Article(id=1148702764949106989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1727366400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751801681029, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751801681029, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751801681029, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751801681029, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148702761211982101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751801680138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757551070689, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=87, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149992670496698373, articleId=1148702764949106989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Optogenetics represents an advanced technology that facilitates precise control of gene expression and neuronal activity in living cells through light. Introduced by neuroscientist K. Deisseroth in 2005, this methodology has transformed neuroscience research, empowering researchers to modulate excitable tissues and neural circuits with exceptional spatiotemporal accuracy. Optogenetics necessitates the expression of light-sensitive proteins, including channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsins, and various microbial opsins, within specific cells. Employing viral vectors and tissue-specific promoters, these proteins ensure targeted expression. Exposure to designated wavelengths of light permits these proteins to activate or inhibit cellular activity, thereby modulating neuronal behavior. The implementation of optogenetics has significantly enhanced comprehension of learning, memory, and neural plasticity. This technology enables the examination of the molecular dynamics associated with synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), and long-term depression (LTD), which are pivotal for memory. Real-time manipulating of specific neuronal populations can elucidate the intricate neural circuits involved in these phenomena. Additionally, optogenetics has facilitated the exploration of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease by meticulously controlling memory-associated circuits. The utility of optogenetics transcends fundamental research, yielding promising prospects in addiction to studies and motor function enhancement. By modulating distinct neural circuits, it is possible to alter addiction-related behaviors and augment motor functions. Furthermore, the amalgamation of optogenetics with cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and deep learning is anticipated to refine stimulation protocols, resulting in more precise and efficacious experimental outcomes. Notwithstanding its transformative capacity, the clinical application of optogenetics encounters significant obstacles, including the requisites for safe and effective gene delivery systems and the formulation of light-sensitive proteins with optimal characteristics for applications in human beings. Future investigations should concentrate on surmounting these hurdles while expanding the applications of optogenetics in neuroscience and related fields. The integration of optogenetics with multidisciplinary approaches is poised to unveil new realms in brain research, yielding profound insights into mechanisms governing memory, learning, and neural plasticity.

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光遗传学是一种结合光学和遗传学的新型细胞生物学工具。通过引入光激活通道(光敏感蛋白基因)到特定的神经元群体,光遗传学能够以毫秒级精度对这些神经元进行非侵入性光学控制。这一技术的进步为研究学习和记忆的神经生物学基础提供了强大支持。通过在活体动物中精确操控神经元活动,研究人员可以更详细地分析神经网络的功能,探索学习和记忆过程中的分子、细胞和神经回路机制。光遗传学不仅揭示了突触可塑性在记忆形成中的关键作用,还通过特定波长的光激活或抑制神经元,实现记忆的生成、消除和恢复。本文综述了光遗传学工具在学习和记忆研究中的应用,包括不同波长光照对受体的影响、光学刺激对记忆的激活和抑制,以及基于光遗传学的神经功能增强研究方法。然而,在光遗传学的应用过程中仍存在一些挑战,例如开发安全且高效的基因传递载体、优化光敏蛋白的性能、探索其在临床环境中转化的可行性等。解决这些问题对于光遗传学的进一步发展至关重要。未来,随着光遗传学工具的持续优化和跨学科技术的融合应用,这项技术有望在治疗神经系统疾病、增强认知功能与成瘾研究等领域提供新的理论基础和实践方法。

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胡国鹏(1978—),男,博士, 教授。研究方向为运动生物化学,生理学, 运动康复。E-mail:
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郑益坤(2001—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为神经生理学,基因工程。E-mail:

郑婕(1996—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为分子生物学,仿生学,生物工程。E-mail:

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郑婕(1996—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为分子生物学,仿生学,生物工程。E-mail:

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(The diagram illustrates how synaptic connections between neurons A, R, and B are strengthened through repeated electrophysiological stimulations. This process simulates the mechanism of repeated encoding of information and reflects the fundamental principles of long-term memory formation. According to Hebb’s rule, if two neurons frequently and closely act together, the associated synaptic connections will be strengthened, thereby improving the efficiency of information transmission, and enhancing the postsynaptic response.)

