Article(id=1148994089162433196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994085911851981, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1721923200000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871138134, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1730304000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871138134, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871138134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871138134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148994085911851981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='5', pageStart='909', pageEnd='1226', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871137358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057257493, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774730451972780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994085911851981, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774730451972781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994085911851981, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=981, endPage=996, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999770656453023, articleId=1148994089162433196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides containing aminovinyl cysteine, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a major class of peptide natural products that often contain noncanonical amino acids and structural motifs with promising potential as drug leads. One unique structural unit found in RiPPs is the C-terminal S-[(Z)-2-aminoethenyl]-D-cysteine (AviCys) or (2S,3S)-S-[(Z)-2-aminoethenyl]-3-methyl-D-cysteine (AviMeCys). Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs usually exhibit potent antimicrobial or anticancer activities, which strictly require the presence of the C-terminal AviCys motifs. Despite the potential of Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs as drug leads, lack of synthetic methods and biosynthetic systems to access these type of cyclic peptides impede the application of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biosynthesis of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides and the progress made in the development of chemical methods to synthesize Avi(Me)Cys motifs and derivatives. This review contains two following major sections: ① The biosynthetic process of Avi(Me)Cys motifs in the different families of Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs, including lanthipeptides, lipolanthines, linaridins and thioamitides, are introduced with three essential enzymatic steps: first, a cysteine decarboxylase oxidatively decarboxylated the C-terminal cysteine, generating a highly reactive enethiol; subsequently, distinct enzymes catalyze the dehydration of a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) residue or the dethiolation of a Cys residue in the precursor peptide by incorporating a dehydroalanine (Dha) or dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) residue; finally, a putative cyclase catalyzes the Michael-type addition between the enethiol group and a Dha/Dhb residue to yield the Avi(Me)Cys motif. Detailed enzymatic investigation of these biosynthetic steps are introduced. ② The chemical synthesis of the Avi(Me)Cys building block and their analogues via diverse synthetic methodology, including the radical thiol-yne coupling, the oxidative decarboxylation/decarbonylation, and the condensation of amides with acetals. Overall, further elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathway for Avi(Me)Cys motifs in related RiPPs, along with advancements in the chemical synthesis of Avi(Me)Cys-containing natural product peptides, will facilitate the effective utilization of these bioactive peptide natural products.

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核糖体肽是一类拥有化学结构和生物活性多样性的多肽天然产物家族,在药物开发方面具有巨大的发展潜力。氨基乙烯半胱氨酸(AviCys)是部分核糖体肽类天然产物中存在的一种特殊C末端交联结构单元。含有AviCys单元的核糖体肽类天然环肽往往具有优良的抗菌或抗肿瘤活性,且AviCys大环结构对其生物活性至关重要。本文围绕此类天然环肽的生物合成和化学合成进行了总结:①羊毛硫肽、lipolanthines、linaridins和thioamitides四类核糖体肽天然产物中AviCys结构单元的生物合成研究进展,主要包括C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧反应,丝氨酸/苏氨酸或半胱氨酸脱水或脱硫反应,以及AviCys环化反应;②针对含AviCys结构单元环肽的化学合成方法,包括自由基硫醇-炔偶联、氧化脱羧/脱羰、酰胺与缩醛缩合等。本综述同时对相关研究中存在的若干挑战和尚待解决的问题进行了梳理和总结,包括生物合成过程中尚未得到深入解析的环化步骤、化学合成中尚未解决的立体选择性和化学兼容性等。综上,对含AviCys结构单元天然环肽的生物合成途径全面解析及化学合成方法的开发, 有望为此类生物功能环肽及其衍生物的制备与生物工程改造奠定基础,推动该类功能环肽在生命科学和药物科学领域的应用。

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谢向前(1997—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为天然产物的生物合成等。E-mail:

李进(1987—),男,研究员,执行总监。研究方向为非天然氨基酸分子砌块的合成与应用。E-mail:

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李进(1987—),男,研究员,执行总监。研究方向为非天然氨基酸分子砌块的合成与应用。E-mail:

