Article(id=1148702762461880769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1716998400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751801680436, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1738252800000, pubDateStr=2025-01-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751801680436, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751801680436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751801680436, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148702761211982101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2025', volume='6', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='227', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751801680138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757551070689, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172817453043302692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148702761211982101, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149992671494942727, articleId=1148702762461880769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Efficient biosynthesis of glucoraphanin in Brassicaceae crops by genetic engineering, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Glucoraphanin (GRA), a secondary metabolite of plants, is a glucosinolate (GSL) derived from methionine. It is relatively stable in nature, and both GRA and its degradation product sulforaphane (SFN) play important roles in anticancer, neuroprotection, and other broad biological functions and health-benefits, and in particular, SFN has been reported as the best natural product for anticancer. In this article, we review the physicochemical properties, sources, biological functions, synthetic pathways, current production status of GRA, and discuss the potential strategy for the efficient biological synthesis of GRA in the future. The synthesis pathway of GRA involves three stages: side chain elongation, core structure information, and side chain modification. GRA can be converted into SFN and other active compounds by plant myrosinase (MYR) and intestinal microorganisms. Brassicaceae crops such as broccoli have high levels of GRA, and are currently the main source of GRA. However, the cultivation cycle of GRA-rich plants is long, and its extraction yield is low. Therefore, the development of economical and renewable new resources of GRA will greatly advance its applications. With the elucidation of the biosynthesis and regulation pathways of GRA, its genetic engineering-assisted efficient biological synthesis shows great potential, suggesting that the possibility for developing strategies with the manipulation of multiple genes for regulated expression at different dimensions to synthesize GRA more efficiently compared to the current mainstream strategy through manipulating single genes. This review focuses on the genetic engineering-assisted efficient biosynthesis of GRA in Brassicaceae crops, systematically outlining potential genes for engineering at each stage of GRA synthesis and highlights chassis crop species from the perspective of enrichment organs, aiming to providing ideas and strategies for the future regulation of GRA biosynthesis in plants through transgenic technology and molecular breeding for large-scale sustainable production of GRA.

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植物次级代谢物萝卜硫苷(glucoraphanin,GRA)是一种由蛋氨酸衍生的硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolate,GSL),性质相对稳定,其本身及水解后活性产物萝卜硫素(sulforaphane,SFN)在抵抗癌症、神经保护等方面发挥重要作用,在食品营养和科学研究中受到广泛关注。本文将综述GRA的理化性质、来源、生物学功能、合成途径以及当前生产现状,并进一步探讨未来GRA高效生物合成的潜力策略。GRA合成路径复杂,包括侧链延伸、核心结构形成以及侧链修饰三个阶段,可经植物内源黑芥子酶(myrosinase, MYR)或肠道微生物转化为具有生物活性的SFN等物质。西蓝花等十字花科作物中GRA含量较高,是当前GRA的主要来源作物,但其存在种植周期较长、产量不稳、提取率低等问题,开发经济且可再生的GRA新资源将极大地推进GRA开发应用。随着GRA生物合成及调控路径的明晰,基因工程辅助GRA的高效生物合成展现出巨大的潜力,也提示突破主流的单基因调控策略,聚合多基因多维度协同提高GRA合成的潜力。本文聚焦基因工程辅助十字花科作物高效生产GRA这一目标,系统地梳理了GRA合成各阶段的潜在候选基因并从富集部位角度指出了具高应用价值的底盘作物,以期为将来通过基因工程和分子育种技术调控植物中GRA的生物合成、实现GRA大规模可持续生产,提供一定的思路和策略。

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刘芳(1979—),女,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
吴刚(1976—),男,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
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刘晓悦(2000—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为植物分子生物学与基因工程。 E-mail:

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keyword=十字花科作物)], refs=[Reference(id=1172812706517233748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=25, issue=19, pageStart=4537, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=THINH NGUYEN V P T, STEWART J, LOPEZ M, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference= THINH NGUYEN V P T, STEWART J, LOPEZ M, et al. 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Foods, 2023, 12(20): 3869., articleTitle=Optimization of a microencapsulation process using oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion to increase thermal stability of sulforaphane, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172812703719632902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812703728021511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, companyId=1172812703719632902, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Oil Crops Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Plant Ecological Environment Safety Supervision and Testing Center,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430062,Hubei,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812703736410120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, companyId=1172812703719632902, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,农业农村部植物生态环境安全监督检验测试中心,湖北 武汉 430062)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172812705669984318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Chemical structures of GRA and SFN

(GRA—glucoraphanin; SFN—sulforaphane)

, figureFileSmall=l0+7jXidIgTvry3PgXngaA==, figureFileBig=7EcEMPAiAGAfTjWoH0DS5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812705749676096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=CN, label=图1, caption=萝卜硫苷及萝卜硫素分子结构图

(GRA—萝卜硫苷;SFN—萝卜硫素)

, figureFileSmall=l0+7jXidIgTvry3PgXngaA==, figureFileBig=7EcEMPAiAGAfTjWoH0DS5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812705808396354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption= De novo synthesis pathway of GRA

(Met—methionine; BCAT4—branched-chain aminotransferase 4; BAT5—bile acid transporter 5; MAMs—methylthioalkylmalates ynthases; IPMIs—isopropylmalate isomerases; IPMDHs—isopropylmalate dehydrogenases; BCAT3—branched-chain aminotransferase 3; DHM—dihomoMet; CYP79—cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP79 family; CYP83—cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP83 family; SUR1—SUPERROOT1; UGT74—UDP-glycosyltransferase 74; STs/SOTs—sulfotransferases; ERU—glucoerucin; FMOGS-OX/AOP1—flavin-monooxygenase; GRA—glucoraphanin; AOP2—alkenyl hydroxalkyl producing 2; AOP3—alkenyl hydroxalkyl producing 3; GNA—gluconapin; PRO—progoitrin; MYR—myrosinase; SFN—sulforaphane)

, figureFileSmall=KH03l+7HoQcnMbibkp0sXQ==, figureFileBig=LxT4FPKii3EQjGTECPcneA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812705875505220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=GRA从头合成完整途径

(Met—蛋氨酸; BCAT4—支链氨基酸氨基转移酶4; BAT5—胆汁酸转运体5; MAMs/GSL-ELONG—硫代烷基苹果酸合成酶; IPMIs—苹果酸异丙酯异构酶; IPMDHs—苹果酸异丙酯脱氢酶; BCAT3—支链氨基酸氨基转移酶3; DHM—二高蛋氨酸; CYP79—细胞色素P450单加氧酶CYP79家族; CYP83—细胞色素P450单加氧酶CYP83家族; SUR1—C-S裂解酶; UGT74—糖基转移酶转移酶; STs/SOTs—硫基转移酶; ERU—4-甲硫基-丁基硫代葡萄糖苷; FMOGS-OX/AOP1—黄素单加氧酶; GRA—萝卜硫苷; AOP2—α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶;AOP3—α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶; GNA—3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷, 葡萄糖芜菁芥素; PRO—2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷, 甲状腺肿素原; MYR—黑芥子酶; SFN—萝卜硫素)