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(图中展示神经元A、R和B之间的突触连接如何通过重复的电生理刺激得到增强。该过程模拟信息的重复编码机制,并反映了形成长期记忆的基本原理。根据Hebb法则,如果两个神经元频繁且近距离地共同活动,相关突触连接将得到加强,从而提高信息传递的效率并增强突触后的反应能力)

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(Applications of the Hebb’s rule in synaptic plasticity indicate that repeated activation of specific neurons can enhance synaptic connections, a mechanism that is fundamental in the processes of learning and memory formation.)

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(Hebb法则在突触可塑性中的应用表明,反复激活特定神经元可以增强突触连接,这一机制是学习和记忆形成过程中的基础组成部分)

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(b) Integration and transmission architecture

(All input signals are integrated at an intermediate layer and transmitted to multiple target neuronal groups.)

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(b) 整合和传递架构

(所有输入信号在中间层进行整合处理并传递到多个目标神经元群体)

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光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究
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郑益坤 1 , 郑婕 2 , 胡国鹏 1
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(1): 87-104
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(1): 87-104
光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究
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郑益坤1, 郑婕2, 胡国鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 华侨大学体育学院,福建 泉州 362021
  • 2 北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院,北京 100191
  • 郑益坤(2001—),男,硕士研究生。研究方向为神经生理学,基因工程。E-mail:

    郑婕(1996—),女,博士研究生。研究方向为分子生物学,仿生学,生物工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡国鹏(1978—),男,博士, 教授。研究方向为运动生物化学,生理学, 运动康复。E-mail:
Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory
Yikun ZHENG1, Jie ZHENG2, Guopeng HU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Physical Education,Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,Fujian,China
  • 2 School of Biological and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042
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光遗传学是一种结合光学和遗传学的新型细胞生物学工具。通过引入光激活通道(光敏感蛋白基因)到特定的神经元群体,光遗传学能够以毫秒级精度对这些神经元进行非侵入性光学控制。这一技术的进步为研究学习和记忆的神经生物学基础提供了强大支持。通过在活体动物中精确操控神经元活动,研究人员可以更详细地分析神经网络的功能,探索学习和记忆过程中的分子、细胞和神经回路机制。光遗传学不仅揭示了突触可塑性在记忆形成中的关键作用,还通过特定波长的光激活或抑制神经元,实现记忆的生成、消除和恢复。本文综述了光遗传学工具在学习和记忆研究中的应用,包括不同波长光照对受体的影响、光学刺激对记忆的激活和抑制,以及基于光遗传学的神经功能增强研究方法。然而,在光遗传学的应用过程中仍存在一些挑战,例如开发安全且高效的基因传递载体、优化光敏蛋白的性能、探索其在临床环境中转化的可行性等。解决这些问题对于光遗传学的进一步发展至关重要。未来,随着光遗传学工具的持续优化和跨学科技术的融合应用,这项技术有望在治疗神经系统疾病、增强认知功能与成瘾研究等领域提供新的理论基础和实践方法。

光遗传学  /  光敏感蛋白质  /  记忆  /  离子通道  /  神经可塑性

Optogenetics represents an advanced technology that facilitates precise control of gene expression and neuronal activity in living cells through light. Introduced by neuroscientist K. Deisseroth in 2005, this methodology has transformed neuroscience research, empowering researchers to modulate excitable tissues and neural circuits with exceptional spatiotemporal accuracy. Optogenetics necessitates the expression of light-sensitive proteins, including channelrhodopsins, halorhodopsins, and various microbial opsins, within specific cells. Employing viral vectors and tissue-specific promoters, these proteins ensure targeted expression. Exposure to designated wavelengths of light permits these proteins to activate or inhibit cellular activity, thereby modulating neuronal behavior. The implementation of optogenetics has significantly enhanced comprehension of learning, memory, and neural plasticity. This technology enables the examination of the molecular dynamics associated with synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), and long-term depression (LTD), which are pivotal for memory. Real-time manipulating of specific neuronal populations can elucidate the intricate neural circuits involved in these phenomena. Additionally, optogenetics has facilitated the exploration of potential therapeutic approaches for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease by meticulously controlling memory-associated circuits. The utility of optogenetics transcends fundamental research, yielding promising prospects in addiction to studies and motor function enhancement. By modulating distinct neural circuits, it is possible to alter addiction-related behaviors and augment motor functions. Furthermore, the amalgamation of optogenetics with cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and deep learning is anticipated to refine stimulation protocols, resulting in more precise and efficacious experimental outcomes. Notwithstanding its transformative capacity, the clinical application of optogenetics encounters significant obstacles, including the requisites for safe and effective gene delivery systems and the formulation of light-sensitive proteins with optimal characteristics for applications in human beings. Future investigations should concentrate on surmounting these hurdles while expanding the applications of optogenetics in neuroscience and related fields. The integration of optogenetics with multidisciplinary approaches is poised to unveil new realms in brain research, yielding profound insights into mechanisms governing memory, learning, and neural plasticity.