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010, 107(37): 16297-16302., articleTitle=Genome mining and genetic analysis of cypemycin biosynthesis reveal an unusual class of posttranslationally modified peptides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877618772980244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=193, issue=10, pageStart=2510, pageEnd=2516, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=63, rfOrder=62, authorNames=CLAESEN J, BIBB M J, journalName=Journal of Bacteriology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= CLAESEN J, BIBB M J. Biosynthesis and regulation of grisemycin, a new member of the linaridin family of ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by Streptomyces griseus IFO 13350[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 2011, 193(10): 2510-2516., articleTitle=Biosynthesis and regulation of grisemycin, a new member of the linaridin family of ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by Streptomyces griseus IFO 13350, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877618886226453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=3, issue=3, pageStart=1049, pageEnd=1057, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=64, rfOrder=63, authorNames=WANG F T, WEI W Q, ZHAO J F, journalName=CCS Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WANG F T, WEI W Q, ZHAO J F, et al. Genome mining and biosynthesis study of a type B linaridin reveals a highly versatile α-N-methyltransferase[J]. CCS Chemistry, 2020, 3(3): 1049-1057., articleTitle=Genome mining and biosynthesis study of a type B linaridin reveals a highly versatile α-N-methyltransferase, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877618982695446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=15, issue=11, pageStart=2976, pageEnd=2985, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=65, rfOrder=64, authorNames=GEORGIOU M A, DOMMARAJU S R, GUO X R, journalName=ACS Chemical Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GEORGIOU M A, DOMMARAJU S R, GUO X R, et al. Bioinformatic and reactivity-based discovery of linaridins[J]. 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Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021, 60(4): 1951-1958., articleTitle=The utilization of lanthipeptide synthetases is a general strategy for the biosynthesis of 2-aminovinyl-cysteine motifs in thioamitides, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877619175633432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=24, issue=58, pageStart=15421, pageEnd=15441, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=67, rfOrder=66, authorNames=DENOËL T, LEMAIRE C, LUXEN A, journalName=Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= DENOËL T, LEMAIRE C, LUXEN A. Progress in lanthionine and protected lanthionine synthesis[J]. Chemistry, 2018, 24(58): 15421-15441., articleTitle=Progress in lanthionine and protected lanthionine synthesis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877619242742297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=135, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=68, rfOrder=67, authorNames=JIMÉNEZ J C, BAYÓ N, CHAVARRÍA B, journalName=Letters in Peptide Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference= JIMÉNEZ J C, BAYÓ N, CHAVARRÍA B, et al. Synthesis of peptides containing α,β-didehydroamino acids. Scope and limitations[J]. Letters in Peptide Science, 2002, 9(2): 135-141., articleTitle=Synthesis of peptides containing α,β-didehydroamino acids. Scope and limitations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1164877614444458453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, awardId=22325702, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22325702), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1164877611441336731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1164877611445531036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, companyId=1164877611441336731, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,Jiangsu,China), 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companyId=1164877611504251294, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 南京药石科技股份有限公司,江苏 南京 210032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1164877613131641281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Chemical structures of the noncanonical amino acids commonly found in Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides, figureFileSmall=gF3GviM4K0mirauqxpVCMw==, figureFileBig=/dF+vxyDP2FxcShSJzvMlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613198750146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图1, caption=含Avi(Me)Cys结构的核糖体肽中常见的结构单元, figureFileSmall=gF3GviM4K0mirauqxpVCMw==, figureFileBig=/dF+vxyDP2FxcShSJzvMlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613282636227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Domain organization of the enzyme(s) that produce lanthipeptides from Class Ⅰ–Ⅴ, figureFileSmall=2HDdaLXhXk8Ecde+OBm6og==, figureFileBig=MduD77zWETP5n5sQq7nU3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613345550788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图2, caption=第Ⅰ~Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽合成酶的结构域组成, figureFileSmall=2HDdaLXhXk8Ecde+OBm6og==, figureFileBig=MduD77zWETP5n5sQq7nU3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613404271045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Chemical structures of representative ribosomal peptide natural products containing Avi(Me)Cys, figureFileSmall=RmHTx2cqQDNnYhuHS2bj0g==, figureFileBig=UoV63aqI76NkxrJQgFuv5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613492351430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图3, caption=含Avi(Me)Cys结构的代表性核糖体肽天然产物, figureFileSmall=RmHTx2cqQDNnYhuHS2bj0g==, figureFileBig=UoV63aqI76NkxrJQgFuv5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613555265991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Oxidative decarboxylation of a C-terminal cysteine-bearing peptide, catalyzed by LanD, figureFileSmall=h/NTEBK9wjTXKw6RPVJZ9w==, figureFileBig=KaM7lK8ssK6N4+U5RyEAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613605597640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图4, caption=由LanD催化的C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧, figureFileSmall=h/NTEBK9wjTXKw6RPVJZ9w==, figureFileBig=KaM7lK8ssK6N4+U5RyEAnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613676900809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Formation of Dha/Dhb residues through glutamylated or phosphorylated intermediates, figureFileSmall=dBwDIKhHc7j0j2WgLsXDtw==, figureFileBig=nYIhOY21L4d+2QS6K1DEpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613744009674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图5, caption=通过谷氨酰化或磷酸化中间体形成 Dha/Dhb, figureFileSmall=dBwDIKhHc7j0j2WgLsXDtw==, figureFileBig=nYIhOY21L4d+2QS6K1DEpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613790147019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Proposed biosynthetic pathway of the avionin unit in microvionin, figureFileSmall=mBh/RkMa+y8ctMRPmUQp0w==, figureFileBig=VHtYCjbq1R8G5X9LUk1nBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613844672972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图6, caption=microvionin中avionin结构可能的生物合成途径, figureFileSmall=mBh/RkMa+y8ctMRPmUQp0w==, figureFileBig=VHtYCjbq1R8G5X9LUk1nBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613895004621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Postulated mechanism for radical thiol-yne reaction for the synthesis of an AviCys derivative by Castle et al. (a) and Attempted radical thiol-yne coupling of cysteine derivative with ynamides by Castle et al. (b)

AIBN—2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); Cbz—Carboxybenzyl; PMB—para-Methoxybenzyl

, figureFileSmall=hWqvQViJzEQMOCsVOnN5sw==, figureFileBig=ljcSDu7SS7VlL2MSr/uvKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877613966307790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图7, caption=自由基硫醇-炔偶联的可能机制(a)和半胱氨酸衍生物与炔酰胺的自由基硫醇-炔偶联反应(b)

AIBN—2,2′-偶氮二(2-甲基丙腈);Cbz—羧基苄基;PMB—对甲氧基苄基

, figureFileSmall=hWqvQViJzEQMOCsVOnN5sw==, figureFileBig=ljcSDu7SS7VlL2MSr/uvKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877614045999567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Decarbonylation of thioesters to give AviMeCys derivatives and building blocks (a). Oxidative decarboxylation/decarbonylation of the C-terminal ring of mersacidin by VanNieuwenhze et al (b). Postulated mechanism of oxidative decarboxylation/decarbonylation (c)

Ni(COD)2—Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0); CuTC—Copper(Ⅰ) Thiophene-2-carboxylate; Cbz—Carboxybenzyl

, figureFileSmall=LV5Z8+rDEcAQC8VcL+t4Bw==, figureFileBig=XjwdbPc/g8rfNmg0nC5fZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877614096331216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图8, caption=硫酯的脱羰基反应(a),氧化脱羧/脱羰反应构建mersacidin的C末端环(b)和氧化脱羧/脱羰反应的可能机制(c)

