ALE通过对持续增长的细胞群体施加选择压力,从而获得具有特定表型或生理特性的菌种。小白链霉菌是ε-聚赖氨酸的工业生产菌,维持低pH值发酵环境是实现菌株大量积累ε-聚赖氨酸的重要前提。柳天一等82采用逐级增加选择压力的低pH ALE策略,实现菌株耐受pH值由4.0降低到3.6,最终进化菌株在5 L发酵罐的产量较出发菌株提高了63%。目前,通过ALE提高工程菌株耐受性(如酸性耐受、渗透压耐受、丝氨酸毒性耐受等)均取得较大进展83-84,展示了其在微生物细胞工厂构建中的巨大应用潜力。
微生物细胞工厂发酵过程的精细调控,对于提升目标产物的产量、转化率以及生产强度至关重要。氨基酸衍生物生产菌株的发酵工艺优化,主要从培养基成分(碳源、氮源、维生素和微量元素等)优化,以及发酵参数(温度、pH、溶氧量和搅拌速度等)的精确控制等方面进行。例如,脯氨酸羟化酶是T-4-HYP发酵过程中的关键酶,同时也是一种α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶,加速搅拌会对细胞造成严重损害,而低速搅拌会使发酵液中溶氧量下降,进而导致产物合成速率降低85。为此,Gong等73通过调节葡萄糖流加速率来控制发酵液中溶解氧浓度,同时,流加脯氨酸羟化酶辅助因子Fe2+,实现了微生物发酵生产T-4-HYP的最高产量。而在谷氨酸棒杆菌生产γ-氨基丁酸的过程中,鉴于谷氨酸脱羧酶的最适pH值偏低,采用两阶段pH调控的发酵策略已被证明能显著提升γ-氨基丁酸的产量86-87。Mori等88通过代谢通量和代谢组学分析,发现O-乙酰丝氨酸转化为半胱氨酸是菌株KG06生产谷胱甘肽的限速步骤,通过使用硫代硫酸盐作为发酵硫源很大程度上克服了这一限制,将谷胱甘肽产量提高到22.0 g/L。合理运用微生物发酵技术,并对发酵工艺进行持续的优化与改进,可有效提高目标产物生产效率和产品质量,推动发酵工程技术不断前进与健康发展,从而拓宽微生物发酵在各领域的应用。
在化妆品原料领域,氨基酸衍生物因其独特的生物相容性和功能性而被广泛研究和应用。近年来,随着代谢工程和合成生物学的飞速发展,氨基酸衍生物的生物合成已成为化妆品原料生产领域的研究热点(图2)。目前,已实现生物合成的化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物包括谷氨酸族、芳香族、天冬氨酸族氨基酸衍生物以及麦角硫因和生物活性肽等。这些化妆品原料微生物细胞工厂构建过程中所采用的策略,为更多种类化妆品原料的开发、高效合成与应用奠定了坚实的基础。
谷氨酸族氨基酸及其衍生物的合成经由糖酵解途径至三羧酸循环途径,依赖谷氨酸脱氢酶催化α-酮戊二酸生成谷氨酸,进而生成谷氨酸族氨基酸及其衍生物。为提高目标产物的产量,常用的改造策略包括增强前体合成通量、筛选和优化关键酶等。在美容护肤品行业中,精氨酸和瓜氨酸可直接作为原料添加到面霜、眼霜等护肤品中。然而,与谷氨酸族氨基酸相比,其衍生物表现出更好的保湿、补水等性能,因此被更多地用作护肤品的组成成分。这些衍生物主要包括以谷氨酸为前体合成的γ-聚谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸,以脯氨酸为前体合成的反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸,以及以鸟氨酸为前体合成的亚精胺等。代表性研究如表1所示。
精氨酸作为一种高附加值蛋白质氨基酸,具有保湿补水、修护抗敏等多种生理功能,可直接作为护肤品组成成分。目前,微生物发酵法是生产精氨酸的主要方法。在微生物体内精氨酸的生物合成途径主要有两种:以大肠杆菌为代表的线性途径102和以谷氨酸棒杆菌103、钝齿棒杆菌70为代表的循环途径。在线性途径中,谷氨酸首先在乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(argA基因编码)催化下合成乙酰谷氨酸,再经argBargCargDargEargFargGargH编码的各酶催化最终合成精氨酸。而在循环途径中,鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶(argJ基因编码)具备线性途径中乙酰谷氨酸合成酶和乙酰鸟氨酸酶(argE基因编码)的双重功能。在这一过程中,乙酰鸟氨酸在鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶作用下生成鸟氨酸,同时乙酰基团又被循环转移到谷氨酸上形成乙酰谷氨酸,从而使乙酰基团得到了循环利用,因此,该途径又称为经济循环途径。
精氨酸合成中的关键酶乙酰谷氨酸合成酶(NAGS)和乙酰谷氨酸激酶(NAGK)受到精氨酸的反馈抑制和阻遏作用的影响。因此,筛选解除反馈抑制的关键酶以及敲除转录调控阻遏蛋白是提高精氨酸产量的前提。关键酶NAGK由argB基因编码,在解除反馈调节的研究中,过表达argB基因或其定点突变体可有效降低NAGK对细胞内精氨酸浓度的敏感程度68。ArgR和FarR是精氨酸合成过程中的调控蛋白,分别由argRfarR基因编码,通过单独敲除argR基因或同时敲除argRfarR基因,可提高菌株对精氨酸的耐受性69-70,显著提高精氨酸产量。此外,在大肠杆菌精氨酸生产菌株中,敲除argR基因并引入谷氨酸棒杆菌来源的鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶编码基因argJ可有效解除精氨酸途径的产物反馈调节80104
由于错综复杂的微生物代谢网络,精氨酸的合成受到前体物、辅因子等关键代谢物的影响,通过代谢工程策略对整体代谢网络进行系统化改造与重构,是高产精氨酸的有效策略。Park等70以谷氨酸棒杆菌为底盘细胞,通过更换pgi基因的起始密码子(ATG更换为GTG)降低磷酸葡萄糖异构酶活性,并使用Psod启动子上调tkttalzwfopcApgl基因簇强化戊糖磷酸途径的通量,增加细胞内NADPH水平;进一步敲除谷氨酸输出蛋白基因Ncgl1221以及强化argGH基因强化精氨酸代谢通量,最终工程菌株在5 L和1500 L发酵罐中分别生产92.5 g/L和81.2 g/L的精氨酸。Jiang等80在大肠杆菌中采用多级代谢工程和生物传感器辅助的高通量诱变筛选技术,成功构建出高效生产精氨酸菌株[图3(a)]。在该研究中,研究者首先敲除speAadiAastA基因阻断精氨酸降解,过表达谷氨酸棒杆菌来源的argCJBDFH基因簇增强精氨酸合成,同时,过表达来自枯草芽孢杆菌F126的pyrAA/pyrABE949*基因和内源pntAB基因来优化氮甲酰磷酸供应和NADPH生成;进一步设计了响应细胞生理状态的基因线路,动态控制基因sucA的表达,将更多的碳通量从TCA循环引向精氨酸生物合成;通过过表达argOlysE基因,提高了精氨酸外排能力。经过基于转录调控因子ArgP的精氨酸响应型生物传感器辅助诱变筛选平台筛选,最终工程菌株在5 L发酵罐中经过48 h发酵可产生132 g/L的精氨酸,生产强度及转化率分别为2.75 g/(L·h)和0.51 g/g葡萄糖,该产量、生产强度和转化率均为当前报道最高。
