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Yeast mannoprotein is a non-fibrous glycoprotein localized on the outermost layer of yeast cell walls. As a natural functional ingredient, its commercial application is limited and currently only used as a wine stabilizer. To advance the development and broader commercialization of mannoprotein, this paper briefly outlines its structural characteristics, including the peptide chain, core region, and outer chain composition. The peptide chain forms the backbone of mannoprotein, while the core and outer chains are composed of various carbohydrate portions, predominantly mannose residues. This unique structure contributes to the diverse biological activities of mannoprotein. The advantages and disadvantages of acid, alkali, enzyme, and physical methods for extracting yeast mannoprotein are discussed. Acids and bases are effective for extracting yeast mannoprotein, but may compromise its structural integrity, while enzymatic extraction is less destructive, preserving the structure but with a higher cost. A systematic review is conducted on the biological activities of yeast mannoprotein in improving intestinal health, stimulating immunity, antioxidation, lowering blood lipids, and adsorbing mycotoxins, as well as its applications in the production of oligosaccharides, bio emulsifiers, nutritious and healthy foods, fruit preservation, animal nutrition, and wine production. Finally, research progress on the synthesis pathways of N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation in yeast mannoprotein and strategies for controlled gene modifications provide new technologies for efficient production of mannoprotein. Despite these advances, the production and application of yeast mannoprotein still face challenges. The diversified structures of yeast mannoprotein pose challenges to research. The action mechanism, spatial structure, molecular weight, and interrelationship of yeast mannoprotein are not fully understood. Future research should focus on elucidating the relationship between the structure of yeast mannoprotein and its biological activity. Combined with the application of biosynthesis technology, it is expected to promote the development of the yeast mannoprotein industry and enhance its applications in fields such as foods, cosmetics, medicines, etc.

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酵母甘露糖蛋白(mannoprotein)是一种位于酵母细胞壁最外层的非丝状糖蛋白,作为天然功能性成分,其商业化应用受限,目前仅用作葡萄酒稳定剂。本文简要介绍了其在肽链、核心区和外链组成方面的结构特征,并论述了酸法、碱法、酶法和物理方法提取酵母甘露糖蛋白的优缺点。还系统综述了酵母甘露糖蛋白在改善肠道健康、刺激免疫、抗氧化、降血脂、吸附霉菌毒素等方面的生物学活性,以及其在甘露寡糖生产、生物乳化剂、营养健康食品、水果保鲜、动物营养和葡萄酒中的应用。酵母甘露糖蛋白的N-糖基化和O-糖基化合成途径及过程控制基因改造策略的研究进展,为高效生产甘露糖蛋白提供了新技术,然而酵母甘露糖蛋白的生产结构多样化给研究带来了挑战,且结构-功能关系尚未揭示,未来应重点研究酵母甘露糖蛋白的结构与生物活性的关系,并结合生物合成技术,以推动其产业发展,提升在食品、化妆品和医药等领域的应用价值,推动酵母甘露糖蛋白的广泛商业化应用。

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张彦(1975— ),男,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
陈智仙(1985— ),女,博士,副高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
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盛周煌(1993— ),男,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向为酵母营养健康原料的开发。E-mail:

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(a—N-Glycosylated yeast mannoprotein;b—O-Glycosylated yeast mannoprotein)

, figureFileSmall=Qy1RtaOVXvFKl+rP0ZKapQ==, figureFileBig=FJzZrOgzwigeCxp7/0LJ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584596752450241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689760256039, language=CN, label=图1, caption=酵母甘露糖蛋白的结构特征

(a—N-糖基化甘露糖蛋白;b—O-糖基化甘露糖蛋白)

, figureFileSmall=Qy1RtaOVXvFKl+rP0ZKapQ==, figureFileBig=FJzZrOgzwigeCxp7/0LJ+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584596836336322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689760256039, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Biosynthetic pathway of yeast mannoprotein

(Glu—Glucose; G6-P—Glucose-6-phosphat; PGM1—Phosphoglucomutase; G1-P—Glucose-1-phosphat; UGP1—Uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphatase; UDP-Glu—Uridine diphosphate glucose; PGI1—Phosphoglucose isomerase; F6-P—Fructose-6-phosphate;M6-P—Mannose-6-phosphate; PMI40—Mannose phosphate isomerase; SEC53—Phosphomannomutase; M1-P—Mannose-1-phosphate; PSA1—Guanosine diphosphate mannose pyrophosphatase; GDP-Man—Guanosine diphosphate mannose; UDP-GlcNAc—Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine; Dol-P—Dolichol phosphate; Alg—Glycosyltransferase; OST—Oligosaccharides transferase;G-Ⅰ/G-Ⅱ—α-Glucosidase; ERMan1—Endoplasmic reticulum mannosidase Ⅰ;MGAT—Mannosyl-glycoprotein-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase; DPM—Dolichol phosphate mannose synthase; PMT—Protein O-mannosyltransferase)