, figureFileSmall=KH03l+7HoQcnMbibkp0sXQ==, figureFileBig=LxT4FPKii3EQjGTECPcneA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812705938419782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Biological functions of GRA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病 摄入方式 机制 效应 参考文献
抗癌
脑癌 饲喂西蓝花芽提取物 调节Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路,激活细胞抗氧化防御过程 抑制肿瘤生长 [20]
鼻咽癌 添加纯品SFN 抑制 EBV早期裂解蛋白Rta表达,阻断EBV裂解周期 阻断EBV在激活 [13]
上调肿瘤抑制因子miRNA-124-3p表达靶向抑制STAT3信号通路表达和磷酸化 抑制癌增殖和转移 [21-22]
肝癌 添加纯品SFN 诱导 NRF2,重新连接中枢代谢调节调节氨基酸代谢支持谷胱甘肽产生,维持葡萄糖稳态 抗氧化 [23]
肺癌 添加纯品SFN 解聚微管、抑制α-微管蛋白与脂肪酸合酶、乙酰CoA羧化酶、柠檬酸裂解酶相互作用 抑制微管介导的线粒体自噬引起细胞凋亡 [24]
降低细胞内脂肪酸以及线粒体磷酸含量 抑制癌细胞增殖及肿瘤干细胞自我更新 [25]
调节Sonic Hedgehog信号通路和PHC3, 组蛋白修饰降低miR-616-5p水平 抑制95D和H1299非小细胞肺癌细胞转移 [26]
胃癌 添加纯品SFN 上调Bax/Bcl2蛋白以及细胞色素C、PARP-1等信号蛋白表达,促进丝裂原蛋白激酶(MAPK)JNK和 P-38的磷酸化 促进癌细胞凋亡 [27]
下调EGFR(上皮生长因子受体),p-ERK1/2表达 抑制癌细胞转移
胰腺癌 添加纯品SFN 抑制 PI3K/AKT 和 MEK/ERK 通路,激活转录因子 FOXO 诱导细胞周期停滞 [28]
诱导产生过量活性氧ROS,激活Nrf2-AMPK信号传导途径 抑制癌细胞生长 [29]
结肠癌 添加纯品SFN 靶向降低癌细胞HDAC3活性 表观修饰 [30]
调节免疫细胞产生的TNFa、IL-1b和IL-6等炎症细胞因子 抗炎活性 [31]
激活AMPK信号通路 抑制癌细胞生长 [14]
宫颈癌 添加纯品SFN 激活LATS2,阻断Rad51/MDC1修复 DNA 损伤 促进癌细胞凋亡 [32]
前列腺癌 添加纯品SFN 组蛋白H3和H4乙酰化,细胞周期停滞于S和G2/M期 表观修饰,抑制细胞周期 [33]
神经保护
帕金森病 添加纯品SFN Nrf2蛋白、Nrf2mRNA和总谷胱甘肽水平的增加以及神经元组织凋亡的抑制 Nrf2机制调节神经元与小胶质细胞 [34]
阿尔兹海默病 添加纯品SFN 激活Nrf2抗氧化反应元件(ARE),上调细胞对氧化应激的防御,减少神经元丢失 抗氧化 [35-36]
促进小胶质细胞从促炎的M1表型向抗炎的M2表型分化,减少神经炎症 抗炎活性 [37]
自闭症 摄入SFN Nrf2介导的Trx1/TrxR1系统的诱导逆转中性粒细胞损伤 调控细胞周期 [38]
脑内出血 饲喂SFN SFN激活Nrf2ARE信号通路,发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用,改善脑出血后的神经功能障碍 抗氧化、抗炎 [39]
胎儿神经保护 食用西蓝花芽 SFN与酚类物质协调作用,清除自由基及金属络合作用 抗氧化 [40]
其他健康益处
心肌病 饮用SFN水溶液 通过PI3k/Akt/Nrf2信号通路去除砷代谢产生的过量自由基 抗氧化 [41]
防止砷引起的心脏损伤、氧化应激、线粒体复合物功能障碍 抗氧化
骨质疏松 膳食ITC 诱导NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1的活性,抑制基质中金属蛋白酶1的产生 抗氧化 [42]
肥胖及并发症 进食西蓝花等蔬菜 激活Nrf2或有效调节 AMP 激活蛋白激酶 抗氧化、抗炎 [43]
皮下注射SFN 减少机体氧化应激以及炎症生物标志物,促进脂肪组织中的巨噬细胞极化为 M2 表型 调控脂肪族纤维化相关的基因表达 [44]
牛皮癣 腹腔注射SFN 激活 KEAP1-NRF2 通路和减弱炎症信号传导 强抗氧化 [45]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812706026500168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GRA生物学功能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
疾病 摄入方式 机制 效应 参考文献
抗癌
脑癌 饲喂西蓝花芽提取物 调节Keap1/Nrf2/ARE信号通路,激活细胞抗氧化防御过程 抑制肿瘤生长 [20]
鼻咽癌 添加纯品SFN 抑制 EBV早期裂解蛋白Rta表达,阻断EBV裂解周期 阻断EBV在激活 [13]
上调肿瘤抑制因子miRNA-124-3p表达靶向抑制STAT3信号通路表达和磷酸化 抑制癌增殖和转移 [21-22]
肝癌 添加纯品SFN 诱导 NRF2,重新连接中枢代谢调节调节氨基酸代谢支持谷胱甘肽产生,维持葡萄糖稳态 抗氧化 [23]
肺癌 添加纯品SFN 解聚微管、抑制α-微管蛋白与脂肪酸合酶、乙酰CoA羧化酶、柠檬酸裂解酶相互作用 抑制微管介导的线粒体自噬引起细胞凋亡 [24]
降低细胞内脂肪酸以及线粒体磷酸含量 抑制癌细胞增殖及肿瘤干细胞自我更新 [25]
调节Sonic Hedgehog信号通路和PHC3, 组蛋白修饰降低miR-616-5p水平 抑制95D和H1299非小细胞肺癌细胞转移 [26]
胃癌 添加纯品SFN 上调Bax/Bcl2蛋白以及细胞色素C、PARP-1等信号蛋白表达,促进丝裂原蛋白激酶(MAPK)JNK和 P-38的磷酸化 促进癌细胞凋亡 [27]
下调EGFR(上皮生长因子受体),p-ERK1/2表达 抑制癌细胞转移
胰腺癌 添加纯品SFN 抑制 PI3K/AKT 和 MEK/ERK 通路,激活转录因子 FOXO 诱导细胞周期停滞 [28]
诱导产生过量活性氧ROS,激活Nrf2-AMPK信号传导途径 抑制癌细胞生长 [29]
结肠癌 添加纯品SFN 靶向降低癌细胞HDAC3活性 表观修饰 [30]
调节免疫细胞产生的TNFa、IL-1b和IL-6等炎症细胞因子 抗炎活性 [31]
激活AMPK信号通路 抑制癌细胞生长 [14]
宫颈癌 添加纯品SFN 激活LATS2,阻断Rad51/MDC1修复 DNA 损伤 促进癌细胞凋亡 [32]
前列腺癌 添加纯品SFN 组蛋白H3和H4乙酰化,细胞周期停滞于S和G2/M期 表观修饰,抑制细胞周期 [33]
神经保护
帕金森病 添加纯品SFN Nrf2蛋白、Nrf2mRNA和总谷胱甘肽水平的增加以及神经元组织凋亡的抑制 Nrf2机制调节神经元与小胶质细胞 [34]
阿尔兹海默病 添加纯品SFN 激活Nrf2抗氧化反应元件(ARE),上调细胞对氧化应激的防御,减少神经元丢失 抗氧化 [35-36]
促进小胶质细胞从促炎的M1表型向抗炎的M2表型分化,减少神经炎症 抗炎活性 [37]
自闭症 摄入SFN Nrf2介导的Trx1/TrxR1系统的诱导逆转中性粒细胞损伤 调控细胞周期 [38]
脑内出血 饲喂SFN SFN激活Nrf2ARE信号通路,发挥抗氧化和抗炎作用,改善脑出血后的神经功能障碍 抗氧化、抗炎 [39]
胎儿神经保护 食用西蓝花芽 SFN与酚类物质协调作用,清除自由基及金属络合作用 抗氧化 [40]
其他健康益处
心肌病 饮用SFN水溶液 通过PI3k/Akt/Nrf2信号通路去除砷代谢产生的过量自由基 抗氧化 [41]
防止砷引起的心脏损伤、氧化应激、线粒体复合物功能障碍 抗氧化
骨质疏松 膳食ITC 诱导NAD(P)H:醌氧化还原酶1的活性,抑制基质中金属蛋白酶1的产生 抗氧化 [42]
肥胖及并发症 进食西蓝花等蔬菜 激活Nrf2或有效调节 AMP 激活蛋白激酶 抗氧化、抗炎 [43]
皮下注射SFN 减少机体氧化应激以及炎症生物标志物,促进脂肪组织中的巨噬细胞极化为 M2 表型 调控脂肪族纤维化相关的基因表达 [44]
牛皮癣 腹腔注射SFN 激活 KEAP1-NRF2 通路和减弱炎症信号传导 强抗氧化 [45]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812706097803338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