Ni(COD)2—双(1,5-环辛二烯)镍(0);CuTC—硫代苯-2-甲酸铜(Ⅰ);Cbz—羧基苄基

, figureFileSmall=LV5Z8+rDEcAQC8VcL+t4Bw==, figureFileBig=XjwdbPc/g8rfNmg0nC5fZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877614146662865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Synthesis of AviCys derivativesa via condensation of acetamide upon acetal 22 in the presence of a mild lewis acid (a) and Synthesis of the AviCys-containing ring of cypemycin via condensation of aldehyde 25 with amide (Tcp) Val-NH2, followed by elongation of the peptide chain and lactamization to give 29 in 4.6% yield from 25 (b)

Pht—Phthalimide; Tcp—3,4,5,6-Tetrachlorophthalimide

, figureFileSmall=gV0XZ5qhiusZ6r+I1hbEcQ==, figureFileBig=i7A7BnzLLJhshIPgEBCINg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877614213771730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=图9, caption=通过乙酰胺与缩醛 22 缩合合成 AviCys 衍生物(a)和通过醛25与酰胺(Tcp)Val-NH2缩合及肽链延伸、内酰胺化合成cypemycin中的AviCys结构(b)

Pht—邻苯二甲酰亚胺;Tcp—3,4,5,6-四氯邻苯二甲酰亚胺

, figureFileSmall=gV0XZ5qhiusZ6r+I1hbEcQ==, figureFileBig=i7A7BnzLLJhshIPgEBCINg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877614268297683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bacterial producers and bioactivity of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚家族 天然产物 产生菌株 生物活性
羊毛硫肽 Microbisporicins[8] Microbispora ATCC PTA-5024 对MRSA、Streptococcus pneumoniae等有抗菌活性
Epidermin[9] Staphylococcus epidermidis Tü 3298 Mariniluteicoccus flavusStaphylococcus simulans等有抗菌活性
Mersacidin[10] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Staphylococcus aureus、MRSA等有抗菌活性
Lexapeptide[11] Streptomyces rochei Sal35 对MRSA、MRSE等有抗菌活性
Lipolanthines Microvionin[12] Microbacterium arborescens 对MRSA、Streptococcus pneumoniae等有抗菌活性
Nocavionin[12] Nocardia terpenica 尚未报道
Goadvionins[13] Streptomyces sp. TP-A0584 Staphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilis等有抗菌活性
Lipoavitides[14] Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521 溶血活性
Linaridins Cypemycin[15] Streptomyces sp. OH-4156 对P388白血病细胞有细胞毒性,对Micrococcus luteus等有抗菌活性
Salinipeptins[16] Streptomyces sp. strain GSL-6C Streptococcus pyogenes M1T1等有抗菌作用
Thioamitides Thioviridamide[7] Streptomyces olivoviridis NA005001 诱导细胞凋亡
Thioholgamides[17] Streptomyces malayseiense 抗增殖活性、细胞毒性
), ArticleFig(id=1164877614335406548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994089162433196, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

含有Avi(Me)Cys结构单元天然产物的产生菌株及其生物活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
亚家族 天然产物 产生菌株 生物活性
羊毛硫肽 Microbisporicins[8] Microbispora ATCC PTA-5024 对MRSA、Streptococcus pneumoniae等有抗菌活性
Epidermin[9] Staphylococcus epidermidis Tü 3298 Mariniluteicoccus flavusStaphylococcus simulans等有抗菌活性
Mersacidin[10] Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Staphylococcus aureus、MRSA等有抗菌活性
Lexapeptide[11] Streptomyces rochei Sal35 对MRSA、MRSE等有抗菌活性
Lipolanthines Microvionin[12] Microbacterium arborescens 对MRSA、Streptococcus pneumoniae等有抗菌活性
Nocavionin[12] Nocardia terpenica 尚未报道
Goadvionins[13] Streptomyces sp. TP-A0584 Staphylococcus aureusBacillus subtilis等有抗菌活性
Lipoavitides[14] Streptomyces sp. NRRL S-1521 溶血活性
Linaridins Cypemycin[15] Streptomyces sp. OH-4156 对P388白血病细胞有细胞毒性,对Micrococcus luteus等有抗菌活性
Salinipeptins[16] Streptomyces sp. strain GSL-6C Streptococcus pyogenes M1T1等有抗菌作用
Thioamitides Thioviridamide[7] Streptomyces olivoviridis NA005001 诱导细胞凋亡
Thioholgamides[17] Streptomyces malayseiense 抗增殖活性、细胞毒性
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含氨基乙烯半胱氨酸核糖体肽的生物合成与化学合成
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谢向前 1 , 郭雯 1 , 王欢 1 , 李进 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(5): 981-996
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(5): 981-996
含氨基乙烯半胱氨酸核糖体肽的生物合成与化学合成
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谢向前1 , 郭雯1, 王欢1, 李进1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 南京大学化学与生物医药创新研究院,配位化学国家重点实验室,南京大学化学化工学院,江苏省先进有机材料重点实验室,江苏 南京 210093
  • 2 南京药石科技股份有限公司,江苏 南京 210032
  • 谢向前(1997—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为天然产物的生物合成等。E-mail:

    李进(1987—),男,研究员,执行总监。研究方向为非天然氨基酸分子砌块的合成与应用。E-mail:

Biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides containing aminovinyl cysteine
Xiangqian XIE1 , Wen GUO1, Huan WANG1, Jin LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center of Nanjing University,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,Jiangsu,China
  • 2 PharmaBlock Sciences (Nanjing),INC. ,Nanjing 210032,Jiangsu,China
出版时间: 2024-10-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-037
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核糖体肽是一类拥有化学结构和生物活性多样性的多肽天然产物家族,在药物开发方面具有巨大的发展潜力。氨基乙烯半胱氨酸(AviCys)是部分核糖体肽类天然产物中存在的一种特殊C末端交联结构单元。含有AviCys单元的核糖体肽类天然环肽往往具有优良的抗菌或抗肿瘤活性,且AviCys大环结构对其生物活性至关重要。本文围绕此类天然环肽的生物合成和化学合成进行了总结:①羊毛硫肽、lipolanthines、linaridins和thioamitides四类核糖体肽天然产物中AviCys结构单元的生物合成研究进展,主要包括C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧反应,丝氨酸/苏氨酸或半胱氨酸脱水或脱硫反应,以及AviCys环化反应;②针对含AviCys结构单元环肽的化学合成方法,包括自由基硫醇-炔偶联、氧化脱羧/脱羰、酰胺与缩醛缩合等。本综述同时对相关研究中存在的若干挑战和尚待解决的问题进行了梳理和总结,包括生物合成过程中尚未得到深入解析的环化步骤、化学合成中尚未解决的立体选择性和化学兼容性等。综上,对含AviCys结构单元天然环肽的生物合成途径全面解析及化学合成方法的开发, 有望为此类生物功能环肽及其衍生物的制备与生物工程改造奠定基础,推动该类功能环肽在生命科学和药物科学领域的应用。