, figureFileSmall=i2VShB1AoDhdeN0B3b923g==, figureFileBig=pNOrGdc23sG3+MKj8EfRRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172584596924416707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148682689760256039, language=CN, label=图2, caption=酵母甘露糖蛋白的生物合成途径

(Glu—葡萄糖;G6-P—葡萄糖-6-磷酸;PGM1—磷酸葡萄糖变位酶;G1-P—葡萄糖-1-磷酸;UGP1—尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸酶;UDP-Glu—尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖;PGI1—磷酸葡萄糖异构酶;F6-P—果糖-6-磷酸;M6-P—甘露糖-6-磷酸;PMI40—磷酸甘露糖变位酶;SEC53—磷酸甘露糖酶;M1-P—甘露糖-1-磷酸;PSA1—鸟苷二磷酸甘露糖焦磷酸化酶;GDP-Man—鸟苷二磷酸甘露糖;UDP-GlcNAc—尿苷二磷酸- N-乙酰葡糖胺;Dol-P—磷酸多萜醇;Alg—糖基化转移酶;OST—寡糖基转移酶;G-Ⅰ/G-Ⅱ—α-葡萄糖苷酶;ERMan1—内质网甘露糖苷酶Ⅰ;MGAT—甘露糖基糖蛋白-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶;DPM—多萜醇磷酸甘露糖合成酶;PMT—蛋白质O-甘露糖基转移酶)

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酵母甘露糖蛋白的研究进展
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盛周煌 1, 2 , 陈智仙 1, 2 , 张彦 1, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(2): 408-421
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(2): 408-421
酵母甘露糖蛋白的研究进展
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盛周煌1, 2, 陈智仙1, 2 , 张彦1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443003
  • 2 宜昌市营养健康食品工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443003
  • 3 酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443003
  • 盛周煌(1993— ),男,硕士,中级工程师。研究方向为酵母营养健康原料的开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张彦(1975— ),男,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
陈智仙(1985— ),女,博士,副高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
Research progress of yeast mannoproteins
Zhouhuang SHENG1, 2, Zhixian CHEN1, 2 , Yan ZHANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology,Yichang 443003,Hubei,China
  • 2 Yi Chang Engineering and Technology Research Center of Nutrition and Health Food,Yichang 443003,Hubei,China
  • 3 The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function,Yichang 443003,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2025-04-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-050
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酵母甘露糖蛋白(mannoprotein)是一种位于酵母细胞壁最外层的非丝状糖蛋白,作为天然功能性成分,其商业化应用受限,目前仅用作葡萄酒稳定剂。本文简要介绍了其在肽链、核心区和外链组成方面的结构特征,并论述了酸法、碱法、酶法和物理方法提取酵母甘露糖蛋白的优缺点。还系统综述了酵母甘露糖蛋白在改善肠道健康、刺激免疫、抗氧化、降血脂、吸附霉菌毒素等方面的生物学活性,以及其在甘露寡糖生产、生物乳化剂、营养健康食品、水果保鲜、动物营养和葡萄酒中的应用。酵母甘露糖蛋白的N-糖基化和O-糖基化合成途径及过程控制基因改造策略的研究进展,为高效生产甘露糖蛋白提供了新技术,然而酵母甘露糖蛋白的生产结构多样化给研究带来了挑战,且结构-功能关系尚未揭示,未来应重点研究酵母甘露糖蛋白的结构与生物活性的关系,并结合生物合成技术,以推动其产业发展,提升在食品、化妆品和医药等领域的应用价值,推动酵母甘露糖蛋白的广泛商业化应用。

酵母多糖  /  酵母甘露糖蛋白  /  生物活性  /  应用  /  生物合成

Yeast mannoprotein is a non-fibrous glycoprotein localized on the outermost layer of yeast cell walls. As a natural functional ingredient, its commercial application is limited and currently only used as a wine stabilizer. To advance the development and broader commercialization of mannoprotein, this paper briefly outlines its structural characteristics, including the peptide chain, core region, and outer chain composition. The peptide chain forms the backbone of mannoprotein, while the core and outer chains are composed of various carbohydrate portions, predominantly mannose residues. This unique structure contributes to the diverse biological activities of mannoprotein. The advantages and disadvantages of acid, alkali, enzyme, and physical methods for extracting yeast mannoprotein are discussed. Acids and bases are effective for extracting yeast mannoprotein, but may compromise its structural integrity, while enzymatic extraction is less destructive, preserving the structure but with a higher cost. A systematic review is conducted on the biological activities of yeast mannoprotein in improving intestinal health, stimulating immunity, antioxidation, lowering blood lipids, and adsorbing mycotoxins, as well as its applications in the production of oligosaccharides, bio emulsifiers, nutritious and healthy foods, fruit preservation, animal nutrition, and wine production. Finally, research progress on the synthesis pathways of N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation in yeast mannoprotein and strategies for controlled gene modifications provide new technologies for efficient production of mannoprotein. Despite these advances, the production and application of yeast mannoprotein still face challenges. The diversified structures of yeast mannoprotein pose challenges to research. The action mechanism, spatial structure, molecular weight, and interrelationship of yeast mannoprotein are not fully understood. Future research should focus on elucidating the relationship between the structure of yeast mannoprotein and its biological activity. Combined with the application of biosynthesis technology, it is expected to promote the development of the yeast mannoprotein industry and enhance its applications in fields such as foods, cosmetics, medicines, etc.