GRA/PRO content in common Brassicaceae crops

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
俗名 拉丁名 种子

(种子刚发芽)

参考文献
西蓝花 Brassica oleracea var. italica +/+++ ++/+++ ++/++ +/+ +/+ [81-82]
萝卜 Raphanus sativus +/- +/- -/+ +/+ +/- [81,83]
白萝卜 xBrassicoraphanus +/+++ -/++ +/+ +/++ +/++ [81,83]
甘蓝 Brassica oleracea var. capitata ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+ ++/++ +/++ [81,84]
花椰菜 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis +/+ +/+ N/N +/+ +/+ [81]
大白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis +/+++ -/+++ +/+ +/+ +/+ [81,83]
羽衣甘蓝 Brassica oleracea var. acephala +/++ +/++ ++/+ +/++ +/+ [81,85]
芥菜 Brassica juncea -/- +/++ -/N -/+ -/+ [81,86]
小白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis +/+ +/+ N/N +/+ +/++ [81]
欧洲油菜 Brassica napus +/++ +/+++ +/++ N/N N/N [11,87-89]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812706164912204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常见十字花科作物中GRA/PRO含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
俗名 拉丁名 种子

(种子刚发芽)

参考文献
西蓝花 Brassica oleracea var. italica +/+++ ++/+++ ++/++ +/+ +/+ [81-82]
萝卜 Raphanus sativus +/- +/- -/+ +/+ +/- [81,83]
白萝卜 xBrassicoraphanus +/+++ -/++ +/+ +/++ +/++ [81,83]
甘蓝 Brassica oleracea var. capitata ++/+++ ++/+++ ++/+ ++/++ +/++ [81,84]
花椰菜 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis +/+ +/+ N/N +/+ +/+ [81]
大白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis +/+++ -/+++ +/+ +/+ +/+ [81,83]
羽衣甘蓝 Brassica oleracea var. acephala +/++ +/++ ++/+ +/++ +/+ [81,85]
芥菜 Brassica juncea -/- +/++ -/N -/+ -/+ [81,86]
小白菜 Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis +/+ +/+ N/N +/+ +/++ [81]
欧洲油菜 Brassica napus +/++ +/+++ +/++ N/N N/N [11,87-89]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812706248798286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Current status of GRA production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涉及基因 来源物种 受体物种 器官 结果/(µmol/g) 参考文献
传统育种
杂交育种 MYB28 Brassica villosa×GD33 X Beneforté® 花茎花蕾 GRA 28 DW(2.5~3倍) [103]
GRS1/grs1

Brassica oleracea var. acephala

×Raphanus sativus L.

Raphanobrassica grs1 GRA 34.1 DW(2倍) [109]
微生物代谢工程
同工酶替代 BCAT3 Brassica rapa Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 菌液 GRA 2~3μg/L [110-111]
GSL-ELONG Brassica oleracea
IPMI(LSU1SSU3) Arabidopsis thaliana
IPMDH1 Arabidopsis thaliana
整合外源基因到染色体 CYP79F1 Brassica oleracea Escherichia coli MG1655 GRA 0.675μg/L [112]
CYP83A1 Brassica rapa
EGT2 Neurospora crassa
UGT74B1 Arabidopsis thaliana
ST5c Brassica rapa
FMOGS-OX1 Arabidopsis thaliana
植物代谢工程
过表达 MAM1 Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN 增加1.7~3.4倍 FW [5]
分子标记辅助回交育种 braop2.2/braop2.3 Brassica rapa “R-O-18”(ssp. trilocularis Brassica rapa“L58”(ssp. parachinensis GRA增加18倍 DW [113]
过表达AOP1 FMOGS-OX2 Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN增加1.6~2.7倍 FW [5]
抑制GRA代谢基因 GSL-ALK 基因家族 Brassica napus Brassica napus 种子 GRA 42.6 [114]
AOP2

Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra

Bailey

Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Gailan-04 GRA 3.03 DW (3.09倍) [115]
AOP2(GSL-ALK) Brassica juncea Brassica juncea 种子 GRA 24.1 DW [116]
BoaAOP2s Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra GRA 0.082-0.289 FW(11.71~41.29倍) [117]
过表达转录因子 BoMYB29 Brassica oleracea Winspit Brassica oleracea DH AG1012 GRA 2.542 FW [118]
csmyb28,csmyb29 Camelina sativa Camelina sativa 种子、根 GSL完全消失 [119]
增加MYR Myrosianse gene Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN 增加3.7倍 FW [5]
敲除转运蛋白 gtr2 Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana 种子 GSL下降 [79]
BnaA06.GTR2 Brassica napus Brassica napus 种子 GSLS下降 [120]
csgtr1 csgtr2 Camelina sativa Camelina sativa 种子、根 GSLS减少,种子中减少0.85~0.88倍 [119]
gtr1 gtr2 Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana 种子、根 GSL种子中几乎消失,根中显著积累 [79]
Myrosinase-FMOGS-OX2-MAM1(M-F-A) Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN增加1.8~5.5倍(FW) [5]
优化基因组合 BCAT3 Arabidopsis thaliana Nicotiana benthamiana 2.05±0.32(DW,4.74倍) [121]
dCGS
IPMI2
Aconitase
CGBP
), ArticleFig(id=1172812706336878672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702762461880769, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

GRA生产现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涉及基因 来源物种 受体物种 器官 结果/(µmol/g) 参考文献
传统育种
杂交育种 MYB28 Brassica villosa×GD33 X Beneforté® 花茎花蕾 GRA 28 DW(2.5~3倍) [103]
GRS1/grs1

Brassica oleracea var. acephala

×Raphanus sativus L.

Raphanobrassica grs1 GRA 34.1 DW(2倍) [109]
微生物代谢工程
同工酶替代 BCAT3 Brassica rapa Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) 菌液 GRA 2~3μg/L [110-111]
GSL-ELONG Brassica oleracea
IPMI(LSU1SSU3) Arabidopsis thaliana
IPMDH1 Arabidopsis thaliana
整合外源基因到染色体 CYP79F1 Brassica oleracea Escherichia coli MG1655 GRA 0.675μg/L [112]
CYP83A1 Brassica rapa
EGT2 Neurospora crassa
UGT74B1 Arabidopsis thaliana
ST5c Brassica rapa
FMOGS-OX1 Arabidopsis thaliana
植物代谢工程
过表达 MAM1 Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN 增加1.7~3.4倍 FW [5]
分子标记辅助回交育种 braop2.2/braop2.3 Brassica rapa “R-O-18”(ssp. trilocularis Brassica rapa“L58”(ssp. parachinensis GRA增加18倍 DW [113]
过表达AOP1 FMOGS-OX2 Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN增加1.6~2.7倍 FW [5]
抑制GRA代谢基因 GSL-ALK 基因家族 Brassica napus Brassica napus 种子 GRA 42.6 [114]
AOP2

Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra

Bailey

Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Gailan-04 GRA 3.03 DW (3.09倍) [115]
AOP2(GSL-ALK) Brassica juncea Brassica juncea 种子 GRA 24.1 DW [116]
BoaAOP2s Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra GRA 0.082-0.289 FW(11.71~41.29倍) [117]
过表达转录因子 BoMYB29 Brassica oleracea Winspit Brassica oleracea DH AG1012 GRA 2.542 FW [118]
csmyb28,csmyb29 Camelina sativa Camelina sativa 种子、根 GSL完全消失 [119]
增加MYR Myrosianse gene Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN 增加3.7倍 FW [5]
敲除转运蛋白 gtr2 Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana 种子 GSL下降 [79]
BnaA06.GTR2 Brassica napus Brassica napus 种子 GSLS下降 [120]
csgtr1 csgtr2 Camelina sativa Camelina sativa 种子、根 GSLS减少,种子中减少0.85~0.88倍 [119]
gtr1 gtr2 Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana 种子、根 GSL种子中几乎消失,根中显著积累 [79]
Myrosinase-FMOGS-OX2-MAM1(M-F-A) Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Brassica oleracea var. oleracea 茎叶混合物 SFN增加1.8~5.5倍(FW) [5]
优化基因组合 BCAT3 Arabidopsis thaliana Nicotiana benthamiana 2.05±0.32(DW,4.74倍) [121]
dCGS
IPMI2
Aconitase
CGBP
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基因工程辅助萝卜硫苷在十字花科作物中的高效生物合成
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刘晓悦 , 王盼娣 , 吴刚 , 刘芳
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(1): 136-156
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(1): 136-156
基因工程辅助萝卜硫苷在十字花科作物中的高效生物合成
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刘晓悦, 王盼娣, 吴刚 , 刘芳
作者信息
  • 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,农业农村部植物生态环境安全监督检验测试中心,湖北 武汉 430062
  • 刘晓悦(2000—),女,硕士研究生。研究方向为植物分子生物学与基因工程。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘芳(1979—),女,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
吴刚(1976—),男,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
Efficient biosynthesis of glucoraphanin in Brassicaceae crops by genetic engineering
Xiaoyue LIU, Pandi WANG, Gang WU , Fang LIU
Affiliations
  • Oil Crops Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Breeding of Oil Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Plant Ecological Environment Safety Supervision and Testing Center,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430062,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-031
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植物次级代谢物萝卜硫苷(glucoraphanin,GRA)是一种由蛋氨酸衍生的硫代葡萄糖苷(glucosinolate,GSL),性质相对稳定,其本身及水解后活性产物萝卜硫素(sulforaphane,SFN)在抵抗癌症、神经保护等方面发挥重要作用,在食品营养和科学研究中受到广泛关注。本文将综述GRA的理化性质、来源、生物学功能、合成途径以及当前生产现状,并进一步探讨未来GRA高效生物合成的潜力策略。GRA合成路径复杂,包括侧链延伸、核心结构形成以及侧链修饰三个阶段,可经植物内源黑芥子酶(myrosinase, MYR)或肠道微生物转化为具有生物活性的SFN等物质。西蓝花等十字花科作物中GRA含量较高,是当前GRA的主要来源作物,但其存在种植周期较长、产量不稳、提取率低等问题,开发经济且可再生的GRA新资源将极大地推进GRA开发应用。随着GRA生物合成及调控路径的明晰,基因工程辅助GRA的高效生物合成展现出巨大的潜力,也提示突破主流的单基因调控策略,聚合多基因多维度协同提高GRA合成的潜力。本文聚焦基因工程辅助十字花科作物高效生产GRA这一目标,系统地梳理了GRA合成各阶段的潜在候选基因并从富集部位角度指出了具高应用价值的底盘作物,以期为将来通过基因工程和分子育种技术调控植物中GRA的生物合成、实现GRA大规模可持续生产,提供一定的思路和策略。

萝卜硫苷(GRA)  /  萝卜硫素(SFN)  /  抗癌  /  基因工程  /  十字花科作物

Glucoraphanin (GRA), a secondary metabolite of plants, is a glucosinolate (GSL) derived from methionine. It is relatively stable in nature, and both GRA and its degradation product sulforaphane (SFN) play important roles in anticancer, neuroprotection, and other broad biological functions and health-benefits, and in particular, SFN has been reported as the best natural product for anticancer. In this article, we review the physicochemical properties, sources, biological functions, synthetic pathways, current production status of GRA, and discuss the potential strategy for the efficient biological synthesis of GRA in the future. The synthesis pathway of GRA involves three stages: side chain elongation, core structure information, and side chain modification. GRA can be converted into SFN and other active compounds by plant myrosinase (MYR) and intestinal microorganisms. Brassicaceae crops such as broccoli have high levels of GRA, and are currently the main source of GRA. However, the cultivation cycle of GRA-rich plants is long, and its extraction yield is low. Therefore, the development of economical and renewable new resources of GRA will greatly advance its applications. With the elucidation of the biosynthesis and regulation pathways of GRA, its genetic engineering-assisted efficient biological synthesis shows great potential, suggesting that the possibility for developing strategies with the manipulation of multiple genes for regulated expression at different dimensions to synthesize GRA more efficiently compared to the current mainstream strategy through manipulating single genes. This review focuses on the genetic engineering-assisted efficient biosynthesis of GRA in Brassicaceae crops, systematically outlining potential genes for engineering at each stage of GRA synthesis and highlights chassis crop species from the perspective of enrichment organs, aiming to providing ideas and strategies for the future regulation of GRA biosynthesis in plants through transgenic technology and molecular breeding for large-scale sustainable production of GRA.