核糖体肽  /  天然产物  /  氨基乙烯半胱氨酸  /  生物合成  /  化学合成

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a major class of peptide natural products that often contain noncanonical amino acids and structural motifs with promising potential as drug leads. One unique structural unit found in RiPPs is the C-terminal S-[(Z)-2-aminoethenyl]-D-cysteine (AviCys) or (2S,3S)-S-[(Z)-2-aminoethenyl]-3-methyl-D-cysteine (AviMeCys). Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs usually exhibit potent antimicrobial or anticancer activities, which strictly require the presence of the C-terminal AviCys motifs. Despite the potential of Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs as drug leads, lack of synthetic methods and biosynthetic systems to access these type of cyclic peptides impede the application of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biosynthesis of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides and the progress made in the development of chemical methods to synthesize Avi(Me)Cys motifs and derivatives. This review contains two following major sections: ① The biosynthetic process of Avi(Me)Cys motifs in the different families of Avi(Me)Cys-containing RiPPs, including lanthipeptides, lipolanthines, linaridins and thioamitides, are introduced with three essential enzymatic steps: first, a cysteine decarboxylase oxidatively decarboxylated the C-terminal cysteine, generating a highly reactive enethiol; subsequently, distinct enzymes catalyze the dehydration of a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) residue or the dethiolation of a Cys residue in the precursor peptide by incorporating a dehydroalanine (Dha) or dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) residue; finally, a putative cyclase catalyzes the Michael-type addition between the enethiol group and a Dha/Dhb residue to yield the Avi(Me)Cys motif. Detailed enzymatic investigation of these biosynthetic steps are introduced. ② The chemical synthesis of the Avi(Me)Cys building block and their analogues via diverse synthetic methodology, including the radical thiol-yne coupling, the oxidative decarboxylation/decarbonylation, and the condensation of amides with acetals. Overall, further elucidation of the complete biosynthetic pathway for Avi(Me)Cys motifs in related RiPPs, along with advancements in the chemical synthesis of Avi(Me)Cys-containing natural product peptides, will facilitate the effective utilization of these bioactive peptide natural products.