yeast polysaccharides  /  yeast mannoprotein  /  biological activity  /  application  /  biosynthesis
盛周煌, 陈智仙, 张彦. 酵母甘露糖蛋白的研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (2) : 408 -421 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-050
Zhouhuang SHENG, Zhixian CHEN, Yan ZHANG. Research progress of yeast mannoproteins[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (2) : 408 -421 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-050
随着人们对美感与健康需求的日益增长,酵母甘露糖蛋白因其特殊的分子结构而具有抗氧化、调节免疫、降血脂和促进肠道健康等多种生物活性,受到了人们的日益关注。酵母甘露糖蛋白是酵母细胞壁的重要组成部分,其主要成分为甘露聚糖。酵母细胞壁由β-葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、蛋白质、脂质和几丁质组成,其中β-葡聚糖约占29%~64%,甘露聚糖占31%、蛋白质占13%、脂类约9%,此外还含有1%~2%的几丁质1-2。早期研究发现酿酒酵母甘露糖蛋白可以作用于巨噬细胞,激发机体的非特异性免疫3。后来研究证实其具有改善肠道环境4、激发先天和后天免疫5-6、吸附霉菌毒素7、抗氧化8、降血脂9等作用。酵母甘露糖蛋白还是某些拟杆菌属的营养物质,来自马克斯克鲁维酵母的甘露糖蛋白具有较好的抗增殖活性以及铁、铜螯合活性10
甘露糖蛋白因其分子结构特性,在食品和饮料行业具有显著吸引力。由于其两亲性,甘露糖蛋白可作为食品乳化剂的稳定剂,例如在蛋黄酱和沙拉酱中11-12。此外,研究显示甘露糖蛋白对起泡葡萄酒中的蛋白质和酒石酸盐的稳定性、口感、涩味、颜色和起泡效果等品质参数有显著影响13-15。目前,酵母甘露糖蛋白已广泛应用于葡萄酒工业,并在动物养殖中替代抗生素,提高动物的生长性能4。本文系统讨论了酵母甘露糖蛋白的结构特征、提取方法、生物学活性、潜在应用及生物合成技术,为深入研究酵母甘露糖蛋白的分子结构及其功能机制提供了理论基础。这些内容有助于促进酵母甘露糖蛋白的开发和利用,提高现有技术的应用效果,推动食品科学和健康领域的发展,并为生物合成技术高效生产甘露糖蛋白提供理论指导。
多糖结构极为复杂,分为一级、二级、三级和四级结构。一级结构是指糖基的组成、排列顺序、相邻糖基的连接方式以及糖链有无分支、分支的位置与长短等。二级结构是指多糖骨架链间以氢键结合的各种聚合体。多糖链重复的一级结构,加上糖单位的羟基、羧基、氨基以及硫酸基之间的非共价相互作用,导致有序的二级结构空间有规则而粗大的构象,即是多糖链的三级结构。多糖的四级结构是指多聚链间非共价键结合形成的聚集体。
酵母甘露糖蛋白是一种高度支化的复合碳水化合物,主链为α-1,6-甘露糖长链,支链是α-1,2和α-1,3连接的短链,有些侧链通过磷酸酯键进一步分支,可以将其分为三个不同的部分:肽链、核心区(中心区域)和外链,聚合物部分位于其中,如图1所示。聚合区由一个α-(1,6)-糖苷基链组成,其中含有α-1,2-糖苷基甘露寡糖和α-1,3-糖苷基甘露寡糖作为侧链。肽区含有与氨基酸直接相连的甘露聚糖。
刘红芝7通过凝胶色谱分离纯化得到两种不同分子量的酵母甘露糖蛋白,其中一种含有17种常见氨基酸,糖链与肽链的连接有N-糖肽键和O-糖肽键两种连接方式,且以前者为主。周义发等16通过提取、醇沉以及电泳和色谱分离等纯化得到甘露糖蛋白,糖与蛋白质之间的连接则是通过糖的还原端与苏氨酸或丝氨酸形成O-糖肽键连接而成。
甘露糖蛋白非共价结合或共价结合到细胞壁葡聚糖上,或者通过二硫键相互结合。由于甘露糖蛋白的结合方式多种多样,提取分离需要不同的处理方法。非共价结合的甘露糖蛋白与细胞壁结合松散,通常用物理和化学法提取,如加热或十二烷基硫酸钠处理。超声处理在甘露糖蛋白的提取方面具有较好的使用前景17。共价结合的甘露糖蛋白通常利用酸碱提取,这可能导致甘露糖蛋白水解或结构改变。
酵母甘露糖蛋白的提取包括酵母细胞裂解、分离和纯化。细胞裂解工艺决定了最终甘露糖蛋白的得率,因此是研究的重点。酵母细胞裂解可以通过化学法(酸碱试剂)、酶法(细胞自溶或添加外部酶,或外加微生物发酵产酶)、物理法(盐、依靠温度、压力或机械破壁)等方式。
国外早期的研究中,甘露聚糖的分离方法是用碱提取酵母细胞或分离的细胞壁,然后用斐林试剂将溶解的甘露聚糖作为铜络合物沉淀。这个过程也涉及高温和高压,通常是在中性或碱性溶液中对细胞或细胞壁进行高压灭菌18。虽然可从上述甘露聚糖-铜配合物溶液中回收甘露聚糖,但后来溶剂沉淀法(如乙醇、甲醇或丙酮)的应用更为常规。国内周义发等19用类似方法从啤酒废酵母中提取得到甘露糖蛋白。