glucoraphanin  /  sulforaphane  /  anti-cancer  /  genetic engineering  /  Brassicaceae crops
刘晓悦, 王盼娣, 吴刚, 刘芳. 基因工程辅助萝卜硫苷在十字花科作物中的高效生物合成. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (1) : 136 -156 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-031
Xiaoyue LIU, Pandi WANG, Gang WU, Fang LIU. Efficient biosynthesis of glucoraphanin in Brassicaceae crops by genetic engineering[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (1) : 136 -156 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-031
全国癌症患者数量不断攀升,严重影响个人乃至社会的精神及经济面貌,而适量食用十字花科蔬菜可显著降低患癌风险。研究发现,这主要得益于十字花科中的萝卜硫苷(4-methylsulfinylbut-3-enyl glucosinolate,glucoraphanin,GRA)[图1(a)]。蔬菜在食用过程中被咀嚼或机械破碎,细胞中的GRA释放,植物内源黑芥子酶(myrosinase, MYR)或肠道微生物将其转化为具生物活性的异硫氰酸盐(isothiocynate ITC)类代谢物,其中萝卜硫素(4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate,sulforaphane,SFN)[图1(b)]已被广泛报道为预防癌症的最佳天然产物1。GRA属植物次级代谢物硫代葡萄糖苷(芥子油苷,硫苷,glucosinolate,GSL)中的一种。植物中发现130多种天然GSL,根据前体氨基酸不同分为脂肪族GSL(aliphatic GSL,来源于蛋氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和缬氨酸)、吲哚族GSL(indolic GSL,来源于色氨酸)、芳香族GSL(aromatic GSL,来源于苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸)三类2,在不同植物中含量不同。GRA由蛋氨酸衍生而来,主要分布于十字花科植物1,其中西蓝花(Brassica oleracea var. italica)种子中含量较高3。广泛的临床实验发现,SFN可发挥抗氧化、抗炎、阻断细胞周期、诱导细胞凋亡等作用,每人每天摄入9.9~847 µmol(中位剂量100 µmol)SFN或25~800 µmol(中位剂量190 µmol)GRA就可在抗癌、神经保护、改善骨质疏松、抵抗肥胖等方面发挥积极作用4。保证GRA的摄入量具有巨大的促健康潜力,GRA衍生的功能性食品、补剂及治疗药品具有巨大的开发应用价值。
GRA原生植物资源生长周期长,产量不稳,无法满足现今对GRA逐渐增加的数量和质量要求5,有学者尝试化学合成法直接合成GRA,但操作烦琐、提纯困难且需要大量有毒有机溶剂,植物合成或半合成更具广泛的应用性和可操作性。在之前的尝试中,传统育种在一定程度上提高了作物GRA含量,但时间成本较高,现今基因工程以及合成生物学发展日新月异,为开发高产可持续的GRA来源提供了有利技术支持。GRA代谢路径复杂,植物底盘相较于单细胞系统微生物更有利其高效表达。十字花科植物广泛参与我们的日常生活,涵盖常见的蔬菜、调味品、油料作物以及牲畜饲料饼粕作物,不仅为GRA原生植物,还具有完整的研究体系6,与其他植物相比具有更大的应用潜力和经济效益,是当今代谢工程培育高产GRA来源的重点底盘作物7。本文旨在对当前GRA相关研究进展进行归纳总结,从代谢路径出发,重点分析未来基因工程培育高含量GRA作物所面临的机遇和挑战,以期为获得更加完善且系统的改进方法提供一定思路。
GRA的化学结构如图1所示,由β-D-硫代葡萄糖基团、磺酸肟基团及蛋氨酸衍生的R基团(侧链)组成,除葡萄糖基团外,其余部分称为苷元(aglucone)28。GRA相对稳定,具水溶性。在植物材料中主要采取萃取法、制备型高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)和高速逆流色谱技术(HSCCC)提取,其中以沸水或有机溶剂为萃取剂的传统固液萃取1由于操作简单、速度快、成本低而被广泛使用。为规避有机溶剂毒害并进一步提高提取效率,超临界二氧化碳(Sc-CO2)萃取技术9、超声波辅助提取(UAE)和微波辅助提取(MAE)10等环境友好型提取方法不断问世,UAE已被广泛用于科学研究和工业应用。GSL定性定量分析方法主要包括薄层色谱(TLC)、气相色谱(GC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱以及超高液相色谱(UHPLC)等。其中超高液相色谱-质谱联用(UHPLC-MS/MS)可提供高通量筛选能力和验证性数据,在分析植物GSL及其他营养成分中占据重要地位,最终结构可通过核磁共振光谱来确认111。现在常用的GSL测定和定量方法是符合DIN EN ISO 9167-1:1995(NA 057-05-05 AA,2012)的传统“硫代GSL萃取法”12
GRA在机体中以SFN形式发挥其生物学功能,SFN被认为可用于化学预防的抗氧化剂和抗肿瘤化合物13-14,在抗癌15-17、神经保护1618等方面具有巨大潜力19表1)。
癌症是一种多因素疾病,常因环境改变、基因组不稳定性、氧化损伤46-47、炎症等因素发生48。SFN可同时协调调控多种致癌靶点,在癌细胞发生、增殖及转移不同阶段对癌症进行干预,包括调节Ⅰ相酶(直接抗氧化剂)、Ⅱ相酶(间接抗氧化剂)以及端粒酶活性,作用细胞周期因子、细胞凋亡信号、脂质生成以及表观遗传等多种分子途径151749-52表1)。现已经证实SFN在抵抗脑癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、宫颈癌和前列腺癌等多种癌症中发挥作用15,是一种潜在的癌症预防和治疗药物。SFN是核转录因子-E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)最强激活剂之一,可保护神经元和小胶质细胞免受氧化应激35,有效缓解慢性神经退行性疾病18以及创伤性神经损伤所引起的神经性疾病。在母体怀孕期间,SFN还可通过清除DPPH 自由基实现对胎儿的神经保护40表1)。SFN还被发现在预防肥胖及其并发症43-4453、改善心肌病41、骨质疏松42、牛皮癣45等疾病中发挥作用(表1)。
生物利用度是物质在活体中被吸收、转化和利用的程度。机体摄入GRA转化为SFN,被人体吸收后与谷胱甘肽结合,通过硫代尿酸途径(the mercapturic acid pathway)在肠细胞和肝脏中代谢,主要以N-乙酰半胱氨酸结合物(N-acetyl cysteine conjugate)的形式通过尿液排出4254-55。GRA在人体中的生物利用度主要取决于以下三个方面。
(1)高含量>低含量
不同个体之间SFN的排泄比例(尿液中排泄的SFN和代谢物相对于摄入的SFN的量)具有较大差异,但单一个体其排泄比例相对恒定,摄入量越多机体吸收获得的SFN就越多。Sivapalan等54发现在食用Beneforté® 品种(GRA含量是标准杂交种的2.5~3倍)西蓝花汤后其血浆中的SFN高出食用常规西蓝花的5倍。
(2)上下胃肠道状况
在食用过程中由植物内源MYR代谢生成的SFN在上胃肠道被快速吸收,剩余GRA达下胃肠道被肠道菌群代谢后吸收,约20%的GRA能以SFN的形式被机体吸收5456-57。在固定GRA摄入量时,个体上下胃肠道健康状况决定生物利用度。
(3)MYR活性
植物MYR和肠道微生物独立水解GRA生成SFN的生物利用度分别为40%和10%58。当GRA粉末与含MYR的风干西蓝花芽结合食用时,回收率(24 h尿液中SFN代谢代谢物N-乙酰半胱氨酸结合物占摄入量比例)达摄入剂量的65%,是单独食用GRA粉末的近3倍59。人体肠道菌配合植物内源MYR将有效提高生物利用度。生物利用度的研究对充分发挥其健康益处至关重要,在无法规避个体间差异问题情况下,要达到所需目的,最简单的方法为提高GRA摄入量并辅助高效MYR。
GRA在模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中的合成路径已被详细阐明,分为以下三个阶段(图2):
