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The field of synthetic biology has been profoundly transformed over the past two decades due to major advances in biotechnology. Notable instances of this seismic shift can be seen in DNA sequencing, where the cost for human whole genome sequencing (WGS) has dropped by ten million-fold in the past 20 years from nearly 3 billion USD in 2003 to less than 300 USD currently. For perspective, in the field of computer technology the effects of “Moore’s Law” has drove computation cost down by a thousand-fold in the past 20 years. Significant advances in technologies underpinning synthetic biology in recent years are transforming many major industries, and one remarkable example of synthetic biology driven transformation is the cosmetics and skincare industry. Historically, changes in skincare have been driven by changes in raw materials: from ancient plant-based concoctions to industrial-era chemicals in the twentieth century, and later to the concept of “cosmeceuticals” emerged in the U.S., integrating pharmaceutical benefits into cosmetics to meet the growing demand for anti-aging skincare products. Today, there’s an increasing demand for more potent cosmetics, alongside a growing voice for environmentally sustainable production. Traditional skincare product development often involves reformulating existing ingredients, which faces limitations in efficacy. Additionally, the reliance on chemical synthesis or natural extraction methods for production poses additional environmental cost due to the use of chemical reagents and significant energy consumption. Rapid advances in biotechnology enables us to overcome such efficacy and environmental limitations through direct synthesis of biomaterials that are safer and more cost-effective than their industrial chemical counterparts. Synthetic biology tools such as AI-assisted protein design and strain engineering are enabling the production of much more potent biomaterials at industrial scales, thus providing more effective and sustainable bioactive ingredients for skincare. For example, previously expensive and hard-to-obtain compounds such as hyaluronic acid, ceramides, and collagen are now produced at a fraction of the cost compared to the previous decade. In recent years, synthesized collagen has shown that it can be designed to be humanized to minimize adverse human immune reactions, thus greatly reducing allergy and other health risks of the end product. The incorporation of biomaterials that were once exclusive to expensive therapeutics into consumer skincare product is rapidly transforming the cosmetics industry by narrowing the gap between medical-grade treatment and consumer-grade anti-aging. This trend marks a significant leap toward more effective, safer, and environmentally sustainable cosmetics products. Ultimately, the advent of synthetic biology-based cosmetics is ushering in the transitioning from traditional industrial chemical-based cosmetics to a new era of “bio-cosmetics”.

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基因工程、生物计算、发酵工程等生物科技在过去20年中实现了前所未有的技术突破,推动诸多行业进入合成生物驱动的新纪元,而化妆品行业便是其中之一。根据历史规律,护肤方式的变革都源自“原材料”的迭代:远古人类已经会用植物制造最原始的护肤品,当农业社会发展到能对植物成分进行复配的时候,就产生了护肤驻颜的复方。工业革命之后,化工产业的发展催生了多种新型原材料,进而推动了化妆品的大规模工业化生产。而20世纪末,随着欧美制药的大发展,很多药用分子成为了护肤的原材料,催生了“药妆品”行业的发展,满足了人们对抗衰、美白等更多护肤功效的需求。如今,不断升级的护肤抗衰需求,需要更高效、更安全、更环保的新型“原材料”。生物科技使我们能够合成比传统化工材料更安全、更具成本效益的材料,人工合成透明质酸、角鲨烷、神经酰胺、天然植物活性成分等均是护肤领域的明星功效成分。近年来,合成生物学实现了飞速发展,人工智能蛋白质设计等新技术使更加复杂的生物材料实现了工业化量产。以重组人源化胶原蛋白为例,这一解决了医学领域重要问题的生物制剂,已经被用作护肤品原料。由此可见,合成生物学的技术外溢,正在缩小医学级治疗和消费级抗衰之间的差距,为护肤行业带来快速的升级。基于合成生物技术生产的护肤产品正在逐步摆脱传统化工产业,向生物科技进发,从“化妆品”逐渐向“生妆品”进化。“生妆品”的出现,标志着合成生物技术为护肤行业插上了翅膀,从此开启功效更强、更安全、更环保的护肤品行业新篇章。

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杨滢(1983—),女,博士,北京无龄生物科技有限公司总经理。研究方向为脑科学、生命科学。E-mail:
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张璐鸥(1988—),男,山西锦波生物医药股份有限公司首席战略官。研究方向为生命科学与人工智能、合成生物学产业化、中国科创企业国际化。E-mail:

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张璐鸥(1988—),男,山西锦波生物医药股份有限公司首席战略官。研究方向为生命科学与人工智能、合成生物学产业化、中国科创企业国际化。E-mail:

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Comparison of traditional production and synthetic biology methods for functional ingredients in skincare products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
护肤成分 核心功效 传统使用方式 现代生产工艺 合成生物技术的应用优势
人参皂苷(ginsenosides)

抗氧化、抗炎、

美白

人参煮汤、

捣碎后敷脸、内服

传统提取、蒸馏 实现高效发酵生产,提升纯度,减少污染,功效更强,环保性更好

胶原蛋白

(collagen)

保湿、抗皱、修复 猪皮、动物骨骼提取

动物提取,

涉及伦理问题

重组人源化胶原蛋白,生物相容性好,无免疫反应,生产稳定且环保
透明质酸(hyaluronic acid)