RiPPs  /  natural products  /  aminovinyl cysteine  /  biosynthesis  /  chemical synthesis
谢向前, 郭雯, 王欢, 李进. 含氨基乙烯半胱氨酸核糖体肽的生物合成与化学合成. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (5) : 981 -996 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-037
Xiangqian XIE, Wen GUO, Huan WANG, Jin LI. Biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides containing aminovinyl cysteine[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (5) : 981 -996 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-037
核糖体肽(ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide,RiPP)是一类数量庞大且结构多样的天然产物家族,具有广泛的生物学活性和药用前景1-2。典型的RiPP的生物合成途径首先由核糖体对前体肽进行合成,前体肽在经历一系列翻译后修饰酶(posttranslational modification enzyme,PTM enzyme)的加工后,生成具有生物活性的核糖体肽产物。常见的酶促翻译后修饰包括脱水、糖基化、环化、卤化等3。核糖体肽中的C端S-[(Z)-2-氨基乙烯基]-D-半胱氨酸(AviCys)或(2S,3S)-S-[(Z)-2-氨基乙烯基]-3-甲基-D-半胱氨酸(AviMeCys)是一类独特的结构单元,主要发现于羊毛硫肽、linaridins、thioamitides和lipolanthines等四个核糖体肽亚家族4-5。这些含有Avi(Me)Cys的核糖体环肽往往表现出对葡萄球菌、链球菌、肠球菌和梭菌等病原菌的强力抗菌活性6,以及对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性7等(表1)。含有Avi(Me)Cys的核糖体肽往往还含有其他非天然氨基酸,如2,3-脱氢丙氨酸(Dha)、(Z)-2,3-脱氢丁氨酸(Dhb)、D型氨基酸、羊毛硫氨酸(Lan)、甲基羊毛硫氨酸(MeLan)和avionin(Avi)等(图13618。这些经过翻译后修饰过程形成的非天然氨基酸组分和结构单元均对相应核糖体肽的结构和生物功能具有重要影响19
尽管含有Avi(Me)Cys的核糖体环肽表现出发展为药物的潜力,但目前对这类天然产物的生物合成途径解析仍不完善,同时也缺乏有效的途径实现Avi(Me)Cys结构单元的化学合成,尚未有报道关于含有Avi(Me)Cys核糖体环肽的成功全合成策略20-25。这些因素限制了这类化合物的高效获得,阻碍了其向临床应用的发展。本篇综述全面总结和讨论了含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的核糖体肽天然产物在生物合成和化学合成两方面的进展。
前期研究认为,Avi(Me)Cys结构单元的生物合成涉及前体肽的三步翻译后修饰,分别为C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧形成烯硫醇、丝氨酸/苏氨酸/半胱氨酸的脱水/脱硫形成Dha或Dhb、烯硫醇与Dha/Dhb间通过Michael加成反应形成Avi(Me)Cys结构单元。本节将围绕含Avi(Me)Cys单元核糖体肽的不同亚家族分别进行生物合成的介绍,主要围绕上述关键翻译后修饰过程中涉及的酶化学过程进行总结与分析。
1928年,羊毛硫肽的典型代表nisin被发现,并作为抗生素得到广泛应用26。截至目前,超过100例羊毛硫肽天然产物得到发现、分离、结构和功能鉴定。该家族天然产物的结构特点是含有由硫醚键交联形成的(Me)Lan环结构。根据(Me)Lan环结构生物合成中羊毛硫肽合成酶的特点,已知的羊毛硫肽可分为五类(Ⅰ~Ⅴ)(图2127。Avi(Me)Cys结构单元在部分羊毛硫肽亚家族中存在,包括:第Ⅰ类羊毛硫肽中的microbisporicin8、epidermin等9;第Ⅱ类羊毛硫肽中的mersacidin等10;第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽中的lexapeptide等11图3)。这些含Avi(Me)Cys结构的羊毛硫肽表现出优良的抗革兰氏阳性菌活性,包括多重耐药的表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococus epidermidis,MRSE)和金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)28,并通常通过与细胞壁合成的重要前体lipid Ⅱ结合发挥抗菌作用。例如,microbisporicin可以形成与lipid Ⅱ的复合物,阻断细胞壁的生物合成,使得细胞内渗透压增高,最终导致细胞结构完整性受损并裂解29-32。epidermin与lipid Ⅱ形成的复合物可以插入细菌细胞膜磷脂双分子层并形成穿孔,提供了细胞组分泄漏至周质的可渗透通道,进而导致细胞渗透压损失和细胞死亡33-34。mersacidin与lipid Ⅱ中的GlcNAc(N-乙酰葡糖胺)结构单元具有亲和力,同样通过螯合lipid Ⅱ抑制细胞壁的生物合成发挥其抗生素功能35。Kruszewska等36的研究发现,mersacidin可以有效治愈小鼠鼻腔中的MRSA感染。第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽lexapeptide对革兰氏阳性菌表现出较好的抗菌活性,具有治疗耐药菌感染的潜力11
在羊毛硫肽类天然产物的生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene cluster,BGC)中,通常编码了一个黄素依赖的氧化脱羧酶(LanD)。LanD属于同源寡聚半胱氨酸脱羧酶(HFCD)超家族蛋白,以黄素单核苷酸(FMN)或黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)作为辅因子37-39。尽管不同来源 LanD的氨基酸序列同源性有限,但这些蛋白均能形成复杂的同源十二聚体结构。它们的整体结构高度相似,黄素结合区域结构保守,而底物结合钳在缺乏多肽底物的情况下高度无序。在含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的羊毛硫肽生物合成过程中,LanD负责催化前体肽LanA中C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧反应。目前认为,该催化过程首先由半胱氨酸的巯基经过黄素介导的氧化反应形成相应的硫醛物种A,然后硫醛自发脱羧形成烯硫醇中间体B图437-3840