① 侧链延伸阶段 Met经五步酶促反应生成二高蛋氨酸(dihomoMet,DHM)。蛋氨酸在胞质中经支链氨基酸氨基转移酶4(branched-chain aminotransferase 4,BCAT4)转氨生成2-氧代酸(2-oxo acid/α-keto acid/2-keto acid)。2-氧代酸转运至叶绿体,经硫代烷基苹果酸合成酶(methylthioalkylmalate synthase, MAM)缩合,苹果酸异丙酯异构酶(isopropylmalate isomerase, IPMI)异构化以及苹果酸异丙酯脱氢酶(isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, IPMDH)脱羧三步连续反应生成增加一个亚甲基(—CH2—)的链延长2-氧代酸。以上三步连续反应构成一个碳链延长周期,链延长2-氧代酸可重新进入延长周期,以亚甲基为单位进一步延长直至循环满六次;也可被BCAT3转氨,生成高蛋氨酸(homoMet,HM)、二高蛋氨酸(DHM)或三高蛋氨酸(trihomoMet,THM)等物质转运至胞质1760,继续反应生成不同GSL,其中仅DHM是GRA代谢通路的前体底物61。该阶段涉及胞质和叶绿体两个亚细胞结构,这种区室化代谢机制中间物需要胞质内转运蛋白胆汁酸转运体5(bile acid transporter 5, BAT5)辅助转运,该蛋白对蛋氨酸延伸产物展现出高于其他氨基酸延伸物的偏好性62
MAM催化的缩合反应是GSL多样性的基础63。在拟南芥中鉴定出多个MAM基因,生化研究发现,MAM3参与所有GSL的合成且更倾向催化生成C6~C8长链GSL,MAM2仅催化第一轮延伸,生成源自HM的C3 GSL,MAM1催化生成C3~C5 短链GSL,主要存在于积累源自DHM的GSL种质中63-64,其中MAM3拥有最广泛的底物特异性64。甘蓝不同于拟南芥,其GSL侧链长度由基因GSL-PROGSL-ELONG独立调节,二者分别负责C3 GSL和C4 GSL生成65图2)。
② 核心结构形成阶段:DHM在胞质中经细胞色素P450单加氧酶CYP79家族氧化,CYP83家族共轭氧化,C-S裂解酶(SUPERROOT1, SUR1)裂解、糖基转移酶转移酶(UDP-glycosyltransferase 74,UGT74)糖基化、硫基转移酶(sulfotransferases,ST5b/5c/SOT)硫酸化生成GRA前体4-甲硫基-丁基GSL(glucoerucin,ERU)66-67。细胞色素P450的CYP79家族和CYP83家族是该阶段的最关键酶,二者分别催化前体氨基酸转化为肟及后续肟代谢7。基于功能基因组学的CYP79家族鉴定已完成,其中CYP79F1/F2和CYP83A1在脂肪族GSL形成中发挥功能,CYP79F2仅参与催化长链脂肪族GSL的生成,CYP79F1参与所有脂肪族GSL的生成68CYP79F1CYP83A1展现出82%的共表达相关性69图2)。
③ 侧链修饰阶段 GSL合成的最后阶段,黄素单加氧酶(flavin-monooxygenase,FMOGS-OX/AOP1)催化S-氧化将甲硫基烷基GSL(methylthioalkyl GSL)转化为甲亚硫基烷基GSL(methylsulfinylalkyl GSL)生成GRA。GRA可进一步经α-酮戊二酸依赖性双加氧酶GSL-ALK/AOP2(alkenyl hydroxalkyl producing 2)和GSL-OH/AOP3(alkenyl hydroxalkyl producing 3)羟化生成生成3-丁烯基硫代葡萄糖苷(葡萄糖芜菁芥素,gluconapin,GNA)和2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫苷(progoitrin,PRO)70,其中PRO因其摄入过多致使机体甲状腺肿大,损害肝脏而得到广泛关注,有患者因连续数月进食1.0~1.5 kg生白菜,积累过多PRO而导致严重的甲状腺功能衰退症671-72图2)。
目前在拟南芥中已鉴定出7种FMOGS-OX并命名为FMOGS-OX1-7,除FMOGS-OX5专门识别长链底物外,其余6个均在短链和长链GSL氧化中发挥作用72-73
生成的GRA被临时运送到邻近的S-细胞(专门富含硫的细胞)中储存,该细胞以细胞群的形式分布于维管束内胚层与韧皮部细胞之间,随植物体生长GRA被方向特异性转运蛋白GTR靶向转运特定组织和器官中积累74-76。故GRA含量在叶片、茎干、根、种子等各个器官中处于动态变化,但众多研究表明,最高含量更易在种子和芽中检测到(表2)。其中GTR1和GTR2是种子中积累所必需77-80
GRA主要通过植物内源MYR途径和动物体肠道微生物途径两种机制代谢。MYR是一个植物酶家族,分为MA、MB、MC三个亚族,在植物特定黑芥子酶细胞(myrosin cell)中储存57。该酶能特异性水解S-连接的β-硫代葡萄糖苷键(β-thioglucoside linkage),糖苷键不可逆断裂释放葡萄糖及苷元,游离苷元重排生成SFN等ITC57。在特异性蛋白及阳离子参与下还可生成腈类(nitriles)、硫代腈类(epithionitriles)、硫氰酸盐类(thiocyanates)24690。修饰蛋白表硫特异蛋白(epithiospecifier protein, ESP)存在时,除生成SFN外,部分游离苷元在ESP作用下重排生成副产物SFN腈,降低SFN的产量184291-92。MYR与GRA在空间上分开的机制被称为“芥子油炸弹”,可有效阻止机体过早形成不稳定SFN后失效90。不同植物MYR稳定性不同,油菜籽MYR经70 ℃加热10 min后失活,其稳定性高于西蓝花、甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)等蔬菜的MYR93。白萝卜(Raphanus sativus Daikon)根中分离出的MYR具有更高的稳定性,其在70~80 ℃加热时活性无明显损失,90 ℃加热10 min活性降低50%,在125 ℃时仍有11%的活性,将0.25%的白萝卜冻干粉添加到冷冻西蓝花中就可支持SFN的生成94。在拟南芥中鉴定出TGG1TGG6 6个编码MYR的基因95。哺乳动物自身无法产生MYR,其肠道共生菌群中存在类似MYR可水解GRA4296-97,例如,肠道常见菌Enterococcus casseli­flavus CP1能代谢40%~50% GRA98。频繁摄入芸薹属蔬菜能改变肠道菌群特征,增加GSL代谢菌群比例99
GRA合成过程中转录因子发挥着重要作用,其中MYB决定GSL的类型100。已鉴定拟南芥MYB28MYB29MYB76是脂肪族GSL生物合成过程中的正调控因子101,研究发现,AtMYB28可上调AtBCAT3MAM1等脂肪族GSL合成基因以及硫酸盐同化及Met合成相关基因的表达101-102。在高GRA西蓝花品种Beneforte®中,MYB28在叶片中表达差异与GRA含量差异呈现出一致性103。在芥菜(Brassica juncea)中发现四个编码MYB28的基因(BjuMYB28-1BjuMYB28-2BjuMYB28-3BjuMYB28-4),随繁殖期的开始,表达水平均显著增加,其中BjuMYB28-1BjuMYB28-2在发育早期高表达104。MYB28、MYB29在物种之间功能相对保守,芸薹属的55个MYB转录因子在R2R3 MYB DNA结合结构域中具有保守的氨基酸序列100102
目前GRA的获得主要通过植物提取,但GRA在不同作物、不同组织以及不同生长阶段含量均不同,经济高效且可持续地获得GRA将有利于其开发和应用,也是目前发展的瓶颈。化学直接合成法过程烦琐且需添加几种剧毒物质105-106,因此改善现有植物源高效合成GRA是大势所趋。
传统育种由于原理简单、易于操作,一直沿用至今。Kräling107通过三年时间对93个杂交油菜品系进行筛查,鉴定出5种具有不同GSL表达谱的稳定基因型。西蓝花双单倍体育种品系GD33 X与野生型Brassica villosa Biv.杂交筛选出融合了B. villosa MYB28等位基因的高GRA(28 μmol/g dry weight,DW)商业化西蓝花品种Beneforté®,该品种GRA含量是传统标准杂交种的2.5~3倍103。Beneforté®是现存50个西蓝花种质(GRA 0.8-21.7 µmol/g DW)108中GRA含量最高者(表3)。
现阶段利用微生物合成SFN具挑战性,还需继续探索,一是微生物作为单细胞生物阻碍GRA复杂代谢路径的重建,二是部分植物酶在微生物中活性无法正常表达或不稳定,三是微生物生产难以避免后续大型生物发酵设备以及复杂提纯技术巨大的资金消耗122
