Article(id=1148682689764450345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722355200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-31, revisedDate=1726588800000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751796894732, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1745942400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751796894732, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751796894732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751796894732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148682683779182790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='2', pageStart='229', pageEnd='491', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751796893293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757495676060, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172585111162864526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148682683779182790, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=334, endPage=356, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149896502936744461, articleId=1148682689764450345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Synthetic biology drives the sustainable production of terpenoid fragrances and flavors, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=, articleAbstract=

The demand for personal care products has been increasing steadily. Consumers are now seeking for products that offer enhanced functionality, natural ingredients, and superior feeling experiences. Fragrances and flavors are key components in personal care formulations. Terpenes and their derivatives dominate natural fragrances due to their diverse structures and scents, widespread availability from plants and animals, stable function, and high safety profile. The terpene fragrance market is projected to grow at an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching $1.01 billion by 2028, indicating a high market revenue and promising future. Currently, the acquisition of natural terpene fragrances is constrained by the long growth cycle of plants, low terpene content, and high extraction cost. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing new technology, such as synthetic biology, to achieve large-scale production of diverse fragrance compounds at an environment-friendly manner. This review explores the application and development of synthetic biology in the sustainable production of terpene fragrances, highlighting how data-driven synthetic biology and biotechnological innovations empower terpene fragrance production. It also compares classical and alternative terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, elucidating their differences and advantages, which can offer comprehensive insights for chassis design toward terpenoid efficient biosynthesis. Additionally, this review explores recent advances in terpene synthase discovery and engineering as well as cell factory construction. Furthermore, we comprehensively summarizes challenges encountered in the construction of three major types of terpene fragrance cell factories: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and nor-isoprenoids, and discusses metabolic engineering strategies that can be employed to address these issues, including enzyme optimization, pathway reconstruction, and cellular detoxification. At the end, we comment the current landscape of patents and industrial competition, offering insights into future challenges and opportunities, including the hurdles of biosynthesis technology, the discovery and design of new products, as well as the market regulation and safety concerns.

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香精香料是个人护理产品中的重要成分,其中,萜类化合物及其衍生物在天然香料市场中有着重要的地位。近年来,合成生物学的蓬勃发展为解决萜类香料产能瓶颈及开发更多元化的新型香料化合物带来了新机遇。本文探讨了合成生物学在萜类香料可持续生产中的应用和发展,介绍了数据驱动的合成生物学和生物技术创新如何赋能萜类香料生产,讨论比较了萜类合成的经典合成途径和替代合成途径,并探讨了萜类合酶挖掘与改造进展。在此基础上,着重介绍了单萜类、倍半萜类和降异戊二烯类香料的细胞工厂合成现状,包括元件改造、途径优化和萜类解毒等关键技术策略。最后,对当前专利布局和产业化竞争格局进行了总结分析,并对未来发展的挑战和机遇进行了展望,包括生物合成技术的挑战、新产物的发掘与设计,以及市场监管与安全性问题。

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周雍进(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为基于甲醇生物转化与天然产物生物合成。E-mail:
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张梦瑶(1999—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为天然产物的生物合成。E-mail:

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(G3P—D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; PYR—pyruvate; DXP—1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate; MEP—2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate; CDP-ME—4-diphophocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythrito; CDP-MEP—4-diphophocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2phosphate; MEcPP—2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate; HMBPP—4-hydroxy-3-methyl-butenyl diphosphate; DMAPP—dimethylallyl diphosphate; GPP—geranyl diphosphate; FPP—farnesyl diphosphate; GGPP—geranylgeranyl diphosphate; MG-CoA—3-methylglutaconyl-CoA; MB-CoA—3-methyl-2-butenoyl-CoA; MB—3-methyl-2-butenal; DMAP—dimethylallyl phosphate; M3P—mevalonate 3-phosphate; M3P5P—mevalonate 3,5-biphosphate; IP—isopentenyl phosphate; AcCoA—acetyl-CoA; AcAcCoA—acetoacetyl-CoA; HMGCoA—3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; MVA—mevalonate; M5P—mevalonate 5-phosphate; MVAPP—mevalonate diphosphate; IPP—isopentenyl diphosphate; NPP—neryl diphosphate; Z,Z-FPP—Z,Z-farnesyl diphosphate; NNPP—nerylneryl diphosphate; DXS—DXP synthase; DXR—DXP reductoisomerase; MCT—MEP cytidylyltransferase; CMK—CDP-ME kinase; MDS—ME-CPP synthase; HDS—HMB-PP synthase; HDR—HMB-PP reductase; ERG10—ACCT acetyl-CoA C-acetyl transferase; ERG13—HMGS HMG-CoA synthase; HMGR—HMG-CoA reductase; ERG12—MK MVA kinase; ERG8—PMVK phosphomevalonate kinase; ERG19—MVD diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase; LiuC—enoyl-CoA hydratase; AibAB—glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase; cbjALD—acyl-CoA reductase; YahK—alcohol dehydrogenase; ThiM—hydroxyethylthiazole kinase; IPK—isopentenyl phosphate kinase; IDI—isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase; GPPS—geranyl pyrophosphate synthase; FPPS—farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase; GGPPS—geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; NPPS—nerol pyrophosphate synthase; zFPPS—Z,Z-Farnesyl diphosphate synthase; NNPPS—nerylneryl diphosphate synthase; M3K—mevalonate 3-kinase; M3P5K—mevalonate 3-phosphate 5-kinase; BMD—mevalonate biphosphate decarboxylase; IPK—isopentenyl phosphate kinase; PMD—mevalonate 5-phosphate decarboxylase.)

, figureFileSmall=2VbKx6U2yI3qx3X6PcnEPw==, figureFileBig=ofJGOSMHw1ZjY9l3j3er2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584701937205946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图2, caption=经典的萜类合成途径与常见替代合成途径

(G3P—D-甘油醛-3-磷酸; PYR—丙酮酸; DXP—1-脱氧-D- 木酮糖-5-磷酸酯; MEP—2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸; CDP-ME—4-焦磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇; CDP-MEP—4-焦磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2-磷酸; MEcPP—2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-2,4-环焦磷酸; HMBPP—4-羟基-3-甲基-2-丁烯基焦磷酸; DMAPP—二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸; GPP—香叶基焦磷酸; FPP—法尼基焦磷酸; GGPP—香叶基香叶基焦磷酸; MG-CoA—3-甲基戊烯二酰辅酶A; MB-CoA—3-甲基-2-丁烯酰辅酶A; MB—3-甲基-2-丁烯醛; DMAP—二甲基烯丙基磷酸; M3P—甲羟戊酸-3-磷酸; M3P5P—甲羟戊酸-3,5-焦磷酸; IP—异戊烯基磷酸; AcCoA—乙酰辅酶A; AcAcCoA—乙酰乙酰辅酶A; HMG-CoA—3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A; MVA—甲羟戊酸; M5P—甲羟戊酸-5-磷酸; MVAPP—甲羟戊酸焦磷酸; IPP—异戊烯基焦磷酸; NPP—橙花基焦磷酸; ZZ-FPP—ZZ-法尼基焦磷酸; NNPP—橙花橙花基焦磷酸; DXS—DXP合酶; DXR—DXP还原异构酶; MCT—MEP胞苷酰转移酶; CMK—CDP-ME激酶; MDS—ME-CPP合酶; HDS—HMB-PP合酶; HDR—HMB-PP还原酶; ERG10—乙酰辅酶A硫解酶; ERG13—3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰-CoA合酶; HMGR—3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶; ERG12/MK—甲羟戊酸激酶; ERG8/PMVK—磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶; ERG19/MVD—甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶; LiuC—烯酰辅酶A水合酶; AibAB—戊烯二酰辅酶A脱羧酶; cbjALD—酰基辅酶A还原酶; YahK—醇脱氢酶; ThiM—羟乙基噻唑激酶; IPK—异戊烯基磷酸激酶; IDI—异戊烯基焦磷酸异构酶; GPPS—香叶基焦磷酸合酶; FPPS—法尼基焦磷酸合酶; GGPPS—香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合酶; NPPS—橙花基焦磷酸合酶; zFPPS—ZZ-法尼基焦磷酸合酶; NNPPS—橙花橙花基焦磷酸合酶; M3K—甲羟戊酸-3-激酶; M3P5K—甲羟戊酸-3-磷酸-5-激酶; BMD—甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶; IPK—异戊烯基磷酸激酶;PMD—甲羟戊酸-5-磷酸脱羧酶)

