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Increasing petroleum consumption and growing environmental concerns necessitate the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels from renewable resources. By utilizing renewable resources as raw materials and engineered microorganisms as the core tools, the bio-manufacturing of bio-based materials has become a hot research topic due to its green and low-carbon advantages. ω-Amino acids are a type of non-natural amino acids with amino and carboxyl groups located at the ends of the straight carbon chain. Self-cyclization of ω-amino acids produce lactams, which are the key monomers for the synthesis of polyamide materials, commonly known as nylon. Polyamide materials have wide applications and a huge global market over seven million tons per year. Nowadays, polyamide materials and their monomers are primarily produced through petrochemical routes with non-renewable resources. The research on biosynthesis of these materials and monomers is still in the early stages, but significant progress has been made in recent years. This review article systematically introduces the recent advances in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams. To achieve the bio-manufacturing of bio-based polyamide materials, researchers have designed artificial biosynthetic pathways for ω-amino acids from renewable carbon sources such as glucose. The key enzymes for the cyclization of ω-amino acids to form lactams have been identified. By assembling the biosynthetic pathway in microbial chassis such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, production of ω-amino acids and lactams have been achieved. Furthermore, the metabolic flux was fine-tuned by regulating and optimizing the expression of key genes to improve the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams. Besides, biosensors of lactams have been developed to transfer the intracellular concentrations of lactams into easily detectable signals such as fluorescence. Such biosensors have been successfully used for high-throughput screening of ω-amino acid cyclization enzymes and dynamic regulation of biosynthetic pathway. These effects have resulted in the successful biosynthesis of C4-C6 ω-amino acids and lactams. Particularly, using glucose as a raw material, the production of valerolactam by fed-batch fermentation exceeded 70 g/L, with a productivity of about 1 g/(L·h), which approaches the level required for industrialization and commercialization. Finally, the review article discusses the current challenges faced in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams, including the low yield of biosynthetic pathways, rate-limitations posed by key cyclization enzymes, and insufficient utilization of non-food carbon sources such as one-carbon compounds.

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以可再生碳资源为原料,以工程微生物为核心工具,通过生物制造的方式生产生物基材料等化学品,具有绿色、低碳的优势,已经成为目前研究的热点。ω-氨基酸是氨基和羧基分别位于支链碳链两端的一种非天然氨基酸,其自身环化的产物内酰胺是合成聚酰胺材料(又名尼龙)的关键单体。聚酰胺材料具有广泛的应用与巨大的市场,目前主要通过石化路线生产,生物合成路线仍处于研究阶段,但是近年来进展迅速。本文系统介绍了ω-氨基酸与内酰胺的生物合成研究进展。为合成生物基聚酰胺材料,研究者设计了ω-氨基酸的人工合成途径,挖掘了可环化ω-氨基酸合成内酰胺的关键酶,通过在微生物底盘细胞中组装合成途径,调控和优化代谢流量,开发内酰胺生物传感器并进行高通量筛选,实现了C4~C6的ω-氨基酸和内酰胺的生物合成。尤其以葡萄糖为原料合成戊内酰胺的产量超过70 g/L,生产强度达到约1 g/(L·h),接近可工业化的水平。最后,本文也讨论了目前ω-氨基酸与内酰胺生物合成面临的途径原子经济性低、关键环化酶限速、一碳等非粮原料开发利用不足等挑战。

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共同第一作者

刘益宁(1996—),女,硕士,科研助理。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

蒲伟(1988—),男,博士,讲师。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:

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刘益宁(1996—),女,硕士,科研助理。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

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刘益宁(1996—),女,硕士,科研助理。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

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蒲伟(1988—),男,博士,讲师。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

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2 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308, bio={"img":"YLIQKUb3yz9hOP6Hs98zBA==","content":"

王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:

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王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:

