Article(id=1148702763166523842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-054, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721232000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-18, revisedDate=1730995200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751801680603, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751801680603, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751801680603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751801680603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148702761211982101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751801680138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757551070689, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=118, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149992669578621015, articleId=1148702763166523842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Research progress in the production of α-arbutin through biosynthesis, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Arbutins are a kind of natural glycoside compounds found widely in nature. α-arbutin, one of its isomers, has received increasing market attention due to its efficient and safe whitening effect and other excellent pharmacological effects. Studies have revealed that the production methods of α-arbutin mainly fall into three categories: plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis. For the plant extraction, raw materials are widely available, and the process is simple, but the yield fails to meet the requirement for large scale production and applications. The chemical synthesis has a higher yield but with harsh reaction conditions, and thus is not environmentally friendly. Through research has found that the biosynthesis of α-arbutin has higher yield, safer environment, more competitive cost and other advantages compared with the natural extraction and chemical synthesis as well, making it the mainstream production method. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different synthetic methods and studies on the seven enzymes commonly used in the biosynthesis of α-arbutin including α-amylase, sucrose phosphorylase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, α-glucosylase, dextransucrase, amylosucrase, and sucrose isomerase. These enzymes use different sugar donors and catalyze the transglycosylation reaction with hydroquinone as the receptor substrate to synthesize α-arbutin. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive review on research progress in the whole-cell catalysis and microbial fermentation to produce α-arbutin, and potentials for its industrial production are assessed. Furthermore, we highlight challenges that exist in the biosynthesis of α-arbutin, such as the oxidation of hydroquinone during synthesis that increases cell toxicity and reduces the yield, the low utilization rate of glucose and the generation of other glycoside products, and the poor performance of experimental strains, and corresponding solutions are proposed. Finally, future directions for α-arbutin synthesis are prospected, with the aim of providing new ideas for achieving more efficient and lower-cost production of α-arbutin and enhancing its applications in the fields of cosmetics and medicines.

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熊果苷(arbutin)是一种天然的糖苷类化合物,广泛存在于自然界中。α-熊果苷(α-arbutin)是其一种异构体,由于其高效安全的美白作用和许多优秀的药理作用,受到越来越多的市场关注。研究发现,生物合成法生产α-熊果苷相较于自然提取法和化学合成法有着更高的产量、更安全的环境、更有竞争力的价格等优势,已经成为主流生产方式。本文介绍了常用于α-熊果苷生产的七种酶类的相关研究,分别为α-淀粉酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶、环糊精糖基转移酶、α-葡萄糖基酶、葡聚糖蔗糖酶、淀粉蔗糖酶和蔗糖异构酶。另外对全细胞催化法、微生物发酵法生产α-熊果苷的研究进展进行综述,对α-熊果苷生产过程中存在的问题进行了剖析并提出在工业化发展上的建议,最后对α-熊果苷合成的未来方向进行了展望,以期能够为实现更高效、更低成本的α-熊果苷生产提供新思路。

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冯尚国(1980—),男,博士,高级实验师,硕士生导师。研究方向为药用种质资源评价、酶定向催化及天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:
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仲泉周(1999—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为酶定向催化、天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:

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仲泉周(1999—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为酶定向催化、天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:

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Journal of Biotechnology, 2016, 233: 1-5., articleTitle=Fermentation scale up for α-arbutin production by Xanthomonas BT-112, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172812746916774527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=145, authorNames=高磊, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高磊. 两步法发酵联产α-熊果苷与黄原胶[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2017., articleTitle=两步法发酵联产α-熊果苷与黄原胶, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1172812746979689088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=103, rfOrder=146, authorNames=GAO L, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GAO L. Two-stop fermentation of α-arbutin and xanthan gum [D]. 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(a)1,4-Benzenediol; (b) Chlorobenzyl; (c) 4-Benzyloxyphenol; (d) 4-Benzyloxyphenol acetate; (e) 4-Acetoxyphenol; (f) Acetylated glucose; (g) Acetylated arbutin; (h) β-Arbutin

, figureFileSmall=KkVVgpQD0bBfrTAA+eDyzA==, figureFileBig=1uWXGtEAsOlXExkY7nORZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735390826973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=图2, caption=熊果苷合成路线

(a)1,4-苯二酚;(b)氯苄;(c)4-苄氧基苯酚;(d)4-苄氧基苯酚乙酸酯;(e)4-乙酰氧基苯酚;(f)全乙酰葡萄糖;(g)全乙酰熊果苷;(h)β-熊果苷

, figureFileSmall=KkVVgpQD0bBfrTAA+eDyzA==, figureFileBig=1uWXGtEAsOlXExkY7nORZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735445352926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Route for the two-step synthesis of arbutin

(a) glucose; (b) 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucosyl chloride or bromide; (c) β-Arbutin

, figureFileSmall=mu8O60AtZrkBjKbb5uJdIg==, figureFileBig=UQRaXdY2WCXN9JczrfhH+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735504073183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=图3, caption=两步法合成熊果苷合成路线

(a)葡萄糖;(b)2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-α-D-葡萄糖酰氯化物或溴化物;(c)β-熊果苷

, figureFileSmall=mu8O60AtZrkBjKbb5uJdIg==, figureFileBig=UQRaXdY2WCXN9JczrfhH+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735558599136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Enzymes for biological production of α-arbutin from hydroquinone, figureFileSmall=bEzkfTGVpJbvGp9Z+hvT3g==, figureFileBig=gYuogeFQC5xJ6yZ7lFnmVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735617319393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=图4, caption=催化氢醌生成α-熊果苷所需要的酶, figureFileSmall=bEzkfTGVpJbvGp9Z+hvT3g==, figureFileBig=gYuogeFQC5xJ6yZ7lFnmVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812735676039650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pharmacological effect and biological activity of α-arbutin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性 模型 培养时间 材料 参考文献
祛痰平喘 体内 3天 动物实验-小鼠 [17]
拮抗H2O2损伤 体外 36时 人脐静脉内皮细胞 [18]
低温保护 体外 2~3月 人胫骨细胞 [19]
放射防护 体内 7天 动物实验-小鼠 [20]
伤口愈合 体外 48时 人真皮成纤维细胞 [21]
治疗多发性硬化症 体内 14天 动物实验-大鼠 [22]
降低前列腺癌 体外 5天 LNCaP细胞系 [23]
治疗心肌梗死 体内 25天 动物实验-大鼠 [24]
降低肝癌 体内 3周 动物实验-大鼠 [25]
美白 体内 4天 3D黑色素皮肤模型 [26]
神经保护 体内 21天 动物实验-大鼠 [27]
改善肝纤维化 体内 6周 动物实验-小鼠 [28]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812735743148515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

α-熊果苷的药理作用及生物活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性 模型 培养时间 材料 参考文献
祛痰平喘 体内 3天 动物实验-小鼠 [17]
拮抗H2O2损伤 体外 36时 人脐静脉内皮细胞 [18]
低温保护 体外 2~3月 人胫骨细胞 [19]
放射防护 体内 7天 动物实验-小鼠 [20]
伤口愈合 体外 48时 人真皮成纤维细胞 [21]
治疗多发性硬化症 体内 14天 动物实验-大鼠 [22]
降低前列腺癌 体外 5天 LNCaP细胞系 [23]
治疗心肌梗死 体内 25天 动物实验-大鼠 [24]
降低肝癌 体内 3周 动物实验-大鼠 [25]
美白 体内 4天 3D黑色素皮肤模型 [26]
神经保护 体内 21天 动物实验-大鼠 [27]
改善肝纤维化 体内 6周 动物实验-小鼠 [28]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812735806063076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Studies on extracting arbutin from natural plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 所用试剂 提取方法 定量方法 产率 参考文献
日本梨树(枝条) 10%甲醇 超声均质 液相色谱/质谱(LC/MS) 12.8 mg/g [32]
玉露香(果皮) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.872 mg/g [33]
鸭梨(果肉) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.012 mg/g [33]
鸭梨(果心) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.268 mg/g [33]
红景天 60%乙醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 3.2 mg/g [34]
皇冠梨(果皮) 无水乙醇 超声辅助 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.229 mg/g [35]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812735877366245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