保湿、

增加皮肤弹性

鸡冠、鱼眼提取

微生物发酵,

降低成本和污染

分子量定制化生产,深层保湿与修复功能增强,环保无污染

角鲨烷

(squalane)

保湿、修复、

抗氧化

鲨鱼肝油提取

鲨鱼肝油提取,

环保问题

酵母发酵生产,避免动物资源消耗,环保且高纯度

α-熊果苷

(α-arbutin)

美白、

抑制黑色素形成

熊果叶提取 植物提取,成本高 发酵生产提升产量与纯度,增强美白功效,生产环保
白藜芦醇(resveratrol)

抗氧化、

延缓衰老

葡萄皮、红酒提取 植物提取,效率较低 发酵生产提升产量,改善稳定性,减少环境污染
), ArticleFig(id=1172584527118611138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689521180709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

护肤品功效成分的传统生产与合成生物学方式对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
护肤成分 核心功效 传统使用方式 现代生产工艺 合成生物技术的应用优势
人参皂苷(ginsenosides)

抗氧化、抗炎、

美白

人参煮汤、

捣碎后敷脸、内服

传统提取、蒸馏 实现高效发酵生产,提升纯度,减少污染,功效更强,环保性更好

胶原蛋白

(collagen)

保湿、抗皱、修复 猪皮、动物骨骼提取

动物提取,

涉及伦理问题

重组人源化胶原蛋白,生物相容性好,无免疫反应,生产稳定且环保
透明质酸(hyaluronic acid)

保湿、

增加皮肤弹性

鸡冠、鱼眼提取

微生物发酵,

降低成本和污染

分子量定制化生产,深层保湿与修复功能增强,环保无污染

角鲨烷

(squalane)

保湿、修复、

抗氧化

鲨鱼肝油提取

鲨鱼肝油提取,

环保问题

酵母发酵生产,避免动物资源消耗,环保且高纯度

α-熊果苷

(α-arbutin)

美白、

抑制黑色素形成

熊果叶提取 植物提取,成本高 发酵生产提升产量与纯度,增强美白功效,生产环保
白藜芦醇(resveratrol)

抗氧化、

延缓衰老

葡萄皮、红酒提取 植物提取,效率较低 发酵生产提升产量,改善稳定性,减少环境污染
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合成生物学助力化妆品走进生物制造新时代
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张璐鸥 1 , 徐丽 2 , 胡晓旭 2 , 杨滢 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 479-491
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 479-491
合成生物学助力化妆品走进生物制造新时代
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张璐鸥1, 徐丽2, 胡晓旭2, 杨滢3
作者信息
  • 1 山西锦波生物医药股份有限公司,山西 太原 300032
  • 2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室,北京 100085
  • 3 北京无龄生物科技有限公司,北京 102600
  • 张璐鸥(1988—),男,山西锦波生物医药股份有限公司首席战略官。研究方向为生命科学与人工智能、合成生物学产业化、中国科创企业国际化。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨滢(1983—),女,博士,北京无龄生物科技有限公司总经理。研究方向为脑科学、生命科学。E-mail:
Synthetic biology ushers cosmetic industry into the “bio-cosmetics” era
Lu’ou ZHANG1, Li XU2, Xiaoxu HU2, Ying YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Jinbo Bio-Pharmaceutical Co,LTD,Taiyuan 300032,Shanxi,China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085,China
  • 3 Polaris Biotechnology Ltd,Beijing 102600,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-056
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基因工程、生物计算、发酵工程等生物科技在过去20年中实现了前所未有的技术突破,推动诸多行业进入合成生物驱动的新纪元,而化妆品行业便是其中之一。根据历史规律,护肤方式的变革都源自“原材料”的迭代:远古人类已经会用植物制造最原始的护肤品,当农业社会发展到能对植物成分进行复配的时候,就产生了护肤驻颜的复方。工业革命之后,化工产业的发展催生了多种新型原材料,进而推动了化妆品的大规模工业化生产。而20世纪末,随着欧美制药的大发展,很多药用分子成为了护肤的原材料,催生了“药妆品”行业的发展,满足了人们对抗衰、美白等更多护肤功效的需求。如今,不断升级的护肤抗衰需求,需要更高效、更安全、更环保的新型“原材料”。生物科技使我们能够合成比传统化工材料更安全、更具成本效益的材料,人工合成透明质酸、角鲨烷、神经酰胺、天然植物活性成分等均是护肤领域的明星功效成分。近年来,合成生物学实现了飞速发展,人工智能蛋白质设计等新技术使更加复杂的生物材料实现了工业化量产。以重组人源化胶原蛋白为例,这一解决了医学领域重要问题的生物制剂,已经被用作护肤品原料。由此可见,合成生物学的技术外溢,正在缩小医学级治疗和消费级抗衰之间的差距,为护肤行业带来快速的升级。基于合成生物技术生产的护肤产品正在逐步摆脱传统化工产业,向生物科技进发,从“化妆品”逐渐向“生妆品”进化。“生妆品”的出现,标志着合成生物技术为护肤行业插上了翅膀,从此开启功效更强、更安全、更环保的护肤品行业新篇章。