DHM区室化的合成方式限制GRA在单细胞微生物中的合成。即便有学者通过双质粒转化和同工酶替换成功在大肠杆菌中合成GRA,但仍存在传代不稳问题,Yang等111以海藻Neurospora crassaEGT2替代在大肠杆菌中无法稳定表达的SUR1,并整合该基因及植物GRA合成基因到大肠杆菌Escherichia coli MG1655染色体上,可稳定产生GRA,但产量极低(0.675 μg/L)112,无法实现量产GRA。
蛋氨酸是SFN合成的底盘氨基酸,有少量尝试对蛋氨酸合成相关基因进行调节以增加蛋氨酸进而增加GRA含量121,但植物生长发育涉及复杂的氨基酸合成、分配过程,很难保证对上游代谢路径的调节不影响植物体整体性状,故绝大部分学者选择调控由蛋氨酸开始的下游合成路径来提高GRA含量,主要集中于过表达合成基因以及敲除代谢基因来促进GRA的合成和积累,部分学者在烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana)中异源表达完整GRA合成途径成功合成微量GRA,丰富了GRA的来源选择(表3)。
传统育种方法受母体效应123、近交衰退敏感性降低现象(重复的自花授粉或与密切相关的个体杂交导致植物遗传变异减弱)、耗时长等限制124,微生物基因工程无法量产GRA,而随着拟南芥GSL生物合成综合基因图谱的梳理125-126,GRA原生植物Brassica rapaBrassica oleraceaBrassica nigra等基因组测序的完成7,以及相关合成基因关联性、差异性分析的完善83127-129,为植物代谢工程培育高产GRA提供了有力支持。十字花科作物营养丰富,受众广泛,研究体系成熟,因此是当前最具潜力的改良平台。
合成生物学和基因工程的发展使得根据特定的营养和药物需求定制作物成为现实,也将支持高产GRA作物的培育。安全、经济、高效的底盘作物是植物代谢工程生产GRA的基础,基因元件则决定了GRA合成的效率,在考虑GRA合成三阶段相关基因的基础上,还要正确选用相关转录因子及转运蛋白,最终的基因拷贝数和种植模式也会影响最终产量。
食用含GRA蔬菜是当前GRA参与大众生活发挥其促健康效应的主要方式,同时有研究发现在口服、局部和腹腔注射三种常见给药形式中,口服途径的中位有效剂量(产生生物反应的药剂剂量或浓度)最高56。GRA在营养组织中富集有望作为功能类蔬菜或应用原料,是补充包括GRA在内各类营养物质和微量元素的良好选择。纵观GRA原生植物,十字花科涵盖日常生活中常见的蔬菜类型,品种丰富,大众认可度高,再加上成熟完整的研究和种植体系,有望成为高GRA蔬菜的最优底盘作物。当前已有商业化高GRA西蓝花的问世,其GRA含量是普通西蓝花的2.5倍。
人群对于昂贵且短保质期的高GRA蔬菜及提取物补剂的消费力及机体对GRA吸收利用效率等方面存在差异130,而种子较营养组织更容易储存,且GRA在种子中高度富集89,另有研究发现,向西蓝花悬浮液中添加油脂可以减缓储存过程中SFN的降解10,依此提出培育高GRA油料作物种子策略。富含GRA的种子或种子油或许是GRA及SFN良好的储存和利用形式。十字花科包含多种油料作物131,生化分析发现其种子油中存在GRA,如油菜种子油中含有微量GRA(0~1.53 μmol/g)及SFN132,市场对于种子油接受度较好,榨油后籽粕作为牲畜饲料的经济性均支持该策略的实施。
通过过表达合成过程中某单基因能一定程度上提高GRA含量。但GRA的产生和积累是涉及从头合成、降解平衡、转运输送以及酶解的多基因调控复杂网络133,结合现有成果,将不同阶段基因结合协同表达或许能突破单基因局限,实现更高的GRA含量。但需着重考虑中间产物或副产物对于植物的毒害作用以及相关基因在供受体作物、不同器官及发育阶段表达的差异性等效应的影响,因此基因选择格外重要。
延伸阶段是GRA合成的初始阶段,区室化是该阶段的主要特征。缓解区室化造成的中间代谢物通量限制,最大化调动底物靶向合成DHM是改良该阶段高产GRA的主要目标。
Mikkelsen等69在烟草中将基因BCAT4融合rubisco小亚基序列,使得原本在胞质中表达的BCAT4锚定在叶绿体上,生成的2-氧代酸无需转运便可直接参与循环延伸,产生的DHM是非转基因系的近50倍。BAT5是中间产物转运的关键,在Pro35S:amiBAT5细胞中脂肪族GSL水平降低了75%~80%,且DHM主要下游产物完全消失62。Crocoll等134在Mikkelsen研究的基础上优化基因组合,在烟草中将基因BCAT4BAT5联用以提高代谢通量,使得DHM较Mikkelsen最高表达系增加近9倍。
MAM决定生成何种GSL,其一直是代谢工程改良的重点对象。Cao等5过表达西蓝花的MAM1基因,所获得转基因系SFN含量较野生型增加1.7~3.4倍,SFN含量与MAM1表达水平展现出正相关(表3)。Zang等135在大白菜(Brassica rapa)中表达拟南芥的MAM1,使脂肪族GSL含量增加(表3)。在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和烟草中表达MAM1及其他相关基因可成功异源合成GRA69111134表3)。
核心结构的形成是通过五种生化反应、多种酶协调作用的结果,该阶段不同酶均含有多个成员,具有不同的底物特异性,在其中筛选调整更倾向于服务短链脂肪族GSL合成的成员是该阶段提高最终GRA产量的关键。
CYP79F1及CYP79F2负责脂肪族GSL的合成,前者更倾向催化短链脂肪族GSL。拟南芥CYP79F1敲除突变体中短链脂肪族GSL完全缺失,过表达含量增加136-137。将拟南芥的CYPF79F1导入大白菜中,转基因系短链脂肪族GSL增加135。在CYP83A1突变的拟南芥中脂肪族GSL含量减低,GRA含量降为野生水平的一半138。在大白菜中表达来自拟南芥的CYP83A1基因,所有脂肪族GSL均增加135。在欧洲油菜(Brassica napus)中过表达其自身BnCYP83A1,脂肪族GSL增加为原来的2倍139
SUR1功能缺失导致几乎所有GSL消失,过表达对GSL图谱或植物形态物明显影响8BnUGT74B1的过表达转基因油菜展现出组织损伤和病理效应139,故二者不适宜作为基因工程改良的对象。
FMOGS-OXAOP1)表达量决定GRA的生成量,AOP2的表达与否则决定GRA的积累量。在拟南芥中对FMOGS-OX1过表达,GRA含量较野生型增加5倍140,Cao等5将来自大白菜的FMOGS-OX2在西蓝花中表达,最终SFN含量是野生型的1.6~2.7倍(表3)。且不同FMOGS-OX对相关刺激展现出相同的趋势但具有截然不同的敏感性,其中FMOGS-OX4在不同条件下均可保持相对稳定的表达73。合成的GRA通过GSL-ALK(AOP2)和GSL-OH(AOP3)进一步生成抗营养物质PRO,尽可能减少PRO合成也是代谢工程培育高产GRA作物的目标之一。GSL-ALKAOP2)功能的去除可最大限度地积累GRA并减少PRO,Liu等114通过RNA干扰(RNAi)沉默GSL-ALK,使得欧洲油菜中GRA含量显著增加,且PRO降低65%,反义AOP2基因的导入使得甘蓝中GRA积累量增加3.09倍115表3)。
GSL代谢受到转录因子的调控。一般情况下,一个转录因子可以调控多个基因,因此通过调控转录因子也可调节GRA合成。研究发现,GSL含量丰富的十字花科植物中相关MYB转录因子均有两个以上的拷贝102,当MYB28在芥菜(Brassica juncea)和羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra Bailey)中被沉默时,仅脂肪族GSL生物合成基因被下调,而在过表达MYB28的羽衣甘蓝中脂肪族GSL的合成得到促进141。Beneforté®西蓝花也得益于野生型Brassica villosaMYB28v等位基因的渗入54。在野生型拟南芥中过表达来自Brassica oleraceaBoMYB29促进脂肪族GSL生物合成基因的表达和积累,在没有检测到脂肪族GSL的myb28myb29突变体中表达BoMYB29,可恢复脂肪族GSL生物合成基因的表达积累142。Zuluaga等118在野生型Brassica oleracea Winspit中过表达BoMYB29基因,GRA增加(表3)。Liu等127通过DNA多态性和基因表达分析发现来自Brassica napusBnaA03g40190DBnaA3.MYB28)候选基因可调节高叶/低种子GSL含量的分布。
植物生殖器官中高含量的GSL,无关其自身合成,而是得益于转运蛋白对GSL时空分布的调控作用8095,转运蛋白的取舍为靶向富集GRA提供了着手点。研究发现,在拟南芥中GTR1和GTR2仅参与脂肪族GSL在营养组织和种子之间的双向长距离运输77-79。Hölzl等119将来自Camelina sativaCsGTR1CsGTR2b靶向突变导致种子中GSL含量减少80%(表3)。Nour-Eldin等79GTR1GTR2双突变拟南芥中发现GSL在种子中全部消失,而根中蛋氨酸衍生物显著增加(表3)。来自Brassica napus的脂肪族GSL转运蛋白BnaA06.GTR2功能的缺失导致种子中脂肪族GSL含量降低76%,且不影响产量相关性状120表3)。