天然植物中提取熊果苷的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 所用试剂 提取方法 定量方法 产率 参考文献
日本梨树(枝条) 10%甲醇 超声均质 液相色谱/质谱(LC/MS) 12.8 mg/g [32]
玉露香(果皮) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.872 mg/g [33]
鸭梨(果肉) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.012 mg/g [33]
鸭梨(果心) 色谱级甲醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.268 mg/g [33]
红景天 60%乙醇 超声过滤 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 3.2 mg/g [34]
皇冠梨(果皮) 无水乙醇 超声辅助 高效液相色谱(HPLC) 0.229 mg/g [35]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812735940280806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Arbutin production from hydroquinone catalyzed by different enzymes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶类 来源 供体 供体/氢醌 转化率 参考文献
Sucrose phosphorylase Streptococcus mutans UA159 Sucrose 2∶1 72.4% [43]
Sucrose phosphorylase Bacillus velezensis Sucrose 4∶1 44.09% [44]
Sucrose phosphorylase Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291 Sucrose 5∶1 99% [45]
Sucrose phosphorylase Paenibacillus elgii Sucrose 5∶1 60.9% [46]
Sucrose phosphorylase Lactobacillus mesenteroides Sucrose 20∶1 95.3% [47]
Sucrose phosphorylase Streptococcus mutans Sucrose 6∶1 80.15% [48]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltose 2∶1 9% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltotriose 2∶1 22.4% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltopentaose 2∶1 24.8% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Soluble starch 2∶1 32.4% [49]
α-Amylase Thermus thermophilus ATCC 33923 Cassava starch 83% [50]
Amylosucrase Deinococcus geothermalis Sucrose 10∶1 90% [51]
Amylosucrase Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 Sucrose 80∶1 95% [52]
Amylosucrase Thermal spring metagenome Sucrose 5∶1 75% [53]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Thermoanaerobacter sp. Maltodextrin 61% [54]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Anaerobranca gottschalkii Maltodextrin 6∶1 25% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Paenibacillus macerans Maltodextrin 6∶1 20% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 Maltodextrin 6∶1 14% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Bacillus circulans 251 Maltodextrin 6∶1 11% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Anaerobranca gottschalkii Maltodextrin 6∶1 63% [56]
α-Glucosidase Xanthomonas campestris Maltose 72% [57]
α-Glucosidase Xanthomonas campestris Sucrose 9∶1 94% [58]
Dextransucrase Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299 Sucrose 0.4% [59]
Sucrose isomerase Erwinia rhapontici Sucrose 50∶1 33.2% [60]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812736019972583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702763166523842, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同酶类催化对苯二酚生产熊果苷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
酶类 来源 供体 供体/氢醌 转化率 参考文献
Sucrose phosphorylase Streptococcus mutans UA159 Sucrose 2∶1 72.4% [43]
Sucrose phosphorylase Bacillus velezensis Sucrose 4∶1 44.09% [44]
Sucrose phosphorylase Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291 Sucrose 5∶1 99% [45]
Sucrose phosphorylase Paenibacillus elgii Sucrose 5∶1 60.9% [46]
Sucrose phosphorylase Lactobacillus mesenteroides Sucrose 20∶1 95.3% [47]
Sucrose phosphorylase Streptococcus mutans Sucrose 6∶1 80.15% [48]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltose 2∶1 9% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltotriose 2∶1 22.4% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Maltopentaose 2∶1 24.8% [49]
α-Amylase bacillus subtilis X-23 Soluble starch 2∶1 32.4% [49]
α-Amylase Thermus thermophilus ATCC 33923 Cassava starch 83% [50]
Amylosucrase Deinococcus geothermalis Sucrose 10∶1 90% [51]
Amylosucrase Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 Sucrose 80∶1 95% [52]
Amylosucrase Thermal spring metagenome Sucrose 5∶1 75% [53]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Thermoanaerobacter sp. Maltodextrin 61% [54]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Anaerobranca gottschalkii Maltodextrin 6∶1 25% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Paenibacillus macerans Maltodextrin 6∶1 20% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 Maltodextrin 6∶1 14% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Bacillus circulans 251 Maltodextrin 6∶1 11% [55]
Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase Anaerobranca gottschalkii Maltodextrin 6∶1 63% [56]
α-Glucosidase Xanthomonas campestris Maltose 72% [57]
α-Glucosidase Xanthomonas campestris Sucrose 9∶1 94% [58]
Dextransucrase Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1299 Sucrose 0.4% [59]
Sucrose isomerase Erwinia rhapontici Sucrose 50∶1 33.2% [60]
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生物合成法生产α-熊果苷的研究进展
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仲泉周 1, 2 , 单依怡 1, 2 , 裴清云 1, 2 , 金艳芸 1, 2 , 王艺涵 1, 2 , 孟璐远 1 , 王歆韵 1 , 张雨鑫 1 , 刘坤媛 1 , 王慧中 1, 2 , 冯尚国 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(1): 118-135
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(1): 118-135
生物合成法生产α-熊果苷的研究进展
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仲泉周1, 2, 单依怡1, 2, 裴清云1, 2, 金艳芸1, 2, 王艺涵1, 2, 孟璐远1, 王歆韵1, 张雨鑫1, 刘坤媛1, 王慧中1, 2, 冯尚国1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 杭州师范大学生命与环境科学学院,浙江 杭州 311121
  • 2 浙江省药用植物种质改良和质量监控重点实验室,浙江 杭州 311121
  • 仲泉周(1999—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为酶定向催化、天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

冯尚国(1980—),男,博士,高级实验师,硕士生导师。研究方向为药用种质资源评价、酶定向催化及天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:
Research progress in the production of α-arbutin through biosynthesis
Quanzhou ZHONG1, 2, Yiyi SHAN1, 2, Qingyun PEI1, 2, Yanyun JIN1, 2, Yihan WANG1, 2, Luyuan MENG1, Xinyun WANG1, Yuxin ZHANG1, Kunyuan LIU1, Huizhong WANG1, 2, Shangguo FENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life and Environmental Science,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121,Zhejiang,China
  • 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants,Hangzhou 311121,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-054
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熊果苷(arbutin)是一种天然的糖苷类化合物,广泛存在于自然界中。α-熊果苷(α-arbutin)是其一种异构体,由于其高效安全的美白作用和许多优秀的药理作用,受到越来越多的市场关注。研究发现,生物合成法生产α-熊果苷相较于自然提取法和化学合成法有着更高的产量、更安全的环境、更有竞争力的价格等优势,已经成为主流生产方式。本文介绍了常用于α-熊果苷生产的七种酶类的相关研究,分别为α-淀粉酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶、环糊精糖基转移酶、α-葡萄糖基酶、葡聚糖蔗糖酶、淀粉蔗糖酶和蔗糖异构酶。另外对全细胞催化法、微生物发酵法生产α-熊果苷的研究进展进行综述,对α-熊果苷生产过程中存在的问题进行了剖析并提出在工业化发展上的建议,最后对α-熊果苷合成的未来方向进行了展望,以期能够为实现更高效、更低成本的α-熊果苷生产提供新思路。