合成生物学  /  化妆品  /  药妆品  /  生妆品  /  护肤  /  抗衰  /  胶原蛋白  /  透明质酸

The field of synthetic biology has been profoundly transformed over the past two decades due to major advances in biotechnology. Notable instances of this seismic shift can be seen in DNA sequencing, where the cost for human whole genome sequencing (WGS) has dropped by ten million-fold in the past 20 years from nearly 3 billion USD in 2003 to less than 300 USD currently. For perspective, in the field of computer technology the effects of “Moore’s Law” has drove computation cost down by a thousand-fold in the past 20 years. Significant advances in technologies underpinning synthetic biology in recent years are transforming many major industries, and one remarkable example of synthetic biology driven transformation is the cosmetics and skincare industry. Historically, changes in skincare have been driven by changes in raw materials: from ancient plant-based concoctions to industrial-era chemicals in the twentieth century, and later to the concept of “cosmeceuticals” emerged in the U.S., integrating pharmaceutical benefits into cosmetics to meet the growing demand for anti-aging skincare products. Today, there’s an increasing demand for more potent cosmetics, alongside a growing voice for environmentally sustainable production. Traditional skincare product development often involves reformulating existing ingredients, which faces limitations in efficacy. Additionally, the reliance on chemical synthesis or natural extraction methods for production poses additional environmental cost due to the use of chemical reagents and significant energy consumption. Rapid advances in biotechnology enables us to overcome such efficacy and environmental limitations through direct synthesis of biomaterials that are safer and more cost-effective than their industrial chemical counterparts. Synthetic biology tools such as AI-assisted protein design and strain engineering are enabling the production of much more potent biomaterials at industrial scales, thus providing more effective and sustainable bioactive ingredients for skincare. For example, previously expensive and hard-to-obtain compounds such as hyaluronic acid, ceramides, and collagen are now produced at a fraction of the cost compared to the previous decade. In recent years, synthesized collagen has shown that it can be designed to be humanized to minimize adverse human immune reactions, thus greatly reducing allergy and other health risks of the end product. The incorporation of biomaterials that were once exclusive to expensive therapeutics into consumer skincare product is rapidly transforming the cosmetics industry by narrowing the gap between medical-grade treatment and consumer-grade anti-aging. This trend marks a significant leap toward more effective, safer, and environmentally sustainable cosmetics products. Ultimately, the advent of synthetic biology-based cosmetics is ushering in the transitioning from traditional industrial chemical-based cosmetics to a new era of “bio-cosmetics”.