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Trends in Biotechnology, 2020, 38(6): 650-666., articleTitle=Synthetic methylotrophy: a practical solution for methanol-based biomanufacturing, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1164877079842665243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, awardId=XDC0110201, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110201), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1164877077082813149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1164877077087007454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, companyId=1164877077082813149, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 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figureFileBig=PpEQNYs9R6FQhzGMIMC0GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079104467728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=以石化资源化学合成内酰胺和聚酰胺的路线, figureFileSmall=xZ5OUi4Zx5EH5OGn6DjXsg==, figureFileBig=PpEQNYs9R6FQhzGMIMC0GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079167382289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Biosynthetic pathways for ω-amino acids

aspC—Encodes aspartate transaminase; lysC—Encodes aspartate kinase; dapA—Encodes dihydrodipicolinate synthase; dapB—Encodes 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase; ddh—Encodes meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase; lysA—Encodes diaminopimelate decarboxylase; davA—Encodes 5-aminopentanamide hydrolase; davB—Encodes lysine monooxygenase; patD—Encodes γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; ldcC—Encodes lysine decarboxylase; cadA—Encodes lysine decarboxylase; patA—Encodes putrescine aminotransferase; puuA/ygjG—Encodes putrescine transaminase; lysOx/RaiP—Encodes lysine α-oxidase; kivD—Encodes 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase; padA—Encodes phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase; nifV—Encodes homocitrate synthase; kdcA—Encodes ketoacid decarboxylase; vfl—Encodes aminotransferase; argA—Encodes amino acid acetyltransferase; argB—Encodes N-acetylglutamate kinase; argC—Encodes N-acetylglutamate-phosphate reductase; argD—Encodes ornithine transcarbamoylase; argE—Encodes ornithine carbamoyltransferase; argJ—Encodes ornithine acetyltransferase; speC/speF—Encodes ornithine decarboxylase; gadB—Encodes glutamate decarboxylase β subunit; gadA—Encodes glutamate decarboxylase α subunit; leuA—Encodes α-isopropylmalate synthase; leuB—Encodes 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase; leuCD—Encodes 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase; aksD—Encodes isopropylmalate dehydratase large subunit; aksE—Encodes isopropylmalate dehydratase small subunit; aksF—Encodes isopropylmalate/homoisocitrate dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=gKFIfAyj1BjUUYDviZQ8cA==, figureFileBig=8f/m0Kgu6sPPEDTEJahk7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079234491154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ω-氨基酸的生物合成途径