瓜氨酸在结构上与精氨酸相似,用于护肤品中能够维稳肌肤,改善皮肤状态。近年来,主要由酶法和微生物发酵法生产瓜氨酸。其中,酶法生产瓜氨酸,主要利用精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)催化精氨酸生成瓜氨酸。赵艳杰等54对复合诱变菌株粪链球菌进行了固定化处理,利用固定化细胞中的ADI催化精氨酸制备瓜氨酸,生产强度可达95.6 g/(L·d),且连续反应时间可达73 d以上。Song等39利用基因工程手段在大肠杆菌中表达来自乳酸乳球菌的ADI,并利用易错PCR技术对该酶进行突变,以提高其对底物精氨酸的亲和力和催化效率。在最佳条件下,实现了92.6%的最大转化率和176.9 g/L的瓜氨酸浓度。酶法生产虽然可以获得较高瓜氨酸产量,但考虑到ADI纯化成本较高,通过构建微生物细胞工厂,利用廉价碳源发酵生产瓜氨酸成为了更经济的选择。
谷氨酸棒杆菌和大肠杆菌是发酵生产瓜氨酸的常用菌株。通过代谢工程手段,提高瓜氨酸生物合成通量,阻断瓜氨酸降解,以及增强瓜氨酸外排是细胞工厂构建的常用策略。在谷氨酸棒杆菌中,Hao等89使用质粒过表达argJ基因,提高合成瓜氨酸的代谢通量。精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶ArgG可催化瓜氨酸向精氨酸的转化,敲除其编码基因argG,可避免瓜氨酸降解6589105。在大肠杆菌代谢工程改造中,引入来自谷氨酸棒杆菌的循环合成途径可有效高产瓜氨酸65。此外,考虑到完全关闭ArgG控制节点的代谢通量会导致精氨酸生物合成途径中断,进而损伤细胞生长106,通常采用外源补充精氨酸的方式弥补细胞生长缺陷,但这种方式无疑增加了生产成本和生产工艺复杂性。针对此问题,Jiang等65利用Esa群体感应系统设计一个基于细胞密度的切换开关,动态控制精氨琥珀酸合成酶编码基因argG的表达,以实现从argG转录开启的“生长模式”到argG转录关闭的“生产模式”自动转换。通过这种动态调控,最终构建的CIT24菌株在5 L发酵罐中无需额外补充精氨酸,便能生产高达82.1 g/L的瓜氨酸,该产量是微生物发酵生产报道的最高值。此外,为了增强前体鸟氨酸积累,胥琳峰等107分别削弱大肠杆菌脯氨酸合成途径以及阻断腐胺降解途径,最终生产菌株CTL18,在3 L发酵罐中进行分批补料发酵,瓜氨酸产量达到44.9 g/L。
γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)作为一种多功能性高分子聚合物,具有优良的水溶性、保湿性等。目前,微生物发酵法是工业生产γ-PGA的主要方法92。天然产γ-PGA的细菌包括芽孢杆菌属(例如地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌等)以及一些古生菌、嗜盐球菌和真核生物108。其中,地衣芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌不仅是非致病性的安全菌株,而且具备高效的γ-PGA合成能力,成为γ-PGA研究与工业化生产的主要微生物宿主109
以L-谷氨酸作为合成单体,γ-PGA生物合成可分为三个阶段:外消旋化、聚合和锚定或释放110。首先,L-谷氨酸通过外消旋化反应转化为D-谷氨酸;然后在γ-PGA聚合酶PgsBCA(E)/CapBCA(E)作用下将L-谷氨酸和/或D-谷氨酸单体聚合形成γ-PGA;最后γ-PGA锚定到菌体表面肽聚糖层形成荚膜或释放到胞外。因此,增强谷氨酸的供应、提高γ-PGA合成酶的表达和抑制γ-PGA水解以及调控其合成途径,是提高γ-PGA产量的常用策略。Xu等92在谷氨酸棒杆菌中对芽孢杆菌来源的γ-PGA合成酶PgsB、PgsC和PgsA进行不同表达水平组合,最终菌株在不添加L-谷氨酸的情况下,以葡萄糖为底物发酵48 h,γ-PGA产量高达50.2 g/L,实现了谷氨酸棒杆菌以葡萄糖为底物从头生产γ-PGA的最高产量。
值得注意的是,在大部分枯草芽孢杆菌中,pgs操纵子受两种双组分系统的级联调控:DegS-DegU和ComA-ComP110。磷酸化的DegU(DegU-P)可以激活超过120个基因的表达,其中部分基因可以激活pgs操纵子以产生γ-PGA111。周梦洁等112对枯草芽孢杆菌γ-PGA合成途径相关基因功能进行了研究,结果表明过表达swrA增强了degU介导的枯草芽孢杆菌pgs操纵子的转录激活,而rocAputM基因的表达量增强能提高胞内谷氨酸的积累,从而显著提升细胞合成γ-PGA的能力。
此外,谷氨酸单体的聚合涉及ATP的水解,并且γ-PGA合成过程中的高黏度也可能阻碍氧气传递,进而影响ATP的供应。因此,提高ATP的供应是实现高水平γ-PGA合成的关键因素之一。Cai等90在地衣芽孢杆菌中采取了多种策略提高ATP供应,包括改造呼吸链分支、引入透明颤菌血红蛋白(VHB)以及过表达与ATP合成途径相关的基因等,最终γ-PGA产量达到43.81 g/L,比对照菌株提高了38.64%。为了避免γ-PGA高黏度对细胞生长的影响,Hu等66在枯草芽孢杆菌中基于PD4启动子开发了模块化PhrQ-RapQ-DegU群体感应系统,实现了细胞生长和产物高效合成的动态平衡,最终在3 L发酵罐中γ-PGA的产量提高了6.53倍。
γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)作为一种神经递质抑制剂存在于人体的大脑和其他神经系统内,发挥着不可替代的生理调节作用。GABA的分子量很小,不仅能够穿透角质层抑制神经元激动,还可以促进表皮细胞增殖,加速屏障修复,正逐步应用于眼霜、面膜、面霜等化妆品中。目前,GABA的生产方式主要以酶转化和微生物发酵生产为主。
酶转化法生产GABA主要利用大肠杆菌进行全细胞催化实现。由于大肠杆菌天然合成GABA的能力较低,目前研究主要集中在筛选不同菌株来源的GAD在大肠杆菌中进行异源表达,进一步通过全细胞催化,以谷氨酸为前体物,进行GABA的生产。Ke等93在大肠杆菌中通过过表达经密码子优化后的乳球菌谷氨酸脱羧酶B编码基因gadB、敲除gabAgabB基因阻断竞争通路、优化反应条件等方法,以2 mol/L粗谷氨酸为底物,在不添加辅助因子吡哆醛5'-磷酸(PLP)的条件下,GABA的平均生产强度达到40.94 g/(L·h),经3次补料培养后获得614.15 g/L GABA,摩尔转化率超过99%。Yang等94利用酶定向进化和高通量筛选方法,对实验室构建的谷氨酸脱羧酶(GadBM4)进行改造,突变体GadBM4-2(Ala154Thr)重组大肠杆菌全细胞转化GABA产量提高了20.27%。进一步引入抗酸系统的中心调控因子GadE和不依赖于DXP的PLP生物合成途径的酶,在5 L生物反应器中进行全细胞催化,以粗谷氨酸为底物,GABA产量达到(307.5±5.94) g/L,生产强度61.49 g/(L·h)。此外,作为食品级安全菌株,短乳杆菌也常用来进行全细胞催化生产GABA113-114。但GAD催化GABA合成的过程中会消耗H+释放CO2,使培养基pH升高,GAD活性受到抑制。为此,Jia等97开发一种pH自动维持系统,利用谷氨酸溶解过程中产生的酸性来维持低pH发酵环境,既保证了底物谷氨酸充足,又能够维持GAD活性。基于该系统,短乳杆菌以谷氨酸为底物,最终GABA浓度达到321.9 g/L,底物转化率为99.6%。