, figureFileSmall=2VbKx6U2yI3qx3X6PcnEPw==, figureFileBig=ofJGOSMHw1ZjY9l3j3er2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702000120507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Mining and engineering terpene synthases, figureFileSmall=KLc8AkNdL/MoqQ8pnT6iUQ==, figureFileBig=AYDoogQbvT/WGgnIf/lQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702063035068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图3, caption=萜类合酶的挖掘与改造, figureFileSmall=KLc8AkNdL/MoqQ8pnT6iUQ==, figureFileBig=AYDoogQbvT/WGgnIf/lQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702117561021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Engineering strategies for monoterpene fragrance cell factories, figureFileSmall=+X7Dr/0o8xMbXIG1tK3gVQ==, figureFileBig=pi/nZboqTSnaowMzttt5zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702176281278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单萜类香料细胞工厂常见的工程化改造策略, figureFileSmall=+X7Dr/0o8xMbXIG1tK3gVQ==, figureFileBig=pi/nZboqTSnaowMzttt5zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702239195839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Strategies for enhancing FPP availability to sesquiterpene synthases., figureFileSmall=sbjRo8TN9D7WMvky5psHYw==, figureFileBig=oz4Jrd+6f3n9VduMTLXXgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702293721792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图5, caption=提升倍半萜合酶对FPP可得性的常见策略, figureFileSmall=sbjRo8TN9D7WMvky5psHYw==, figureFileBig=oz4Jrd+6f3n9VduMTLXXgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702365024961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Schematic diagram of biosynthetic pathway of α,β-ionone, figureFileSmall=YH+cMgyxl842LHVS5nP9lw==, figureFileBig=3U59/yPyLn6RSZ84QIKz4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702444716738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图6, caption=α/β-紫罗兰酮生物合成途径, figureFileSmall=YH+cMgyxl842LHVS5nP9lw==, figureFileBig=3U59/yPyLn6RSZ84QIKz4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702528602820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Global literatures and patents related to terpene fragrance biosynthesis that were publicized within the last decade, figureFileSmall=7q+cfWCiQUAdHwkUPN4BhQ==, figureFileBig=GJe48Pp796kuGZaDIXi+eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702595711685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图7, caption=全球十年内萜类香料生物合成相关文献与专利分布

(The data were from Google Patents and Google Scholar using “terpene fragrances” and “synthetic biology” as the keywords, July 17th, 2024.)

, figureFileSmall=7q+cfWCiQUAdHwkUPN4BhQ==, figureFileBig=GJe48Pp796kuGZaDIXi+eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702671209158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Current landscape of synthetic biology companies and traditional fragrance industries, figureFileSmall=ooI+giWQqLGNw7tYT7h5dQ==, figureFileBig=G1EG65TnkNNf8ejjlLQFbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702759289543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=图8, caption=当前合成生物技术公司与传统香料产业的格局, figureFileSmall=ooI+giWQqLGNw7tYT7h5dQ==, figureFileBig=G1EG65TnkNNf8ejjlLQFbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584702818009800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of cell factories for producing terpene fragrances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 化合物 气味特征 底盘菌株 培养条件 产量/(g/L) 参考文献
链状单萜 香叶醇
Geraniol
温和、甜香、花果香气 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 2.1 [73]
巴斯德毕赤酵母 24孔板发酵 1.2 [74]
月桂烯
Myrcene
甜香脂香气 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 1.2 [75]
香茅醇
Citronellol
甜润玫瑰花香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 8.3 [76]
芳樟醇
Linalool
铃兰清香 菠萝潘托氏菌 5 mL试管 S型5.6
R型3.7
[77]
单环单萜 柠檬烯
Limonene
柠檬香气 大肠杆菌 3 L生物反应器 3.6 [78]
α-松油醇
α-Terpineol
丁香花气味 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 21.8 [79]
左旋香芹酮
(-)-Carvone
兰花香气、类清新薄荷气味 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵
柠檬烯为底物
44.3 [80]
双环单萜 龙脑
Borneol
极强的樟脑和松木香气 酿酒酵母 摇瓶补料 0.75 [81]
α-蒎烯
α-Pinene
松木芳香,清新草本气味 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 0.17 [82]
香桧烯
Sabinene
湿泥土气味与木质香气 酿酒酵母 摇瓶发酵 0.15 [83]
链状倍半萜 橙花叔醇
Nerolidol
清新柔和的木质香及花果香 酿酒酵母 摇瓶发酵 3.5 [84]
β-法尼烯
β-Farnesol
青草与柑橘混合的清新香气 酿酒酵母 200 t生物反应器 130 [85]
法尼醇
Farnesol
温和的花香调 大肠杆菌 试管 0.53 [86]
单环倍半萜 红没药烯
Bisabolene
果香与香脂香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 9.8 [87]
α-葎草烯
α-Humulene
丁香香型 热带念珠菌 30 L生物反应器 4.1 [88]
右旋大根香叶烯D
(-)-Germacrene D
辛辣的胡椒香气 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 7.9 [89]
双环倍半萜 右旋瓦伦烯
(+)-Valencene
愉悦的柑橘香 酿酒酵母 15 L生物反应器 16.6 [70]
右旋诺卡酮
(+)-Nootkatone
葡萄柚的香气 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 0.80 [90]
檀香醇
Santalol
柔和温暖的木质香型 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 1.3 [91]
三环倍半萜 α-檀香烯
α-Santalene
温暖细腻的檀香木香气 巴斯德毕赤酵母 1 L生物反应器 21.5 [92]
长叶烯
Longifolene
鸢尾花与木质香 大肠杆菌 5 L生物反应器 0.38 [93]
广藿香醇
Patchoulol
广藿芳香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 1.6 [94]
单环降异戊二烯 α-紫罗酮
α-Ionone
强烈的紫罗兰花与鸢尾根香 酿酒酵母 摇瓶补料 0.48 [95]
β-紫罗酮
β-Ionone
紫罗兰与玫瑰香,含木质香 解脂耶氏酵母 3 L生物反应器 0.98 [96]
), ArticleFig(id=1172584702906090185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689764450345, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

经典的萜类香料细胞工厂汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构 化合物 气味特征 底盘菌株 培养条件 产量/(g/L) 参考文献
链状单萜 香叶醇
Geraniol
温和、甜香、花果香气 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 2.1 [73]
巴斯德毕赤酵母 24孔板发酵 1.2 [74]
月桂烯
Myrcene
甜香脂香气 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 1.2 [75]
香茅醇
Citronellol
甜润玫瑰花香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 8.3 [76]
芳樟醇
Linalool
铃兰清香 菠萝潘托氏菌 5 mL试管 S型5.6
R型3.7
[77]
单环单萜 柠檬烯
Limonene
柠檬香气 大肠杆菌 3 L生物反应器 3.6 [78]
α-松油醇
α-Terpineol
丁香花气味 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 21.8 [79]
左旋香芹酮
(-)-Carvone
兰花香气、类清新薄荷气味 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵
柠檬烯为底物
44.3 [80]
双环单萜 龙脑
Borneol
极强的樟脑和松木香气 酿酒酵母 摇瓶补料 0.75 [81]
α-蒎烯
α-Pinene
松木芳香,清新草本气味 大肠杆菌 摇瓶发酵 0.17 [82]
香桧烯
Sabinene
湿泥土气味与木质香气 酿酒酵母 摇瓶发酵 0.15 [83]
链状倍半萜 橙花叔醇
Nerolidol
清新柔和的木质香及花果香 酿酒酵母 摇瓶发酵 3.5 [84]
β-法尼烯
β-Farnesol
青草与柑橘混合的清新香气 酿酒酵母 200 t生物反应器 130 [85]
法尼醇
Farnesol
温和的花香调 大肠杆菌 试管 0.53 [86]
单环倍半萜 红没药烯
Bisabolene
果香与香脂香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 9.8 [87]
α-葎草烯
α-Humulene
丁香香型 热带念珠菌 30 L生物反应器 4.1 [88]
右旋大根香叶烯D
(-)-Germacrene D
辛辣的胡椒香气 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 7.9 [89]
双环倍半萜 右旋瓦伦烯
(+)-Valencene
愉悦的柑橘香 酿酒酵母 15 L生物反应器 16.6 [70]
右旋诺卡酮
(+)-Nootkatone
葡萄柚的香气 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 0.80 [90]
檀香醇
Santalol
柔和温暖的木质香型 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 1.3 [91]
三环倍半萜 α-檀香烯
α-Santalene
温暖细腻的檀香木香气 巴斯德毕赤酵母 1 L生物反应器 21.5 [92]
长叶烯
Longifolene
鸢尾花与木质香 大肠杆菌 5 L生物反应器 0.38 [93]
广藿香醇
Patchoulol
广藿芳香 酿酒酵母 5 L生物反应器 1.6 [94]
单环降异戊二烯 α-紫罗酮
α-Ionone
强烈的紫罗兰花与鸢尾根香 酿酒酵母 摇瓶补料 0.48 [95]
β-紫罗酮
β-Ionone
紫罗兰与玫瑰香,含木质香 解脂耶氏酵母 3 L生物反应器 0.98 [96]
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合成生物学助力萜类香精香料可持续生产
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张梦瑶 1, 2, 3 , 蔡鹏 1, 2 , 周雍进 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 334-356
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 334-356
合成生物学助力萜类香精香料可持续生产
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张梦瑶1, 2, 3, 蔡鹏1, 2, 周雍进1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所生物技术研究部,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 2 大连市能源生物技术重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 张梦瑶(1999—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为天然产物的生物合成。E-mail:

通讯作者:

周雍进(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为基于甲醇生物转化与天然产物生物合成。E-mail:
Synthetic biology drives the sustainable production of terpenoid fragrances and flavors
Mengyao ZHANG1, 2, 3, Peng CAI1, 2, Yongjin ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Division of Biotechnology,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Dalian 116023,Liaoning,China
  • 2 Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology,Dalian 116023,Liaoning,China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057
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香精香料是个人护理产品中的重要成分,其中,萜类化合物及其衍生物在天然香料市场中有着重要的地位。近年来,合成生物学的蓬勃发展为解决萜类香料产能瓶颈及开发更多元化的新型香料化合物带来了新机遇。本文探讨了合成生物学在萜类香料可持续生产中的应用和发展,介绍了数据驱动的合成生物学和生物技术创新如何赋能萜类香料生产,讨论比较了萜类合成的经典合成途径和替代合成途径,并探讨了萜类合酶挖掘与改造进展。在此基础上,着重介绍了单萜类、倍半萜类和降异戊二烯类香料的细胞工厂合成现状,包括元件改造、途径优化和萜类解毒等关键技术策略。最后,对当前专利布局和产业化竞争格局进行了总结分析,并对未来发展的挑战和机遇进行了展望,包括生物合成技术的挑战、新产物的发掘与设计,以及市场监管与安全性问题。

合成生物学  /  萜类化合物  /  香精香料  /  细胞工厂  /  知识产权

The demand for personal care products has been increasing steadily. Consumers are now seeking for products that offer enhanced functionality, natural ingredients, and superior feeling experiences. Fragrances and flavors are key components in personal care formulations. Terpenes and their derivatives dominate natural fragrances due to their diverse structures and scents, widespread availability from plants and animals, stable function, and high safety profile. The terpene fragrance market is projected to grow at an annual growth rate of 6.4%, reaching $1.01 billion by 2028, indicating a high market revenue and promising future. Currently, the acquisition of natural terpene fragrances is constrained by the long growth cycle of plants, low terpene content, and high extraction cost. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing new technology, such as synthetic biology, to achieve large-scale production of diverse fragrance compounds at an environment-friendly manner. This review explores the application and development of synthetic biology in the sustainable production of terpene fragrances, highlighting how data-driven synthetic biology and biotechnological innovations empower terpene fragrance production. It also compares classical and alternative terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, elucidating their differences and advantages, which can offer comprehensive insights for chassis design toward terpenoid efficient biosynthesis. Additionally, this review explores recent advances in terpene synthase discovery and engineering as well as cell factory construction. Furthermore, we comprehensively summarizes challenges encountered in the construction of three major types of terpene fragrance cell factories: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and nor-isoprenoids, and discusses metabolic engineering strategies that can be employed to address these issues, including enzyme optimization, pathway reconstruction, and cellular detoxification. At the end, we comment the current landscape of patents and industrial competition, offering insights into future challenges and opportunities, including the hurdles of biosynthesis technology, the discovery and design of new products, as well as the market regulation and safety concerns.