刘焕新等20比较了不同处理方法、不同处理顺序下酵母胞壁多糖的得率,发现酵母经过自溶→机械破碎→碱溶→中和→沉淀→洗涤,多糖得率和纯度都较高,同时还可以得到酵母抽提物作为副产品。酵母经过自溶和机械破碎,增大了与碱液接触的机会,有利于碱溶。孙建义等21将啤酒酵母洗净,用酸法提取酵母甘露糖蛋白,所得产物含蛋白质4.15%,总糖90.1%,其中甘露糖为73.2%。虽然酸法浸提产物蛋白含量低,但工艺过程复杂,规模化生产困难,酸性条件还会导致多糖水解。
甘露糖蛋白也可以利用蛋白酶和葡聚糖酶酶解细胞壁提取,国内直到2000年后才有酶法提取的相关研究。张玉香等22用酶法从啤酒废酵母中提取甘露糖蛋白,产物中多糖含量为60.57%,蛋白含量28.1%。倪靖岳23研究了酵母-枯草芽孢杆菌共培养的条件,利用枯草芽孢杆菌释放的各种酶类来破坏酵母细胞壁,使甘露糖蛋白释放至发酵液中,再通过浓缩发酵液及醇沉的方式得到甘露糖蛋白,该工艺粗品得率为39.05%,纯度为39.57%,发酵过程中甘露糖蛋白的分子量在不断降低。Li等24等比较了热处理和酶解细胞壁两种工艺来制备酵母甘露糖蛋白,热处理得到的甘露糖蛋白分子量较低(6.5 kDa左右),且蛋白和糖链以非共价结合为主,而采用β-葡聚糖酶处理细胞壁,甘露糖蛋白的产量更高,酶添加量和反应时间对提取率具有显著影响。
国外学者Matulová等25将冷冻干燥的酵母细胞用0.2 mol/L氯化钠在120 ℃抽提1 h,重复3次,离心上清用乙醇沉淀后复溶于水,然后再经透析、冷冻干燥得到甘露糖蛋白粗品。热水浸提过程中使用氯化钠,将导致盐含量过高,反之可能会导致酵母细胞中大量蛋白的溶出,从而影响产品纯度。
近些年,国外还有利用一些新技术如超声波和脉冲电场(PEF)来提取酵母甘露糖蛋白的报道。Snyman等17比较了超声、酶解或两种方法联合提取甘露糖蛋白的得率,其最佳提取条件为超声后酶解。Martínez等26研究了不同强度(5~25 kV/cm,30~240 μs)的脉冲电场对细胞活力、细胞膜通透性和甘露糖蛋白提取的影响。但该工艺耗时较长,大规模生产目前并不现实。
酵母甘露糖蛋白对空肠弯曲杆菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等肠道致病菌均有一定的抑制作用,并能影响有益乳酸菌(LAB)的数量。甘露糖蛋白刺激了乳酸菌的生长,提高了乳酸菌在模拟胃肠液中的存活率,并提高了植物乳杆菌、唾液乳酸杆菌和屎肠球菌对Caco-2细胞的黏附作用27。酵母甘露糖蛋白是一种很有前途的天然化合物,可以增加LAB肠道种群和控制病原体,可用于增加有益乳酸菌的数量,改善其生长、胃肠道活力和黏附上皮肠细胞的能力。拟杆菌作为人类有益菌,具有广泛消化膳食纤维多糖和宿主聚糖的能力,研究表明,酵母甘露糖蛋白可以提供营养,促进人体肠道拟杆菌的生长28
机体通过特异性和非特异性免疫途径抵抗病原体入侵。甘露糖蛋白与大分子噬菌体和树突状细胞表面的甘露糖受体CD206结合增强吞噬作用,并与血清补体因子甘露糖结合凝集素相结合以激活先天性免疫29。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor, TLR)和甘露糖结合凝集素是模式识别受体,参与病原体相关分子模式的自然免疫,TLR可以在启动后激活适应性免疫反应30。有证据表明甘露糖蛋白可通过激活T细胞增强体液免疫31。此外,水溶性和水不溶性甘露聚糖都可以刺激噬菌体产生TNF-α,水溶性甘露聚糖比水不溶性甘露聚糖表现出更高的TNF-α生产活性32。在另一项研究中,甘露糖蛋白与Dectin-2受体结合,可上调绵羊信号转导通路瘤胃上皮细胞中y-defensin-1的表达33。在炎症性肠病小鼠模型中,甘露糖蛋白治疗显著降低了葡聚糖硫酸钠和结肠炎诱导的促炎细胞素IL-1a、IL-1b、IL-6、G-CSF、KC、MCP1及TLR-2、TLR-4、TLR-7的mRNA表达,从而改善临床症状34
血液中胆固醇的增加会引起高脂血症。研究表明甘露糖蛋白可以降低总胆固醇和甘油三酯的浓度,并调节胆固醇相关基因的表达来控制体内胆固醇水平35。杨晓红等36以废酵母泥为原料,利用酶-碱法制备酵母甘露聚糖,按200 mg/(kg·d)的甘露聚糖剂量灌胃高血脂小鼠30 d,结果酵母甘露聚糖能有效降低小鼠的血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量,并提高高密度脂蛋白含量。甘露糖蛋白上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶2、酰基辅酶A氧化酶、低密度脂蛋白受体和胆固醇7α-羟化酶基因的mRNA表达,并下调与脂肪酸氧化和胆固醇相关的甾醇调控元件结合蛋白-1、脂肪酸合酶、硬脂酰-辅酶A去饱和酶基因的mRNA表达37