大肠杆菌利用葡萄糖直接发酵生产GABA的研究已有报道115-116。然而,相比于大肠杆菌固有的内毒素存在潜在的毒性风险,谷氨酸棒杆菌作为公认的安全菌株,同样可以实现从葡萄糖到GABA的直接生产。但是,谷氨酸棒杆菌内源性表达的GAD催化活性较弱,并且不同来源的GAD均需在低pH值条件下才能发挥作用,因此,优化GAD表达水平和维持发酵pH是提高GABA合成效率的关键策略。Wen等95在谷氨酸棒杆菌中表达来自大肠杆菌具有较高催化性能的突变体GadBmut,并使用信号肽将其分泌到细胞外,以葡萄糖为底物在3 L发酵罐中经过分批补料获得77.6 g/L GABA,比细胞内催化提高了3倍。为保证GAD活性,Wen等87采用组合代谢工程和发酵条件优化相结合的方法,通过强化GABA合成途径和胞外GAD催化过程,结合两阶段pH控制的补料发酵,工程菌株GABA产量达到81.31 g/L,生产强度达到1.36 g/(L·h)。在另一项研究中,为了实现对代谢通量的精细调控,Wei等96构建了由生长阶段依赖性自主关闭开关GAFS和生长阶段依赖性自主开启开关GANS组成的生长阶段依赖的自主双功能遗传开关GABS。其中GAFS动态控制细胞生长关键基因odhAargJ的表达,GANS动态控制GABA合成相关基因gltAgad的表达。通过耦合生长阶段响应启动子和蛋白降解标签,实现了动态平衡细胞生长与GABA生产间的代谢通量。最终以甘油为碳源,可积累45.6 g/L的GABA。
反式-4-羟基-L-脯氨酸(T-4-Hyp)是脯氨酸羟基化衍生物中应用最广泛的一种,具有抗氧化、清除自由基的能力,可调整细胞氧化还原状态,从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤以延缓衰老。目前,微生物发酵法已实现T-4-Hyp的工业化生产,并显示出良好的经济效益与环境效益。
微生物发酵生产T-4-Hyp,通常以谷氨酸生产菌株为出发菌株,通过代谢途径改造及培养基优化使其积累前体脯氨酸,进一步在脯氨酸羟化酶(proline 4-hydroxylase, P4H)催化下获得T-4-Hyp。由于出发菌株中通常不存在P4H编码基因p4h或表达水平较弱,因此,T-4-Hyp的生物合成研究也多集中在P4H筛选方面。目前,已在多种微生物中鉴定到P4H,如指孢囊菌RH1(Dactylosporangium sp. RH1)117、灰略红链霉菌P8648(Streptomyces griseoviridus P8648)118、地中海交替单胞菌(Alteromonas mediterranea98、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp. CNB394)67等。其中,从指孢囊菌中分离得到的编码P4H的基因被广泛应用在大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌基因工程菌的构建当中。
为构建高效专一性合成T-4-Hyp的细胞工厂,筛选高活性P4H、增强前体脯氨酸积累,并结合发酵工艺优化溶解氧水平等,是实现T-4-Hyp高产的关键。李强等67以大肠杆菌为底盘,利用CRISPR-Cas9技术,针对前体物脯氨酸的积累进行了系统代谢工程改造,包括阻断脯氨酸的降解、解除脯氨酸反馈抑制、强化脯氨酸合成途径;并引入从Micromonospora sp. CNB394中获得的高活性P4H,成功构建出一株以葡萄糖为碳源、稳定性好、不含质粒表达载体的T-4-Hyp的生产菌株,分批补料发酵40 h,T-4-Hyp产量达到48.6 g/L。Gong等73利用代谢工程手段在增强前体物脯氨酸的代谢通量的基础上,表达来自Dactylosporangium sp.的P4H,同时引入非氧化性糖酵解(NOG)途径来提高TCA循环通量,并进一步增强NADPH的供应,通过发酵工艺优化,工程菌株E. coli HYP-10在5 L发酵罐中产生89.4 g/L T-4-Hyp,是目前微生物发酵法报道的最高值。
亚精胺(spermidine, SPD)是一种天然的自噬诱导剂11,其多种生物活性功能与细胞的衰老进程密切相关,被称为一种新型的抗衰老药物。在生物体内,SPD通常经甲硫氨酸途径合成,即由前体物质腐胺与脱羧化S-腺苷甲硫氨酸在亚精胺合成酶催化下,直接缩合产生。目前,已经构建众多工程菌株生产SPD,可利用解淀粉芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母直接发酵生产SPD,或利用大肠杆菌进行全细胞催化生产SPD。
在微生物发酵法生产SPD中,Zou等99将筛选来自大肠杆菌的S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶基因speD和酿酒酵母的精胺合成酶基因speE,通过同源重组技术共同表达到解淀粉芽孢杆菌的基因组中,经过发酵培养基优化(碳源为木糖,氮源为玉米浆),重组菌株可产227.4 mg/L SPD。Qin等100重构酿酒酵母代谢途径,通过系统优化鸟氨酸合成途径、解除反馈抑制及强化亚精胺转运途径等,成功构建以酿酒酵母为底盘的SPD生产菌株,以葡萄糖为碳源经补料分批发酵可产生2.3 g/L SPD。
在以大肠杆菌作为底盘菌株进行酶法生产SPD的研究中,主要工作包括对SPD合成途径的关键酶进行改造,以提高酶活,以及构建更高效的催化系统等方面。Liu等47为提高催化效率,对Blastochloris viridis来源的高亚精胺合成酶(BvHSS)的结构和序列分析进行理性设计,分别在酶的底物结合口袋和底物通道入口处设计突变,其中,突变体Glu232Asp/Asp361Glu以1,3-二氨基丙烷和腐胺为底物经全细胞催化反应6小时,可合成933.5 mg/L的SPD。在Liu等101等研究中,在大肠杆菌中共表达玉米来源S-腺苷甲硫氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)和内源亚精胺合成酶(SPDS),通过优化酶的表达条件和反应条件,以腐胺和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸为底物,经过8 h催化可得到3.7 g/L亚精胺。这也是首次通过大肠杆菌生物转化体系,成功从腐胺中生产出高水平的亚精胺。
目前,SPD生物合成产量仍然较低,需要进一步探索其潜在瓶颈,例如,NADPH及精胺合成依赖的辅因子S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)的供应、多胺转运蛋白的效率等,或开发新型全细胞催化合成途径,进一步提高SPD的生物合成效率。
芳香族氨基酸是指分子结构式中含有苯环的氨基酸,包括苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸。芳香族氨基酸衍生物则是由芳香族氨基酸衍生出的一类具有高附加值的化合物。芳香族氨基酸及其衍生物的合成经由中心碳代谢途径至莽草酸代谢途径,再经莽草酸激酶的作用生成分支酸,继而生成三种芳香族氨基酸及其衍生物。在护肤品成分中,相比芳香族氨基酸本身,其衍生物更多作为护肤品的组成成分,主要包括以酪氨酸或苯丙氨酸为前体物合成的对香豆酸、白藜芦醇、红景天苷、根皮素和羟基肉桂酸衍生物如咖啡酸、阿魏酸等,及由莽草酸或分支酸为前体物合成的没食子酸。以上衍生物均可从植物中进行提取,但提取效率低且后续的纯化成本较高;相比之下,微生物合成成本较低,转化效率高且具有可持续性,成为这些衍生物合成的优选方案。目前,异源合成芳香族衍生物的底盘细胞以大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母为主,改造策略通常从关键酶的筛选、增加前体物供应、动态调控、辅因子工程和优化发酵工艺等方面进行,代表性研究如表2所示。
以苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸为前体物生成的对香豆酸(p-coumaric acid, p-CA)作为酪氨酸酶抑制剂,能抑制黑色素的生成,从而起到美白效果131-132p-CA的合成能通过酶水解法及微生物发酵实现。
在酶水解法中,Zhang等133通过宏基因组测序及生物信息学分析,筛选出新的阿魏酸酯酶(FAE),该酶能对废弃生物质中的酚酸进行特异性降解,继而采用酶水解法对废弃生物质进行处理,获得91.2 μg/g的p-CA和89.25 μg/g的阿魏酸。微生物发酵法生产p-CA可通过在底盘细胞中引入异源TAL途径和PAL途径实现。在TAL途径中,酪氨酸在酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL)作用下脱氨转化为p-CA。该途径较短,催化效率高,Rodriguez等134在酿酒酵母中引入约氏黄杆菌来源的TAL,并结合敲除竞争途径等策略,以葡萄糖为底物在深孔板中发酵,p-CA产量为1.93 g/L。在PAL途径中,苯丙氨酸在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的作用下脱氨基为反式肉桂酸,随后在肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)的作用下羟化为p-CA。然而C4H是一种细胞色素P450氧化酶,在微生物中难表达,导致转化率较低,是p-CA的限速酶。Qiu等74以大肠杆菌为底盘细胞,通过蛋白质工程有效增强了限速酶AtC4H的表达和酶活,并进一步提高胞内辅因子NADPH的含量,经发酵工艺优化后,菌株以葡萄糖为底物在5 L发酵罐产生3.09 g/L p-CA,生产强度达到49.05 mg/(L·h)。此外,TAL途径与PAL途径能协同作用,Liu等119在酿酒酵母中同时引入PAL与TAL途径,并结合增加前体物供应,调节碳通量等策略对菌株进行代谢途径优化,补料分批发酵96 h后p-CA产量达到12.5 g/L,是目前为止微生物发酵生产p-CA的最高产量。在碳源的选择上,Zhu等120做了新的尝试,首先打通p-CA合成途径,通过引入TAL途径、增加莽草酸途径通量及阻断苯丙氨酸竞争途径对解脂耶氏酵母进行改造,以葡萄糖为碳源生产(1035.5±67.8) mg/L p-CA;其次在菌株中引入纤维素酶和半纤维素酶,以纤维素/半纤维素为底物,可产(84.3±2.4) mg/L和(65.3±4.6) mg/L p-CA。纤维素/半纤维素为清洁的可再生能源,其成本较葡萄糖更低,有望实现更大的经济效益。
p-CA为前体生成的白藜芦醇具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗衰老等功能135-137,在化妆品中具有重要应用价值。p-CA在4CL的作用下与乙酰辅酶A结合转化为对香豆酰辅酶A,在白藜芦醇合酶(STS)的催化下与3分子的丙二酰辅酶A缩合生成白藜芦醇。目前,白藜芦醇的微生物合成主要在大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母及解脂耶氏酵母中通过异源表达4CL与STS实现。解脂耶氏酵母的丙二酰辅酶A及戊糖磷酸途径的代谢通量远高于大肠杆菌与酿酒酵母,更适合作为白藜芦醇合成的底盘细胞。目前,已报道的白藜芦醇最高产量出现在解脂耶氏酵母中,达到22.5 g/L61
在选用不同来源的基因进行异源表达合成白藜芦醇时,基因的表达情况存在较大差异,经过筛选,来自欧芹(Petroselinum crispum)和拟南芥(Arachis hypogasa)的4CL,来自葡萄(Vitis vinifera)和花生(Arachis hypogasa)的STS应用最为广泛138-141。此外,在大肠杆菌合成白藜芦醇的过程中,需要3分子丙二酰辅酶A的参与,但大肠杆菌中丙二酰辅酶A含量较少且会向脂肪酸转化,使得丙二酰辅酶A的供应成为白藜芦醇合成的限速步骤之一。科研人员对此进行不同尝试,如引入异源乙酰辅酶A羧化酶直接增加胞内丙二酰辅酶A的合成142-145;在培养基中添加能与脂肪酸合酶非竞争性结合的浅蓝菌素以抑制丙二酰辅酶A合成脂肪酸从而减少丙二酰辅酶A的消耗141。但考虑到直接添加浅蓝菌素将使生产成本有所上升,Yang等146对脂肪酸合成途径中fabD基因的表达进行下调,结果显示白藜芦醇产量提高了1.7倍。在此之后,Wu等121一方面引入丙二酸转化途径提高丙二酰辅酶A的积累,另一方面利用CRISPRi技术降低脂肪酸合成途径中相关基因表达(fabD/H/B/F/I)以减少丙二酰辅酶A的消耗,进一步通过优化TAL的mRNA结构,以葡萄糖为碳源进行发酵48 h,白藜芦醇产量达到304.5 mg/L。
此外,白藜芦醇的合成以p-CA为前体物,代谢途径较长,对菌株生长负担较大且存在能量流失。有研究采取混菌体系对其进行生产以降低菌株的代谢负担,通过构建两种底盘细胞,一种菌株生产前体物p-CA,另一种菌株将p-CA转化为白藜芦醇,但其产量多为毫克级,难以满足工业需求122147-148。通过混菌体系产白藜芦醇还有很大的研究空间,如对混菌比例及发酵条件进行优化等。
白藜芦醇还能经由虎杖苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶从虎杖苷转化合成,但虎杖苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶的最适催化温度为50~65 ℃,远高于微生物最适生长温度,因此,酶法比微生物合成法更适于虎杖苷到白藜芦醇的转化123149-150。Chen等123以40 g/L的虎杖苷为底物,采用虎杖苷-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶对其进行催化,得到22.5 g/L的白藜芦醇,且能对酶进行回收重复利用。酶转化法产白藜芦醇简单可行且对环境友好,具有一定的应用前景,但酶易失活且对环境要求较高。
红景天苷是以酪醇为前体物生成的糖基化产物,具有美白、抗衰老等作用151。作为红景天苷的前体物,酪醇在酿酒酵母中可以通过Ehrlich途径合成,即酪氨酸经转氨酶、脱羧酶和醇脱氢酶的作用后转化为酪醇152;也可以不经过酪氨酸,直接由丙酮酸脱羧酶ARO10将4-羟基苯丙酮酸转化为4-羟基苯乙醛(4-HPAA)后合成酪醇153
为促进红景天苷的合成,研究人员从异源基因的选择、增加前体物的积累等方面对菌株进行改造。Guo等154选择引入来自欧芹属的酪氨酸脱羧酶基因PcAASsyn 以增强酿酒酵母内酪氨酸至酪醇的合成途径,再通过异源表达磷酸铜醇酶(Xfpk)并优化磷酸戊糖途径以增加前体物赤藓糖-4-磷酸的积累,敲除PDC1、PHA2TRP3来阻断竞争途径等方式,最终,红景天苷产量达到1.82 g/L。针对红景天苷合成途径过长的问题,Liu等124采用大肠杆菌共培养系统,将红景天苷的合成拆解为酪氨酸至酪醇合成和酪醇至红景天苷合成两部分,该系统最终获得6.03 g/L红景天苷。Liu等71为增加酪醇积累,分别过表达内源基因ARO10及红景天苷植物中将酪氨酸转化为4-HPAA的基因4HPAAS,对其进行组合对比,三株菌较出发菌的红景天苷产量均有提升,其中仅过表达ARO10基因的菌株产量提升明显,在此基础上结合解除反馈抑制等策略获得生产菌株发酵产红景天苷26.55 g/L,为目前最高产量报道。可见,增强酪氨酸或4-羟基苯丙酮酸至酪醇的合成途径以积累更多的前体物酪醇可有效提升红景天苷的产量,但菌株生长可能会受到一定影响。因此,平衡细胞生长与红景天苷合成需更系统的研究。