synthetic biology  /  terpenoid  /  fragrances and flavors  /  cell factory  /  intellectual property
张梦瑶, 蔡鹏, 周雍进. 合成生物学助力萜类香精香料可持续生产. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 334 -356 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057
Mengyao ZHANG, Peng CAI, Yongjin ZHOU. Synthetic biology drives the sustainable production of terpenoid fragrances and flavors[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 334 -356 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057
随着经济发展和消费观念升级,消费者对个人护理产品及香氛产品的需求不断提升,尤其是对产品的功能性、天然性和感官体验提出了更高且更个性化的要求1。香精香料作为个人护理产品及香氛产品配方中的关键成分,扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。高品质、纯天然、安全健康且具独特气味的香料配方已成为个人护理产品和香氛产品的重要卖点和差异化竞争力2
萜类化合物及其衍生物是构成天然香料的核心成分3,按照萜类骨架的不同可分为单萜、倍半萜、二萜等,这些萜类化合物的含氧衍生物又可衍生为萜醇、萜酸、萜酮、萜酯等。丰富的化学结构赋予了萜类香料多样独特的嗅觉特征,并通过混杂调配来满足终端香料市场多元化的需求4-5。萜类化合物之所以成为香精香料市场中不可替代的原料组成,主要原因有:①结构种类丰富多样,香型各异,为香料配方的创新提供了广阔空间6;②广泛存在于动植物中,发掘范围广7;③大多数萜类香料结构稳定,利于商品化,部分还可作定香剂使用,以提高香料的持久性8;④萜类化合物安全性普遍较高,使用历史悠久,消费者接受度高,符合当前市场对天然、安全产品的需求趋势7。2022—2027年,萜类香料市场的复合年增长率预计将达到6.4%,到2027年将增长至9.4亿美元,市场价值高、前景广阔9。然而,当前天然萜类香料的获取受制于植物生长周期长、萜类含量低、提取成本高等因素,资源成本巨大且难以规模化610。化学合成路线虽可实现规模化生产,但长期存在环境污染风险高、工艺复杂、消费者认同度低等问题610。因此,迫切需要开发更加高效、环保、可持续的新型萜类香料生产技术路线,打破萜类香料市场的产能困境。
合成生物学的蓬勃发展为传统精细化工领域带来了巨大的技术变革,有望为萜类香料行业注入新动力,助力开发更加多元化的绿色生物基香料化合物,并实现大规模生产11。本文详细阐述了合成生物技术在萜类香料可持续生产中的关键作用,从技术发展到应用实例全面分析。首先,综合回顾了以生物计算工具和遗传编辑为代表的使能技术的发展。其次,从代谢途径的角度分别概括了当前萜类化合物合成的经典途径与替代性合成途径。随后,从生物合成元件维度,深入探讨了天然萜类合酶的挖掘与人工设计改造策略,为高效生物合成奠定基础。文章还系统梳理了单萜、倍半萜和降异戊二烯类香料合成实例,并对单萜和倍半萜细胞工厂改造策略简要总结。在此基础上,分析了当前萜类香料知识产权布局和产业技术格局。最后,探讨了萜类香料生物合成面临的挑战,并且展望了新产物的发掘与设计前景,为未来香料行业发展提供了思考方向。
合成生物学作为一门发展迅猛的新兴学科,其核心是通过对生物系统的改造或创制来实现特定功能12,例如构建人工微生物细胞工厂并基于“设计-构建-测试-学习”(DBTL)循环策略进行多轮迭代优化,实现复杂萜类香料化合物的高产13图1)。针对这一过程,以生物计算和遗传编辑为代表的使能技术的发展极大减少了研发周期和成本,为菌株的升级改造提供了支持与保障。
随着测序成本的降低以及各类生物学数据库完善,以深度学习为代表的人工智能算法逐渐发展为大规模数据处理分析的有力工具,并应用于DBTL循环的各个环节。在本节中,对天然香料化合物基因组资源挖掘和生物代谢建模,以及人工智能算法辅助的蛋白质工程进行综述。
基因组数据是天然香料化合物挖掘鉴定的宝库。目前,全球已有超过48万个物种完成了基因组测序14,这些海量的基因组数据为探索细胞代谢中的“暗物质”提供了重要资源,而各种生物信息学分析预测工具为基因组挖掘提供了关键手段。一方面,以ClusterFinder14、antiSMASH15、PRISM16等为代表的生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters,BGC)预测工具能够准确快速地从大规模基因组中识别潜在BGC,极大促进了新型天然香料化合物的发现。另一方面,利用基因共进化关系挖掘萜类香料产物调控元件也为细胞工厂改造提供了新策略17
生物代谢建模能够将基因组中海量数据整合处理并转化为对代谢途径改造的指导信息。目前生物代谢建模的方法主要分为3类:全基因组尺度代谢网络模型(genome-scale metabolic models,GEM),动力学模型,机器学习模型13。其中,GEM模型因计算简单、可解释性强等优势,应用最为广泛,且已发展出多种模型自动化构建方法和工具18-20。基于GEM模型开发的菌株设计算法,如Optknock21等,可应用于萜类香料化合物细胞工厂改造靶点的预测。此外,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)算法辅助工具在萜类香料合成研究中也独具优势,例如AlphaFold为代表的新型智能工具在蛋白结构预测与挖掘研究领域取得了一系列重大突破22-24。尽管基于氨基酸一级序列已经可以实现较为准确的蛋白三维结构预测,然而在细胞工厂的构建中往往更关注生物学元件结构赋予的具体生理学功能以及特殊细胞环境下的催化活性参数,因此对于蛋白功能和酶催化效率的精准预测具有更加重大的意义。未来,随着标准化数据规模的扩充和人工智能及深度学习算法的不断发展,精准的蛋白质功能预测和催化活性预测工具有望为合成生物学,尤其是萜类香料化合物的工业化生产带来巨大的机遇。
合成生物技术的快速发展不仅在理论层面指导我们更加深入地认识生命现象,并在实践应用层面提供了包含精准基因编辑和DNA组装等技术手段,来辅助设计构建新型生物平台。
近年来,CRISPR/Cas9系统凭借无痕编辑、精确性、简便性及适用范围广等显著优势,已成为基因编辑领域的主导技术25,并成功应用于多种非模式微生物的遗传改造,包括解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica26-28、毕赤酵母(Komagataella phaffii29-31、多形汉逊酵母(Hansenula polymorpha32-33等。在此基础上发展出了一系列多功能的CRISPR衍生技术,例如多基因同时编辑技术34以及具有转录激活(CRISPRa)和干扰(CRISPRi)功能的多元表达调控系统35-36,极大拓展了CRISPR技术的应用范围。此外,DNA组装技术也是异源途径构建的重要手段,可在体内和体外实现大规模、多组分的途径合成模块搭建。体外方法中,Golden Gate和Gibson组装因多组分、无痕组装和操作灵活性等优势脱颖而出,极大简化了基因编辑的工作流程37-38。而体内方法如转化相关重组(transformation-associated recombination,TAR)和CRISPR系统在大片段DNA组装方面优势突出,可实现>30 kb的大型基因簇的体内组装,突破了常规PCR扩增长度限制,同时有效减少了基因突变的概率39。这些先进的基因编辑及DNA组装技术为萜类香料合成模块的异源重构提供了巨大的便利。
合成生物学的快速发展离不开数据科学与生物技术的协同进步,其中,基于自动化与高通量技术的标准化平台建设大幅提升了实验效率,也保证了实验结果的高质量与可重复性。合成生物学、机器学习及人工智能以及自动化技术等诸多新质生产力的有机整合,有望为萜类香料产业升级提供变革性技术与契机40