熊果苷  /  α-熊果苷  /  生物合成  /  葡萄糖苷  /  氢醌

Arbutins are a kind of natural glycoside compounds found widely in nature. α-arbutin, one of its isomers, has received increasing market attention due to its efficient and safe whitening effect and other excellent pharmacological effects. Studies have revealed that the production methods of α-arbutin mainly fall into three categories: plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis. For the plant extraction, raw materials are widely available, and the process is simple, but the yield fails to meet the requirement for large scale production and applications. The chemical synthesis has a higher yield but with harsh reaction conditions, and thus is not environmentally friendly. Through research has found that the biosynthesis of α-arbutin has higher yield, safer environment, more competitive cost and other advantages compared with the natural extraction and chemical synthesis as well, making it the mainstream production method. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different synthetic methods and studies on the seven enzymes commonly used in the biosynthesis of α-arbutin including α-amylase, sucrose phosphorylase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, α-glucosylase, dextransucrase, amylosucrase, and sucrose isomerase. These enzymes use different sugar donors and catalyze the transglycosylation reaction with hydroquinone as the receptor substrate to synthesize α-arbutin. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive review on research progress in the whole-cell catalysis and microbial fermentation to produce α-arbutin, and potentials for its industrial production are assessed. Furthermore, we highlight challenges that exist in the biosynthesis of α-arbutin, such as the oxidation of hydroquinone during synthesis that increases cell toxicity and reduces the yield, the low utilization rate of glucose and the generation of other glycoside products, and the poor performance of experimental strains, and corresponding solutions are proposed. Finally, future directions for α-arbutin synthesis are prospected, with the aim of providing new ideas for achieving more efficient and lower-cost production of α-arbutin and enhancing its applications in the fields of cosmetics and medicines.