p-CA为直接前体合成的咖啡酸(caffeic acid, CA)及其衍生物阿魏酸(ferulic acid, FA)均具有抗氧化及抗炎的功能,对美白和延缓皮肤衰老起到一定作用。CA可由p-CA经三种途径合成:第一种是植物来源途径,p-CA被对香豆酸-3-羟化酶(C3H)催化合成CA155,或在细胞色素酶P450 CYP199A2的作用下转化得到156,但这两种方式均难在原核生物中进行表达;第二种是放线菌来源途径,以酪氨酸为前体物,在sam8编码的TAL作用下转化为p-CA,再经sam5编码的4-香豆酸-3-羟化酶(Coum3H)作用合成咖啡酸157-158;第三种是大肠杆菌来源途径,4-羟基苯乙酸-3-加氧酶(HpaB)和4-羟基苯乙酸-3-还原酶(HpaC)进行协同作用形成羟化酶复合物4-羟化苯乙酸-3-羟化酶(4HPA3H)将p-CA催化为CA,为CA合成路径的选择提供了替代方案159
目前,CA的生物合成在酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌中均已实现。在酿酒酵母中,采用来自铜绿假单胞菌的HpaB和来自肠道沙门氏菌的HpaC能获得更高产量160-161,而在大肠杆菌中合成CA时对基因的来源没有明显的偏好性,能采用内源的4HPA3H进行表达72159162,亦能引入外源合成酶进行CA的合成125163。CA的合成很大程度上取决于前体物供应及咖啡酸合成酶的活性,在菌株改造策略中,与前文所述的芳香族氨基酸衍生物类似,均从增加前体物积累、提高辅因子浓度及增强咖啡酸合成酶强度几方面进行,如在大肠杆菌合成CA的相关研究中,Wang等72通过表达内源的4-羟基苯基乙酸3-羟化酶HpaBC,增强TAL拷贝数以增加前体物供应,阻断竞争途径以减少前体物消耗,同时增加辅因子供应,并结合转录组学手段对受CA和FA胁迫下的菌株进行分析,最终生产菌株发酵66 h产CA 7.92 g/L,是目前大肠杆菌合成CA的最高产量。而在酿酒酵母合成CA的相关研究中,袁豆豆等126通过阻断苯丙氨酸合成途径,回补URA3HIS3MET15营养标记基因,以葡萄糖为底物在5 L罐中通过分批补料发酵获得9.3 g/L CA,是目前文献中报道微生物发酵生产CA的最高水平。
FA是一种甲基化酚酸,具有多种生物活性,可由CA在咖啡酸O-甲基转移酶(COMT)催化下合成。目前,实现FA高产的难点主要在于羟基化效果不佳和甲基供体的供应不足。在FA的合成过程中,其前体物CA合成涉及的HpaBC中的HpaB为FADH2依赖型羟化酶,HpaC能利用NAD(P)H再生FADH2,而FADH2的再生速度一定程度上影响HpaB的羟化速度,从而影响FA前体物CA的合成。在CA向FA的转化过程中,COMT需以SAM为甲基供体对底物进行转化。FA的合成优化研究中,Zhou等127通过过表达mtnluxS基因,提高了SAM的利用率,继而提高COMT的甲基化效率,同时引入能增加黄素向FADH2转化的黄素还原酶Fre到途径中,以高效地再生FADH2图3(b)],这两种辅因子的再生显著促进了FA的合成,补料分批发酵条件下达到了5.09 g/L,与原始大肠杆菌菌株相比提高了20倍。类似地,Chen等75系统地设计了酿酒酵母中三种辅因子(FADH2、SAM和NADPH)的供应和循环利用,从中获得了5.5 g/L CA以及3.8 g/L FA。此外,在发酵工艺优化上,Brooks等164对培养基的组分进行了调整,一方面添加能促进香豆酸-3-羟化酶进行氧化还原的铁元素,另一方面为避免培养基中的酵母提取物产生的复杂影响,采用泛酸、烟酸、核黄素和葡萄糖酸盐对其进行替代,其中,泛酸和烟酸在促进细胞代谢中起到关键作用,核黄素和葡萄糖酸能促进铁的利用及NADPH再生。通过以上调整,在提升FA产量的同时减少了p-CA积累,共培养体系在2 mL培养体积中发酵获得(363.1±28.9) mg/L的FA。
没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)是五倍子提取物中的一种天然多酚类化合物,具有一定的抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、改善色素沉着等多种生物活性。它的合成有三种方式:其一是以莽草酸为前体物,由脱氢莽草酸脱氢酶催化及烯醇化得来165-166;其二经莽草酸途径的胞内代谢物3-脱氢莽草酸(DHS)在DHS脱水酶(DHSD)作用下形成原儿茶酸(PCA),然后被来自铜绿假单胞菌的单突变体对羟基苯甲酸羟化酶Tyr385Phe羟化为没食子酸167;其三以分支酸为前体,经分支酸裂解酶(UbiC)催化合成4-HBA,再经双突变体对羟基苯甲酸羟化酶Tyr385Phe/Thr294Ala合成没食子酸128。没食子酸的合成受限于异源引入基因的表达及前体物供应水平。在植物中,没食子酸通过产生的单宁酸酸性水解获得,但该过程会产生大量有毒废物。在Pan等168的研究中,筛选到一种新的单宁酶TanRd,并对其进行表征,证实TanRd对没食子酸酯具有底物专一性,为没食子酸的绿色生产提供了新的选择。Chen等128以大肠杆菌为底盘细胞,增加前体物供应,对没食子酸合成所需酶进行诱变改造获得双突变体对羟基苯甲酸羟化酶Tyr385Phe/Thr294Ala,以葡萄糖为底物发酵36 h没食子酸终产量为1266.39 mg/L。值得注意的是,有研究报道,没食子酸的衍生物二葡萄糖基没食子酸的稳定性和水溶性均优于没食子酸169,将其作为活性成分之一添加至护肤品配方中后能对皮肤起到保护作用170。但现有对二葡萄糖基没食子酸的合成研究较少,作为美白及护肤成分之一,二葡萄糖基没食子酸有很好的应用前景。
根皮素是一种黄酮类化合物,主要存在于苹果、梨等多汁水果的果皮及根皮中。因其能够抑制酪氨酸酶活性,干扰黑色素的生成,常作为天然皮肤美白剂应用于面膜、护肤膏霜、乳液和精华素中171-173。但其在植物中的生物合成途径较为复杂,导致目前从天然来源原料生产根皮素的产量较低。研究人员在酵母中成功构建了一个高效的两步法合成根皮素的人工途径129。他们从14种高产黄酮类化合物的传统植物中筛选获得了高活性的关键酶查尔酮合成酶(CHS);进一步通过优化代谢途径,提高细胞内源性丙二酰辅酶A的生物合成效率并引入豆科根瘤菌中的丙二酸同化途径来补充丙二酰辅酶A的供应;最终,通过发酵过程优化,在5 L发酵罐中发酵80 h产量达到619.5 mg/L。这一成果具有巨大的工业化生产潜力,为根皮素的大规模制备提供了有效途径。此外,Liu等130以大肠杆菌为底盘细胞,从头合成根皮素及其糖苷,其中根皮素产量为1.85 mg/L。现有的生物合成根皮素产量无法满足工业生产的需求,在未来,筛选更高活性的关键酶,并借助代谢工程及合成生物学手段增强前体供应水平,具有广阔的研究前景。