萜类化合物的合成依赖共同的五碳化合物(C5)前体:异戊二烯焦磷酸(isopentenyl diphosphate,IPP),二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸(dimethylallyl phosphate,DMAPP)41。随后IPP与DMAPP可进一步转化为碳链更长的萜类前体骨架,例如香叶基焦磷酸(geranyl diphosphate,GPP)、法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl diphosphate,FPP)和香叶基香叶基焦磷酸(geranylgeranyl diphosphate,GGPP)42。这些前体骨架在不同的萜类合酶(terpene synthase,TPS)催化下生成结构多样的萜类化合物43。合成IPP与DMAPP的经典途径已被完全解析并深入研究。近来,人工设计发掘的替代合成途径也取得了显著进展。这些创新途径或具备正交性,或缩短了合成路径,或减少了有毒中间体的积累,促进了萜类化合物的高效生产。本节将重点阐述萜类香料化合物的经典合成途径,并探讨替代性萜类合成途径的研究(图2)。
与萜类化合物结构多变特性不同的是,在自然界中萜类化合物前体的合成途径具有广泛的保守性,一般主要通过甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate,MEP)途径或甲羟戊酸(mevalonate,MVA)途径合成IPP和DMAPP44。这两条途径的主要区别在于物种分布和细胞区室化定位,MEP途径主要存在于大多数原核生物和高等植物质体中,而MVA途径主要存在于真核生物和古细菌中4245。其中,高等植物可以同时利用这两条途径来合成异戊二烯42。本节将重点阐释MEP途径和MVA途径的关键调控靶点,并对两条途径在工程化应用中的差异进行对比讨论。
MEP途径以丙酮酸和3-磷酸甘油醛为前体物(图2),经七步酶促反应生产IPP与DMAPP46。MEP途径中的限速步骤主要有两步:1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶(1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase,Dxs)与异戊烯基焦磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase,Idi)。其中,Dxs的Kcat/Km远低于其他途径酶,且IPP和DMAPP通过竞争硫胺素焦磷酸结合位点的方式对Dxs进行反馈抑制调节47,因此Dxs成为了MEP途径中调控最严格的步骤。在蓝藻中过表达内源Dxs可将虾青素产量从11.4 mg/g有效提升至20.2 mg/g,并通过异源表达大肠杆菌来源的变体酶EcDXSR239K/K284R大幅缓解了IPP/DMAPP对Dxs的反馈抑制,进一步提升了MEP途径的代谢通量,使虾青素产量提升至29.6 mg/g48。此外,大肠杆菌中的代谢流分析证实除Dxs外Idi也是MEP途径的主要限速步骤49,过表达IDI基因可有效提升单萜化合物柠檬烯的积累50,而综合强化DXSDXRIDI基因的表达水平成功提升了枯草芽孢杆菌中甲基萘醌-7的产量51
MVA途径则以乙酰CoA为反应起始代谢物(图2),经六步酶促反应生成IPP与DMAPP。大量研究证实MVA途径中的限速步骤有两步:催化3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA,HMG-CoA)生成甲羟戊酸的HMG-CoA还原酶(HMG-CoA reductase,Hmgr)以及甲羟戊酸激酶(mevalonate kinase,Erg12)。其中,Hmgr是主要限速步骤,这也是MVA途径中唯一使用氧化还原辅因子的酶促反应,单纯通过基因过表达的方式进行强化可能会扰乱细胞氧化还原平衡52,因此需要更加精细的调控策略来提升产量。N端结构域连接着Hmgr蛋白的催化结构域与跨膜结构域,通过移除这一序列可以提高蛋白溶解度,消除膜结构域形成的潜在空间位阻或构象限制,使其催化结构域达到最佳构象以发挥活性,从而提高目标产物的生产强度52-53。此外,Erg12受到严格反馈调控,其活性可以被高浓度的底物和产物抑制54。例如,焦磷酸中间物GPP、FPP、GGPP等通过竞争Erg12的ATP结合位点来抑制其活性55。借助蛋白质工程对生产番茄红素的大肠杆菌中的Erg12定向进化,鉴定出3个能够增强Erg12活性的位点(V13D、S148I和V301E),将番茄红素产量提升了2.4倍56,为调控MVA途径代谢流提供了新策略。
综上所述,在不同类型的底盘微生物中改造萜类合成途径时应考虑到以下方面。首先,改造原核生物时,MEP途径作为内源途径虽然操作相对便利,但由于与中心碳代谢紧密相连,也更易受到固有调控机制的制约。相比之下,MVA途径在原核底盘细胞的异源重构则展现出更高的正交性,且在多数情况下能够实现更高的产量,因此在萜类香料合成菌株构建过程中往往更具优势。其次,在改造真核生物的MVA途径时,需要特别关注其复杂的调控机制,尤其是HMG-CoA等中间产物的细胞毒性以及Hmgr对NADPH需求可能引发的氧化还原不平衡问题。在选择合适的途径进行工程化改造时,需要综合考虑宿主特性、目标产物和具体工程策略,亦或是结合两条途径的协同优势,从而进一步提升萜类化合物的产量。
近年来,解析和应用替代性萜类合成途径一直是研究的热点,这是由于其具有以下三方面的重要前景:
(1)提高产率
更短的途径、更高的碳得率或是绕过部分限速步骤57-58。一个经典的例子是人工设计的类异戊二烯醇(isoprenoid alcohol,IPA)途径。该途径通过将上游中心碳代谢物转化为异戊醇,并进一步将异戊醇磷酸化为相应的类异戊二烯前体,实现了更高效的萜类合成58。这一过程不仅消耗更少的ATP,还有效避开了限速酶的严格调控。而在酿酒酵母中直接外源添加异戊烯醇时,胞内的IPP/DMAPP的产量可提升147倍59,这些非天然的途径设计为提高萜类化合物的生产效率提供了新的思路。
(2)提高生物正交性
替代途径与底盘菌株的代谢网络节点更少,碳代谢能够更加高效地趋向产物合成。例如,橙花基焦磷酸合酶(neryl pryophosphate synthase,NPPS)能够以IPP和DMAPP为底物直接合成NPP,通过代谢途径的隔离规避了传统FPP途径的代谢分流,提高了产物合成的定向性60-61。这种正交途径在提高目标产物积累的同时,减少了对宿主细胞代谢的干扰。
(3)科学价值
不断发掘萜类化合物合成途径中的新反应,揭示调控新机制。例如,古菌中甲羟戊酸先后经3-OH和5-OH位的两次磷酸化,再经甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶Bmd生成异戊烯磷酸(isopentenyl phosphate,IP),最后被异戊烯磷酸激酶(IPK)磷酸化为IPP55。尽管这条途径比经典MVA途径更长,但绕开了Erg12的底物抑制步骤,为萜类合成带来新的思路和应用。发掘不同物种间萜类合成途径的差异,也将为合成生物学优化生产提供新元件和新路径。
目前,尽管替代性途径在特殊产物生产与代谢灵活度方面具有独特优势,但在实际生产中仍面临诸多挑战,大多数尚处于实验室阶段。因此,这些新的途径更多作为对经典途径的补充和优化,而非实现完全替代,综合利用经典的MVA与MEP途径和替代途径的优势可能将发挥更大的潜力(图2)。总之,非经典的替代性萜类合成途径的研究不仅为提高萜类化合物的生产效率提供了新的可能性,也为深入理解萜类生物合成机制提供了科学洞见。未来,这些替代途径有望在工业化生产中发挥更加重要的作用。
萜类合酶(TPS)是启动萜类化合物合成的关键酶,其数量及种类的多样性决定了萜类化合物结构与功能的丰富度。萜类合酶通过催化异戊烯焦磷酸FPP、GPP、GGPP等简单的前体物发生环化、重排和修饰等形成碳骨架结构,再由细胞色素P450酶等进一步完成后修饰,共同塑造萜类化合物的多样性62。深入挖掘自然界中的未知萜类合酶与人工设计改造已知萜类合酶,一直以来都是探索萜类合酶催化机制差异、拓展萜类化合物多样性的关键。萜类合酶的不断发掘与改造极大拓展了萜类化合物的结构多样性,为探索天然萜类化合物的催化机制与非天然萜类合成奠定了基础,本节将重点介绍萜类合酶的挖掘与改造进展(图3)。
萜类化合物的结构多样性主要取决于萜类合酶,因此萜类合酶的挖掘对于萜类合成途径的解析和新颖萜类化合物的发现至关重要。根据底物的活化策略不同萜类合酶主要分为两类:Ⅰ型萜类合酶和Ⅱ型萜类合酶。Ⅰ型萜类合酶通过与其保守基序结合的金属离子簇促发焦磷酸基团的解离,从而形成碳正离子中间体并引发后续的系列反应;而Ⅱ型萜类合酶则通过其保守残基诱导底物质子化,形成活性中间体起始环化反应63-64。此外,随着对于萜类合酶研究的不断深入,越来越多非常规萜类合酶被发现,也为萜类香料化合物的合成提供了更广泛的生物元件62