synthetic biology  /  cosmetics  /  cosmeceuticals  /  bio-cosmetics  /  skin care  /  anti-aging  /  collagen  /  hyaluronic acid
张璐鸥, 徐丽, 胡晓旭, 杨滢. 合成生物学助力化妆品走进生物制造新时代. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 479 -491 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-056
Lu’ou ZHANG, Li XU, Xiaoxu HU, Ying YANG. Synthetic biology ushers cosmetic industry into the “bio-cosmetics” era[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 479 -491 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-056
随着全球人口老龄化的加剧以及生态环境压力的凸显,人们对护肤品高效抗衰和绿色环保生产的需求日益迫切。据世界卫生组织(WHO)报告,全球老龄化速度正在加快,到2050年,60岁及以上的老年人口预计将达到20亿,占全球总人口的22%1-2。对于衰老带来的退行性疾病、功能状态受损、传染病、心理健康状态等,都是学界关注的重点3-5。然而在疾病之外,生活质量和精神面貌也是十分重要的部分。衰老是一个系统性生理过程,而皮肤作为人体最大的器官,它的衰老是其中格外明显的,因此,对皮肤老龄化应对措施的探索日益迫切。从生理层面讲,衰老过程中皮肤胶原蛋白和弹性纤维会持续减少,这会导致皱纹、松弛、粗糙、易敏感等问题。另外,各类急慢性皮肤疾病也在中老年阶段表现出更高的发病率,皮肤衰老也会间接加剧其他器官和整体的衰老6。从心理层面讲,心理健康状态和皮肤衰老存在相互促进影响的关系,皮肤状态对于心理健康的意义愈发得到认可和重视7。从环境层面讲,空气污染和气候变化等其他环境因素也会通过加速皮肤的氧化应激等多种生理机制,进一步加剧皮肤老化8。从社会层面讲,工作年限拉长,生育年龄延后,都使年长人士更希望长期保持年轻活力,而皮肤状态是最直观的呈现形式。综上所述,市场对于抗衰老护肤品的需求增长来源与社会发展趋势相吻合。追求皮肤健康年轻态,对个人身心健康和社会和谐发展,都有着重要的意义。
传统护肤品研发多数源自固有成分的重新组方,难以突破功效瓶颈;在生产环节,也多数依赖化学合成或天然资源提取,过程中可能涉及大量化学试剂和能源消耗9-11,难以实现绿色生产,不利于生态环境。合成生物学的兴起,正在逐步突破功效瓶颈和环保生产限制,迎来更安全、高效、环保的护肤品行业新方向。
护肤品的发展经历了三个主要阶段。从数千年前的手工制作到19世纪的化工生产,再到21世纪合成生物技术参与,实现了两次飞速的发展。
人类对于护肤美容的需求可以追溯到上古时期,各国古文明都有关于护肤的记载,比如使用各种天然材料来改善皮肤和头发的外观。后唐马缟《中华古今注》中记载了胭脂“起自纣,以红兰花汁凝成燕脂”,由于产自燕国,故称为“燕脂”12。我国古代中医经典著作《黄帝内经》与《神农本草经》均有皮肤护理方法与相关药材的记载。我国古代载方最多的方剂专著《普济方》中更是记载了百余项美容复方,涉及多种用于美白、滋润及皮肤病治疗的植物药、动物药和矿物药等。其中的七白散,包括白芨、白茯苓、白术等成分,仍被用于美白肌肤。直至今天,传统医药经典依然是药物研究和化妆品配方开发的重要参考13-14
随着17世纪西方工业的飞速发展,19世纪末现代护肤品已发展为独立的工业类别15-16。中国第一家化妆品厂“广生行”建立于1898年,就是“上海家化”的前身,也是我国历史最久且至今依然蓬勃发展的日化企业。20世纪70年代,美国皮肤病学家Albert Kligman提出了“cosmeceutical”(药妆品)的概念,在护肤品中加入具有类似药物功效的成分,以满足美白、抗皱、祛痘、抗炎等更多护肤需求。相对之前的普通化妆品,药妆品更强调功效性17。我国在2020年发布的《化妆品管理条例》中正式定义了具有特定功效的化妆品为“特殊化妆品”,并对其进行注册管理18
特殊化妆品(药妆品)强调的功效来自于不同的功效成分。常见的功效成分包括维生素A、B族维生素、维生素C及它们的衍生物,羟基酸/生物酸类,植物提取物,海洋生物提取物和活性多肽等19。这些成分主要通过抗氧化,影响黑色素代谢,抑制胶原降解等途径实现功效20-22。目前,市面上功效类产品依靠不同成分的协同调整产生新的配方,搭配差异化的市场定位和品牌,从而推出新产品。然而,近年来随着大众对美妆个护产品需求的不断提升,护肤品要实现真正意义上的创新,还需要从功效成分本身实现突破。随着化工技术推动护肤品的功效升级,21世纪的生物科技进一步革新了护肤品的成分开发与生产方式,开启了一个全新的时代。
随着基因工程等生物科技的发展,一些成本过高、难以获得的功效成分生产问题得以解决。这种方法可以节约野生动植物资源,降低成本,降低生产过程中的污染和排放。护肤品中广泛使用的透明质酸(hyaluronic acid)、神经酰胺(ceramide)、角鲨烷(squalane)、酵母提取物等原料,都通过合成生物学相关技术提升了经济性和环境友好性,实现了工业化量产23-24