optogenetics  /  photosensitive proteins  /  memory  /  ion channels  /  neural plasticity
郑益坤, 郑婕, 胡国鹏. 光遗传学工具在学习记忆中的应用研究. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (1) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042
Yikun ZHENG, Jie ZHENG, Guopeng HU. Research on the application of optogenetic tools in learning and memory[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (1) : 87 -104 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042
光遗传学是一种利用光来精确控制活体细胞中基因表达和神经元活动的前沿技术,广泛应用于神经科学研究1-2]。神经科学家Deisseroth于2005年首次提出,可以利用微生物通道蛋白,如藻类蛋白视黄酸蛋白2(channelrhodopsin-2,ChR2)来光控神经元活动3。光遗传学的发展得益于多位科学家的共同努力,包括Ernst Bamberg、Edward Boyden、Peter Hegemann、Gero Miesenböck、Georg Nagel,以及美国华裔科学家潘卓华的早期研究成果4-8。例如,潘卓华教授团队通过异位表达微生物型视紫红质,成功恢复了患有光感受器退行性变性小鼠的视觉功能8
这项技术通过实现对可兴奋组织和生物体中神经元和神经回路的多功能控制,极大地改变了神经科学。将类似于ChR2的微生物视蛋白Opsins引入神经元,神经科学家得以对神经元进行了单细胞水平和毫秒级别的精确控制9-10
光遗传学的核心依赖于光敏感蛋白质,如通道视紫红质、弯曲视紫红质和光敏腺苷酸环化酶。这些蛋白质通过基因工程被引入目标细胞,使用病毒载体如腺相关病毒,并通过组织特异性启动子确保在特定细胞类型中表达11。特定波长的光照可以激活或抑制细胞活动,例如通道视紫红质在蓝光下开启离子通道导致神经元去极化,而弯曲视紫红质在黄光下使神经元超极化抑制其活动12
光遗传学的实验操作允许精确控制光照的时间、强度和波长,从而实现高时空分辨率的神经调控。其应用和成就得益于核心技术的发展,包括新的微生物视蛋白变体的发现、靶向策略的开发,以及光学装置的进步13-15
此外,电生理学和神经成像等辅助技术的集成,增强了光遗传学在不同时间和空间尺度上揭示细胞功能的能力16-17。这种特异性的方法促进了神经连接的精准定位,并有助于深入理解神经可塑性及其在学习和记忆中的机制18-20。本文将论述光遗传学在学习记忆中的应用,包括:不同波长的光照对不同受体的影响,光学刺激对于记忆的激活、抑制,基于光遗传的神经功能增强,甚至非经历条件下插入一段新记忆。同时探讨光遗传学在成瘾研究和治疗中的应用。
学习和记忆是神经科学中的核心概念,涉及信息的获取、编码、存储与检索21-22。学习是信息获取的过程,而记忆则分为两大类:短期记忆和长期记忆。短期记忆指的是大脑暂时保留信息的能力,而长期记忆涉及信息的持久保留23。这些记忆的形成和持续依赖于神经突触的可塑性,包括新连接的形成和现有连接的强化或减弱24-25。长期记忆的形成需要信息的重复编码和神经网络的逐渐调整,以适应环境的变化26-27
Hebb法则,由唐纳德·赫布于1949年首次提出,为理解这些过程提供了重要的理论基础。该定律表明,如果两个神经元A和B频繁并且近距离地共同活动,并在B反复激活的条件下,A对B的刺激效率将增强。这一原则被总结为“共同激发的神经元会共同加强”28