目前,对LanD催化机制的理解主要来源于对epidermin生物合成途径中氧化脱羧酶EpiD的研究。EpiD与五肽底物的复合物晶体结构显示,FMN与C末端半胱氨酸巯基之间存在相互作用,但与羧基间不存在相互作用,这说明脱羧反应是巯基氧化间接导致的。EpiD的His67在催化氧化脱羧反应中起着至关重要的作用,可能通过增加半胱氨酸巯基质子的酸度促进反应发生37。突变体EpiDHis67Asn与五肽底物的复合物晶体结构及生化实验表明,其可以在不影响底物结合的情况下丧失脱羧活性37。EpiD中Asn117的侧链羰基与多肽底物Cys-Cβ质子之间的氢键相互作用促进了Cβ的去质子化,从而生成硫醛中间体。随后由于半胱氨酸Cα质子被Ile151空间阻断,发生脱羧反应而不是Cα去质子化。由于Cys的羧基暴露于溶剂中,使产物二氧化碳高效离开活性位点,进一步促进了脱羧以形成Avi(Me)Cys中的碳碳双键37。由于Asn117与Cys-Cβ质子间的相互作用使Cys-巯基旋转到相对于Cys-Nα的反式构象,这为在Avi(Me)Cys结构中选择性形成(Z)-烯烃提供了依据。当多肽底物结合在酶的活性位点时,C末端Cys位于黄素re面,巯基朝向黄素的C4a与N5。然后硫醛的形成将硫原子定位到质子化的Asn117,脱羧生成(Z)-烯烃37。在Avi(Me)Cys结构形成时发挥关键作用的Asn117在其他LanD结构中是保守的,例如MrsD中的Asn12538。TvaF等LanD酶的结构也已得到了解析41,进一步为后续更详尽的机制解析与结构改造提供了基础。
LanD对前体肽LanA的识别和修饰不依赖于前导肽序列的存在,因此是非前导肽依赖型修饰酶。EpiD展现出很高的多肽底物宽泛性,可以催化长度为4~52个氨基酸的非天然多肽底物的氧化脱羧。EpiD对多肽底物的序列要求仅限于其C端的三肽序列:AA1-AA2-Cys,其中AA1=Val、Ile、Leu、Met、Phe、Tyr或Trp,AA2=Ala、Ser、Val、Thr、Cys、Ile或Leu42。此外,Kupke等42证明了EpiD对C末端半胱氨酸巯基乙烷基化的多肽底物没有脱羧活性,并基于此推测为脱羧反应先于C末端硫醚环化发生40
值得注意的是,LanD修饰产生的多肽C末端烯基硫醇单元在中性水溶液中可异构化为具有高度亲电性的硫醛基团。近期,王欢课题组43利用MicD等氧化脱羧酶作为酶工具在多肽末端引入硫醛基团,并通过羟胺等亲核试剂与硫醛反应,实现了多肽和蛋白质的C末端位点选择性生物偶联和官能团化。
在第Ⅰ类羊毛硫肽的生物合成中,脱水酶LanB利用tRNAGlu通过酯交换反应对前体肽中丝氨酸/苏氨酸的侧链羟基进行谷氨酰化,然后攫取α-C上质子发生β-消除生成Dha/Dhb(图2图52744。tRNAGlu类似物5′-磷酸脱甲基谷氨酰胺(PDG)与谷氨酰化蛋白TbtB的共晶结构及生化实验揭示了谷氨酰化结构域中的Arg197、Lys201及Arg22等为关键催化氨基酸45。NisBVal169Cys与NisA-Ser3DapGlu-Ser(-12)Cys的共价复合物结构及关键氨基酸的突变实验为消除结构域中的催化机制提供了分子水平的证据:NisB中的Arg786与谷氨酸的侧链羧基之间存在静电相互作用稳定底物位置,His961位于α-氢附近,很可能充当催化碱,这个氢原子通过Dap羰基与Arg826侧链之间的相互作用而被酸化45。与第Ⅰ类不同,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽的生物合成中是通过在丝氨酸/苏氨酸的侧链羟基上发生磷酸化,再进行消除生成Dha/Dhb的(图5)。第Ⅱ类羊毛硫肽由双功能的羊毛硫肽合成酶LanM的N端ATP依赖的脱水酶结构域执行脱水功能,其与LanB无同源性。CylM与腺苷酸单磷酸(AMP)的复合物结构显示Asp252、His254、Val272、Val301和Ile354负责与ATP结合,His349可能接受底物多肽中Ser/Thr的质子,而Asp347可能定向Ser/Thr的氧原子以对ATP的γ-磷酸亲核进攻。此外,CylM中的Asn352和Asp364在LanM家族酶中高度保守,作为二价金属Mg2+的结合位点;Asp252、His254、Arg506和Thr512位于磷酸化位点附近,对消除反应至关重要46-47。在第Ⅲ类或第Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽中,由第Ⅲ类LanKC或第Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽合成酶LanL负责催化Dha/Dhb的形成。这两种酶结构组成相似,均由裂解酶结构域、激酶结构域和环化酶结构域组成,主要区别在于LanKC环化酶结构域中缺乏LanL中的Zn2+结合位点。这两类酶通过激酶结构域对前体肽中丝氨酸/苏氨酸进行磷酸化,再通过裂解结构域催化磷酸根的消除反应,生成Dha/Dhb。第Ⅲ类羊毛硫肽合成酶CurKC48、ThurKC49与第Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽合成酶CurL50的部分或完整结构已得到解析,但尚未获得与多肽底物的共晶结构,其底物识别和催化机制在分子水平上有待进一步研究。在第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽的生物合成中,独立的激酶LanK和裂解酶LanY协同催化Dha/Dhb的形成,两者的结构尚未被解析,但序列比对及生化实验初步揭示了磷酸化与消除反应的关键催化位点51-52,具体催化机制仍待进一步研究。
尽管羊毛硫肽中Avi(Me)Cys单元的形成过程普遍被认为通过烯硫醇与Dha/Dhb之间的Michael加成反应实现27图4),但该过程是酶促过程或非酶促过程,尚未得到明确解析。如果该环化过程为酶促过程,是LanD或羊毛硫肽合成酶负责此关键生物合成步骤的催化也没有得到确认,分子水平的酶催化机制也没有得到解析。已有研究推测,在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽生物合成中,Avi(Me)Cys环化可能由LanC环化酶或LanM/LanL中的环化酶结构域催化。这三类羊毛硫肽合成酶的环化酶结构域均含有高度保守的Zn2+结合位点。在催化Lan硫醚环形成时,Zn2+能够与半胱氨酸侧链的硫醇基团结合,活化其反应活性,加速Michael加成过程,同时通过控制enolate中间体质子化的步骤,对Lan结构单元的手性进行控制53-57。如第Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽合成酶通过环化酶结构域催化Avi(Me)Cys单元的形成,其Zn2+催化中心也可能以相似的方式活化烯硫醇基团,推动Michael加成反应的进行。在含有Avi(Me)Cys单元的第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽BGC中,不存在注释为环化酶的编码基因,但存在一个未知功能的LanX酶,其与APH家族蛋白具有低同源性,可能参与Avi(Me)Cys结构的环化过程。2024年,Zhao课题组14通过基因组挖掘发现了一组lipolanthine类化合物lipoavitides,其N端为独特的4-羟基-2,4-二甲基戊酰(HMP)结构,C端为Avi(Me)Cys结构,具有一定的溶血活性。Lipoavitides完整的生物合成途径亟待解析,值得注意的是,其BGC中存在第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽合成酶LanK、LanY及氧化脱羧酶LanD,但不存在LanX。