arbutins  /  α-arbutin  /  biosynthesis  /  glucoside  /  hydroquinone
仲泉周, 单依怡, 裴清云, 金艳芸, 王艺涵, 孟璐远, 王歆韵, 张雨鑫, 刘坤媛, 王慧中, 冯尚国. 生物合成法生产α-熊果苷的研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (1) : 118 -135 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-054
Quanzhou ZHONG, Yiyi SHAN, Qingyun PEI, Yanyun JIN, Yihan WANG, Luyuan MENG, Xinyun WANG, Yuxin ZHANG, Kunyuan LIU, Huizhong WANG, Shangguo FENG. Research progress in the production of α-arbutin through biosynthesis[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (1) : 118 -135 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-054
熊果苷,又称熊果素或对苯二酚葡萄糖苷,是一种天然的糖苷,广泛存在于各种天然植物中1。熊果苷在常温下呈白色粉末状,易溶于水和乙醇。熊果苷有两种异构体,分别为α-熊果苷和β-熊果苷(图1)。α-熊果苷(4-羟基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)CAS号为84380-01-8,分子量为272.251,易溶于水,具有糖苷键α-异头物形式,包括一个葡萄糖基和一个酚基,通过α-1,4-糖苷键相连。生物合成法是生产α-熊果苷的主要手段2。β-熊果苷(4-羟基苯基-β-L-吡喃葡萄糖苷)是α-熊果苷的旋光异构体,CAS号为497-76-7,分子量为272.25,易溶于水3
酪氨酸酶是黑色素合成的关键酶,氢醌(HQ)对酪氨酸酶具有抑制作用,但氢醌可导致外源性黄褐病和白斑病,且有致敏致癌等风险4,因此,欧盟和我国都将氢醌作为化妆品禁用成分。熊果苷是酪氨酸酶抑制剂,可作为氢醌的替代物5。α-熊果苷对酪氨酸酶的抑制强度为β-熊果苷的10倍,抗黑色素能力是β-熊果苷的15倍之多6。另外,α-熊果苷在强酸、强碱或紫外照射下仍可保持稳定性,pH在4.9时,α-熊果苷最稳定,半衰期约为77个月7。而β-熊果苷在强酸、强碱或紫外照射下稳定性较差,且与β-葡萄糖苷酶作用24 h后,近一半的β-熊果苷会被转化为氢醌,对人体伤害极大8。在安全性和美白效果方面,α-熊果苷都更胜一筹。因此,α-熊果苷作为美白行业的热门产品,受到诸多消费者的追捧。而在药理活性方面,α-熊果苷似乎具有更大的潜力。随着研究的不断深入,α-熊果苷的应用被不断发现,不仅可以作为治疗祛痰平喘的传统药物9,还具有抗癌抗氧化等生物活性10,这种活性为新一代的药物研发提供了重要的借鉴意义。目前,α-熊果苷的需求量日益增加,更加高效的工业化生产方式有待开发。本文对α-熊果苷的研究进展进行详细综述,并对α-熊果苷生产过程中存在的问题进行了剖析,最后对α-熊果苷合成的未来方向进行了展望,以期能够为实现更高效、更低成本的α-熊果苷生产提供新思路。
黑色素是动物皮肤和毛发中存在的一种黑褐色色素,由黑色素细胞生成并储存。正是由于黑色素的存在,我们的皮肤、毛发才有了颜色。而要想祛除黑色素,首先得了解黑色素是怎样生成的。完整黑色素的形成生理机制是十分复杂的,主要流程为:①早期黑素体在ILK(整合素连接激酶)的作用下进行黑素体组装;②在内分泌及旁分泌因子的调控下,黑素小体成熟及黑素合成;③黑素体沿着微管和肌动蛋白纤维向黑素细胞树突状远端移动;④黑色素在PAR-2(蛋白酶激活受体2)及α-MSH信号因子的调控下转移至角质形成细胞;⑤黑素体在角质形成细胞中进行再分布,降解,排出11。目前,对于美白研究中最多的领域就是步骤②,其详细机制为酪氨酸在酪氨酸酶(TYR)的催化下脱掉1个羟基生成多巴(β-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸),再由多巴脱氢氧化生成中间体多巴醌,多巴醌在半胱氨酸或谷胱甘肽存在条件下氧化聚合成褐色素12。而当半胱氨酸耗尽后自发形成环状的多巴色素。多巴色素在多巴色素互变异构酶(DCT)的作用下,生成DHI-黑素(深黑色)和DHICA-黑素(浅黑色)13-14
熊果苷最具潜力且应用最为广泛的就是其美白功效。熊果苷的美白机制在20世纪90年代就已被Maeda等15报道。研究表明熊果苷并不影响酪氨酸酶的表达与合成,而是作为酪氨酸酶的竞争性抑制剂,与酪氨酸酶分子上的独立部位结合,抑制酪氨酸酶活性,进而抑制和降低黑色素的生成,最终起到了美白效果。而α-熊果苷美白动力学机制研究结果显示,α-熊果苷主要是抑制酪氨酸酶单酚酶活力,即抑制L-酪氨酸羟基化为L-多巴。而对酪氨酸酶的二酚酶为竞争性与非竞争性的混合型激活作用,即促进 L-多巴氧化成多巴醌,因皮肤细胞中几乎无多巴存在,因此,α-熊果苷表现为酪氨酸酶抑制作用16
熊果苷具有多种药理作用和生物活性(表1),最早被用来杀菌抗炎,口服熊果苷可以在体内水解产生氢醌因而具有杀菌作用。此外,熊果苷对于组织愈合、抗癌、防辐射、冷冻保护等诸多方面也有新的研究进展。
2003年王亚芳等17建立引咳、祛痰、平喘动物实验模型进行药效学实验研究。研究表明,熊果苷可明显减少咳嗽次数,延长哮喘潜伏期。2005年董钦等18通过细胞学实验,体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,表明熊果苷可抵抗H2O2所致的细胞氧化应激损伤。2009年Rosa等19发现将熊果苷单独或和其他低温保护剂联合使用,能有效地对人体关节软骨组织进行低温保护。2019年Nadi等20用X射线照射小鼠后,通过测定小鼠不同酶类的活性水平,证实50 mg/kg熊果苷具有较高的放射防护效果。2020年,Polouliakh等21通过对人真皮成纤维细胞的培养发现α-熊果苷可以促进伤口愈合。2020年,Ebrahim-Tabar等22通过对大鼠的微量注射和交叉注射发现熊果苷通过减轻炎症、星形胶质细胞激活和氧化应激,促进脱髓鞘视交叉的功能恢复和髓鞘修复。2020年Safari等23选用LNCaP细胞系并构建人前列腺癌的体外雄激素反应模型,研究发现,熊果苷可以减少LNCaP细胞内ROS(体内活性氧簇)的产生,并且高浓度熊果苷还可诱导前列腺癌细胞株的凋亡。2021年Sivasangari等24发现熊果苷可改善ISO诱导大鼠心肌梗死的情况,其机制是维持正常的脂谱,保护线粒体和溶酶体膜的完整性。2022年Zeng等25对大鼠注射DEN(二乙基亚硝胺)诱发肝癌,经熊果苷治疗后有效地改善了患有DEN诱发的肝癌的动物的健康状况并降低了肝重。2023年江漪等26采用3D黑素皮肤模型评价α-熊果苷的美白功效,研究表明,自然黑化的皮肤模型连续4天给予2 mg/mL的α-熊果苷,每日作用24 h,美白效果最为显著。2024年,王晓静等27通过建立HIBD(新生儿缺血缺氧性脑损伤)新生大鼠模型,经对照研究发现,熊果苷可以通过激活Gas6/Axl信号通路进而对HIBD新生大鼠发挥神经保护作用。同年,曹家樊等28通过建立小鼠肝纤维化模型,经对照研究发现,熊果苷可通过减少巨噬细胞募集并调控Akt/NF-κB和Smad信号通路以改善小鼠肝纤维化。α-熊果苷的生物活性非常广泛,大大超出了原本的预期,因此,对于α-熊果苷的研究必将是未来医药领域的热门研究之一。
熊果苷最早发现于熊果叶中,后来相继在越橘、乌饭树等一些植物中发现29。随着研究的不断深入,蓝莓、蔓越莓、马郁兰以及大多数梨中也发现有熊果苷的存在30。另外,熊果苷也是银杏叶、草莓叶中主要的生物活性成分31。熊果苷的制备方法主要有天然植物提取法、化学有机合成法以及生物合成法。
熊果苷在天然植物中存在广泛,这为在天然植物中提取熊果苷提供了基础的条件(表2)。