基于序列相似性或保守基序的萜类合酶预测,以及BGC辅助的萜类合酶挖掘,是筛选已知产物的萜类合酶的常用手段,而基于结构模型的基因组挖掘则不受物种和BGC的限制,有利于序列非典型的TPS发掘。有学者通过基于蛋白质立体结构模型的基因组挖掘,成功从268种放线菌基因组中检测到6种类型的萜类合酶,其中有3种为首次发现的非典型TPS,为日后开发新型萜类香料化合物提供了有力工具65。此外,多组学联合分析可迅速有效地锁定关键途径酶,在益智Alpinia oxyphylla中通过转录组比较分析不同诺卡酮含量的组织部位转录本,成功鉴定出新的瓦伦烯合酶,并解析了益智中由瓦伦烯经两步修饰反应生成诺卡酮的完整途径66。此外,海量的基因组数据积累以及自动化高通量技术的发展,为挖掘新型萜类合酶带来了机遇。近来,在二倍半萜67及二萜68合酶挖掘中的尝试将为进一步拓展萜类香料化合物丰富性提供参考。
萜类化合物作为一类次生代谢产物,通常在细胞中含量较少,因此野生型的萜类合酶在异源表达时通常表现出较低的催化活性、底物特异性或稳定性。为了避免低性能的萜类合酶成为制约细胞工厂高效生产的瓶颈,常通过蛋白质工程的方法来对萜类合酶进行改造,本节将重点围绕理性设计与半理性的定向进化这两种策略展开讨论。
萜类合酶的理性设计中最常用的策略是对关键氨基酸残基进行定点突变。通过对酶活性位点、底物结合口袋或其他关键区域的氨基酸残基进行突变,可直接增强酶与底物之间的亲和力或改变活性中心内部静电环境等方式提升催化效率,也可通过促进活性中心对产物的释放,提升酶的周转数Kcat来提升酶的催化活性;亦或是改变活性口袋空间结构或化学性质,实现微调底物特异性甚至催化其他新底物69。在来源于Eryngium glaciale的瓦伦烯合酶EgVs的改造研究中,通过对6个位点的同时突变,成功将瓦伦烯产量提升2.1倍,并大幅降低了副产物马兜铃烯的积累70。其中,活性位点附近的氨基酸突变可能直接改变了底物结合或过渡态稳定性,进而影响了酶的活性与稳定性,而远端氨基酸突变则可能改变了蛋白质整体构象与动力学特征,进而间接提升了催化效率70-71
半理性的定向进化是酶改造研究中广泛使用的另一重要策略,尤其是在蛋白质结构和动力学等先验知识认识不足的情况下71。主要借助易错PCR和DNA改组(DNA shuffling)的方式在分子水平对目标蛋白进行反复多轮迭代的遗传变异和筛选,在实验室环境中模拟蛋白质进化,从而实现对蛋白催化性能的优化71-72。然而,定向进化涉及大量突变体的筛选,因此依赖于高通量与自动化技术的支持。在萜类环化酶的改造中,研究人员开发了一种基于比色法的高通量筛选方式,成功通过定向进化将倍半萜合酶的热稳定性提升了12 ℃,同时保持了酶活性与产物特异性72。基于高通量筛选技术的萜类合酶定向进化为酶工程提供了新的可能,有助于探索和理解酶催化机制,而将半理性的定向进化与理性设计改造相结合,将是快速获得优良突变体的有效应用策略。
合成生物学指导下的萜类香料细胞工厂构建是当前其在萜类香料领域最突出的应用,也是实现高效生物合成的核心内容,细胞工厂的效率和产量决定了产业化应用前景。本节将分别探讨单萜香料、倍半萜香料和降异戊二烯香料细胞工厂研究进展(表1),并简要综述当前萜类香料细胞工厂优化的主要策略,为构建高效萜类香料生产细胞工厂提供理论指导。
单萜类化合物是一类由IPP和DMAPP在特定萜类合酶催化下,通过缩合反应生成含10个碳原子的复杂萜类化合物。其包含非环单萜、单环单萜及双环单萜等不同类型5,具有分子量低、挥发性高的特点,是香精香料产业中备受青睐的原料之一97表1中统计了当前代表性单萜类化合物人工细胞工厂构建的现状,以期对上游生物合成和下游产品应用提供更多可用信息。本小节从元件优化、途径优化及细胞解毒三个由小及大的层面概述了当前单萜细胞工厂构建与优化的常用策略,并讨论了一些共性挑战(图4)。
催化元件是构建高效生物合成平台的基本单元,其性能对整体生物合成效率至关重要。在单萜生物合成过程中,催化元件主要分为两类:异源引入的萜类合酶和内源代谢途径调控酶。内源途径酶的活性限制着流向异源合成途径部分的代谢通量,在适配胞内代谢网络与异源产物积累中发挥重要调控作用。内源酶元件的调控主要涉及表达强度调节和酶活性调节,这与代谢途径密切相关,将在下节详细讨论。本节重点探讨异源萜类合酶的优化策略。
异源萜类合酶的性能通常是决定产量的关键因素之一,其在微生物中的表达受到转录、翻译、翻译后修饰与蛋白降解速率等多重因素的影响。对萜类合酶的优化主要集中在功能性表达调控、酶催化活性强化和底物选择性优化三个方面98。首先,功能性表达方面,去除质体靶向信号肽可有效规避因区室化定位和水解修饰系统不匹配而导致的蛋白凝集问题99-100,成功应用于柠檬烯合酶99101和桧烯合酶83等多种萜类合酶的异源表达中;促溶标签的融合表达蛋白可提高可溶性蛋白表达量,如紫杉二烯萜合酶中融合表达麦芽糖结合蛋白(maltose-binding protein,MBP)标签102,蛇葡萄素合酶融合表达小的泛素样修饰物(small ubiquitin-like modifier,SUMO)标签103等,内在无序蛋白(SynIDP)作为新型促溶标签也可进一步提高难溶蛋白的溶解度104;基因拷贝数的精细调控能有效提升产物合成效率,适度增加萜类合酶的基因拷贝数92将α-檀香烯的产量提升了1.1倍,但需注意过多拷贝数可能带来额外的代谢负担。其次,酶催化活性方面,空间共定位策略通过构建融合酶提升中间物周转效率以增强酶的实际催化活性105。如将柠檬烯合酶Ls与上游的橙花基焦磷酸合酶NPPS融合表达,成功将柠檬烯产量提升了5.5倍60。最后,酶的底物选择性优化是当前研究的热点,通过计算机辅助的人工理性改造是重要的技术手段,以瓦伦烯合酶为例多位点定点突变有效提升了FPP流向瓦伦烯合成的代谢通量70
当前,优化萜类合酶性能的策略主要集中在提高功能性表达和催化活性两个方面。这反映了我们对萜类合酶的结构与功能之间的关系理解有限,以及对不同表达系统差异认识不足。未来结合计算机辅助模拟和高通量、自动化的筛选平台,深入了解酶结构与催化机制,有望实现萜类合酶的精准优化和萜类化合物的高效合成。
底盘细胞整体代谢与目标物高产之间的平衡问题是细胞工厂构建的关键。前体物质的充足供应通常是目标物高效生产的重要保障。本节将从异戊二烯合成途径优化和中心代谢途径强化两个方面探讨代谢途径优化策略。
异戊二烯合成途径作为萜类合成的直接前体模块,决定了萜类合成途径的碳通量。因此,大多数萜类细胞工厂研究集中于优化异戊二烯合成途径。本节将以三个关键酶的优化策略出发,探讨如何提高异戊二烯合成途径的效率。第一,如前所述,Hmgr是异戊二烯合成途径中公认的限速步骤5985。研究表明,表达截短的tHMGR基因能够显著提高其催化效率52-53。例如,在解脂耶氏酵母中,这一策略将柠檬烯的产量提升了18倍100。此外,过表达NADH依赖的HMGR基因不仅提高了催化效率,还满足了辅因子需求。得益于β氧化产生丰富的NADH供给,这一策略在过氧化物酶体区室化中尤为有效85106-107。第二,乙酰CoA乙酰基转移酶(acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase,Erg10)作为MVA途径第一步的催化酶,直接决定了MVA途径的代谢通量。过表达ERG10基因可有效促进进入MVA途径的整体通量,特别是同时强化ERG10tHMGR基因时,可将酿酒酵母利用木糖合成角鲨烯的产量提升130%108,以及利用葡萄糖合成红没药醇的产量提升67%109。第三,平衡Erg12的表达与上下游代谢物丰度有利于提升总体代谢通量,尤其是Erg12、Erg13和Erg19之间的平衡能够协调MVA途径中复杂严格的反馈调节,进而提升目标产物的合成效率54
加强中心碳代谢的代谢流进入异戊二烯合成模块对促进目标物积累至关重要,通过微调中心代谢网络,提高节点化合物乙酰CoA的供应水平,使胞内代谢平衡向有利于产物积累的方向偏移。主要策略包含内源合成途径优化、异源合成途径构建以及代谢溢流产物的再利用等。首先是强化内源胞质乙酰CoA供给途径。优化柠檬酸转运是一种有效策略。表达ATP柠檬酸裂解酶编码基因ACL可将来自线粒体的柠檬酸在细胞质中转化为乙酰CoA110。特别是敲除异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitrate dehydrogenase,icdh,对提升胞质乙酰CoA可得性具有协同作用111。其次,引入更短、更高效的乙酰CoA合成途径。例如,磷酸转酮酶(phosphoketolase,Pk)及磷酸转乙酰基酶(phosphate acetyltransferase,Pta)途径能将果糖- 6-磷酸两步转化为乙酰CoA112,提升其得率与供应水平113。此外,在Crabtree阳性菌(如酿酒酵母)中,可过表达编码乙醇脱氢酶的基因ADH2,编码NADP依赖性的醛脱氢酶基因ALD6以及编码乙酰CoA合成酶的突变体基因ACSL641P,最大限度地将乙醇代谢溢流拉回中心代谢,从而增加乙酰CoA的供给114