图1所示,重复的电生理刺激显著增强了神经元A、R、B之间的突触连接。这种增强效果通过特定的分子和电生理机制实现,从而加固了神经元A与神经元B间的突触连接。该效应与Hebb法则相符,即两个同时活跃的神经元之间的连接得到强化29。此外,重复的神经活动增进神经元A、R与B之间的信息传递效率,同时提升神经元B的突触后反应能力30。这些变化促进突触结构的适应性调整,为长期记忆的形成提供生物学依据,深化了对学习和记忆过程中神经网络重塑及其优化反应的理解31
图2通过颜色编码和流线形的线条来区分不同的输入群体,这些群体通过特定的放电模式(如示意图中的垂直线条所示的脉冲)影响目标神经元。放电模式在图中以水平时间线展示,显示了输入和结果之间的关系。图示中包含一个关键的变化过程,显示随着时间的推移,一些神经连接如何得到加强(线条加粗)而其他连接则逐渐消失(线条变细或消失)。这种可视化方法有效地揭示了神经连接的动态变化过程。
图3(a)图3(b)展示了群体水平的输入-输出组织在学习和记忆的神经机制中起重要作用的两种不同神经元连接架构。图3(a)展示的偏向输入-分隔输出架构中,不同来源的输入神经元群体(A1,A2,...,Am)向中间层(B)发送信号,从而被中间层接收并处理,最后被传递到输出层。不同的输入信号被分隔处理,并最终传递到不同的目标神经元群体(C1,C2,...,Cn),实现差异化处理,从而支持复杂的学习和记忆功能。在图1(b)展示的整合和传递架构中,不同来源的输入神经元群体的信号在中间层(B)整合后,发送到多个目标神经元群体(C1,C2,...,Cn32。结合这些架构图与光遗传学技术,研究人员可更加深入地理解神经系统如何在接收和处理多种输入信号后,快速广泛地将整合的信息传播给多个目标神经元群体,这对于复杂的学习和记忆过程至关重要。
光遗传学利用特定波长的光激活或抑制光敏离子通道蛋白,从而精确调控细胞膜电位。这些蛋白在细胞膜上表达,能够将光子流转换为跨膜离子流,实现毫秒级的细胞控制33-34。光遗传学效应器,如ChR2、NpHR和Arch等,通过特定波长的光激活或抑制神经元,调控神经元的活动状态35
在兴奋性调节器中,ChR2是一种广泛使用的蓝光敏感通道蛋白,其在470 nm波长的蓝光照射下促进阳离子(Na+和Ca2+)的内流,使细胞去极化并产生兴奋状态36-37。此外,CheRiff、ReaChR和Crimson等其他调节器也能响应特定波长的光以激活细胞3538。对于超极化效应器,如NpHR和Arch,在589 nm的黄光或575 nm的红光激活下,通过促进阴离子(Cl-)的内流或质子(H+)的外流引起神经元超极化,从而抑制神经元活动39
在抑制性调节器方面,Archaeorhodopsin(Arch)是一种黄光敏感的外向氢离子泵,广泛应用于诱导细胞的超极化12。在黄光照射下,Arch泵出氢离子(H+),使细胞超极化并维持静息状态。光照停止后,Arch能够迅速恢复到关闭状态。其他抑制性调节器包括PAC-K、BLINK-1、GtACR1、Halo和Jaws等,通过不同的机制引导离子流动以抑制细胞活动40-41图4)。
此外,这些技术还包括GCaMPs和VSFP2.3等传感器,能够实时监测神经元膜电位和钙离子浓度的变化,为神经活动提供精确的测量42。尽管这些传感器主要用于光学成像,但它们也常与光遗传学工具配合使用,以研究神经回路功能、突触可塑性以及学习与记忆的过程。
通过特异性启动子在指定的神经细胞类型中表达光敏蛋白,光遗传学实现了对目标细胞的特异性激活或抑制,这一点在与传统电刺激方法的比较中表现出显著优势43。电刺激技术通常影响到电极附近所有细胞,无法实现细胞类型的区分,而光遗传学的细胞特异性激活克服了这一限制44-45
光遗传学的另一显著优势在于其高时间分辨率,使得研究者能够精确控制神经元的放电时序和频率46-47。这一特性在需要精确时间区分的认知过程研究中尤为重要,特别是在关联学习的不同阶段(例如条件刺激与非条件刺激结合时),因为这些阶段涉及完全不同的神经机制48