作为化妆品原料的天冬氨酸族氨基酸衍生物,主要包括四氢嘧啶及羟基四氢嘧啶、ε-聚赖氨酸、聚天冬氨酸钠等。四氢嘧啶及羟基四氢嘧啶作为相容性溶质,能起到调节渗透压的能力,从而对皮肤起到保湿等作用,故被广泛用于化妆品行业174。ε-聚赖氨酸具有抑菌效果,聚天冬氨酸钠(PASP)则是高分子天冬氨酸聚合物,能起到保湿效果175-176。天冬氨酸途径的合成由碳源经糖酵解后进入三羧酸循环途径开始,以草酰乙酸或富马酸为前体物,在aspC编码的天冬氨酸氨基转移酶或aspA编码的天冬氨酸酰基转移酶作用下合成天冬氨酸,随后天冬氨酸激酶对其进行催化合成天冬氨酰磷酸,再在天冬氨酸半醛脱氢酶的作用下生成天冬氨酸-β-半醛,继而进入四氢嘧啶、羟基四氢嘧啶和ε-聚赖氨酸合成途径。为提高天冬氨酸族氨基酸衍生物的生产,研究人员对四氢嘧啶及羟基四氢嘧啶的合成优化研究主要从增加前体物供应、减少反馈抑制和发酵工艺优化等方面入手,而对ε-聚赖氨酸的研究则面向酶的筛选及发酵工艺优化两方面,代表性研究如表3所示。
四氢嘧啶与其羟化产物羟基四氢嘧啶是嗜盐菌中分布最广泛的一类相容性溶质192。四氢嘧啶最早由Galinski等193在嗜盐菌Ectothiorhodospira halolucis中发现,随后,Inbar等194在小链霉菌中检测到其羟化产物羟基四氢嘧啶。
四氢嘧啶与羟基四氢嘧啶的传统生产主要通过“细菌挤奶”的工艺实现,即在高盐浓度下培养伸长嗜盐菌(Halomonas elongata),再通过变化的渗透压积累并释放四氢嘧啶,而该工艺对设备要求较高且对菌体生长有影响,导致生产成本较高。目前,四氢嘧啶及羟基四氢嘧啶的生产已通过生物发酵实现。以天冬氨酸-β-半醛为前体,四氢嘧啶在ectABC基因簇的作用下合成。相较于传统的在高盐环境中培养天然菌株生成四氢嘧啶,以大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌等模式生物作为底盘细胞进行异源产物生产能大大降低成本,并且这些菌株不具备四氢嘧啶降解途径195-196。目前为止,四氢嘧啶异源合成最高产量在E. coli BL21(DE3)实现,达到131.8 g/L,通过基因簇优化、增强前体物积累及调节发酵方式三种策略对菌株进行代谢优化实现。具体而言,将目的基因导入大肠杆菌后,通过强化胞内天冬氨酸分支代谢途径(质粒过表达ppcaspCaskasd)、增加谷氨酸含量(过表达gdh)、拉动富马酸到天冬氨酸的代谢流(过表达lysA)三方面对菌株进行系统代谢工程优化[图3(c)59。此外,在谷氨酸棒杆菌底盘细胞中,Ma等178引入由T7启动子控制的ectABC基因簇,结合敲除赖氨酸转运蛋白基因以限制赖氨酸的产生,并对天冬氨酸激酶进行靶向突变以减轻赖氨酸的反馈抑制,获得的生产菌株发酵78 h产四氢嘧啶115.87 g/L。
与四氢嘧啶相比,羟基四氢嘧啶具有更强的极性与水溶性,在化妆品行业更具应有价值197-198。Jungmann等180以实验室原有四氢嘧啶生产菌株为基础,引入筛选得到的羟基四氢嘧啶合成基因ectD,以蔗糖为碳源,采用两步发酵策略,即C. glutamicum ectABCopt 菌株发酵生产四氢嘧啶,然后在不经过中间纯化的情况下,使用C. glutamicum Ptuf ectDMSM 菌株将四氢嘧啶转化为羟基四氢嘧啶,最终在12 h内可完成70%的四氢嘧啶转化积累为74 g/L的羟基四氢嘧啶,然而,四氢嘧啶的残留将会导致分离纯化成本的升高。Ma等179在大肠杆菌中构建了基于esaI/esaR的群体感应元件调控sucA基因的表达,实现了羟化反应共底物α-酮戊二酸供应的动态调控,在不添加α-酮戊二酸条件下,摇瓶发酵获得14.93 g/L的羟基四氢嘧啶,产物中没有四氢嘧啶残留,实现了羟基四氢嘧啶的单一积累。
值得注意的是,过高浓度的四氢嘧啶或羟基四氢嘧啶积累会对细胞产生毒害作用,而大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌的四氢嘧啶/羟基四氢嘧啶外排机制未得到充分研究,因此,可以考虑引入天然生产菌的分泌蛋白进行调节。其次,采用蛋白质构象动力学结合对EctA、EctB、EctC、EctD酶进行定点突变提高酶活性199-200;或引入系统生物学手段,对转录组、代谢组和代谢流组等进行分析,掌握微生物在不同层面上的调控机制,结合适应性进化与高通量筛选工具对菌株进行全局调控,有望进一步提高工程菌株生产效率。
ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-poly-L-lysine, ε-PL)是赖氨酸单体缩合形成的一种天然抗菌肽,在食品、保健品等领域具有重要应用。在化妆品成分中,防腐剂不可或缺,相比化学合成的防腐剂,天然的抑菌物质更得到人们青睐201,ε-PL作为安全无毒的天然氨基酸聚合物,具有很好的抑菌效果202,是作为替代化学防腐剂成分的较好选择。
目前,ε-PL主要通过小白链霉菌好氧发酵进行工业化生产,以赖氨酸为前体,在ε-PL合成酶(Pls)的作用下聚合形成ε-PL。Wang等181通过抗性筛选和优化,成功获得了能力显著提高的六重突变菌株R6,结合酸性pH冲击工艺,在5 L发酵罐中,R6的ε-PL产量提高至70.3 g/L,这是目前报道的最高产量。ε-PL的合成还能通过全细胞转化法实现,朱道君等182采用胞内酶对赖氨酸进行催化,并对摇瓶发酵和全细胞转化两种方式进行对比,实验结果显示全细胞转化最终ε-PL产量为17.21 g/L,是摇瓶发酵的6.4倍,为生产ε-PL提供了一种新的方法。
麦角硫因(ergothioneine, EGT)作为一种稀有的天然含硫组氨酸衍生物,已被证明具有强大的抗氧化性和诸多独特显著的生物学功能203-205。在化妆品原料中,EGT具有抗衰老、美白亮肤等功效206-208。EGT的传统生产方式主要包括生物提取与化学合成法,但这些方法效率较低,难以大规模生产以满足日益增长的市场需求。随着基因工程、代谢工程和合成生物学等相关技术的发展,构建EGT微生物细胞工厂,结合可调控的代谢控制发酵工艺的开发,成为目前EGT生物合成研究的热点,代表性工作如表3所示。
在自然界中少量细菌如甲基杆菌、蓝细菌、放线菌等和大多数真菌如粗糙脉孢菌等都可以合成EGT。已被报道的EGT合成途径主要有四种209-210,均以组氨酸、半胱氨酸和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸作为前体物质(图2),但天然合成途径弱以及前体物协同供应困难等制约了EGT菌株的构建。目前,大肠杆菌是异源合成EGT的主要宿主,研究多集中在组合表达不同天然来源的egtABCDE基因簇(分别编码EgtA、EgtB、EgtC、EgtD和EgtE合成酶)构建合成EGT合成途径、增加前体物供应以及发酵工艺优化等方面。Chen等211确定了真菌里氏木霉合成EGT的能力,并在大肠杆菌中直接共表达异源EGT合成基因tregt1tregt2,在2 L发酵罐中分批补料发酵143 h,ERG产量达到4.34 g/L。康振团队212-213则是在大肠杆菌中引入耻垢分枝杆菌EgtABCDE合成酶和来自裂殖酵母的Egt1,构建重组菌株E1-A1实现了异源合成ERG;随后通过外源添加前体氨基酸和营养因子,增强前体氨基酸和甲基供体供应,EGT产量明显提高;进一步添加CaCl2提高胞内外物质的运输速率,培养108 h后,可生产2.01 g/L EGT。