综上所述,细胞工厂的代谢途径优化是提高目标物合成的重要策略,通过促进产物合成途径的代谢通量以及平衡底盘代谢网络与产物合成模块之间的通量分配,能够有效促进产物合成。除此以外,能量与还原力的供给,以及全局代谢调控等因素同样十分关键。在非模式底盘中,不明晰的代谢调控机制可能为生物合成带来一定的阻碍,因此代谢途径改造的刚性会是该部分工作需面临的新挑战。
在萜类化合物合成过程中,终产物与中间物的积累均存在一定的细胞毒性,并严重影响宿主细胞的正常生长代谢。为解决这一问题,可采取以下四种策略。
(1)平衡酶表达水平,减少有毒中间物的积累
一方面精细调控HMG-CoA合成酶表达强度,避免HMG-CoA过量积累抑制脂肪酸及细胞膜合成55115;另一方面缓解焦磷酸化合物积累引起的细胞毒性及对上游催化酶的反馈抑制,例如过表达异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶IDI1基因实现细胞内IPP及DMAPP比例的自我平衡,减轻DMAPP的细胞毒性,并且显著提升单萜化合物的积累116
(2)利用细胞器区室化隔离反应
通过细胞器区室化将有毒中间物与细胞整体代谢隔离,可减少代谢串扰和产物扩散,并增加催化酶的局部底物浓度,提升催化效率。例如,过氧化物酶体区室化在单萜和倍半萜生产中被广泛应用,如莰烯、桧烯、S-(-)-柠檬烯、α-蒎烯和R-(+)-柠檬烯的产物积累分别高出胞质15、22、17、105和125倍117
(3)动态调控策略平衡中间物积累
将代谢途径通过模块化设计基因线路和动态调控策略实现各模块间的动态控制,可减轻底盘微生物代谢失衡与毒性中间物积累116。在酿酒酵母中以HXT1启动子起始ERG20基因的表达,在葡萄糖和乙醇混合碳源下实现对ERG20基因的动态表达调控,有效将毒性单萜化合物香叶醇的产量提升了176%118
(4)转运工程强化终产物外排
加速毒性终产物分泌至细胞外可显著缓解细胞内毒性。在解脂耶氏酵母中,异源表达ABC转运蛋白有效减轻了原本定位在过氧化物酶体中的α-红没药烯合成途径的细胞毒性,同时促进了细胞生长与产物积累119。此外,有学者在酿酒酵母中构建了包含精准结合萜烯的蛋白载体和外泌信号肽的运输系统,这一复合蛋白分泌途径有望实现包含芳樟醇、月桂烯、柠檬烯和蒎烯等43种不同萜类化合物的持续靶向转运,并在以角鲨烯和β-胡萝卜素为测试分子时成功将其胞外分泌水平分别提升了26和23倍120
目前,单萜解毒策略主要围绕减少有毒中间物积累、实现区室隔离、动态调控以及加速产物转运等方面展开。这些策略在一定程度上缓解了萜类化合物生物合成中的毒性问题,但尚未从根本上解决该问题。随着实验室适应性进化技术的不断发展,国内外诸多研究团队已获得多株表型优良的耐受菌株,随着后续深入的机制分析和反向代谢工程研究的推进,有望通过理性设计有效提高底盘鲁棒性,从根源解决细胞毒性的问题,获得更加高效、稳健的工业生产菌株。
倍半萜类化合物是由3个异戊烯单元组成的含15个碳原子的萜类化合物,由FPP在特定的倍半萜合酶催化下通过环化、重排等反应生成。这类化合物结构丰富多样,根据合成所需的倍半萜合酶类型可将其分为链状倍半萜(如法尼烯)、单环倍半萜(如红没药烯)、双环倍半萜(如瓦伦烯)以及三环倍半萜(如檀香烯)。部分倍半萜化合物不仅具有香氛特征,还具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生理药理活性,因此在个人护理产品中可作为芳香物质和功效成分。石竹烯与红没药烯便是其中的代表性化合物。
石竹烯(caryophyllene)是广泛存在于胡椒、肉豆蔻、丁香、迷迭香等植物中的双环倍半萜化合物121-122。α-石竹烯则常被称为α-葎草烯(α-humulene),气味沉稳6。β-石竹烯具有独特的木质香、辛香、柑橘香及温暖的丁香气味,广泛应用于香精香料领域,也是我国GB 2760—2024批准的食品级香料。此外,石竹烯具有显著的抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化及镇痛功效123,是一种优良的天然透皮吸收促进剂124,可用于舒缓修复产品或与其他活性成分复配。目前,利用人工细胞工厂合成β-石竹烯进展颇丰,通过使用烟草中鉴定的β-石竹烯合酶Tps7,并对MVA途径代谢优化,采用原位萃取的分批补料发酵策略,β-石竹烯产量最终可达5.1 g/L122
红没药醇(bisabolol)是存在于菊科和橄榄科植物中的单环倍半萜化合物,其中α-红没药醇常用于消费个护产品125。α-红没药醇具有甜花香气味,且具有舒缓抗炎、抗敏抗菌及镇痛功效126,目前已收录于《已使用化妆品原料目录》(2021版)中,广泛用于国内外诸多个护品牌。在生物合成方面,通过在酿酒酵母中异源表达德国洋甘菊Matricaria recutita来源的红没药醇合酶基因MrBOS,并强化限速酶表达强度,削弱竞争途径及转运工程等,在5 L生物反应器中α-红没药醇的产量达到了7 g/L127。另外,在大肠杆菌中表达小圆茎草变种Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus来源的CcBOS,并结合上游途径优化,最终通过补料分批发酵使α-红没药醇产量提升了23.4 g/L125
与单萜化合物以GPP为前体不同,倍半萜化合物以FPP为前体,而FPP是胞内多种化合物的共同前体。因此,在代谢工程中需要重点优化FPP的供应。常用策略包括(图5):
(1)强化FPP自身的表达强度
例如过表达内源FPP合酶编码基因(FPPS)或引入异源FPPS基因在大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母中均能够有效提升产物的积累93128
(2)削弱竞争途径
FPP在细胞内的去向主要有三条:第一条是与IPP缩合形成GGPP;第二条是在角鲨烯合成酶Erg9的催化下流向麦角甾醇的合成;第三条是在磷酸酶Dpp1或Lpp1的作用下发生去磷酸化生成法尼醇87。因此,敲除dpp1lpp1 129-130,并弱化ERG9基因的表达可以显著提升FPP流向目标产物的通量。
(3)采用空间策略提高中间物传递
酶融合策略能够在连续催化步骤中有效加强中间化合物的递送效率,通过融合表达FppS与倍半萜合酶,能够最大限度地减少FPP的竞争性消耗,进而促进β-榄香烯131,广藿香醇132及α-红没药醇129等多种倍半萜化合物的积累。
综上所述,近年来利用合成生物学方法构建人工细胞工厂生产倍半萜取得了丰硕成果。通过优化代谢途径、强化关键酶表达、削弱竞争途径等策略,多种倍半萜化合物的产量已达到g/L级水平。未来,通过进一步优化代谢网络并开发高效分离纯化技术,有望进一步提高倍半萜香料的生产水平。此外,通过挖掘并改造新型倍半萜合酶,拓展倍半萜香料多样性,也将助力生物合成技术在香精香料领域的应用。
降异戊二烯类(nor-isoprenoid)香料是一类由萜类化合物氧化降解脱去一个或多个碳原子而形成的小分子香料,通常含有9、11或13个碳原子133,其中含十三碳的大马士革酮(damascenone)和紫罗兰酮(ionone)具有极低的气味阈值,广泛用于高端香精香料产业95-96。大马士革酮(主要是β-大马士革酮)具有强烈的花果香,主要存在于葡萄、玫瑰和烟草中134。紫罗兰酮天然存在于紫罗兰和鸢尾花中,具有两种不同的构象,其中α-紫罗兰酮具有木质调的紫罗兰香气,而β-紫罗兰酮主要以花果香为主135图6)。降异戊二烯类香料以其独特的香气特征和较高的稳定性,在香料配方中具有不可替代的地位3
在生物体内先合成番茄红素或类胡萝卜素,随后经番茄红素环化酶(lycopene epsilon-cyclase,LcyE)或类胡萝卜红素裂解单加氧酶(carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase,Ccd)降解产生α-紫罗兰酮或β-紫罗兰酮(图6)。通过去除上述两种酶的转运肽,并融合可溶性蛋白标签,结合对上游代谢流的调节,最终经分批补料发酵,α-紫罗兰酮产量达到480 mg/L,β-紫罗兰酮达到500 mg/L95。尽管已经实现了降异戊二烯类化合物的生物合成,但当前生产强度距离工业化生产还有很大的距离,阻碍其高效生物合成的主要挑战可能有:①关键酶活性不足。番茄红素环化酶与类胡萝卜红素裂解单加氧酶的催化活性低,借助计算机模拟和蛋白质工程等方法改善这一瓶颈,或将为降异戊二烯合成带来重要突破。②代谢途径复杂。相比上文中提及的单萜或倍半萜而言,降异戊二烯的合成途径更加复杂冗长,涉及多个代谢模块和关键酶的协调,因此重塑胞内代谢网络,使其最大限度地流向产物积累是关键,除借助传统代谢工程优化以外,通过构建营养互补型菌株群落实现多模块之间的分割和适配,降低单个菌株的代谢负担,并通过共培养策略有望实现目标产物的高效积累。