透明质酸的传统生产一度依赖于动物组织提取,生产过程复杂且成本高昂。通过生物科技生产的透明质酸不仅能够根据应用需求定制分子量,还可以通过组合不同分子量的透明质酸,实现多层次的保湿效果25-26。低分子量透明质酸能够更好地渗透皮肤,提供深层保湿和修复功能,而高分子量透明质酸则有助于锁住水分,增强皮肤屏障功能,显著提高整体护肤效果27。目前全球透明质酸的年产量达500吨,其中80%以上通过微生物发酵生产,相关技术专利已超过500项,显示出该技术在市场中的广泛应用28。这一技术不仅大幅降低了生产成本,还减少了对动物资源的依赖,同时满足了快速增长的护肤和医美市场需求。中国企业,如华熙生物,已经成为全球透明质酸供应的主要厂商,占据了全球市场的领先地位。Estée Lauder和Neutrogena等众多品牌都采用透明质酸提供产品的保湿功效,同时也有一定的增稠效果。
神经酰胺是由德国科学家Johannes Thudichum于19世纪首次从脑组织中分离出来的,它通过维持角质层的水分和屏障功能,显著提高皮肤的保湿性和对外界刺激的抵御能力29。传统工业中,神经酰胺主要从牛脑或脊髓等神经组织中提取,这不仅需要大量的动物原料,还存在伦理问题和高昂的生产成本30-31。通过酵母发酵生产的神经酰胺,除了能够提高纯度和生产效率外,其分子能够通过增强角质层的脂质结构,更有效地保持皮肤的水分平衡,并在修复受损的皮肤屏障方面发挥重要作用32-35。目前,神经酰胺的发酵技术专利超过100项,体现了这一技术的广泛应用和高效保湿成分市场需求。
角鲨烷是天然存在于鲨鱼肝油和人体皮脂中的饱和烃,具有出色的保湿效果。传统方法从鲨鱼肝油中提取角鲨烷,涉及复杂的环保和动物伦理问题。为解决上述问题,用生物合成法生产角鲨烯,再通过催化加氢合成角鲨烷,显著提高了生产效率,并且保证了产品的高纯度与稳定性,避免了对动物资源的依赖和对生态环境的影响36。此外,诸如人参皂苷、白藜芦醇等其他活性成分,通过合成生物技术的应用,其生产效率和成本控制得到了显著优化37-40。例如,白藜芦醇以其抗氧化性能广泛应用于护肤品中,现代生物技术使其生产更可持续,从而扩展了其在抗衰老护肤产品中的应用领域41-43。为了更清晰地展示传统与现代生产方式在护肤品功效成分生产中的差异,表1对常见成分的传统生产方法和生物科技应用方式进行了对比分析。
基于生物技术生产的化妆品功效成分,被称为“生物基化妆品成分”,功效性和安全性都很突出,生产过程绿色环保,深受市场青睐。随着技术方法不断丰富,市场接受度不断提高,可以看到传统护肤品行业正在走向基于生物技术的新时代。
当前,生物科技已经来到了合成生物学的新时代,生物基化妆品正在迎来巨大突破。合成生物学可以通过人工设计和构建工程化的生物系统来解决能源、材料、健康和环保等问题44-45。合成生物学发展至今,已经充分体现出颠覆式的创新潜力,成为世界各国必争的科技战略高地。我国自“十二五”期间开始布局合成生物学系统发展,在政策支持和指导下,学术界和产业界一路高歌猛进,在基础科研、平台建设、成果转化等方面取得了卓越的进展,影响力进一步扩大,正逐步改写世界生命科学版图。
2023年发表的《中国合成生物学2035发展战略》中,提出了合成生物学未来在基础科学问题、重点技术主题和应用领域的发展现状、瓶颈问题和未来发展方向46。其中,“生物活性分子的人工合成和创新应用”取得的产业化进展最为突出。其成功发展得益于重点技术的综合应用,如蛋白解析、基因编辑、细胞工程、设计技术等。在医药健康应用领域,人工合成功能蛋白和天然产物正在为临床医学和新药开发提供新的解决方案,拓展新的发展空间。其中一部分功效成分的工业化量产,使合成生物学的应用范围逐渐从医药领域延伸到日常消费品领域,为美妆护肤行业摆脱瓶颈,满足市场需求提供了新的契机。
胶原蛋白和年轻的肌肤状态密不可分。对抗胶原蛋白流失,一直是抗衰方法中公认的主题。胶原蛋白在人体有29种不同型别,分布在组织和各个器官中。在皮肤中,胶原蛋白是构成细胞外基质的主要结构蛋白,维持着组织的立体形态,调控着细胞的迁移、黏附、增殖等关键生物学过程,同时介导着细胞之间的信号传递。19世纪末,德国化学家阿尔布雷希特·科塞尔(Albrecht Kossel)首次鉴定出胶原蛋白,彼时胶原蛋白主要从动物组织中提取47。1981年,美国FDA批准了首个用于面部填充的物质,为天然提取的牛胶原蛋白,但因安全性问题没有得到广泛应用。科研中常使用来自于胎盘提取的商品化人胶原蛋白,但造价较高,无法推广使用。近年来合成生物学的快速发展,使人工合成胶原蛋白成为可能,极大推动了胶原蛋白相关产品的开发与推广。
胶原蛋白的生物功能来自于它的结构,而蛋白质通常具有四级结构,其复杂程度远超其他生物分子48。所以,人工合成具有正确三维结构和完整生物学活性的蛋白质产品难度极高。理论物理学家理查德费曼曾说过:“许多基础的生物问题是非常容易解决的,只要能看到它们就行!”这句话也体现了合成生物学的基础和关键在于结构生物学,解析和研究生物活性蛋白质的空间结构特征,往往是合成它的第一步,然后才能加以开发和利用。