Zhang等183在大肠杆菌中异源表达通过蛋白质工程修饰得到的EgtD(耻垢分枝杆菌来源)和双功能酶TNcEgt1(粗糙脉孢菌来源),利用已建立的可以直接分析培养液中EGT含量的高通量方法对突变体进行筛选,最终获得最优突变体MD4通过添加前体氨基酸和甘油培养94 h,EGT产量可达5.4 g/L。张山等184采用全细胞催化方式,构建了EGT生产菌株的高密度发酵的方法。首先以大肠杆菌为底盘细胞,异源表达耐辐射红色杆菌麦角硫因合成酶(RrEgtB和RrEgtC)基因,以蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸和组氨酸为底物,通过控制补料培养基的流速来调节菌株生长速度以及控制溶氧实现了EGT的高效合成,培养77 h合成量达到了最高7 g/L。谢希贤团队214以一株高产组氨酸的大肠杆菌为出发菌,引入耻垢分枝杆菌EGT合成酶,构建了一条非天然EGT合成途径,并过表达大肠杆菌内源解除产物反馈抑制的腺苷蛋氨酸合酶单突变体(Ile303Val)增强前体物腺苷蛋氨酸的供应,经过发酵条件优化后,在5 L发酵罐中培养52 h,EGT产量可达2.9 g/L,同时可产14.77 g/L组氨酸。随后进一步对EGT的合成模块、前体物组氨酸、半胱氨酸和腺苷蛋氨酸合成模块进行系统的代谢工程改造[图3(d)],最终得到一株遗传背景清晰,不携带质粒,能稳定高效生产EGT的基因工程菌株EGT11,通过发酵工艺优化,在2 L发酵罐上进行分批补料发酵,培养60 h可生产EGT 7.2 g/L,生产强度达120 mg/(L·h),且未有其他副产物的显著积累185。该产量和生产强度为目前报道的最高水平,并且发酵过程中无需添加组氨酸和半胱氨酸,可显著降低生产成本。
此外,有相关文献指出,在一些酵母菌株中可以检测到微量EGT215。Zhou等186便直接以具有EGT合成能力的裂殖酵母作为底盘菌株,经过多轮紫外照射和氯化锂突变,筛选出高效合成EGT的菌株OMK-79,通过添加底物氨基酸优化培养148 h,可产生12.5 g/L EGT,生产强度为84.5 mg/(L·h)。该产量及生产强度是目前酵母作为底盘菌株生产EGT的最高水平。但多轮的随机突变导致遗传不确定性,进一步改良变得十分困难。目前,利用酵母或其他菌株作为底盘出发菌生产EGT也有较多报道216,但整体而言,总体生产水平仍低于上述大肠杆菌工程菌株,发酵周期也相对较长。在未来,挖掘和改造具有更高催化活性的酶和转运输出蛋白,优化和改善前体氨基酸合成与代谢,调整发酵工艺,有望构建更加高效合成EGT的细胞工厂,进一步促进其在更多领域的应用开发。
在过去的十年中,活性肽的发展开辟了美容护肤的新领域。由于肽类化妆品的低毒性、高活性和较好的皮肤渗透性,已经成各大品牌化妆品的“黄金成分”。目前,应用于化妆品中的生物活性肽主要为二肽至十肽,也称为寡肽。活性肽的化学结构直接决定化妆品功效,其作用机制已有较多研究217。应用于化妆品原料中的生物活性肽较多且功效各异,本文将探讨两种广泛应用的生物活性肽——肌肽和谷胱甘肽,并对其生物合成最新研究进展进行综合评述。
(1)肌肽
是一种由β-丙氨酸和组氨酸组成的简单二肽化合物,具有优异的抗氧化和抗糖化功效,可有效清除自由基,保护线粒体免受氧化性损伤;同时竞争性阻止蛋白质与还原糖交联反应,抑制糖基化终产物生成。目前工业生产中,肌肽的生产主要采用化学合成法,如邻苯二甲酸酐法,然而,由于反应时间长、能耗高、环境污染严重,不符合绿色化学的原则。因此,酶催化绿色合成肌肽逐渐受到关注。可将β-丙氨酸和组氨酸催化生成肌肽的酶主要为肌肽合酶、氨基肽酶和二肽酶。其中,肌肽合酶是人体内天然合成肌肽的酶,需要在ATP的能量供应下催化β-丙氨酸和组氨酸合成肌肽,难以用于大规模工业应用。而氨基肽酶218-220和二肽酶221-222均属于水解酶类,其催化肌肽的可逆水解不需要昂贵的ATP,具有工业应用潜力。She等34通过宏观基因组挖掘方法从深海沉积物中鉴定出一种具有肌肽合成活性的新型氨基肽酶,使用组氨酸和廉价的丙氨酸甲酯作为底物可产生约10 mmol/L肌肽。Xing等187通过基因定点饱和突变来改善酯酰基转移酶的底物特异性,并在催化反应达到平衡时,加入丙氨酸甲酯盐酸盐来提高催化效果,最终肌肽浓度可达到105 mmol/L。Yin等33从黏质沙雷氏菌中鉴定的二肽酶SmPepD具有较高活性,通过连续酶促反应,经纳滤膜分离获得了高纯度的肌肽,产量为7.23 g/L。Guan等35同样通过基因组数据挖掘技术鉴定了一种新的来源于巨大芽孢杆菌的二肽酶BmPepD,其对肌肽合成活性是野生型SmPepD的6.5倍;随后通过定点饱和诱变,获得了显著改进的突变体Thr171Asn,该突变体比活性是目前该酶类中报道的最高值。通过优化反应条件,直接以0.2 mol/L组氨酸和6.5 mol/L β-丙氨酸为底物,可催化产生31.3 mmol/L肌肽。Liu等48SmPepD在大肠杆菌中表达,通过计算机辅助设计,理性设计SmPepD,获得双突变体Thr168Ser/Gly148Asp,使肌肽产量提高41.6%,并进一步敲除组氨酸输出基因yeaS,确定最佳反应条件后,在5 L生物反应器采用一锅法生产肌肽,产量达到133.2 mmol/L,摩尔转化率为49.3%,是迄今为止文献报道的最高产量。
酶催化合成肌肽的研究已经取得了较大进展,但用于从头合成肌肽的菌株研究较少。2021年,Kim等188在谷氨酸棒杆菌中增强磷酸戊糖途径、组氨酸合成途径来增加组氨酸产量,过表达负责转化天冬氨酸为β-丙氨酸的天冬氨酸-α-脱羧酶编码基因panD以增加β-丙氨酸供应;同时引入来自哺乳动物的CARNS1基因,该基因编码的酶能够催化组氨酸和β-丙氨酸合成肌肽。在不添加任何前体的情况下,以葡萄糖为碳源培养48 h,从头合成了323.26 mg/L的肌肽。同时该研究证实了谷氨酸棒杆菌合成的肌肽具有与市售肌肽相似的抗糖基化功能和抗凝血作用,表明所开发的肌肽合成菌株具有替代工业上化学合成的潜力。借助酶工程及系统代谢工程手段,筛选更高效的酶并选择更优的异源从头合成肌肽的微生物底盘,是未来的微生物合成肌肽的研究方向。
(2)谷胱甘肽
是一种含γ-酰胺键和巯基的三肽,由谷氨酸、半胱氨酸及甘氨酸组成,广泛分布在哺乳动物、植物和微生物细胞内。谷胱甘肽有还原型(GSH)和氧化型(GSSG)两种形式,在生物体中具有生理活性并起重要生理功能作用的是还原型谷胱甘肽,因此下文中提到的谷胱甘肽均为还原型谷胱甘肽。GSH在细胞代谢过程中发挥重要作用并且具有较强的抗氧化性,已成为众多研究的焦点。目前,利用微生物发酵工艺生产GSH已实现工业化规模化223,主要微生物菌种为酿酒酵母和大肠杆菌。