在应用方面,Boyden等3通过在特定神经元中表达特定类型的光敏离子通道或泵,利用适当波长的光照射这些细胞,促使神经元触发动作电位,从而实时探索神经回路的细胞和分子机制。Goshen研究团队49进一步证明,这项技术为记忆研究带来了时间精确性和由特定腺相关病毒启动子类型决定的细胞特异性两大优点。
多年来,科学家们通过电极刺激或药物干预的方式来操控大脑神经元50-51,但这些方法通常缺乏针对特定细胞群体的选择性,或受限于小分子化合物的慢速动力学52。相比之下,光遗传学不仅在学习和记忆领域展现独特优势,也在运动功能的研究中具有应用前景4553。通过精确控制特定神经元群体,光遗传学提升了治疗的精确性,并显著增强小鼠和大鼠模型的运动能力54-56,展示了其在促进运动恢复、减少副作用和提高整体治疗效果方面的潜力57-58。更为重要的是,通过精确操作神经元活动,光遗传学工具深入探索了记忆在运动控制中的关键作用,揭示了记忆与大脑、神经元和肌肉之间协调的密切联系59。这种操作技术推动了基础神经科学的发展,并为开发新的临床神经调控策略开辟新的途径3360
记忆是思维、想象等高级心理活动的基础,是人脑对经历事物的识记、保持、再现或再认61-62。记忆的形成是一组神经元的连接被强化的过程63。如果削弱突触,相当于拆散这组神经,会使这段记忆失活64。为了更好地探究记忆形成的过程,研究人员利用光遗传学对小鼠脑部神经进行了改造,并对其进行光学刺激。同时,他们还通过电击小鼠的脚部,使其将特定光学神经刺激与痛觉联系起来65。结果表明,在神经受到刺激但尚未进行电击之前的阶段,小鼠表现出恐惧。通过长时程增强(long-term potentiation, LTP)和长时程抑制(long-term depression, LTD)诱发和削弱突触连接,研究人员成功地抹去和重新激活了记忆。因此,光遗传学技术可以帮助改变记忆回路中的突触强度,实现记忆的生成、消除和恢复6366-67。未来,研究人员可以利用这些技术来探究记忆障碍的治疗方法4868
在神经科学领域,研究人员越来越深入地研究神经元之间的相互作用,以及与学习和记忆过程的关系69-70。在这个领域里,一种重要的蛋白激酶(calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ⅱ,CaMKⅡ)备受研究人员的关注71-73。这种蛋白激酶能够调节突触前膜和突触后膜中的离子通道,从而在LTP过程中发挥重要的作用74。当神经元之间频繁地传递电信号时,突触前膜中的离子通道会打开,使得钙离子进入细胞内。这些钙离子会激活CaMKⅡ等蛋白质,促进突触后膜中的离子通道打开,从而增强突触的传递效率75-76。这种现象被认为是学习和记忆过程中的关键组成部分。为了探究CaMKⅡ在LTP过程中的作用,研究人员运用了光遗传学来干预这种蛋白质在神经突触中的正常功能,实现与突触的“分离”。CaMKⅡ在神经元活动时被激活,进而促使突触后膜中的离子通道开放,这一过程增强了神经信号的传递效率,对于调节突触强度发挥了核心作用。通过光遗传学,研究者能够精确控制CaMKⅡ的活性,即在特定时刻和位置对其进行激活或抑制,这样的操作使得研究者在分子层面上探索CaMKⅡ对突触功能的具体影响77。这项研究发现,当通过光遗传学技术干预CaMKⅡ的活性时,可以阻止LTP的形成,进而影响记忆的构建过程。这一结果表明LTP和CaMKⅡ是学习与记忆形成中不可或缺的组成部分。通过对比光遗传学干预前后LTP的形成和记忆过程,研究者观察到CaMKⅡ活性受到干预时,LTP形成受阻的现象,这影响着神经递质的释放、神经元的兴奋性以及与记忆形成紧密相关的LTP等过程。Robinson等78利用双光子钙成像和双光子光遗传学的“全光学”组合,同时读写小鼠“位置细胞”中的活动,这种细胞可以在虚拟现实环境中进行导航。研究表明通过刺激位置细胞,能够重新激活(或找回)小鼠获得奖励的相关位置记忆,进而对小鼠进行“心理传输”,使小鼠行为同身处奖励位置时的行为保持一致33