2014年,Sasaki等32利用超声均质的方法,在日本梨树废弃的枝条中提取并获得了熊果苷,得率为12.8 mg/g。2020年,李凡等33通过高效液相色谱法对不同品种不同部位的梨进行筛选,发现“玉露香”这一品种果皮中熊果苷的含量最高,其含量为0.872 mg/g,“鸭梨”这一品种果肉和果心中熊果苷的含量最高,分别为0.012 mg/g和0.268 mg/g。2021年,胡英婕34在红景天中提取出了熊果苷,最佳提取条件为60%乙醇超声提取50 min,得率为3.2 mg/g。另外,2023年张乐乐等35在皇冠梨中提取得到熊果苷,并用大孔树脂对产物熊果苷进行纯化,最后发现梨皮中熊果苷的含量最高,为0.229 mg/g。天然植物提取法虽然操作简单,原材料来源广泛且简单易得,但是其最终产率却达不到预期,无法作为工业化生产的途径,也无法满足日益增长的市场需求。
化学合成熊果苷的普遍方法是以酚类化合物和糖苷为原料,在适当保护后进行偶联并脱去保护基。Helferich法是工业化合成熊果苷的方法之一,该方法以全乙酰葡萄糖和苯酚为原料,在氯化锌或对甲苯磺酸的作用下进行糖苷化反应,经过脱保护后得到熊果苷36。2016年陈方达等37以1,4-苯二酚和全乙酰葡萄糖为原料进行糖苷化反应,脱保护后合成熊果苷,产率为34.7%,合成途径如图2。2017年,孙竞阳等38以邻苯二酚、对苯二酚和间苯二酚为原料,通过酚羟基的苄基保护,与溴乙酰基半乳糖、葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖偶联脱保护得到了11种熊果苷类似物,并且这些类似物都具有良好的酪氨酸酶抑制活性。
化学合成熊果苷过程中,存在中间体不稳定、反应条件苛刻以及合成步骤烦琐等问题,因此改进熊果苷化学合成的研究也越来越多。Huang等39以葡萄糖和乙酰卤(氯化物或溴化物)为原料,先合成2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-α-D-葡萄糖酰氯化物或溴化物,然后调节pH值至9.5~10.0之间,2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-α-D-葡萄糖酰氯化物或溴化物以甲醇为溶剂和对苯二酚反应,最终得到熊果苷收率为38%(以氯代四乙酰葡萄糖为原料)和 27%(以溴代四乙酰葡萄糖为原料),合成途径如图3。此两步法简化了化学合成熊果苷的步骤,且发现了一种更为简单高效合成中间体2,3,4,6-四- O-乙酰基-α-D-葡萄糖酰氯化物或溴化物的方法,为合成熊果苷降低了生产成本。
虽然化学合成法制备周期较短且原料易得,但在工业生产中仍存在诸多弊端,如化学合成反应条件通常苛刻且反应过程十分剧烈,需要采取一系列保护措施,且试剂毒性较大,中间产物不稳定,所得产物为α和β型糖苷混合物。对于α-熊果苷,化学合成很难提供一种高效立体专一性的合成方法,因为一般合成α-糖苷的方法对于α-熊果苷来说都显得过于烦琐。
生物合成法生产α-熊果苷主要分为三类。一类是由酶法合成,不同的微生物糖基转移酶使用不同的糖基供体,再以氢醌作为受体底物进行酶催化合成。目前,至少有七种微生物来源的酶可以用于α-熊果苷的生物合成,分别是α-淀粉酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶、环糊精糖基转移酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、葡聚糖蔗糖酶、淀粉蔗糖酶和蔗糖异构酶40。另外一类为全细胞催化法,通过利用静息状态下,完整活细胞的天然酶系,在温和的条件下高效地进行复杂的生物转化,并且可以实现酶的级联反应,提高催化效率。目前,全细胞催化法以广泛应用于α-熊果苷的生产41。还有一类为微生物发酵法,微生物发酵法是活细胞一边生长繁殖一边利用细胞内代谢反应进行目标产物的合成,在发酵过程中实现催化反应。微生物发酵法可以生产α-熊果苷,也可以利用葡萄糖从头合成生产β-熊果苷42,本文重点分析α-熊果苷生物合成研究。
酶法制备α-熊果苷通常是由微生物的糖基转移酶来催化完成。目前已鉴定有七种微生物来源的酶可以用于α-熊果苷的生物合成(图4)。分别是α-淀粉酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶、环糊精糖基转移酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、葡聚糖蔗糖酶、淀粉蔗糖酶和蔗糖异构酶。不同酶类催化熊果苷合成的研究也越来越多(表3)。酶法制备α-熊果苷具有多种优势,例如反应条件温和,不需要像化学合成一样进行保护步骤,更加安全,也不会产生各种副作用产物,对环境更加友好。
蔗糖磷酸化酶(sucrose phosphorylase. EC 2.4.1.7)属于糖基水解酶GH13家族,是一种催化转移葡萄糖苷键的酶,能够催化蔗糖和无机磷酸盐合成1-磷酸-葡萄糖61。蔗糖磷酸化酶主要以蔗糖或1-磷酸-葡萄糖为供体,多羟基的糖、糖醇或酚羟基等为受体,催化合成各种糖苷。从Leuconostoc mesenteroides中分离得到的蔗糖磷酸化酶是以单体蛋白的形式存在,而从Bifidobacterium adolescentis中得到的蔗糖磷酸化酶则是由两个相同的单体组成的二聚体,由A、B、B′和C四个结构域构成62。不同来源的蔗糖磷酸化酶,是以同型二聚体或功能性单体的形式存在,一般不存在亚基63
蔗糖磷酸化酶是第一个用于研究α-熊果苷生物合成的酶。2020年,沈洋等43Streptococcus mutans UA159中的蔗糖磷酸化酶(SmSP)为实验材料,通过对SmSP催化活性中心周围的loop A位点进行定点饱和突变,其α-熊果苷的产量为7.17 g/L,相比天然酶(WT)提高了78.4%,摩尔转化率达到72.4%。2022年,陈显玲等44以贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)为材料,分离筛选出一株能高产蔗糖磷酸化酶的菌株SLLSM2,经过实验优化,此酶催化合成α-熊果苷的最优条件为酶添加量150 U,对苯二酚浓度4%,反应温度45 ℃,pH 6.0,此时α-熊果苷合成摩尔转化率达到44.09%。李晓玉等45将肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291)中的蔗糖磷酸化酶异源表达,经条件优化后,重组SPase酶的比活力达到213.98 U/mg。在氢醌含量为40 g/L条件时,蔗糖与氢醌的摩尔比为5∶1,重组SPase 250 U/mL,α-熊果苷产量达98 g/L,氢醌的转化率接近99%。该菌株为工业化生产α-熊果苷提供了重要参考价值。2023年,Su等46Paenibacillus elgii菌株中鉴定出一种新的蔗糖磷酸化酶PeSP,随后与分子伴侣在大肠杆菌中共表达,其比活力达到162.72 U/mg。在30 ℃、pH 7.0条件下,蔗糖与对苯二酚的摩尔比为5∶1,PeSP浓度为200 U/mL,α-熊果苷的最大浓度为52.60 g/L,氢醌的转化率达到60.9 %。Ao等47在肠系膜乳杆菌(Lactobacillus mesenteroides)中筛选得到活性较高的SPase突变体,随后通过实验优化,克服高浓度对苯二酚的抑制作用,在蔗糖与氢醌比为20∶1时,α-熊果苷的最终产率为129.6 g/L,氢醌转化率为95.3%。另外,周祺等48以枯草芽孢杆菌为宿主,以对苯二酚和蔗糖为底物,异源表达来源于变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)的蔗糖磷酸化酶SmSPI336L。随后对SmSPI336L进行启动子优化及多拷贝整合表达,在蔗糖与氢醌比约为6∶1时,α-熊果苷的产量为99.14 g/L,氢醌的摩尔转化率为80.15%,相比于天然酶催化效率提高了54.5%。蔗糖磷酸化酶来源广泛,研究热门,且通过分子生物学技术可以大大提高其催化效率,可为后续研究酶法合成α-熊果苷提供重要的借鉴意义。