aspC—编码天冬氨酸转氨酶;lysC—编码天冬氨酸激酶;dapA—编码二氢二吡啶合酶;dapB—编码4-羟基四氢二吡啶还原酶;ddh—编码内消旋二氨基庚二酸-脱氢酶;lysA—编码二氨基庚酸脱羧酶;davA—编码5-氨基戊酰胺水解酶;davB—编码赖氨酸单加氧酶;patD—编码γ-氨基丁醛脱氢酶;ldcC—编码赖氨酸脱羧酶;cadA—编码赖氨酸脱羧酶;patA—编码丁二胺氨基转移酶;puuA/ygjG—编码丁二胺转氨酶;lysOx/RaiP—编码赖氨酸α-氧化酶;kivD—编码2-酮异戊酸脱羧酶;padA—编码苯乙醛脱氢酶;nifV—编码高柠檬酸合酶;kdcA—编码酮酸脱羧酶;vfl—编码氨基转氨酶;argA—编码氨基酸乙酰转移酶;argB—编码乙酰谷氨酸激酶;argC—编码N-乙酰基-谷氨酰-磷酸还原酶;argD—编码乙酰鸟氨酸转氨酶;argE—编码乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶;argJ—编码鸟氨酸乙酰转移酶;speC/speF—编码鸟氨酸脱羧酶;gadB—编码谷氨酸脱羧酶β亚基;gadA—编码谷氨酸脱羧酶α亚基;leuA—编码α-异丙基苹果酸合成酶;leuB—编码3-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶;leuCD—编码3-异丙基苹果酸脱水酶;aksD—编码异丙基苹果酸脱水酶大亚基;aksE—编码异丙基苹果酸脱水酶小亚基;aksF—编码异丙基苹果酸/高异柠檬酸脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=gKFIfAyj1BjUUYDviZQ8cA==, figureFileBig=8f/m0Kgu6sPPEDTEJahk7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079314182931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=High-throughput screening and dynamic regulation strategies based on lactam biosensors[92-93], figureFileSmall=+lwWbKvkh8MnVfUf5isA7A==, figureFileBig=YY7d2Yw+w3pZ/d0zxkdk+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079368708884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于内酰胺生物传感器的高通量筛选和动态调控策略92-93, figureFileSmall=+lwWbKvkh8MnVfUf5isA7A==, figureFileBig=YY7d2Yw+w3pZ/d0zxkdk+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877079419040533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli BW25113 ΔgadAB, ParaBAD: gadBopt from L. lactis 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 614.15 40.94 0.99 [19]
L. paracasei NFRI 7415 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 31.1 0.185 0.37 [20]
S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus Y2 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 7.98 0.095 0.53 [21]
L. brevis NCL912 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 205.8 4.29 1.43 [22]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PADH1: gadA 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,谷氨酸钠 300 8.57 0.69 [23]
E. coli XL1-Blue PgntT104: gadB from L. brevis subsp. Lactis IL1403 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,谷氨酸钠 94.8 1.98 0.777 [24]
E. coli XL1-Blue Ptac: gadB from N. crassa 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.35 0.11 0.878 [25]
E. coli XL1-Blue Ptac: gadB from P. horikoshii 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.07 0.11 0.83 [26]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: GAD from S. cerevisiae 反应器补料分批发酵 乳糖,甘油 252 0.99 [27]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: GAD from L. lactis FJNUGA01 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 204.1 34 0.99 [28]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: gadA, gadB, gadC from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 31.3 0.55 [29]
E. coli XBT ΔgabT, PT7: gadBC from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.46 0.114 0.895 [30]
E. coli BW25113 ΔgadC, ΔgadAB, ParaBAD: gadB (M4)-groES-groEL, gadB mutant from L. lactis IL1403 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 308.26 44.04 0.996 [31]
E. coli XBM3 ΔackA, gabT, ParcC: icd-GBD, gltB-SH3, gadA-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.3 0.027 0.13 [32]
E. coli (XL1-Blue) XBM4 ΔfrdB, gabT, ParaBAD: gadC-GBD, gltB-SH3, gadB-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.23 0.026 0.123 [33]
E. coli (XL1-Blue) XBM6 ΔpflB, poxB, ldhA, ParcC: gadC-GDB,gabD-SH3, gabT-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.79 0.016 0.079 [34]
E. coli XBM7 ΔackA, ldhA, ParaC: sdhA-GBD, gabD-SH3, gabT-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.75 0.016 0.075 [35]