Korolenko等9评估了来自白色念珠菌的A型(甘露聚糖A)和B型(甘露聚糖B)甘露糖蛋白在高脂血症小鼠模型中的降血脂潜力。用甘露聚糖A预处理高脂血症小鼠显著降低了血清中致动脉粥样硬化的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、总胆固醇和甘油三酯,而甘露聚糖B发挥了更有效的降血脂作用。肝脏分析发现,用甘露聚糖预处理高脂血症小鼠时,脂滴体积显著减少。因此在早期动脉粥样硬化中,甘露聚糖结合凝集素和补体C1q可以起到保护作用,降低巨噬细胞中游离胆固醇水平和减少含有氧化LDL的单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞,这提出了一种去除致动脉粥样硬化低密度脂蛋白的新机制。
动物体内霉菌毒素的积累会导致生殖功能障碍,尤其是雌性动物,这会导致免疫抑制和降低动物生产力。甘露聚糖通过物理吸附或直接结合霉菌毒素,而消除和减弱霉菌毒素的毒害作用。在模拟胃肠道pH条件下评估不同多糖比例的酵母细胞壁对黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附作用,结果酵母细胞壁-1(17.4%β-葡聚糖和5.9%甘露聚糖)和酵母细胞壁-2(23%β-葡聚糖和21%甘露聚糖)对黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的吸附能力分别为0.10~0.26 g/g、0.061~0.40 g/g38
MOS是通过甘露多糖的部分水解得到的不可消化的寡糖,它一般可以分为两大类:α-MOS和β-MOS。α-MOS通过酵母细胞壁甘露聚糖α-1,6-糖苷键的裂解而获得,而β-MOS通常是从富含甘露聚糖的植物中通过β-1,4-糖苷键的裂解而获得39
用化学方法从酿酒酵母甘露聚糖中规模化生产MOS的报道较少。乙酰化修饰甘露聚糖,在乙酰化过程中,通过控制反应条件可以选择性地针对甘露聚糖的不同部分进行乙酰化。然后进行水解反应,比如酸水解、碱水解和酶水解。然而这一过程能够选择性地水解甘露糖单元之间的α-1,6-键,产生相对稳定的α-1,2-键和α-1,3-键相连的寡糖。
尽管酸水解或碱水解不如乙酰化水解具有高选择性,但其过程简单,适用于工业规模。酸法生成的产物多为聚合度为1~4的甘露聚糖低聚物,即单糖、双糖、三糖和四糖。Marzaioli等40使用乙酸酐、乙酸和浓硫酸的混合物将酿酒酵母细胞壁水解后产生的MOS乙酰化,得到9种聚合度为1~4的不同低聚糖。使用碱水解可从甘露聚糖中生产聚合度(DP)小的MOS,Nakajima等41用0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠处理酿酒酵母细胞壁甘露聚糖生产DP3~4的MOS。
商品化MOS主要通过酶解法进行生产,在食品工业中常用β-甘露聚糖酶水解含有β-1,4-D-甘露糖苷键的魔芋粉、角豆、瓜儿豆等植物原料以生产甘露寡糖42。从酿酒酵母细胞壁中提取的甘露聚糖结构由α-1,6-键相连的主链与α-1,2-键和α-1,3-键相连的分支组成,因此植物甘露聚糖的裂解酶并不适用于酵母甘露聚糖,由于α-甘露聚糖酶价格昂贵,工业上不会使用α-甘露聚糖酶生产MOS,几乎只用于研究。可能的解决方案是使用固定化酶,可以重复回收使用,实现连续生产,并且易于制成各种各样的生物反应器让它们更容易恢复,生产成本相应降低。
甘露糖蛋白因其两亲性,可用作生物乳化剂,在食品工业中作为乳化剂的替代品。张玉香等43研究了均质次数、pH值和温度对甘露糖蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性的影响,结果表明甘露糖蛋白是一种有效的乳化剂。De Melo等12用废啤酒酵母中的甘露糖蛋白制成法式沙拉酱,评估了冷藏28 d以上其稳定性、营养和感官特性,结果表明法式沙拉酱具有良好的稳定性,此外在此类酱汁中使用甘露糖蛋白作为乳化剂可保持营养特性和提高感官接受度。Dikit等44从酿酒酵母KA01细胞壁中提取出具有乳化特性的甘露糖蛋白,甘露糖蛋白与测试植物油呈乳化液状,其乳化性能与常用的食品乳化剂阿拉伯胶和卵磷脂相似,且温度不影响甘露糖蛋白的乳化活性,表明酿酒酵母KA01中的甘露糖蛋白有用于沙拉酱的潜力。
从酿酒酵母中获得的商业化甘露糖蛋白产品很少用于人类营养健康食品,目前市场上从酿酒酵母中获得的甘露糖蛋白产品,大多数用于动物饲料和补充剂。在一些已经商业化的产品中,甘露聚糖来源于植物魔芋,例如PROZIS、NOW和NUTRICOST等品牌的葡甘聚糖。甘露聚糖、益生元和益生菌可添加到乳清蛋白中,Gold Nutrition品牌在市场上销售的一种乳清蛋白中加入了fenomannans(来自胡卢巴种子的半乳甘露聚糖)。另一种有益于人类健康的产品是Jarrow Formulas品牌的益生菌补充剂,其含有布拉迪酵母和甘露寡糖。