α-淀粉酶(α-amylase. EC 3.2.1.1)是一种内切糖苷水解酶,可以水解淀粉等多聚糖内部的α-1,4-糖苷键,进而生成低聚糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽糖、糊精和少量葡萄糖。α-淀粉酶属于糖苷水解酶的GH13家族,它们具有共同的超二级结构,即(β/α)8-barrel64。α-淀粉酶的来源十分广泛,可从动物、植物、微生物中获得。植物中的α-淀粉酶存在不利于植物的发育和果实的保存65,动物中的α-淀粉酶最适pH值和最适温度范围较窄,而细菌α-淀粉酶不仅产量大,成本低,还具有耐高温、耐酸耐碱等特性。因此,细菌α-淀粉酶成为工业生产的首选。通过对比细菌的α-淀粉酶一级结构发现,氨基酸的序列差异较大,但是它们的三级结构具有高度的相似性,这说明α-淀粉酶的功能与三级结构息息相关。α-淀粉酶主要包括A、B和C三个结构域。结构域A为催化中心,呈现(β/α)8-barrel结构,并存在于所有α-淀粉酶中。结构域B与底物特异性结合有关,结构域C离活性中心较远,与蛋白质稳定,折叠和底物结合有关66。α-淀粉酶的催化机制为双置换机制,第一次置换中,形成糖基-酶中间体。第二次置换时,被一个前质子供体的羧酸形式激活的水分子所逆转,得到α-异构的产物67
1994年,Nishimura等49首次报道了关于α-淀粉酶用于合成α-熊果苷的研究,该酶来自枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis X-23),当以麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽五糖、可溶性淀粉为糖基供体,蔗糖与氢醌比为2∶1时,氢醌的摩尔转化率分别为9.0%、22.4%、24.8%、32.4%。与蔗糖磷酸化酶相比,α-淀粉酶表现出广泛的底物选择性,可为生产α-熊果苷提供更多的选择与方法。2020年,Rudeekulthamrong等50以木薯淀粉为供体分子,以α-熊果苷和β-熊果苷为受体分子,通过重组淀粉酶催化的转糖基化反应合成α-熊果苷-α-D-糖苷和β-熊果苷-α-D-糖苷。α-熊果苷比β-熊果苷在淀粉酶催化下的产物得率更高。质谱法和核磁共振波谱法鉴定苷类产物主要为α-熊果苷-α-D-葡萄糖苷(α-Ab-α-G1)和α-熊果苷-α-D-麦芽糖苷(α-Ab-α-G2)。两种糖苷的水溶性比α-熊果苷更强,且同样对人酪氨酸酶具有抑活性。这种特性可能会成为化妆品添加剂中新的选择。另外,通过调整淀粉含量、α-熊果苷浓度、酶浓度、pH、温度和培养时间等6个参数,获得了最高83%的糖苷产率。
淀粉蔗糖酶(amylosucrase,EC 2.4.1.4)是一种葡萄糖基转移酶68,隶属于GH13家族,是一种多功能的蔗糖利用酶。具有多种反应类型,可以催化聚合、异构、转糖苷、水解和歧化等多种反应。且由于其具有价格较低、异源表达较高等优势,在食品和化学等行业有着广泛的应用。淀粉蔗糖酶作用于α-糖苷键,催化糖基分子转移到各种非糖类的受体分子上,形成各种重要的化合物。淀粉蔗糖酶存在相当广泛,先后在6种奈瑟氏菌中均发现有编码其基因的存在69,且多糖奈瑟球菌中的淀粉蔗糖酶的编码基因已得到解析。多糖奈瑟球菌淀粉蔗糖酶具有五个结构域,其与大裂缝底部具有活性位点的其他GH13家族的水解酶相反,淀粉蔗糖酶的活性位点在分子表面的口袋底部70
2012年,Seo等51从地球热菌(Deinococcus geothermalis)中纯化淀粉蔗糖酶,由于氢醌的氧化产物对淀粉蔗糖酶的活性具有抑制作用,Seo等在此次研究中加入了抗坏血酸以应对氢醌的氧化问题。在蔗糖与氢醌10∶1的比率下,成功合成α-熊果苷,氢醌的摩尔转化率达到90%。2019年,Zhu等52在野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004)中筛选出淀粉蔗糖酶(Amy-1)。该酶具有较高的氢醌糖基化活性,经纯化后,在pH 7.5、温度35 ℃条件下,蔗糖与氢醌的摩尔比为80∶1时,摩尔转化率为95%。如此高的蔗糖与氢醌比值可能是因为氢醌的氧化产物对Amy-1具有抑制作用。另外,采用全细胞催化法可明显降低蔗糖与氢醌的初始比例。2021年,Agarwal等53鉴定出一种新的淀粉蔗糖酶Asmet并进行研究,Asmet能够以蔗糖为糖基供体,采用在标准酶法中得到的蔗糖与氢醌比5∶1,反应48 h,氢醌的转化率约为75%。
环糊精糖基转移酶(cyclodextrin glycosyl- transferase,CGTase,EC 2.4.1.19)是一种水解酶,也属于GH13家族,可以催化淀粉、麦芽寡聚糖和糖原等葡萄糖聚合物产生环糊精(cyclodextrin,CD)71。环糊精的分子结构为中空的锥形圆筒立体环状结构,内部为疏水区,外部则含有亲水性的羟基基团,具有亲水性72。根据CD类型的不同,还可将环糊精糖基转移酶CGTase分为α-CGTase、β-CGTase、γ-CGTase。环糊精糖基转移酶具有与α-淀粉酶相同的A、B、C三个结构域以及其特有的D、E结构域。值得注意的是,C结构域存在于原淀粉的结合位点73。D结构域包含β-片状结构,但几乎只存在于环糊精糖基转移酶中74。E结构域存在于麦芽糖的结合位点,且E区的功能与淀粉的特异性吸附有关75。环糊精可以催化四种不同的反应,分别为环化反应、歧化反应、偶合反应以及水解反应76。前三者均为转糖基反应,在食品、化工、医药等方面都有多种用途。
2022年,Zhao等54制备了一种新型三维结构支撑并且发现了一种新的反应诱导沉积方法。可作为固定环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的转移载体,并制备柱式反应器,以密封循环方式制备α-熊果苷。5 mg/mL麦芽糖糊精和10 mmol/L对苯二酚分别用作α-熊果苷生物合成的葡萄糖基供体和受体。在优化条件下,α-熊果苷在40 ℃下24 h内收率达到61%。张文蕾等55选择了来源不同的4种环糊精糖基转移酶并对其合成α-熊果苷进行研究,在40 ℃、pH 6.0条件下,麦芽糖糊精与氢醌比约为6∶1时,来源于戈特沙尔克厌氧分枝杆菌(Anaerobranca gottschalkii)的CGTase的氢醌转化率最高,达到25%。对A. gottschalkii CGTase进行分子改造,对受体位点附近的第299位氨基酸进行突变得到突变体 Y299A,这减少了底物与结合位点附近氨基酸的空间位阻,在相同的反应条件下突变体对氢醌的摩尔转化率可达40%。2024年刘嘉琦等56同样利用A. gottschalkii CGTase来源的环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶进行研究,以麦芽糊精为供体,对苯二酚为受体,催化合成α-熊果苷,经定点饱和突变和筛选后得到突变体AgCGTase-F235G-N166H,在60 ℃,pH为6.5,麦芽糊精与氢醌的比为6∶1时,催化合成α-熊果苷的产量为15.4 g/L,转化率可达63%,较天然酶相比提高了42%。
α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase. EC 3.2.1.20)是一种广泛存在的糖苷水解酶类,它可以催化α-1,4-糖苷键的水解,将α-葡萄糖苷化合物分解为葡萄糖和另一种化合物。除了水解反应以外,一些α-葡萄糖苷酶还具有转糖基化活性,可以生成低聚异麦芽糖(IMO)77。α-葡萄糖苷酶在自然界中存在广泛,但主要是从微生物中分离获得,例如腾冲嗜热厌氧菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis78和交枝顶孢霉(Acremonium implicatum79中分离的α-葡萄糖苷酶等。少数来源于动物与植物,如致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus80、花状湿地藓(Hyophilla nymaniana80。而且不同来源的α-葡萄糖苷酶其特性也相差较大。
α-葡萄糖苷酶根据底物特异性可以分为三类:Ⅰ型α-葡萄糖苷酶偏好水解异质底物,如蔗糖;Ⅱ型偏好水解同质底物,如麦芽糖;Ⅲ型与Ⅱ型相似,但可以水解长链底物,如淀粉81。根据结构可以分为五种糖苷水解酶家族:GH4、GH13、GH31、GH63和GH9782。Ⅰ型属于GH13家族,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型属于GH31家族83