钙离子在脑细胞及其功能中起着重要的作用,因此研究人员一直在探讨钙离子调制对记忆的影响79-81。当OptoSTIM1暴露于特定波长的光照射时,其结构发生改变,这种改变能够导致细胞膜上的钙离子通道或泵打开,从而允许钙离子流入或流出细胞82-83。钙离子的流入增加了细胞内的钙离子浓度,触发了一系列信号传导过程,这对神经递质的释放、神经元的兴奋性以及与记忆形成紧密相关的LTP等过程至关重要84-86。因此,通过精确控制OptoSTIM1的光敏反应,研究人员能够直接影响钙离子在海马体细胞中的流动,从而有效地调控记忆形成和存储过程。这种利用光敏感蛋白OptoSTIM1控制钙离子流动的方法,为钙离子在神经信号传导和记忆形成过程中的作用提供了深入理解,并对未来治疗神经系统疾病开辟了新的途径,展示了科学研究如何通过创新技术深化对基本生物过程的理解并寻找治疗策略87-88
Redondo等89通过一种实验技术来标记编码特定记忆的神经元,探讨神经细胞的可塑性。他们用光敏感通道蛋白(channelrhodopsin)标记在记忆形成过程中激活的海马神经元,从此任何时候用光激活这些神经元,都可以引发小鼠回忆起这群神经元所编码的特定记忆。另一项由Tonegawa等90进行的研究通过小鼠模型探究了失忆症的机制。结果表明,记忆丢失并非因为记忆本身未能形成,而是回忆过程出现了障碍。研究中,为了模拟失忆状态,研究团队向小鼠注射了蛋白质合成抑制剂(茴香霉素),导致小鼠未能形成对环境诱导的恐惧记忆(例如被轻微电击的体验)。然而,通过光遗传学激活记忆形成过程中被激活的特定神经元后,小鼠能够恢复那些被认为是“丢失”的记忆。这说明这些记忆仍然存在,仅仅是在没有外部刺激的情况下无法自然地被回忆起来。
在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)的研究中,Roy等91采用标记活跃神经元的方法,重点关注海马区与嗅皮层之间的连接性,以探索一个不同的假设。传统观点认为,早期阿尔茨海默病患者无法记住近期发生的事情,如放钥匙的位置,是因为相关记忆没有形成92-93。然而,Roy的研究通过在小鼠模型中进行环境诱发性恐惧记忆的实验表明,即使小鼠在尝试记住引起恐惧的刺激(如恐怖的箱子)时未表现出记忆,但当使用光遗传学技术激活相关脑区时,小鼠仍展现出恐惧反应,证明恐惧记忆已经形成。此外,通过增强突触连接并重复刺激神经细胞,Roy及其团队成功地在未使用光遗传学刺激的条件下恢复记忆。这些发现挑战了传统关于阿尔茨海默病记忆丧失的观点,提出记忆丧失是由回忆机制故障引起,而非记忆形成失败94-95
在另一项研究中, Won Do Heo团队对转导受光激发蛋白OptoFas和绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的小鼠进行Y迷宫测试,以监测光刺激下的小鼠自发行为变化。单次4 h的光刺激未能引起显著的行为变化。然而,经过5轮重复刺激后,小鼠表现出了显著的行为变化。在重复光刺激后的第7天、第14天和第28天,小鼠未再表现出进一步的行为变化,表明这种自发行为变化是短暂的96。该研究揭示了动态Fas信号网络在调控神经干细胞增殖和增强记忆中的作用,并表明重复动态激活Fas信号网络能够暂时增强小鼠的空间工作记忆,但不会导致永久性增加。
成瘾是一种复杂的心理障碍,表现为个体即使面临负面后果,仍反复使用药物或从事某些行为。其具体的遗传机制尚未完全明确97。近年来,成瘾遗传学研究在关键基因的发现上取得了一些进展,这些基因与酒精、尼古丁和大麻的心理活性效应及代谢作用密切相关98-99。然而,尽管全基因组关联研究(GWAS)已经识别出一系列与成瘾相关的基因变异,并通过元分析方法整合了这些数据,成瘾研究仍然落后于精神分裂症等其他精神障碍的研究,特别是在获取足够大的样本量以检测预期的中等效应大小方面97100。此外,现有的神经遗传学研究也受到了研究表型定义不清和统计功效低的限制101