酿酒酵母具有在细胞中积累高含量GSH的潜力224,是天然生产GSH的菌种。由于GSH是酵母的胞内产物,因此研究多集中在筛选可过量生产GSH的菌株,以及通过高密度发酵增加细胞生物量或添加前体氨基酸来提高其产量。为增加酵母菌株胞内GSH含量,应用了紫外线辐射、亚硝基胍或硫酸二甲酯的经典诱变,同时采用对乙硫氨酸、高锌浓度、氰化钠和亚硫酸盐等有毒化合物的抗性作为选择方案,以分离GSH过量生产菌株。Zhu等225基于RNA-seq的方法定量酿酒酵母Y518(紫外线和亚硝基胍诱导突变体)和酿酒酵母2-10515(对照组)的转录组谱,结果表明Y518突变体积累的内源性活性氧导致慢性氧化应激并触发氧化应激反应,使得Y518细胞中GSH过量产生。相比于传统的平板筛选策略存在的许多缺点,例如种群规模小、不利突变积累等,Patzschke等189利用适应性进化工程策略,逐渐增加丙烯醛胁迫水平,经过250代的持续进化获得一株GSH过量生产菌株A4-19,产量最高为320 mg/L,生产强度为8.28 mg/(L·h)。丝氨酸是GSH生物合成的底物半胱氨酸和甘氨酸的常见前体,添加丝氨酸可有效增加细胞内GSH含量226。Kobayashi等227通过增强酿酒酵母中丝氨酸生物合成途径,同时过表达甘氨酸和半胱氨酸途径相关基因,培养48 h产量最高68.9 mg/L,与对照相比提高了约2.5倍。Lorenz等228则是开发了一种高细胞密度、酿酒酵母的补料分批工艺,在发酵后期采用连续流加低浓度半胱氨酸的方式,可以获得较高的半胱氨酸掺入效率,GSH产量达到1366.1 mg/L。Hu等229针对发酵条件进行优化,确定了蛋白胨、KH2PO4和谷氨酸是发酵培养中的重要因素,最终,酿酒酵母HSD-W08产生3.7 g/L的GSH。Chen等190使用糖蜜和玉米浆作为混合碳源发酵增加细胞密度,在生物量达到90 g/L时使用KMnO4缓释颗粒喂养,显著增强了参与GSH代谢的酶的活性,维持了氧化应激;添加柠檬酸钠作为能量辅助剂,提高细胞内ATP水平,这种基于氧化应激和能量代谢的酵母GSH合成的逐步控制策略,使得GSH积累量达到5.76 g/L,该产量是目前酿酒酵母生产GSH的最高报道。
大肠杆菌中的GSH生产研究主要集中在GSH合成酶(GshF)的筛选以及添加半胱氨酸等氨基酸增强前体供应。Zhang等230过表达来源于琥珀酸放线菌的gshF,阻断前体氨基酸和GSH降解途径,通过补加前体氨基酸,补料分批发酵可产生5.87 g/L GSH。Cui等231在大肠杆菌中组成型表达了来源于血链球菌的gshF,在5 L发酵罐补料分批发酵中加入前体氨基酸,产生7.36 g/L GSH。Wang等191成功构建了嗜热链球菌来源的gshF在不同载体系统中的异源表达,其中E. coli BL21(pUC18-gshF)在5 L发酵罐中进行补料分批实验,18.5 h时产生约15.21 g/L的GSH。在最新的一项研究中,Mori等88通过基因编辑对GSH合成途径和降解途径进行系统代谢工程改造;通过代谢通量和代谢组学分析,发现O-乙酰丝氨酸转化为半胱氨酸是KG06产生GSH的限速步骤,使用硫代硫酸盐作为硫源很大程度上克服了这一限制,将GSH产量提高到22.0 g/L。这是迄今为止文献中报道的最高产量,并且不需要添加半胱氨酸,为GSH的工业化生产提供了一个有潜力的途径。
合成生物学作为21世纪生物技术领域的重要分支,其在化妆品原料开发中的应用展现了生物制造技术的巨大潜力。化妆品原料的创新是推动行业发展的关键,而氨基酸衍生物作为新兴的化妆品成分,在抗衰老、保湿、美白等方面展现出显著效果,应用越来越广泛。例如,谷氨酸族氨基酸衍生物具有优良的保湿性,被广泛应用于美容护肤品中。而芳香族氨基酸衍生物则通过其抗氧化性和抗炎性,对美白和延缓皮肤衰老起到一定作用。此外,生物活性肽,如肌肽、谷胱甘肽等,因其低毒性、高活性和较好的皮肤渗透性,已成为化妆品中的“黄金成分”。
化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物正经历着由传统化学合成向生物合成的转变。利用合成生物技术设计构建微生物细胞工厂,已实现众多氨基酸衍生物的高效生物合成。在化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物的生物合成中,酶转化法和微生物发酵法是两种主要的生产工艺。酶转化法通过特定酶的作用,将氨基酸前体物转化成相应的氨基酸衍生物,具有高选择性和温和的反应条件。而微生物发酵法则利用微生物的代谢途径,通过上游理性代谢工程育种与非理性育种,以及下游的发酵工艺优化,实现目标产物的高效生物合成。这两种方法相较于传统化学合成,具有更高的环境友好性和生物安全性。
在化妆品原料氨基酸衍生物生物合成研究中,涉及的关键技术包括酶工程、代谢工程、动态调控和非理性筛选。酶工程通过定向进化和理性设计,改善酶的催化特性和物理化学性质,以适应工业生产的需求。代谢工程通过多基因重组技术,对细胞代谢网络进行合理设计和改造,提高目标产物的合成能力。动态调控通过感应外界环境因素或代谢物浓度,实现基因表达的动态调控,平衡细胞生长与产物合成的关系。非理性筛选则通过物理或化学诱变,筛选出具有优良生产性能的菌株。随着合成生物技术的不断进步,如CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术、高通量筛选方法、系统生物学和人工智能的结合,将有助于开发更高效的生物合成途径和更稳定的微生物细胞工厂。此外,通过合成生物学手段,可以实现对化妆品原料的精确调控和定制化生产,满足市场对个性化产品的需求。同时,合成生物学的应用还将推动化妆品行业向更加绿色、可持续的方向发展。
然而,合成生物学在化妆品原料生产中的应用仍面临一些挑战。例如,化妆品原料生物合成途径的效率和稳定性需要进一步提高,微生物细胞工厂的安全性也需要深入考虑。此外,合成生物学产品的商业化应用还涉及到成本效益、市场接受度和法规监管等问题。未来研究需要在提高合成效率的同时,关注合成生物学产品的安全性、经济性和可持续性。
综上所述,合成生物学在化妆品原料领域的应用为传统化妆品行业带来了革命性的变化。通过不断优化和创新,合成生物学有望推动化妆品原料生产向更高效、更环保、更个性化的方向发展,满足消费者对健康、美丽和可持续发展的需求。未来,我们期待合成生物学能够在化妆品行业中发挥更大的作用,为人们带来更多创新和高效的美容解决方案。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFA0911800)
  • 国家自然科学基金(22378315)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2022CXGC010506)
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2025年第6卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-060
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 修回日期:2024-10-11
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFA0911800)
国家自然科学基金(22378315)
山东省重点研发计划(2022CXGC010506)
作者信息
    1 天津科技大学生物工程学院,天津 300457
    2 天津科技大学工业发酵微生物教育部重点实验室,天津 300457

通讯作者:

谢希贤(1976—),男,博士,教授,天津科技大学学术委员会委员。研究方向为合成生物学、代谢工程。E-mail:
马倩(1987—),女,博士,副教授。研究方向为代谢工程、系统生物学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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