α-葡萄糖苷酶通过转糖基化产生低聚糖和具有生物活性的葡萄糖苷,尤其是α-熊果苷。但天然的α-葡萄糖苷酶对氢醌的转化率较低84。2023年,Wu等57选定来自油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris)的α-葡萄糖苷酶AglA的关键氨基酸残基Leucine145,对该关键残基进行定点和饱和诱变,获得了催化效率提高7.2倍的突变体L145V。通过异源表达和实验优化,在3 h内氢醌转化率达到72%。此法提高了α-糖苷酶的活性,为酶法生产α-熊果苷提供重要的借鉴价值。陆跃乐等58同样利用来源于X. campestris的α-糖苷酶基因进行异源表达,构建了生产α-熊果苷的含α-糖苷酶基因的重组大肠杆菌,能够在胞内高效合成α-糖苷酶。在pH为7.0条件下,蔗糖与氢醌比约为9∶1,反应12 h,产物α-熊果苷浓度为105 g/L,转化率为94%。
葡聚糖蔗糖酶(dextransucrase. EC 2.4.1.5)又称葡糖基转移酶,属于糖苷水解酶GH70家族,是一种高效的α-转糖苷酶,可以催化蔗糖生物合成葡聚糖并释放出果糖85。葡聚糖蔗糖酶广泛存在于动物、植物、微生物中,在工业生产中,由于微生物来源的葡聚糖蔗糖酶具有成本低、易获得等优点成为主要来源86。大多数葡聚糖蔗糖酶具有一些相同的结构,包括有信号肽、N末端可变区、保守催化结构域和C末端葡萄糖结合域87。随着技术发展,目前有4个葡聚糖蔗糖酶的晶体结构已被解析。分别为GTF180-ΔN(1)、GTFA-ΔN、GTF180-ΔN(Ⅱ)和DSR-EΔN123-GBD-CD288。葡聚糖蔗糖酶能够催化三种不同的反应,包括聚合、水解和转糖基化反应。根据产生的葡聚糖结构的不同,葡聚糖蔗糖酶可分为右旋糖酐蔗糖酶、变聚糖蔗糖酶、罗伊糖蔗糖酶、交替糖蔗糖酶和淀粉蔗糖酶89。通过转糖基化,右旋糖酐蔗糖酶可以产生各种有益的低聚糖和许多具有生物活性的糖苷。
Seo等59以氢醌作为糖基受体,蔗糖作为供体,利用肠膜明串珠菌(L. mesenteroides)的葡聚糖蔗糖酶合成α-熊果苷。在28 ℃、pH 5.2条件下,添加了49.5 g/L的氢醌和73.7 g/L的蔗糖,生成0.54 g/L的α-熊果苷,氢醌的摩尔转化率仅为0.4%,这说明该酶并不适合用于生产α-熊果苷,且近年来没有此酶用于合成α-熊果苷的相关研究。
蔗糖异构酶(sucrose isomerase,EC 5.4.99.11)是一种葡萄糖基转移酶,属于糖苷水解酶GH13家族。蔗糖异构酶具有水解和异构活性,可以将蔗糖分子中的α-1,2-糖苷键异构化为α-1,6-糖苷键,进而形成异麦芽酮糖90。异麦芽酮糖又叫帕拉金糖,是蔗糖的异构体,具有良好的酸稳定性、极低的吸湿性和较高的安全性91。目前蔗糖异构酶已被广泛应用于工业化生产异麦芽酮糖。蔗糖异构酶具有底物特异性,当反应体系中存在葡萄糖和果糖时,葡萄糖和果糖就会变成该酶的竞争性抑制剂,使得该酶对底物的亲和力下降92
蔗糖异构酶广泛存在于微生物中,其异源表达和分子改造也越来越受到关注,Zhang等93通过克隆Erwinia sp. Ejp617菌株中的蔗糖异构酶基因并在E.coli BL21(DE3)中异源表达,重组后的蔗糖异构酶可将 300.0 g/L蔗糖转化为240.9 g/L异麦芽酮糖,转化率达80.5%。Zhang等94通过定点诱变对来源于Klebsiella sp. LX3 菌株中的蔗糖异构酶基因(PalⅠ)进行分子改造,利用脯氨酸取代Glu498和Arg310,50 ℃条件下的半衰期比天然酶提高了11倍,且异麦芽酮糖的转化率也提高了27%。
2011年,Zhou等60通过对大黄欧文氏菌(Erwinia rhapontici)的蔗糖异构酶进行研究,对其催化口袋的苯丙氨酸残基进行定点诱变,在反应条件优化后,突变体F297A的分子间转糖基化的比活性比天然酶增加了4倍。突变体F321W对氢醌的转化率从33.2%提升至 88.2%,转化率提升十分明显,对后续α-熊果苷的生产研究提供了重要的参考意义。
酶法对于生产α-熊果苷具有显著的优势,耗能少,周期短且产率高,适合工业化生产,另外,还可以通过酶修饰,组合代谢工程以及分子生物学手段对菌株进行筛选和改造以获得更高的酶活和产率。虽然酶法优势众多,但其依然存在缺点。用于生产的酶类通常是体外酶,需要对细胞进行破碎收集,且为了维持其活性和可重复利用性,常常需要分离纯化和材料固定化,工艺难度较高,这一定程度上增加了应用的难度。为了解决这一弊端,研究者尝试利用全细胞催化法进行α-熊果苷的生产。
全细胞催化法也是工业上生产α-熊果苷的主要方式之一,通过利用完整活细胞的天然酶系和细胞的代谢体系,在温和的条件下高效、协同地催化氢醌等底物,高效合成α-熊果苷。全细胞催化法不仅解决了酶法需要对细胞进行破碎收集、纯化固定等问题,还可以直接作为生物催化剂加到反应体系中进行催化,具有产率高、经济效益好、易于扩大工艺规模等固有优势。需要注意的是,在全细胞催化条件下,细胞的微环境会提高氢醌的耐受性,但是对热稳定性和敏感性没有保护作用。所以需要对氢醌的浓度进行实时监测,以补料的方式来达到高浓度转化。尽管全细胞催化剂对糖苷供体与受体的摩尔比要求较低,但仍需要很高的蔗糖初始浓度。这是因为高浓度的蔗糖可以降低蔗糖的水解率,这与糖苷酶催化的其他糖基化反应相似95-96
2019年,Zhu等96对野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004)中筛选出淀粉蔗糖酶(Amy-1)做进一步研究。研究表明,Amy-1酶确实如报道一般可以高效地对氢醌进行转糖基反应,但是其对氢醌的氧化产物非常敏感,而全细胞催化则表现出对氢醌的氧化产物具有更高的耐受性。在全细胞催化过程中,蔗糖与氢醌的摩尔比为5∶1和15∶1时,可分别获得95%和99%的摩尔转化率。另外,为了实现扩大生产,Zhu等还在5000 L的发酵罐中完成了3500 L和4000 L反应体系的生产,通过对氢醌监控进行分批补料,OD600为10的最佳条件下,最终α-熊果苷的浓度为102 g/L和108 g/L。这对α-熊果苷的工业化生产具有很高的参考价值。
2023年敖巨葳97将来源于Leuconostoc mesenteroides的蔗糖磷酸化酶在大肠杆菌中异源表达并设计突变位点最终得到了一株酶活性是天然型161%的突变体R137F,在pH 7.0、30 ℃、菌体OD600为50的最适条件下,分批添加对苯二酚,在5 L发酵罐中反应24 h,重组菌株最终产生α-熊果苷的产量为11.93 g/L,摩尔转化率为96.5%,比天然型菌株产量提高了47.5%。2024年吴涵等98通过将肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291)的蔗糖磷酸化酶基因导入大肠杆菌,构建了一种可生产α-熊果苷的工程菌株。在pH为7.0,蔗糖与氢醌比为2∶1,催化温度20 ℃,细胞浓度 OD600为40时,α-熊果苷的总量为158.8 g/L。此外,选用海藻酸钠-活性炭复合材料作为固定化细胞载体,以4 g为最佳包埋细胞量,pH值维持在7.0,以及55 g/L的氢醌质量浓度,构成了最优的固定化细胞催化条件。经过这一系列的优化,固定化细胞催化所产α-熊果苷的总量达到323.9 g/L。
在研究的不断进展中,除了在反应过程中探究最适反应条件来提高生产效率,也逐渐发现其他方法。2024年吴涛等99通过对初原培养基的改良以期获得更高的细胞生物量。研究以熊果苷辛酰化为反应模型,以米曲霉为菌种,结果表明,米曲霉在6.0 g/L大豆油、7.0 g/L胰蛋白胨、5.0 g/L(NH42SO4和0.2 g/L CaCl2的培养基中,于30 ℃、180 r/min培养48 h,米曲霉全细胞生物量达到6.28 g/L,较初始培养基提高了4.39倍,且熊果苷转化率达99.55%。但是此次研究中全细胞催化剂的制备是在摇瓶中进行的,为了满足工业化应用的 需求,还需在培养规模方面做进一步的探究。另外,为了降低生产α-熊果苷过程中附属产物的存在(果糖和葡萄糖),Zhou等100一方面敲除了蔗糖水解相关的酶基因sacBsacClevBsacA,使得24 h蔗糖用量降低17.4%,蔗糖转化率提高到51.5%;另一方面开发了一种诱导型蛋白质降解系统,使用从间质体中分离的Lon蛋白酶(MfLon)和蛋白水解标签来控制PfkA活性,从而使更多的果糖-6-磷酸(F6P)转化为葡萄糖-1-磷酸(Glc1P)进行α-熊果苷合成,从而减少蔗糖的添加量,提高蔗糖转化效率。最后,通过整合葡萄糖6-磷酸异构酶(Pgi)和磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PgcA)的另一个拷贝,增强了F6P到Glc1P的通路,获得高浓度的α-熊果苷,约120 g/L。这为糖苷的全细胞生物催化合成提供了新思路。