E. coli XBM6 ΔpflB, ΔpoxB, ΔldhA, ParcC: gadD-GDB, gabD-SH3, puuE-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.87 [36]
E. coli JWZ08 ΔwaaF, ΔwaaC, ΔsucA, ΔpuuE, ΔgabT, ΔgabP, ΔxylA, ΔxylB, PT7: xylB, xylX, xylD, xylC, xylA from C. crescentus NA1000, PT7: gdhA and torA-gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 木糖 3.95 0.065 0.20 [37]
E. coli BW25113 ΔlacI, ΔgabT, ΔsucA, ΔaceA, PLlacO1::gltB, gadB (E89Q,Δ452-466), gadC (1-470),glnA from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 4.8 0.15 0.29 [38]
E. coli EDK11 gadB, gadC, gabT, gltA from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.2 0.05 [39]
E. coli Nissle 1917pMT1-G/pMT2-R/EcNP Ptrc: gadB from E. coli 全细胞催化 谷氨酸钠 17.9 [40]
C. glutamicum GAD PHCE: gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 12.37 0.172 0.247 [41]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 PtacM: gadB1, gadB2 from L. brevis Lb85 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 27.13 0.226 0.52 [42]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 PH36: gadB (E89Q, Δ452-466) from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 38.6 0.536 0.32 [43]
C. glutamicum H36GD1852 PH36: gadBmut, xylAB from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 EFB 35.47 0.68 [44]
C. glutamicum SH PtacM: R4a-gabB2B1 mut from L. brevis 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 26.5 0.442 0.269 [45]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔcglIM, ΔcglIR, ΔcglIIR, Δncgl0464 LVIS1847 from L. brevis ATCC367 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 25.6 2.4 0.729 [46]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔpknG, PHCE: gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 31.1 0.26 0.311 [47]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔodhA, Ptac: gadB1, gadB2 from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 29.5 0.41 [48]
C. glutamicum SH Δmdh, Ptac: gadB1, gadB2, ppc from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 26.3 0.365 [49]
C. glutamicum PUT21 ΔargF, ΔargR, ΔsnaA, ΔgabTDP, Ptac: patD, patA from E. coli, Ptac: speC-5′ 21 -argF 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 8.0 0.31 [50]
C. glutamicum APLGGP ΔargB, ΔproB, ΔdapA, Ptac: plk fromL. plantarum GB 01-21, gad fromL. plantarum GB 01-21 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 70.6 1.001 [51]
C. glutamicum ORN1 ΔargF, ΔargR, ΔsnaA, ΔgabTDP, ΔyggB, ΔcgmA, odhA TTG, odhI T15A, Ptac: patDA from E. coli, Ptac: gapA, pyc and argB A49V/M54V from C. glutamicum, speC from E. coli and leaky expression of argF 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 63.2 1.34 0.24 [52]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔargR, ΔgabT, ΔgabP, Ptac: gadB2 fromL. brevis ATCC 367 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 28.7 0.3 [53]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 Ptuf:can, Ptuf:icd, ΔsucCD, ΔgabD, ΔgabP::potE harboring pXMJ19-Ptuf: guaB-gadM 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 23.07 0.38 0.52 [54]
C. glutamicum KCTC 1852 H36LlGAD PH36: gadB from L. lactis CICC20209 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 42.5 1.18 0.425 [55]
L.brevisNCL912 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 103.7 [56]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 CgGly 2, ∆gabTDP, PGPP1-odhA-DAS+8, PGPP1-argJ-DAS+8; pGN-GGPCe 反应器补料分批发酵 甘油 45.6 0.4 [57]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877079490343702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