随着合成生物技术在萜类香精香料生产应用中的日益深入,对全球知识产权现状及产业化布局的研究变得尤为重要,不仅有助于企业和研究机构了解技术发展趋势和竞争格局,还能为战略决策提供有力支持。通过分析专利布局,可以识别技术热点和市场机遇,实现细分市场下的差异化发展136。同时,对产业化布局的研究能够揭示产业链结构和供需关系,便于明晰商业策略,协助商业模式创新136。这一分析也有助于明确技术体系中各方的定位和作用,促进产学研协同创新,加速成果转化137。通过深入理解知识产权和产业化布局,相关主体可以更好地评估研究价值,推动跨领域交叉互融,促进萜类香料产业的可持续发展,并为进一步促进合成生物技术在萜类香精香料领域的突破和发展提供思考与建议。
近十年来,与合成生物学赋能萜类香料生产相关的学术文章数量连年攀升(图7),通过总结分析当前知识产权布局,能够具象化反映技术发展情况,以便技术各方更好地把握发展趋势并制定战略指引137。本小节将着重阐释我国与国际市场在萜类香料领域中的合成生物学专利布局情况与差异分析。
当前萜类香料专利的主要申请国为美国、德国、日本及中国,且形成了以芬美意、奇华顿和IFF为代表的领头香料企业长期占据专利申请主导地位的态势(图7)。此外,以Amyris和Evolva为代表的生物技术公司在合成生物学领域的专利申请增长迅猛,专利内容覆盖面广,包含合成途径、酶工程、发酵工程、香料复配等方面。此外,跨国公司的专利往往覆盖多个国家和地区。相比之下,我国萜类香料专利主要集中在本土申请。尽管我国萜类香料在国际上的专利申请数量上整体较少,但增长速率十分迅猛,尤其是集中在合成生物学方面的专利数量迅速增加。
整体而言,全球市场的高价值专利比例更高,专利覆盖面更广,布局更加系统全面,并且容易形成技术壁垒。我国整体专利数量及高价值专利占比较少,大多专利集中在特定萜类化合物的合成,布局相对分散,且专利申请国际化程度不足。尽管存在这些差距,近年来中国合成生物技术发展势头强劲,随着核心技术不断发展与突破,国内合成生物学创新能力不断提升,此外国内研究院所与企业的知识产权意识也在不断提高,相信随着产业链的不断整合,以及复合型人才培养,我国萜类香料领域知识产权布局将有望逐步实现赶超与突破。
合成生物学在萜类香料中的产业技术正处于快速发展阶段,正逐步实现从技术突破到规划应用的跨越。中国在萜类香料的合成生物学研发方面起步较晚,但发展增速迅猛,在一些细分领域内已经达到国际领先水平。已有文章对中国与其他发达国家在合成生物学领域的产业技术与项目发展进行了详细分析137。本节将重点阐释中国市场与国际市场在萜类香料发展中的产业竞争态势与技术研发进展。
从产业竞争态势来看,在国际市场中,已有多个重磅产品实现了商业化,且市场格局成熟,发展出了优势明显的领军企业,大型香精香料公司(例如奇华顿、国际香精香料、德之馨,以及2023年合并的帝斯曼-芬美意)与专业的生物技术公司(例如Amyris、Ginkgo Bioworks与Evolva等)占据主导地位(图8)。相比之下,中国市场仍处于整合发展阶段,市场参与者较为多元,包含传统香料企业(例如新和成、百润股份、华宝股份、亚香股份等)、新兴生物技术公司以及科研院所等主体。在技术研发进展上,底盘菌株开发、代谢工程应用以及发酵放大生产等方面国内外研究进展差异较小,并且我国还开发了以餐饮废油为原料的本土化特色工业菌株138-140。然而,我国在更加前沿的学科,如人工智能辅助合成生物学平台设计,以及应用机器学习算法预测酶活性等方面仍处于追赶学习国际领先技术的阶段。此外,在更精细高效的高通量筛选技术与单细胞水平代谢产物分析等方面仍有较大差距。
综上,从产业竞争态势与技术研发趋势来看,我国在萜类香料合成生物学领域发展迅速,随着国家政策扶持力度的加大,社会资源投入的持续增加,未来将逐步缩减与国际领先水平在技术深度、创新能力和产业化成熟度等方面的差距。
合成生物学为萜类香精香料的生产带来了革命性的产业变革,然而目前仍存在诸多挑战。本文总结讨论了合成生物学在萜类香料生产中面临的三大挑战并展望了其解决策略和发展方向。首先是生物合成技术中的关键挑战,包括上游工业菌株构建中的细胞毒性问题,以及下游放大生产中的发酵设备和提取成本问题。其次,探讨合成生物学在开发全新功能性香料化合物方面的潜力。最后,讨论了合成生物学在产品安全性、市场监管和消费者接受度等方面的挑战,并提出了展望,以期为未来研究方向提供有益的参考。
生物合成技术在萜类香料的大规模生产中主要面临着两大挑战:上游工业菌株构建中的鲁棒性问题,以及下游放大生产过程中的设备和提取成本问题。
首先,萜类香料细胞工厂的鲁棒性主要在于细胞毒性的扰动,这些具有宜人香气的挥发性化合物往往对细胞膜造成破坏或干扰细胞代谢,从而抑制底盘细胞生长和目标产物积累。为应对这一挑战,可通过综合运用以下策略来实现高鲁棒性的萜类香料生产平台构建:①筛选耐受性更强的底盘菌株;②优化代谢途径以减少中间产物积累;③开发原位产物分离技术。
其次,挥发性萜类化合物的大规模发酵面临着特殊的工艺挑战,即原位萃取过程中有机相的添加可能导致设备腐蚀和损害。产业报告显示下游提取工艺在整个生产成本中占据了主要部分。为改善这些问题,可以从以下几方面切入:①开发廉价且耐腐蚀的新型发酵设备材料;②设计专用的气相捕集系统;③开发更高效的分离纯化技术。
综上,强鲁棒性的工业菌株与工艺优良的发酵技术将极大推动萜类香料生物合成技术的产业化应用。
合成生物学为全新萜类化合物的发掘和设计开辟了广阔前景,尤其是功能性萜类香料的开发。传统香精香料主要关注气味体验,然而,随着消费者日益多元化的需求,兼具增香作用及功效性的化合物越来越受到消费个护领域的青睐,已然成为未来的研究热点。随着合成化学和计算机辅助设计技术的进步,人工设计和合成全新香料分子已成为可能。这些新型香料分子不仅可以弥补天然香料的不足,还能创造出前所未有的感官体验。借助人工智能和机器学习在分子设计和合成生物学中的应用,研究人员可以更有效地探索天然产物库,挖掘自然界中尚未被发现的新型萜类化合物。同时,通过探索非传统萜类骨架或改造萜类合酶,可以显著拓展萜类化合物的结构多样性和功能特性。此外,在新型萜类化合物的设计和筛选方面,通过开发模块化的生物合成途径有助于实现新型萜类化合物的高通量筛选和定向改造,助力挖掘更多全新的天然或人工合成的具有独特香气和功能性的新型萜类化合物,为香料产业的可持续发展提供新的可能。
由于合成生物学具有颠覆性和交叉性的技术特征,因而面临着产品安全性、市场监管和消费者接受度等多方面的挑战。首要挑战是建立完善的生物安全性评估和法律监管体系,并且国际市场同样需要建立统一的安全评价标准,以确保合成生物学产品的准入一致性。其次,产品标识和消费者知情权也是重要议题,一方面要做到确保消费者知情权,另一方面又要避免误导性宣传。此外,提高消费者对合成生物学产品的认知与接受度也是一项长期挑战。出于对新技术的质疑和对基因工程的误解,部分消费者可能对生物合成萜类香料持谨慎消费态度。针对此,强化市场宣传沟通与大众科普教育,增进公众对技术安全性的理解和信任,是推动合成生物学在香料领域健康发展的关键。随着安全性评估体系的完善、法律法规的健全和公众认知的提高,合成生物学在萜类香料生产中的应用有望获得更广泛的认可和支持,为香料行业的可持续发展做出重要贡献。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2105900)
  • 中国科学院特别研究助理资助项目
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2025年第6卷第2期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-09-18
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2105900)
中国科学院特别研究助理资助项目
作者信息
    1 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所生物技术研究部,辽宁 大连 116023
    2 大连市能源生物技术重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
    3 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

通讯作者:

周雍进(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为基于甲醇生物转化与天然产物生物合成。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hcsw/CN/10.12211/2096-8280.2024-057
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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