酵母甘露聚糖在防止水果变质腐败上具有良好的效果。谢芳等45研究了酵母甘露聚糖对番茄果实贮藏效果的影响,结果表明酵母甘露聚糖能有效延缓番茄果实后熟进程,提高贮藏效果,还能有效抑制由链格孢菌引起的番茄果实黑霉病,减小病斑面积,降低病害发病率。张丙云等46研究发现复配酵母甘露聚糖保鲜涂膜能有效降低草莓在贮藏期间的失重率、腐烂率和呼吸强度,减少水分及营养物质的损失。侯亚彬等47研究表明用酵母来源甘露聚糖复合保鲜剂对水果进行涂膜处理, 可有效抑制水分蒸发及空气氧化,从而达到水果保鲜的目的。
由于甘露糖蛋白具有调节肠道微生物平衡和吸附霉菌毒素的生理活性,国内最早将其作为一种饲料添加剂应用于饲料行业中,在饲料中添加甘露糖蛋白等酵母细胞壁多糖具有提升养殖业中动物生长性能的作用。
在饲料工业中,酵母甘露糖蛋白通常用作抗生素的替代品,因为甘露糖等一些糖类可充当凝集素类型的结合位点,并被认为可以避免肠道病原体(如大肠杆菌和某些沙门氏菌)黏附到肠道黏膜(细菌菌毛附着在甘露糖上),这可能有助于治愈许多与肠道相关的疾病。由甘露糖蛋白水解而产生的甘露寡糖(MOS)已被研究用于增强动物的免疫力48。MOS作为益生元可改善肠道菌群环境,从而促进肉鸡的健康,作为膳食纤维可降低肠道疾病的发生率49。在猪和肉鸡等动物中,它们是潜在的饲料添加剂,在饲料中添加酵母甘露寡糖对肠道细菌生态有显著影响。尽管它们具有这些有益效果,但在动物日粮中,它们作为强烈的抗营养元素可能会降低饲料转化效率并限制碳水化合物的利用,此外在某些情况下它们可能会导致代谢疾病和消化系统疾病50。为了解决这个问题,将甘露糖蛋白酶添加到动物饲料中以水解抗营养元素,从而释放被包裹的蛋白质并产生有益的MOS51
甘露糖蛋白能够作用于葡萄酒中的花青素、单宁、乳酸菌、芳香类物质和蛋白质等物质,可以稳定酒中的花青素和单宁,加快苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程,保留芳香类物质,增强酒中蛋白质稳定性,从而有效提升葡萄酒酒质。
甘露糖蛋白能够促进苹果酸-乳酸发酵使酒中口感尖酸的苹果酸转化成比较柔和的乳酸,使酒的酸味变得更加适口。甘露糖蛋白对于醋酸菌具有一定的抑制作用,使其在葡萄酒发酵过程中一直处于潜伏状态,避免大量的醋酸产生,甘露糖蛋白对于乳酸菌有促生长作用,在葡萄酒发酵过程中使乳酸菌的数量明显增加,乳酸菌数量的增加是加快苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程的决定性因素52。甘露糖蛋白特殊的结构可以作为聚糖链分支糖基化的作用点,糖基化可以直接作用于易析出的蛋白质,增强其稳定性,防止蛋白沉淀,从而达到调控葡萄酒品质的目的53
人体皮肤除了内源性老化外,还易遭受外界紫外线带来的氧化应激伤害,而抗氧化物质可用于预防和缓解氧化应激引起的皮肤老化和色素沉着等皮肤问题。抗氧化活性是化妆品功效原料筛选评价的重要指标,甘露糖蛋白可以通过提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶的活性来提高机体的抗氧化能力,此外还可以提高羟基自由基和超氧化物阴离子的清除能力以及增强抗脂质过氧化作用。研究表明,甘露糖蛋白的羟基与金属离子相互结合,可抑制羟基自由基的产生和阻止脂质过氧化的连锁反应54
Galinari等55用3% NaOH(质量分数)和4 mol/L HCl从马克斯克鲁维酵母中提取甘露糖蛋白并用离心过滤浓缩器分馏多糖,得到5个不同组分的甘露糖蛋白KMM-1(<10 kDa)、KMM-2(10~30 kDa,不含30 kDa)、KMM-3(30~50 kDa,不含50 kDa)、KMM-4(50~100 kDa,不含100 kDa)和KMM-5(203 kDa),所有多糖组分均具有抗氧化活性并以剂量依赖式清除羟基自由基,其中KMM-1是唯一能清除超氧阴离子的组分。此外,Liu和Huang56用1% NaOH(质量分数)在100 ℃下提取2 h而从酵母细胞壁中得到的碱性甘露糖蛋白具有抗氧化作用。
酵母甘露聚糖具有优良的保湿性能,可作为保湿功效成分添加在化妆品中,缓解皮肤干燥问题。研究发现甘露聚糖的保湿性能优于甘油,其中大分子甘露聚糖的保湿率稍高于透明质酸57。甘露聚糖分子中不仅含有大量的羟基,与水分子形成氢键从而结合大量的水分,而且聚糖分子链相互交联成空间网状,能将水包裹在其中,进一步阻碍了水分散失,因而具有优良的保湿作用。
久未愈合的伤口会导致很多并发症,甘露聚糖可以促进血管再生,有望将甘露聚糖开发为促进伤口愈合的药物。研究证实甘露糖蛋白通过促进内皮细胞中Akt-eNOS信号通路和增强Kruppel样因子-4、与血管生成相关的早期生长反应因子-1和早期生长反应因子-2的表达来刺激血管生成58。提取自马克斯克鲁维酵母K48L3中的甘露糖蛋白在人脐静脉内皮细胞中刺激血管生成并诱导Akt-eNOS信号通路,此外它还刺激血管生成相关基因在内皮细胞中的表达。