Ⅲ型胶原在人体中广泛存在于皮肤、内脏、心血管系统中,具有重要的生理功能。2019年,我国科学家报道了其核心功能区的结构和功能研究成果,并通过合成生物技术理性设计制备出这一核心区的串联重复分子T16(Tandem-repeated 16),验证了其在细胞黏附功能上的核心作用49。进一步的临床研究发现,这一重组分子T16可以用于突破一系列的医学难题。例如,将其应用于上皮组织中,通过其再生修复作用,显著改善模式动物的阴道萎缩症状50。将其应用于心血管系统中,更加突破了人们对于胶原蛋白的固有认知。研究发现重组Ⅲ型胶原T16分子作为心血管植入物的涂层,可以起到抗炎、抗凝血的重要作用,可延长心血管植入物的使用年限,提高患者预后生命质量51。此外,T16分子不仅可以作为生物材料直接解决临床问题,它本身在结构层面所具备的自组装性能,甚至可以作为增强疫苗活性的工具。新冠病毒等多种病毒的糖蛋白在天然状态下是以三聚体形式存在的,现有技术在制备抗原疫苗时,需要使用非人源蛋白序列以构成三聚体结构,但非人序列本身带来的免疫原性会削弱疫苗的免疫应答效果,一项基于合成生物学的研究,将病毒抗原DNA序列整合到T16重组表达序列中,3条T16分子氨基酸链在自组装形成三螺旋的过程中,即可将分别连接的疫苗肽段组装成三聚体,显著提升了疫苗的效果,这种方法可以推广到同类疫苗的制备方法中,为获得更安全高效的疫苗提供新方法52
重组Ⅲ型胶原T16分子从结构解析,到成功构建,再到实际应用,充分诠释了合成生物学“建物致知、建物致用”的思想和技术路线53,在此基础上,当重组Ⅲ型胶原T16分子实现了工业化量产,目前重组胶原蛋白的年产能已突破300吨,生产效率相较于传统提取技术提高了30%以上,相关专利数量已超过200项。这些技术创新推动了胶原蛋白的产业化应用,锦波生物等中国企业已成为全球主要的胶原蛋白供应商54-56。其应用场景又从基础科研和临床应用拓展到了日常护肤,成功实现了将生物制剂用于护肤产业,演绎了合成生物学产业化的成功案例。T16分子可以通过注射或涂抹到达皮肤各个层次,起到保湿、抗炎、修复、抗衰、对抗光老化等功效,最重要的是该分子无毒、无免疫原性,可以长期使用。与传统的促进胶原再生的抗衰功效成分不同,直接补充胶原避免了对皮肤的刺激,无需建立耐受,适用于几乎所有肤质,可以达到最直接的抗衰效果。而胶原蛋白用于护肤的更多功效,也将随着学术界对于胶原蛋白理解的深入而不断解锁。
人参、黄芪、红景天等多种药用植物提取物,黄酮类、皂苷类、生物碱类等多种类型的天然药用成分,均在护肤品中展现出良好的应用效果,为市场所广泛接受57。在护肤领域,天然植物提取物不仅在我国具有较高的国民认可度,在崇尚天然有机护肤的欧美市场中,也有着极高的接受度58。然而从药用植物中提取活性成分,需要解决植物的稳定来源、提取方法的设计和优化等多种问题,某些源自珍稀植物的成分,其成本也限制了在护肤品中的应用,此外,天然产物提取过程需要使用大量的有机溶剂,环境污染问题严重。近年来,合成生物学在天然产物合成领域取得了突出的进展,在造福小分子药物开发的同时,也为护肤功效成分的开发提供了更大的可能性,很多用于护肤的天然产物都通过合成生物学的方法实现了工业化量产(表1),生产成本降低约30%~60%59-63
如人参皂苷(ginsenosides),作为珍稀药用植物人参的主要活性成分,以其显著的抗氧化、抗炎等药理活性著称。1957年,日本科学家吉田(Shibata Yoshiteru)首次分离出这种具有生物活性的皂苷成分。传统提取方法如水煮、乙醇浸提和蒸汽蒸馏,需要大量的人参根,导致资源消耗巨大、生产效率低64-66。通过优化发酵条件和代谢途径,合成生物技术能够高效生产高纯度的人参皂苷,减少了化学溶剂的使用和废弃物的产生,也大幅降低了成本67,使人参皂苷这一曾经的珍稀药用成分应用于日常护肤消费品,如我国的可复美,国外的Sulwhasoo和Amorepacific等品牌的抗衰老护肤品均使用了人参皂苷作为功效成分。
广泛使用的美白成分α-熊果苷(α-arbutin),20世纪中叶从熊果叶中分离。传统上通过植物提取获得,现代合成生物学通过微生物发酵生产,显著提高了生产效率和可持续性。2024年一项研究指出,熊果苷在工程微生物中的表达已经可以达到43.79 g/L,为进一步降低成本提供了可能性68
在传统中药护肤配方中,“七白散”和“玉容散”是两个具有代表性的复方,广泛用于美白和抗衰老护肤产品。《普济方》中所载洗面药“七白散”由白蔹、白术、白牵牛、白茯苓、白芷、白芍药、白僵蚕七种药材组成69,主要用于改善皮肤光泽并美白肌肤。现代研究表明,七白散中的白术含有的苍术酚和白芷中的异欧前胡素,具有显著的抗氧化和抑制酪氨酸酶的作用,从而减少黑色素的生成。通过合成生物技术,可以利用发酵方式高效合成这些活性成分,减少对植物资源的依赖,同时提高产品一致性和纯度70-75。同样收录于该书中的玉容散则以其抗衰老功效著称,含有川芎、白芷等药材。川芎中的阿魏酸是现代抗衰老护肤品中常用的成分,通过合成生物技术,阿魏酸可以高效生物合成,并结合现代护肤品的递送系统,进一步增强其抗衰老效果76-78
目前应用于护肤产品的本草成分,主要通过抗氧化、抗炎、调控黑色素形成和代谢等机制实现抗衰美白等功效。全球范围内具有药用价值的植物超过5万种,但经过现代科研开发的植物尚不足2%,其中已知的数十万种的天然成分,仍然有待挖掘79。随着天然药物研究活动对天然产物功效的不断挖掘,具有护肤功效的新本草成分也会不断涌现。合成生物学为天然产物用于护肤产品提供了有力的支撑,从阐明目标成分的功效,到其合成途径的解析,再到发酵合成条件的建立,新本草成分实现量产,多数可在1年左右实现。这为护肤品新成分、新功效的发掘提供了极大的激励和广阔的空间。
合成生物时代的新护肤成分功效更全面,一个成分的功效可以超越过去多种成分的组合。以胶原蛋白为例,一种具有生物学活性的胶原蛋白分子,可以同时实现保湿、修复、紧致、抗皱、抑制炎症等多重功效,突破了护肤品配方的固有传统;同时,现代化自动生产线的BFS(blow-fill-seal)无菌灌装技术造就的次抛精华,也让护肤品有机会摆脱防腐剂和稳定剂等添加成分,在此基础上,基于重组Ⅲ型胶原T16分子的单一成分护肤精华ProtYouth胶原蛋白原液得以面世,这是首款成分完全来自于合成生物技术的护肤产品。ProtYouth胶原蛋白原液率先摆脱了传统化工的束缚,“化妆品”的“化”字自此进化成了合成生物学的“生”字,从此合成生物学在护肤领域开启了“生妆品”的新时代。