2018年,Sussmuth团队12分离获得了来源于Microbacterium arborescens的microvionin和来源于Nocardia terpenica的nocavionin这两例带有N端脂肪链修饰的环肽天然产物。这两例天然产物的多肽结构单元含有独特的C端AviCys-labionin杂合大环结构单元,命名为avionin。基于该类天然产物的结构特点,Sussmuth等将其命名为lipolanthine类天然产物。其中,N端含有双甲基胍基脂肪酸链修饰的microvionin对MRSA和肺炎链球菌都显示出强大的抗菌活性,具有治疗抗生素耐药细菌感染的潜力。2020年,Onaka团队13表征了8种新的lipolanthines,命名为goadvionins。goadvionins具有抗革兰氏阳性菌活性,但其抗菌的确切机制尚不清楚。已有研究表明,lipolanthine类化合物中avionin结构的生物合成由第Ⅲ类羊毛硫肽合成酶与LanD酶共同完成。例如,microvionin中avionin结构可由FAD依赖的半胱氨酸脱羧酶MicD和第Ⅲ类羊毛硫肽合成酶 MicKC 在体外共同催化形成(图658-59。但具体的酶修饰过程,包括修饰顺序和avionin环化步骤的机制,尚未得到完整解析。值得注意的是,与第Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ类羊毛硫肽合成酶相比,第Ⅲ类羊毛硫肽合成酶LanKC的环化酶结构域中缺少保守的Zn2+结合位点。因此,如果LanKC催化了avionin的环化步骤,其催化机制可能与其他羊毛硫肽合成酶不同。
1993年,Ōmura团队15Streptomyces sp. OH-4156中分离出一种新的核糖体肽类天然产物cypemycin,具有对黄体微球菌的抗菌活性和对小鼠P388白血病细胞的细胞毒性。cypemycin结构上具有多个D型氨基酸、4个Dhb、2个L-别异亮氨酸、1个二甲基化的N端丙氨酸和1个位于C末端的AviCys环1560-61图3)。由于Dhb和AviCys结构的存在,cypemycin最初被归类为羊毛硫肽。直到2010年,Claesen等鉴定了cypemycin的生物合成基因簇,其中不存在编码典型的羊毛硫肽合成酶的基因,包括脱水酶和环化酶,因此将其归类为一个新的核糖体肽亚家族linaridins1562。迄今为止,该家族已有cypemycin15、grisemycin63、legonaridin16、salinipeptins A~D16、mononaridin64、pegvadin A和pegvadin B65等10个天然产物得到分离和表征。
近年来,linaridin类天然产物的生物合成研究取得了若干重要进展。早期的研究主要集中于以CypD为代表的氧化脱羧酶LinD催化C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧,生成烯硫醇中间体。2023年,刘文课题组60-61在对cypemycin开展研究时发现,膜蛋白CypH和CypL协作催化了前体肽CypA中参与AviCys结构生成的第19位Cys的脱硫反应,生成Dha。CypH是一个双结构域蛋白,包括一个N端的水平转移跨膜α螺旋(HTTM)结构域和一个C端的α/β水解酶结构域。在某些linaridin基因簇中,CypH可能分为两个独立的蛋白LinG和LinE。CypL是一个未知功能蛋白,含有N端信号肽。异源表达实验显示,除脱硫反应外,CypH和CypL还能够协同催化脱水、异构化和前导肽移除等反应。由于linaridin的生物合成基因簇中不编码已知类型的环化酶,AviCys结构生物合成中的环化步骤仍然不清楚,需要进一步研究。
2006年,Shin-ya团队7Streptomyces olivoviridis中分离出了第一个thioamitide类天然产物thioviridamide,其结构上具有5个骨架硫代酰胺键、1个β-羟基-N1,N3-二甲基组氨酸及一个 AviCys 环,对腺病毒致癌基因转化的大鼠成纤维细胞具有强大的细胞毒性。目前,多种含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的thioamitide类天然产物被表征,其中thioholgamide A与thioviridamide活性类似,都可以靶向ATP合成酶,引发综合应激反应,使癌细胞进入静息状态17。thioamitide中Avi(Me)Cys结构的生物合成途径与第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽类似,由LanC、LanD、LanE、LanF四种翻译后修饰酶参与,分别负责丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基的脱水、半胱氨酸脱羧以及环化。此外,王欢课题组66报道了一组处于thioamitide生物合成基因簇外的第Ⅲ类羊毛硫肽合成酶也可以对thioamitide前体肽进行脱水修饰,并与LanD形成复合物后,共同催化Avi(Me)Cys结构的合成。
尽管已经报道了含有脱水氨基酸(Dha/Dhb)和(Me)Lan环多肽的制备方法67-68,但含Avi(Me)Cys结构天然产物的全化学合成仍然具有挑战性。目前,可用于在短肽片段中Avi(Me)Cys结构合成的化学方法包括自由基硫醇-炔偶联20、氧化脱羧/脱羰21-2225以及酰胺与缩醛的缩合23-24等。然而,每种合成路线仅能以双键E/Z混合物的形式,产生低至中等产率的Avi(Me)Cys结构产物。由于Avi(Me)Cys结构的化学不稳定性,对这些含Avi(Me)Cys短肽进一步化学修饰的研究尚未有报道。总之,至今尚未有任何含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的活性天然产物全化学合成报道。
在一项合成thioviridamide的研究中,Castle团队20采用自由基硫醇-炔反应来制备AviCys的砌块类似物,其中骨架保护的半胱氨酸衍生物可以与各种炔酰胺发生偶联。在这一合成路线中,自由基引发剂2,2′-偶氮二(2-甲基丙腈)(AIBN)首先提取巯基质子,生成巯基自由基,该自由基随后与富电子的炔烃发生反应,再通过另一个巯基上的氢原子转移(HAT)猝灭产生的烯烃自由基[图7(a)]。初步研究表明,在空间阻碍最小的一侧HAT能够快速猝灭烯烃自由基,使得(Z)-烯烃成为动力学上更有利的产物。在这种反应条件下,小底物表现良好,成功地以良好的收率合成了目标异构体13。然而,当该方法应用于更复杂和更具有应用价值的炔酰胺砌块(例如15)时,并未能获得目标产物[图7(b)]。因此,尽管该方法对小分子有效,但对于将Avi(Me)Cys结构引入到更复杂的底物可能并不适用。