MYR含量及活性与SFN生成效率呈现正相关。植物内源MYR普遍在25~40 ℃、pH 5~7展现出最高活性,其中萝卜MYR具有最高的稳定性,在125 ℃下仍可发挥作用。除此之外,选定某耐高温高活性的异源有MYR辅助植物应用也可实现较高的GRA生物利用率。真菌Aspergillus sydowiAspergillus niger及植物源乳酸菌Paracolobactrum aerogenoidesLactobacillus等微生物中都含有MYR95143。Wang等143将来自Rahnella inusitataRmyr基因在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中异源表达,纯化出的MYR在40 ℃、pH 7.0时展现出最高活性。Ye等144在海洋泥细菌Shewanella baltica Myr-37中分离出一种新型的黑芥子酶SMYR-37,在50 ℃、pH 8.0时表现出最高活性。在Yarrowia lipolytica 20-8中发现的内源MYR,可在纯化后重复使用8~10次,仍具有较高的GRA水解活性145。MYR种子特异性启动子的发现为消除或靶向MYR提供了可能,Borgen146利用来自Brassica napus的种子特异性启动子Myr1.Bn1表达ribonuclease-barnase,使得转基因系MINELESS中黑芥子酶细胞消融,致使植物无法生成不稳定的SFN,而是以GRA形式储存147
合适的基因组合能突破单基因的局限,更大程度地提高作物GRA及相关物质含量,GRA在非原生微生物以及烟草中合成就归功于此。Mirza等148在通过两个载体将来自拟南芥GRA碳链延伸阶段的五个基因组合转入大肠杆菌,成功合成DHM。Yang等111用来自海藻Neurospora crassaEGT2替代不能在大肠杆菌中稳定表达的植物源SUR1,结合来自拟南芥、芸薹属的其余九个GRA合成基因,通过两个质粒在大肠杆菌中稳定共表达,成功合成微量GRA(表3)。Mikkelsen等6769在构建烟草GRA合成路径时,通过十余次相关基因组合尝试最终确定DHM合成的必要及最优基因组合,仅四个基因就可在烟草叶片中生成较高含量的DHM[(51.4±20.8) nmol/g FW]。在西蓝花中表达Myrosinase-FMOGS-OX2-MAM1三基因载体,最优转基因系SFN含量是3个单基因表达系最高SFN含量的近2倍5表3)。
除去基因对GRA合成途径的决定性作用,控制GRA积累的代谢调控网络还包括生物与非生物信号的级联反应,硫、氮等土壤微量元素的积累以及采集收获方式等。合理的管理种植模式可在基因调控的基础上进一步增加转基因植物中GRA产量。
GRA合成受到各类激素协调作用,不同激素对GRA合成基因的作用效果不同。茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)是常见的植物激素,JA能显著促进GSL的生物合成,而SA在低浓度时正向调节GSL的积累,在高浓度时负向调控GSL积累149。Guo等150发现在蓝光照射,西蓝花芽中SA水平降低,低浓度的SA上调GRA生物合成相关基因以及黑芥子酶活性,促进GRA积累。
GRA富含硫和氮,其生物合成需要保证这些微量元素的正常供应,其中硫的影响占主导地位。Aarabi等151发现,在低硫条件下定位于细胞核的抑制基因SDI1(sulfur deficiency induced 1)与MYB28相互作用形成SDI1-MYB28复合体,抑制脂肪族GSL生物合成基因的转录,下调脂肪族GSL的生物合成。目前氮供应对GSL产量的影响研究较少,脂肪族GSL合成基因根据氮源的不同而差异表达,并在缺氮条件下下调。在拟南芥中研究发现,在缺氮条件下AOP2表达下调,这在一定程度上能够减少有毒物质的产生100
为获得最佳的产量以及GRA含量需要根据作物习性选择适当的收获时期及储存方式。依据根茎蔬菜萝卜叶片和根部的GRA推测,其在秋收中期(6~8周)和晚期收获为宜152,在0~1.5 ℃条件下保存的萝卜在8周后其根系中的GSL含量未发生改变,但其MYR活性显著降低。
癌症是全球人类死亡的重要原因之一。预计2040年全球癌症患者为2840万例,较2020年增加47%153,根据国家统计局的数据,我国恶性肿瘤发病率及死亡率总体上升,肺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌等癌症发病率及死亡率均较高,由于人口老龄化,我国医疗体系对癌症的控制仍面临巨大挑战154。科学证据表明植物代谢物SFN对多种癌症具有积极作用,其中SFN可上调活性氧的Ⅱ相解毒酶,激活Nrf2信号通路调节相关信号转导,在肿瘤发生的各个阶段发挥抵抗炎症、调节免疫系统、抑制肿瘤细胞周期、促进凋亡等作用15-17。随着研究的深入,其还展现出神经保护、抵抗肥胖等多方面的促健康效应。SFN以GRA形式存在于多种植物(尤其是十字花科作物)中,细胞破碎后GRA由植物MYR或肠道微生物转化成SFN被人体吸收发挥作用。研究发现,每周食用富含GRA的十字花科作物3~5份可将患癌风险降低30%~40%,且摄入量与风险降低之间展现出部分正相关性155。尽管SFN的益处通过大众媒体广泛宣传,但由于各种原因我国居民自主摄入的比例仍较低。最近一项关于中国不同年龄阶段饮食状况的研究发现,无论年轻还是年老一代对蔬菜的摄入量均较低,并随年龄的增长而下降156
当前GRA生产现状已无法支持SFN逐渐广泛的研究及应用,原生植物产量不稳定,化学合生成生产操作烦琐,提纯困难,产率不稳(40%~80%),迫切需要开发一种稳定、独立、经济的供给方式。基于GRA合成路径的明确及多种原生植物基因组测序的完成,基因工程及合成生物学的发展,部分学者尝试摆脱耗时的传统育种法利用基因工程开发高GRA品种。
GRA广泛存在于十字花科作物,涵盖日常生活中常见的蔬菜、调味品、油料及籽粕作物,相较于在不含内源GRA的微生物中创造高含量GRA,在原生植物中提高GRA更具可行性。现有研究大多通过过表达单基因或敲除下游基因来提高十字花科作物营养组织中GRA含量,或失活靶向种子转运蛋白GTR来减少种子中大多数GSL。其中AOP2的失活将Brassica juncea种子中GRA积累量提高到43.11 μmol/g(DW),是目前含量较高品系79116。考虑产品最终形式的市场接受度以及生物利用度,可将植物代谢工程生产GRA划分为以十字花科叶菜类主要底盘的高GRA营养组织/低种子策略和以油料作物为主的高GRA种子策略。
多基因联用较单基因作用更能调动载体代谢链,生成更高含量GRA。根据不同靶标作物,结合明确的GRA合成代谢路径,在GRA合成的侧链延伸、核心结构形成、侧链修饰的各个阶段选定目标基因,合理搭配,增加上游底物加速下游转化;同时辅助转录因子调控,转运蛋白靶向转运,MYR活性来实现目标作物目标器官中GRA含量的积累。
高含量GRA作物的获取,除丰富蔬菜价值外,还为后续药物及保健品的开发提供基础保障,而最近开发的水包油微胶囊技术[Oil-in-Water(O/W)Emulsion]、纳米脂质体药物递送系统可有效缓解SFN在运用递送过程中的不稳定,保证SFN的持续释放157-158,为充分发挥SFN药用价值提供了技术支持,更好地造福大众。目前面市的高GRA蔬菜也仅为含量为28 µmol/g(DW)的西蓝花Beneforté®,培育高GRA作物任重而道远。
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-031
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-05-30
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    中国农业科学院油料作物研究所,农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,农业农村部植物生态环境安全监督检验测试中心,湖北 武汉 430062

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刘芳(1979—),女,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
吴刚(1976—),男,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为基因工程与转基因安全评价。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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