酵母甘露糖蛋白生物合成途径是一个复杂的过程,涉及大约1200个基因59,与糖酵解、鸟苷二磷酸(GDP)-甘露糖合成、内质网(ER)和高尔基体有关,如图2所示。甘露糖蛋白与支链葡聚糖结合存在60。由GDP-甘露糖合成的甘露糖蛋白有两种糖基化类型(N-糖基化和O-甘露糖基化)61- 62。GDP-甘露糖由糖酵解中间体果糖-6-磷酸合成63,该过程涉及几个酶促步骤,首先果糖-6-磷酸通过磷酸甘露糖变位酶(PMI40)转化为甘露糖-6-磷酸。磷酸甘露糖酶(SEC53)催化甘露糖-6-磷酸转化为甘露糖-1-磷酸。最后通过GDP-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶(PSA1)将甘露糖-1-磷酸合成为GDP-甘露糖63。GDP-甘露糖进入ER并作为糖供体64
内质网中的甘露糖基转移酶产生高度糖基化的甘露聚糖层,这种N-糖基化过程产生不同的结构,特别是N-糖基化上α-1,6-键连接的骨架和α-1,2-键、α-1,3-键连接的侧链60。在N-糖基化中,GDP-甘露糖与内质网中的Dol-PP-GlcNAc2在甘露糖基转移酶的催化下结合,生成Dol-PP-GlcNAc2-Man61。Dol-PP-GlcNAc2-Man依次添加甘露糖,生成Dol-PP-GlcNAc2-Man9。Dol-PP-GlcNAc2-Man9通过从尿苷二磷酸(UDP)-葡萄糖转移三个糖基单元而糖基化,产生Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 64。Glc3Man9GlcNAc2通过寡糖基转移酶复合物转移到蛋白质序列中的天冬酰胺(Asn)残基上61
与天冬酰胺结合的Glc3Man9GlcNAc2被葡萄糖苷酶和甘露糖苷酶切割,以去除三个葡萄糖(Glc)和一个甘露糖(Man)残基,产生Man8GlcNAc2,与天冬酰胺结合的Man8GlcNAc2通过高尔基体中的甘露糖基转移酶而延伸。O-甘露糖基化具有短甘露糖链,第一步在ER中启动61。GDP-甘露糖通过Dol-P-Man合酶(DPM1)与磷酸多萜醇结合形成Dol-PP-Man。Dol-PP-Man中的甘露糖通过O-甘露糖转移酶转移到丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基上61
糖基化的蛋白在高尔基体中被进一步修饰65。从内质网转运到高尔基体的N-糖基化蛋白通过高尔基体中的甘露糖聚合酶复合物而与多达50个残基的α-1,6-甘露糖结合66。由MNN1家族和KTR家族编码的甘露糖基转移酶在α-1,6-甘露糖骨架上增加了α-1,2支链67- 68。随后通过甘露糖基转移酶添加α-1,3-键连接的甘露糖以终止外链延伸61。在O-甘露糖基化蛋白中,α-1,2-键由KTR家族成员编码的甘露糖基转移酶催化。然后通过MNN1家族成员编码的甘露糖基转移酶进行末端α-1,3-键连接69。酵母甘露糖蛋白的合成通过高尔基体中的甘露糖基化而终止,因此细胞质甘露糖转运到高尔基体的过程至关重要。对酵母细胞壁合成相关途径进行合理工程设计,可以生成细胞壁中MOS和甘露蛋白含量较高的工程酵母菌株。
Kwak等63通过提高细胞壁甘露聚糖含量来增强布拉氏酵母(ATCC MYA-796)的益生菌特性。这种甘露聚糖含量的提高通过增加上层糖酵解中糖磷酸中间产物的可用性来实现。首先使用CRISPR-Cas9系统阻断产生细胞壁寡糖前体GDP-甘露糖的阻塞途径,以获得Sb-p菌株,并删除编码6-磷酸果糖-2-激酶同工酶的PFK26和PFK27开放阅读框。然而这种策略只略微增加了细胞壁甘露聚糖的含量。因此作者过表达编码甘露糖6-磷酸异构酶、磷酸甘露糖变位酶和 GDP-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶的PMI40、SEC53和PSA1,形成组合型强启动子PTDH3以增强GDP-甘露糖途径并获得SbM2-p菌株,该菌株细胞壁的甘露聚糖含量比野生型(0.37 mg/g细胞)高5.8倍。
此外可以操控甘露糖蛋白以及ER和高尔基体中的转运机制以增强细胞壁甘露聚糖的含量。SED1和DPM1编码携带多个N-糖基化位点的细胞壁甘露糖蛋白和多萜醇磷酸甘露糖合酶的基因在PTDH3的控制下过表达,得到了SbM2SD-p菌株,其细胞壁甘露聚糖含量比SbM2-p菌株高12.7%。因此对布拉氏酵母等进行合理工程改造可以产生高甘露聚糖菌株。
在高尔基体中,有许多潜在的基因工程靶点可以改变酵母细胞壁中的甘露聚糖含量。Conde等70通过EUROFAN B0项目期间产生的622个缺失菌株研究了酵母细胞壁甘露聚糖相关基因,位于高尔基体的两个基因MNN4MNN6直接参与酵母甘露聚糖的生成。在另一项研究中,酿酒酵母突变株由VRG4功能突变产生,VRG4是一种 GDP-甘露糖转运蛋白(GMT),VRG4突变酵母的细胞壁缺陷,表明高尔基体VRG4的GDP-甘露糖转运对细胞壁生物合成至关重要71。甘露糖蛋白含量增加也会使甘露聚糖含量高。酿酒酵母中的糖基转移酶ScMnn9对补充形成酵母细胞壁甘露聚糖的甘露糖基化蛋白至关重要72。此外高甘露聚糖含量也可由N-糖基化细胞壁蛋白的增加产生,如ScCcw12、CaPga59和CaPga62。它们对应的基因各自具有异常高的密码子适应指数(分别为0.87、0.95和0.91),从而编码高度丰富的蛋白质73