2012年,VanNieuwenhze等21报道了合成 mersacidin 的脱羰基/脱羧策略,研究重点在于模拟天然产物生物合成途径,以制备含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的砌块和肽片段。使用Ni(COD)4和噻吩-2-甲酸亚铜(Ⅰ)(CuTC)催化体系对含半胱氨酸的硫酯衍生物进行脱羰反应,立体选择性地合成了相应的Avi(Me)Cys衍生物。经过合成方法优化,成功将化合物16以完全Z选择性合成为产物18,收率达到75%。然而,随着底物复杂性的增加,产量降低,从17合成19的收率为中等水平[图8(a)]。目前尚未有文献报道将含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的氨基酸(例如1819)引入肽中的方法,这表明利用构建砌块的方法合成含Avi(Me)Cys的肽可能面临一定的挑战。
VanNieuwenhze等22还报道了一种类似的方法,用于合成Mersacidin的C末端D环片段的保护片段。环状底物20是通过液相合成制备的,利用了与三氟乙酸(TFA)介导的C末端羧基脱保护正交的保护基团。通过文献报道的方法制备MeLan砌块并掺入至延伸的肽链中,然后进行内酰胺化以产生20。初步尝试使用二苯基膦酰叠氮化物(DPPA)与甲苯中的Et3N对20进行脱羧以生成21的实验取得了一定成效但收率较低。对该路线优化后,利用DPPA与1,4-二氮杂双环[2.2.2]辛烷(DABCO)在二氧六环中回流过夜,使Z-异构体21的收率增加至25%~30%[图8(b)]。这种合成方法被认为经历了Curtius重排反应,随后是异氰酸酯的分子内捕获和形成的六元环的断裂[图8(c)]。由此生成的保护衍生物21仍然是迄今为止合成的最大的含有Avi(Me)Cys结构的底物,然而,该片段的去保护和/或连接用于全部或部分合成mersacidin的方法尚未有报道。
2022年,Takayuki等25利用1%(摩尔分数)的中性曙红Y作为光催化剂,在Hantzsch酯的存在下,以-40 ℃的温和条件,原位实现了N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺酯的脱羧硒醚化反应。随后,通过一锅法进行了N,Se-缩醛的β-消除反应,以较好的收率合成了AviMeCys结构单元。值得一提的是,Cbz、Teoc、Boc和Fmoc等保护基团在该反应条件下均表现出了良好的耐受性。
Taylor等23开发了一种独特的合成策略,用于制备Z-硫代酰胺及含AviCys结构衍生物。该策略基于酰胺与缩醛的缩合,然后进行β氢消除。优化反应条件后,使用温和的Lewis酸B(OH)3在甲苯中回流催化半胱氨酸衍生物22与乙酰胺的缩合,能够以中等收率和高立体选择性得到(Z)-AviCys衍生物23图9(a)]。
2020年,这种方法成功应用于合成所有已知的linaridin家族成员的AviCys末端大环结构24。首先,利用Dess-Martin高碘烷将24中的伯醇氧化成醛25,收率高达84%。在Lewis酸B(OH)3存在下,将25与(Tcp)Val-NH2(Tcp即3,4,5,6-四氯邻苯二甲酰亚胺)缩合,以1∶8的 E/Z比例得到含AviCys结构的化合物26,收率高达68%。先前的研究表明,26中的Tcp基团可以在乙二胺的存在下与Pht(邻苯二甲酰亚胺)基团一起脱除,然而,除去26中的Tcp会导致生成复杂的混合物。后续的研究发现,用等量的肼处理可以生成单一产物:开环酰肼中间体27在HCl水溶液中水解为游离胺,然后使用EDC·HCl和HOBt将Boc-Leu-OH偶联得到28图8(b)]。最后一步是去除N和C末端的保护基团,但由于硫代酰胺的敏感性,需要对标准反应条件进行改善。使用TFA和茴香硫醚实现了28的N端脱保护,这是由于使用更常见的三乙基硅烷时,硫代酰胺的双键会被部分还原,故使用茴香硫醚替代。对于C末端的脱保护,尝试使用钯(0)和巴比妥酸作为烯丙基受体的脱保护条件未能成功,这会导致硫代酰胺上的硫氧化为相应的亚砜。随后,使用硫代水杨酸作为烯丙基受体和牺牲还原剂成功地实现了C端的脱烯丙基化。最终,使用EDC/HOBt进行内酰胺化,获得了单一构型的含 AviCys结构的肽29(从24开始的总收率为4.6%)[图9(b)]。
含有Avi(Me)Cys环状结构的RiPP往往具有优良的抗菌或抗肿瘤活性,这表明Avi(Me)Cys结构具有重要的生物功能相关性。但含有Avi(Me)Cys天然环肽的生物功能机制研究尚未系统开展,这一特殊环状结构如何参与和介导天然环肽与生物学靶标相互作用的过程尚待解析,是值得开展的研究方向。
在生物合成方面,Avi(Me)Cys结构的生物合成酶学逻辑十分保守,步骤包括C末端半胱氨酸的氧化脱羧、丝氨酸/苏氨酸或半胱氨酸的脱水或脱硫以及最终的大环化。在生物合成途径中,黄素依赖的氧化脱羧酶起着关键作用,负责催化末端半胱氨酸氧化脱羧生成烯硫醇中间体,对多个氧化脱羧酶及与底物复合物结构的解析提升了人们对氧化脱羧机制的认知。同时,结构生物学的助力使得不同类型脱水酶的催化机制愈加清晰,但像第Ⅴ类羊毛硫肽脱水酶的催化机制等仍有待进一步的结构验证。目前,对环化步骤的研究仍不全面,诸如LanC蛋白/环化结构域在Avi(Me)Cys结构生物合成中的具体作用等问题尚待解答。此外,在cypemycin等linaridin的生物合成中,Avi(Me)Cys结构的形成机制仍然不清楚。对这类天然产物生物合成途径的全面解析将有助于相关化合物的组合生物学发展与工程化改造,促进生物活性肽天然产物的有效应用。
Avi(Me)Cys的化学合成目前依然具有挑战性。至今已经提出了几种针对Avi(Me)Cys结构的合成策略,包括自由基硫醇-炔偶联、氧化脱羧/脱羰、酰胺与缩醛缩合等。尽管这些方法还没有能够支撑含Avi(Me)Cys结构的天然环肽的全合成,但VanNieuwenhze和Taylor等在合成mersacidin和linaridin中取得了若干阶段性成功和宝贵经验,相信在不久的将来含Avi(Me)Cys的生物活性环肽的化学合成将得以实现,并于生物工程改造等技术一道推进该类环肽在生物医药领域的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22325702)
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2024年第5卷第5期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-037
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-07-26
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国家自然科学基金(22325702)
作者信息
    1 南京大学化学与生物医药创新研究院,配位化学国家重点实验室,南京大学化学化工学院,江苏省先进有机材料重点实验室,江苏 南京 210093
    2 南京药石科技股份有限公司,江苏 南京 210032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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