光遗传学为探索和干预成瘾行为提供了一种独特且精确的手段102。这项技术使科学家能够通过特定波长的光线来激活或抑制大脑中的多巴胺(DA)神经元,从而精确调控与成瘾相关的神经活动。研究表明,通过激活腹侧被盖区(VTA)的DA神经元,可以显著增强动物模型的自我刺激行为,并调节与成瘾相关的情绪和认知过程103。此外,即使在动物长时间未接触药物的情况下,光遗传学通过激活特定神经回路,仍能在其置身于药物使用相关的环境中时,触发类似人类成瘾者复发的强烈药物寻求行为104-105
在成瘾治疗策略的制定中,光遗传学不仅在实验工具和理论基础方面发挥作用,还推动了新干预方法的发展。通过精确控制神经回路,该技术有助于减少或控制药物寻求及摄入行为106-107。此外,光遗传学在成瘾行为的记忆形成与重塑过程的研究中展现了其价值。研究者能够通过精确操作特定神经元,深入探讨记忆和学习的机制,并开发出用于重塑负面记忆和治疗成瘾行为的新策略102108
神经生物学的进展揭示了如何在大脑的多个区域(如皮层、海马、杏仁核)引发变化,进而编码成记忆109-111。这种发现提供了一种可能性:如果能通过人工手段精确操控神经元 ,模拟这些变化,就能够在没有实际经历的情况下在大脑中植入记忆112-113
图5所示, Franklandet等研究人员采用光遗传学技术,在小鼠脑中成功实现了这一过程,通过激活特定的记忆相关神经元,在没有相应经历的条件下插入了记忆,这种实验表明可以在大脑中人为创建记忆印迹,并提供了一种在时间和空间上独立操作细胞级记忆形成的方法。在训练阶段[图5(a)],常规通过同时呈现条件刺激(CS)和非条件刺激(US)来建立条件反应;同时,通过光遗传学激活特定神经元模拟了这种联合呈现,从而展示了记忆的人工激活方法。在测试阶段[图5(b)],研究仅呈现条件刺激(CS)以测试记忆的回忆或反应,观察小鼠是否能在缺少非条件刺激的情况下回忆起先前的经历。脑部成像部分[图5(c)]捕捉刺激前后大脑结构活动的变化,特别是在关键的记忆形成区域如前额皮层和海马区。图5(d)图5(e)展示训练和测试阶段不同脑区的活动水平变化,其中红色线条和灰色阴影分别代表平均活动水平和变异范围,揭示记忆激活的神经基础。最后,部分通过测量细胞体积的变化来具体评估记忆编码的效果[图5(f)图5(g)图5(h)],条形图清晰显示了对照组和实验组之间的显著差异,证实通过光遗传学激活的记忆与自然形成的记忆在神经活动上的相似性114
这项技术的成功应用,为学习与记忆的研究领域带来了重大进步,该技术直接证明了记忆编码的可塑性,即记忆可以被人为地操纵和插入。这“极大提高了人们在学习、记忆领域的认知”,能够更深入了解大脑存储和回忆信息方式,也为治疗记忆和学习障碍(如阿尔茨海默病)以及某些精神疾病(如精神分裂症)开辟了新途径115-117。这些障碍往往与LTP相关的突触功能异常有关,而光遗传学提供了一种潜在的方法,在大脑中精确地操控记忆过程来研究和治疗这些疾病118。通过激活精确编码记忆的神经网络,研究人员能够在小鼠大脑中植入特定类型的记忆。这种控制精确到神经元层面的能力,也为将来这项技术可能应用于人类带来了希望119-120
光遗传学的快速进展在神经科学领域展现了其对精确操纵神经回路和控制特定神经元的巨大潜力。然而,尽管这一技术具备极高的应用前景,其从实验室到临床的转化仍面临挑战。主要挑战在于安全性和效率,特别是如何安全地将光遗传学工具应用于人类患者。实现这一目标的关键因素包括:
①安全高效的基因递送载体 开发安全且高效的载体至关重要,这些载体必须能够准确地将光遗传学基因传递到目标细胞而不引发不良反应或长期健康问题。
②精确的靶向能力 治疗效果的最大化和副作用的最小化需要精确的基因靶向技术,确保只有目标细胞表达这些基因。
③免疫原性和突变风险的最小化 必须确保递送载体和转基因产品不会引发患者的免疫反应或导致遗传突变,保证治疗的安全性。