全细胞转化法相较于酶法来说,工艺得到了简化,且在工业大规模生产上具有显著优势,目前全细胞催化生产α-熊果苷已较为成熟,经济价值高,潜力十足,值得进行后续的研究。
微生物发酵法是活细胞一边生长繁殖一边利用细胞内代谢反应进行目标产物的合成,在发酵过程中实现催化反应。在发酵过程中,通过控制发酵条件,可获得更高的目的产物产量。该方法工艺简便,绿色生产效率较高,且对于放大生产具有显著优势。微生物发酵法可以催化合成α-熊果苷,也可以通过葡萄糖为原料,从头合成β-熊果苷。本文主要讨论微生物发酵法催化合成α-熊果苷。
2013年,Liu等101报道了一株来源于对嗜麦芽黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas maltophiia)的具有高α-异构体选择性糖基化活性且遗传稳定的突变体BT-112,该突变体在筛选过程中产生了18.5 g/L的α-熊果苷,是野生型菌株的15倍。随后,Liu等对发酵条件进行优化,在5 L发酵罐中,温度为30 ℃,搅拌速度为300~500 r/min,风量为1.0 VVM,蔗糖与氢醌的比例为2∶1,α-熊果苷的产量为30.61 g/L,氢醌的转化率为93.6%。随后Wei等102对突变体BT-112进行生产扩大研究,研究发现,在50 mL的反应体系中,添加4 g/L的表面活性剂吐温-80可以显著提高α-熊果苷的产率,与未添加吐温-80相比,α-熊果苷产率提高了124.8%。这是因为添加非离子表面活性剂可以通过增加细胞膜的通透性来极大地刺激菌株的葡萄糖苷合成活性。另外,在30 L发酵罐中,加入1.5 L的3.6 mmol/L蔗糖、1.5 L的1.8 mmol/L对苯二酚和4 g/L吐温-80,α-熊果苷的产率为38.4 g/L,在最优条件下扩大到3000 L的生产水平时,α-熊果苷的产率为38.2 g/L,氢醌转化率为93.7%。在工业规模上获得了与30 L发酵罐相当的产量,这说明放大方法是令人满意的,可以应用于工业化生产。
除了添加表面活性剂以外,对底物的固定化和超声也是一种提高α-熊果苷产量的手段。高磊103报道了突变体BT-112菌株在游离底物与固定化底物条件下α-熊果苷产量变化情况。在发酵温度28 ℃、转速180 r/min条件下,补加蛋白胨0.25 g/L,发酵48 h后,α-熊果苷的产量为1.62 g/L。而用树脂对氢醌固定化以后,α-熊果苷的产量为1.82 g/L,提高了12%。最后,通过对固定化底物进行超声,在超声时间为10.47 min、超声次数在9次的处理条件下,α-熊果苷的发酵产率约为1.12 g/L,与未超声的对照组相比,提高了11.2%。此方法虽然产量提高有限,但是提供了新的研究思路,且发酵过程中对葡萄糖的利用率很高,对后续绿色化、工业化生产具有重要参考价值。
α-熊果苷由于其出色的美白能力已经成为目前热门的美白产品,与其他美白制剂联合使用可增加美白效果。此外,α-熊果苷的药理作用和生理活性也受到越来越多的关注,在医药领域也有广阔的应用空间。相较于植物提取法与化学合成法来说,生物合成法合成α-熊果苷更安全更高效,且也是如今工业化的主要手段。其中,酶法生产α-熊果苷的过程中,以不同的底物作为糖基化供体,以氢醌作为糖基化受体,显示出不同的α-熊果苷产量和转化率。相比之下,蔗糖磷酸化酶用于合成α-熊果苷的研究最为广泛热门,不需要很高的蔗糖氢醌比,对于氢醌的转化率也高,可广泛应用于工业化生产。α-淀粉酶则可以将麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽五糖、可溶性淀粉作为糖基供体,底物选择性强,但是其产率与氢醌转化率都较低,所以并不适合工业化生产。淀粉蔗糖酶以蔗糖为糖基供体,对底物氢醌的转化率高。但在生产中往往需要较高的蔗糖氢醌比,可作为工业化生产的候选酶类。环糊精糖基转移酶来源广泛,但在实验室研究中产率有限,氢醌转化率仍有望提高,通过分子手段优化后,潜力十足。天然的α-葡萄糖苷酶对氢醌的转化活性较低,通过分子手段优化后,α-熊果苷的产率和氢醌转化率都有所提高,可作为工业化生产α-熊果苷的备选酶类。葡聚糖蔗糖酶用于α-熊果苷的研究最少,且对α-熊果苷的产率和氢醌的转化率极低,不适合用作工业化生产。天然的蔗糖异构酶对氢醌活性有限,产率也有进步空间,且需要较高的蔗糖氢醌比进行合成生产,通过分子手段、代谢组学等可加强其作为工业化生产的潜力。另外,全细胞催化法生产α-熊果苷解决了酶类需要分离纯化的操作,还具有扩大生产等固有优势,是如今主流的生产方式。而微生物发酵法并不需要对细胞进行离心收集,优化了操作步骤,显示出合成产物过程较完整、外部条件较易控制、下游操作性较高等优点,也是工业上常用的生产手段。
尽管α-熊果苷的合成已经取得了许多重大突破,但仍然存在许多挑战,例如,不同微生物来源的糖基转移酶,其糖基转移活性不同,且普遍不高,今后的研究方向应着重于糖基转移酶的优化,高产菌株的培育和筛选等。随着蛋白质工程、代谢工程和发酵工程的快速发展,我们可以采取定向进化等手段,进一步提高对氢醌的底物专一性,进而提高α-熊果苷的产率。或者通过分子信息学和蛋白质数据库等方法寻找新的对氢醌具有潜在活性的转糖基酶,相信定会有新的高效的转糖基酶被发现。在合成α-熊果苷的过程中,氢醌的氧化问题一直是需要解决的重点,今后应寻找对氢醌具有高耐性的菌株,添加抗氧化剂或采取真空催化等一系列手段进行解决。在合成过程中,葡萄糖的使用率需着重考虑,可通过分子生物学、组学等手段对菌株进行改造,改变通路,加强菌株对葡萄糖的利用率,提高工业化生产的经济效益与环境效益。最后,对于微生物发酵法生产α-熊果苷,可以深入研究不同发酵条件下对α-熊果苷产率的影响,优化反应条件,改善反应承接材料,加强对工业菌株的筛选并对下游工艺技术进行提高,以期为熊果苷合成产业带来新的发展与效益。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31970346)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LY20H280012)
  • 广东省科技计划(2023B1212060046)
  • 杭州市科技基金(20191203B02)
  • 杭州市科技基金(20150932H04)
  • 杭州师范大学生命与环境科学学院教学改革项目
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-054
  • 接收时间:2024-07-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-18
  • 修回日期:2024-11-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(31970346)
浙江省自然科学基金(LY20H280012)
广东省科技计划(2023B1212060046)
杭州市科技基金(20191203B02)
杭州市科技基金(20150932H04)
杭州师范大学生命与环境科学学院教学改革项目
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    1 杭州师范大学生命与环境科学学院,浙江 杭州 311121
    2 浙江省药用植物种质改良和质量监控重点实验室,浙江 杭州 311121

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冯尚国(1980—),男,博士,高级实验师,硕士生导师。研究方向为药用种质资源评价、酶定向催化及天然产物生物合成。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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