在内质网中,发现了几个有助于提高酿酒酵母甘露糖蛋白水平的靶基因。Schiavone等74对L71和L69进行了转录组学分析,L71和L69是两种具有不同细胞壁组成的工业酿酒酵母菌株,菌株L71的几丁质和β-1,6-葡聚糖水平高于L69,而L69的甘露聚糖水平比L71高出约20%~25%,转录组分析区分了L71和L69菌株之间的392个不同基因,L69菌株的甘露糖蛋白编码基因表达高于L71,包括FLO11编码的絮凝蛋白(一种糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定的细胞表面糖蛋白)和YHR213w编码的推定絮凝蛋白,絮凝蛋白的表达水平与细胞壁中甘露聚糖的数量密切相关。这些研究为遗传扰动提供了潜在的基因靶点,这可能会增加细胞壁甘露聚糖和甘露糖蛋白的含量,从而产生高甘露聚糖生产的酵母菌株。
甘露糖蛋白是一种具有多种生物活性的生物大分子,在不同领域有着广泛的应用前景,但仍然面临着一系列挑战和待解决的问题。
首先,甘露糖蛋白的结构多样性给其提取和表征带来了挑战。由于不同的提取、分离和纯化方法得到的甘露糖蛋白具有不同纯度、分子量和空间结构,因此它们具有不同的生物活性。酵母甘露糖蛋白的提取方法主要包括碱、酸和酶法。碱提取法和酸水解法适用于规模化生产,并且可以产生显著的有益效果,例如更高的产量和更高的纯度,但可能会破坏甘露糖蛋白的结构且必须考虑后续的中和步骤。酶法因操作简便而用于甘露糖蛋白的提取,使用多种酶的混合物可以提高酶提取过程的效率,与化学方法相比,酶法能够保持甘露糖蛋白原有的结构和活性功能,但酶法提取产物蛋白含量高、纯度低,需进一步纯化。不同的提取方法各有优劣,提取方法的选择取决于所需甘露糖蛋白的纯度、产量和预期用途。
其次,目前甘露糖蛋白的合理结构-功能关系一直受到困扰,对甘露糖蛋白的作用机理、空间结构、分子量及其相互关系还有待进一步研究。未来的研究可以重点关注甘露糖蛋白的侧链组成,探索侧链连接的基团对生物活性的影响,进一步揭示其构效关系和量效关系。通过研究多糖的分子量与生物活性的直接关系,可以确定具有最佳生物活性的分子量范围,为甘露糖蛋白的提取和应用提供更为精准的指导。
生物合成技术的研究提供了高效生产甘露糖蛋白的策略,可以提高细胞壁甘露聚糖和甘露蛋白的含量,因此选择具有高甘露聚糖含量潜力的酵母菌株和增强甘露聚糖合成的菌株工程策略至关重要。基于这种先进的生物技术开发产生高水平甘露聚糖的酵母菌株将探索高效生产甘露聚糖的新可能性,并改善食品和医药等各个领域的商业用途。
综上所述,未来对酵母甘露糖蛋白的研究可以从多个方面展开,包括结构与生物活性的关系、生物合成技术的应用等,以期为其在食品、医药等各个领域的商业应用提供更为科学、可行的支持,推动酵母甘露糖蛋白的广泛应用和产业化发展。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1104400)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-050
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-04-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-08-28
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1104400)
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    1 农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443003
    2 宜昌市营养健康食品工程技术研究中心,湖北 宜昌 443003
    3 酵母功能湖北省重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443003

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张彦(1975— ),男,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
陈智仙(1985— ),女,博士,副高级工程师。研究方向为功能原料及功能食品的开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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