现有的护肤和洗护产品除核心功效成分之外,通常还含有乳化剂、表面活性剂、稳定剂、防腐剂等成分,目前这些成分依然依靠传统化工产业80-83。对于多数护肤品,其应用场景也决定了乳化体系和稳定体系的不可或缺。传统功效成分为了更好地进入皮肤更深层次,需要配套的递送载体,如脂质体、微球、多泡乳液或包裹体等84-88。生妆品新成分除了在功效上有卓越表现之外,也体现出了可以对标药物的创新递送模式89。以胶原T16分子为例,其特有的空间结构和生物活性,突破了蛋白质大分子不能透皮吸收的问题,同时可以在进入上皮组织之后进一步自交联,与自身胶原网络整合,形成更好的支持效果。这种分布式蛋白自交联传递系统,是一种创新的生物材料递送方式,可称为D-SeCo(distributed self-configurating delivery),在医疗和护肤场景中具有同样重要的应用价值。此外,合成生物学也在持续创造出越来越多的护肤成分,未来将进一步呈现出创新的功效和配方,逐步摆脱传统配方体系和化工原料的束缚,向更加安全、绿色的方向发展。
生命科学的前沿方向,长久以来都是紧跟重大需求,为药物研发、疾病防治提供解决方案。合成生物学由于其更宽泛的内涵和会聚的研究特色,可以快速地将针对重大健康问题的前沿成果外溢到更广阔的落地场景,在产业化方面体现出更为突出的优势。“生妆品”的面世,就是一项从基础研发到产业化的典型成功案例,演绎了合成生物学完整的技术路线。在“生妆品”领域,合成生物学也将带来越来越多的产业化成功案例,在全国乃至全球市场上打开新的局面,进而加速我国合成生物技术的全面成果转化。
合成生物学的崛起不仅为全球护肤品市场带来了技术革命,也推动了市场与政策的双重变革。全球市场对高性能护肤品的渴求,以及对天然成分供给可持续性的疑虑,都在促使科研人员和企业转向合成生物学,以满足这些日益增长的需求。与此同时,对应的监管政策也在不断完善。护肤品的功效和安全性评价是行业中关键的一环。对于安全测试,国家药品监督管理局于2015年出台了《化妆品安全技术规范》,其中规定了化妆品的禁用限用成分、理化检验方法和毒理学试验方法90。欧盟消费者安全科学委员会在2023年发布的指导文件中对于化妆品在上市前的体外安全测试做出了详细规定,其规定的方法大多源自经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD)。而对于功效测试,欧盟未有相关标准推出。我国自2021年5月1日开始施行《化妆品功效宣称评价规范》,要求化妆品注册人、备案人应当依据规范的要求对化妆品的功效宣称进行评价,并在国家药监局指定的专门网站上传产品功效宣称依据的摘要91。当前,我国对于化妆品的监管力度强于其他国家,很大程度上维护了消费者的利益和化妆品市场的健康发展。
合成生物时代产生的新功效成分通常具有更高的安全性,然而,当颠覆性创新意义的功效成分出现时,现有的功效评价和安全性评价还不能完全满足行业需求。大众认知、市场规范,都需要经历一个成长的过程。我国及时发布的相关政策,为行业健康发展提供了保障。以胶原蛋白为例,护肤市场一度充斥着很多含有“胶原蛋白”类似关键词的商品名称,有些甚至牵强附会,误导消费者。我国国家药品监督管理局在2023年发布了标准《重组人源化胶原蛋白》(YY/T 1888—2023)及相应的胶原蛋白命名指导原则,规定了重组人胶原蛋白、重组人源化胶原蛋白、重组类胶原蛋白等规范术语,并根据是否含有非人胶原蛋白氨基酸序列将重组人源化胶原蛋白细分为A型和B型,这种命名方式具有显著的科学意义92。一项2023年发表的研究工作充分说明了重组人源化胶原蛋白分为A型和B型的必要性,含有标签序列的胶原蛋白分子(即B型重组人源化胶原蛋白)在空间结构上无法呈现功能区的三螺旋,在生物活性上无法体现出A型重组人源化胶原蛋白所具备的细胞黏附、促进增殖和修复的功能93。对应到护肤功效中,B型胶原也难以表现出和A型胶原同等的功效,因此,重组人源化胶原蛋白的分型命名,可以帮助消费者正确分辨最具安全性和功效性的产品,对产业发展和行业规范起到了重要的作用。
合成生物学的快速发展,会带来越来越多的新型功效成分,对于重组人源化胶原蛋白这类突破性创新材料,相配套的行业标准对于消费者和产业界都十分重要,这也需要监管部门、科研机构、产业界共同努力,助力行业健康发展,也为“中国智造”护肤品走上世界舞台保驾护航。
合成生物学是一门会聚科学,与传统生命科学相比,具有更丰富的工程学内涵。除了胶原蛋白等创新材料的生物制造之外,合成生物学还为护肤品行业提供了创新技术体系,演绎生妆品领域的“摩尔定律”。
目前对于化妆品功效和安全性的评价,很多还需要进行动物实验或实际使用者实验,这类方法虽然能较为直观地看到产品效果,但效率相对较低,也存在着种属差异或个体差异问题,难以满足护肤市场快速发展的需求94。新型生物材料、新型天然产物正在不断涌现,需要有配套的高通量功效和安全性评价体系以实现功效成分的快速筛选,这需要在效应和安全性靶点和通路上寻找方法。合成生物学自下而上的工程化思路可以很好地解决这一问题。