④高效的光遗传学蛋白 理想的光遗传学蛋白应对红色至近红外光高度敏感,因为这些波长的光能深入组织而不造成损伤,仅需较低剂量的光照即可达到理想效果121-123。当前研究已证明,特定波长的中红外光(mid-infrared spectral region,MIRS)能够以非热方式调控神经元信号传导,且不会引发热损伤,展现出在深层组织操作中应用光遗传技术的潜力和实用性124
光遗传学凭借其时空精确控制能力,为神经科学研究开辟了新的领域。该技术使研究人员能够在特定时间和位置精确地激活或抑制神经元,从而深入探讨学习与记忆的动态性及其局部性特征。通过在实验条件下控制特定信号通路或分子,光遗传学可以模拟和阻断记忆的形成与巩固,揭示记忆相关的复杂生物学过程。
这一技术为理解记忆编码机制提供了新视角,并成为研究学习与记忆障碍的重要工具,特别是在阿尔茨海默病和精神分裂症等神经疾病的研究中。此外,光遗传学的应用已扩展至基础研究之外,在神经可塑性、运动康复和损伤治疗等领域展现出潜在的应用前景。光遗传学与学习记忆的结合也开始用于减少成瘾和药物依赖行为。通过精确控制与成瘾行为相关的特定神经回路,该技术有望解析和调节成瘾行为背后的神经机制,为开发新的治疗策略奠定基础。
结合人工智能领域的机器学习和深度学习技术,开发光刺激优化系统,以实现对特定神经组织的高空间分辨率选择性激活或抑制。建立光波长和能量的最优化分配权值矩阵,利用深度学习发展出更为精确的模式识别和预测模型,对光遗传学刺激方案进行实时调整和优化。这种技术结合能够提高刺激的精度和效果,通过实时数据分析和反馈机制动态调整实验参数,提高刺激的精度和效果,达到最佳的实验效果。例如,深度学习算法可以分析大量的神经活动数据,识别出特定的神经模式,从而设计个性化的刺激方案,并且在不断学习和优化的过程中,逐步提高预测的准确性和可靠性,为光遗传学研究提供了强有力的技术支持。
展望未来,研究应更多集中于将光遗传学与转基因小鼠模型、化学遗传学、行为学等其他前沿技术相结合,以更全面地探索大脑在各种功能中的角色。这种跨学科的综合研究方法有望进一步揭示运动编码、记忆过程中关键脑区的功能,以及神经可塑性的机制,深化人们对大脑如何响应、适应及记忆各种经验的理解。通过这些跨学科的创新性研究,光遗传学的应用前景将不断拓展,未来有望在更多领域发挥重要作用。
  • 福建省自然科学基金(2020J01087)
  • 国家体育总局项目(20172ZB064)
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2025年第6卷第1期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-042
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-09-27
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福建省自然科学基金(2020J01087)
国家体育总局项目(20172ZB064)
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    1 华侨大学体育学院,福建 泉州 362021
    2 北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院,北京 100191

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胡国鹏(1978—),男,博士, 教授。研究方向为运动生物化学,生理学, 运动康复。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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