现有功效和安全性评价方法存在的主要问题是效应终点和不良反应结局不清晰等。一部分原因是目前学界对于关键信号通路理解存在局限。重要的信号通路往往存在着配体特异性问题,并对应着多种不同的下游目的基因,在不同的情况下可能呈现完全不同的意义。例如,OECD关于评价皮肤致敏的标准方法(OECD/OCDE-442D)规定了ARE-Nrf(antioxidant response element-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)通路是皮肤致敏的评价指标,在角质形成细胞HaCat中构建的ARE-luciferase稳转细胞系可用作护肤成分致敏性的筛选方法95。然而ARE-Nrf如同很多其他的关键信号通路一样,配体和通路特异性会造成在不同的场景下具有不同的意义,同样是HaCat细胞中,不同序列的ARE-luciferase还可以用作天然产物抗氧化功效的筛选工具96-97。应用合成生物学方法,可以对关键靶点和通路进行有目的性的改造,结合蛋白半理性设计,将受体根据下游效应分别进行改造,并提升下游信号因子和启动子区域响应灵敏度,同时配合数字微流控等适用于高通量筛选的工程化方法,从而构建特异性更强的细胞传感体系,有针对性地进行功效成分筛选和安全性筛查。以ARE-Nrf通路为例,通过受体和通路改造,可以分别制造出ARE-抗氧化功效筛选和ARE-致敏风险筛查等系列传单体系,并与更多的其他通路传感体系整合,加之AI自动化实验室操作方法,形成高通量成组功效和安全性评价系统。
以基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学和代谢组学为代表的组学研究方法构成了对生命科学的系统性认知,在此基础上,合成生物学将生命科学带入了“会聚”研究的新时代,生物信息数据也在持续性飞速增加。在合成生物学颇具优势的国家都在积极建立生物信息大数据库,数字信息领域的发展也将成为合成生物学的关键,如何更好地实现数据的质量控制、整合式存储、异构数据集成、共享应用等,都是数字信息领域需要应对的挑战。
在生物信息数据AI应用中,蛋白质结构分析是非常成功的案例。理解蛋白质,是解决很多生命科学难题的基础,也是合成生物的重要基础。人工智能在蛋白结构分析和设计中的应用是合成生物学中的重要部分,自AlphaFold2问世开始,AI与蛋白质的浪潮席卷而来,很多计算工具相继诞生,2024年发表在Science上的文章报道了新一代蛋白质设计和预测工具RoseTTAFold已经做到将蛋白质和各类小分子的相互作用关系与其氨基酸序列相对应,可广泛应用于模拟生物组装过程、小分子结合蛋白和各类蛋白分子元件的设计98
此外,AI和机器学习模型不仅限于蛋白质结构预测,还广泛应用于蛋白功能预测、酶活性预测、细胞定位、酶理化性质优化、顺式作用元件设计和代谢途径设计。这些技术正在推动基因回路的自动化设计和优化,为复杂合成系统的开发提供强有力的工具99-104。AI通过分析大规模数据集,能够优化发酵条件(如温度、pH和底物浓度),提高产物生成效率。机器学习模型还可预测关键酶的活性和底物特异性,大幅提升合成效率并减少实验次数。
未来对于抗衰等各类皮肤问题的解决,也有望向AI寻求答案,抗衰等功效所对应的关键靶点和通路的挖掘、功效的预测、工业化合成的路径,均可在AI的加持下事半功倍。
过去,国内外护肤品市场长期被国际品牌主导,这些品牌依靠其悠久的历史和品牌故事,长期占据着市场主流。如今,消费者对护肤品的需求逐步趋于理性,从盲目追随品牌,逐步转向追求实际功效。凭借合成生物学领域的技术突破和生产优势,中国品牌势必在竞争中逐步占领一席之地。机遇与挑战始终并存。中国生妆品要在世界领域获得成功,是长期化、系统化的工程。合成生物学的“会聚”特性,使其获得了快速发展;同样的思路,也给生妆品行业带来启示。一款成功的护肤产品,需要科研、科普、产品开发、市场宣传等多个领域的会聚。同样的,合成生物学自下而上的工程化思路,大数据的应用和共享,同样适用于产业界一体化管理和运作模式。甚至,不同专业领域的人才也应该效仿细胞通路中的信号蛋白,各司其职,积极协作,共同实现生命的奇迹。合成生物催生的中国新智生物制造,势必打开护肤产业国际新格局,让中国品牌占据国际护肤新高地。
  • 国家重点研发计划“合成生物学”重点专项(2018YFA0901101)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-056
  • 接收时间:2024-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-31
  • 修回日期:2024-09-30
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国家重点研发计划“合成生物学”重点专项(2018YFA0901101)
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    1 山西锦波生物医药股份有限公司,山西 太原 300032
    2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心,环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室,北京 100085
    3 北京无龄生物科技有限公司,北京 102600

通讯作者:

杨滢(1983—),女,博士,北京无龄生物科技有限公司总经理。研究方向为脑科学、生命科学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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