γ-氨基丁酸的生物合成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli BW25113 ΔgadAB, ParaBAD: gadBopt from L. lactis 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 614.15 40.94 0.99 [19]
L. paracasei NFRI 7415 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 31.1 0.185 0.37 [20]
S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus Y2 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 7.98 0.095 0.53 [21]
L. brevis NCL912 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 205.8 4.29 1.43 [22]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PADH1: gadA 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,谷氨酸钠 300 8.57 0.69 [23]
E. coli XL1-Blue PgntT104: gadB from L. brevis subsp. Lactis IL1403 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,谷氨酸钠 94.8 1.98 0.777 [24]
E. coli XL1-Blue Ptac: gadB from N. crassa 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.35 0.11 0.878 [25]
E. coli XL1-Blue Ptac: gadB from P. horikoshii 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.07 0.11 0.83 [26]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: GAD from S. cerevisiae 反应器补料分批发酵 乳糖,甘油 252 0.99 [27]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: GAD from L. lactis FJNUGA01 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 204.1 34 0.99 [28]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: gadA, gadB, gadC from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 31.3 0.55 [29]
E. coli XBT ΔgabT, PT7: gadBC from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 谷氨酸钠 5.46 0.114 0.895 [30]
E. coli BW25113 ΔgadC, ΔgadAB, ParaBAD: gadB (M4)-groES-groEL, gadB mutant from L. lactis IL1403 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 308.26 44.04 0.996 [31]
E. coli XBM3 ΔackA, gabT, ParcC: icd-GBD, gltB-SH3, gadA-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.3 0.027 0.13 [32]
E. coli (XL1-Blue) XBM4 ΔfrdB, gabT, ParaBAD: gadC-GBD, gltB-SH3, gadB-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.23 0.026 0.123 [33]
E. coli (XL1-Blue) XBM6 ΔpflB, poxB, ldhA, ParcC: gadC-GDB,gabD-SH3, gabT-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.79 0.016 0.079 [34]
E. coli XBM7 ΔackA, ldhA, ParaC: sdhA-GBD, gabD-SH3, gabT-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.75 0.016 0.075 [35]
E. coli XBM6 ΔpflB, ΔpoxB, ΔldhA, ParcC: gadD-GDB, gabD-SH3, puuE-PDZ from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.87 [36]
E. coli JWZ08 ΔwaaF, ΔwaaC, ΔsucA, ΔpuuE, ΔgabT, ΔgabP, ΔxylA, ΔxylB, PT7: xylB, xylX, xylD, xylC, xylA from C. crescentus NA1000, PT7: gdhA and torA-gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 木糖 3.95 0.065 0.20 [37]
E. coli BW25113 ΔlacI, ΔgabT, ΔsucA, ΔaceA, PLlacO1::gltB, gadB (E89Q,Δ452-466), gadC (1-470),glnA from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 4.8 0.15 0.29 [38]
E. coli EDK11 gadB, gadC, gabT, gltA from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 1.2 0.05 [39]
E. coli Nissle 1917pMT1-G/pMT2-R/EcNP Ptrc: gadB from E. coli 全细胞催化 谷氨酸钠 17.9 [40]
C. glutamicum GAD PHCE: gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 12.37 0.172 0.247 [41]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 PtacM: gadB1, gadB2 from L. brevis Lb85 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 27.13 0.226 0.52 [42]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 PH36: gadB (E89Q, Δ452-466) from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 38.6 0.536 0.32 [43]
C. glutamicum H36GD1852 PH36: gadBmut, xylAB from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 EFB 35.47 0.68 [44]
C. glutamicum SH PtacM: R4a-gabB2B1 mut from L. brevis 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 26.5 0.442 0.269 [45]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔcglIM, ΔcglIR, ΔcglIIR, Δncgl0464 LVIS1847 from L. brevis ATCC367 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 25.6 2.4 0.729 [46]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔpknG, PHCE: gadB from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 31.1 0.26 0.311 [47]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔodhA, Ptac: gadB1, gadB2 from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 29.5 0.41 [48]
C. glutamicum SH Δmdh, Ptac: gadB1, gadB2, ppc from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 26.3 0.365 [49]
C. glutamicum PUT21 ΔargF, ΔargR, ΔsnaA, ΔgabTDP, Ptac: patD, patA from E. coli, Ptac: speC-5′ 21 -argF 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 8.0 0.31 [50]
C. glutamicum APLGGP ΔargB, ΔproB, ΔdapA, Ptac: plk fromL. plantarum GB 01-21, gad fromL. plantarum GB 01-21 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 70.6 1.001 [51]
C. glutamicum ORN1 ΔargF, ΔargR, ΔsnaA, ΔgabTDP, ΔyggB, ΔcgmA, odhA TTG, odhI T15A, Ptac: patDA from E. coli, Ptac: gapA, pyc and argB A49V/M54V from C. glutamicum, speC from E. coli and leaky expression of argF 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 63.2 1.34 0.24 [52]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 ΔargR, ΔgabT, ΔgabP, Ptac: gadB2 fromL. brevis ATCC 367 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 28.7 0.3 [53]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 Ptuf:can, Ptuf:icd, ΔsucCD, ΔgabD, ΔgabP::potE harboring pXMJ19-Ptuf: guaB-gadM 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 23.07 0.38 0.52 [54]
C. glutamicum KCTC 1852 H36LlGAD PH36: gadB from L. lactis CICC20209 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 42.5 1.18 0.425 [55]
L.brevisNCL912 野生型 反应器补料分批发酵 谷氨酸钠 103.7 [56]
C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 CgGly 2, ∆gabTDP, PGPP1-odhA-DAS+8, PGPP1-argJ-DAS+8; pGN-GGPCe 反应器补料分批发酵 甘油 45.6 0.4 [57]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877079557452567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Biosynthesis of 5-aminovaleric acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli WL3110 PLlacO-1: davAB from P. putida 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 3.6 0.075 [73]
E. coli WL3110 pKE112-davAB from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 90.59 0.942 [74]
E. coli CJ02RaiP ΔcadA, raiP from E. coli 全细胞催化 L-赖氨酸 50.62 1.05 0.506 [75]
C. glutamicum KCTC 12390BP ΔgabT, PH36: davA His6 davB from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 33.1 0.22 0.1 [76]
C. glutamicum LYS-12 bioD::davBA from P. putida, ΔlysE, ΔgabT 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 28 0.9 0.11 [77]
C. glutamicum KCTC 1857 PH30: davBA from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 39.9 0.54 0.11 [78]
C. glutamicum AVA-7 ΔargD, ΔgabTDP, ΔlysE, Ptuf: davBA from P. putida KT2440 and PP2911 fromP. putida KT2440 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 46.5 1.52 0.34 [79]
E. coli WL3110 PLlacO-1: davAB from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 90.59 0.94 0.75 [80]
E. coli BW25113 (DE3) ΔcadA, ΔldcC, Plac: davBA from P. putida KT2440, PT7: lysC T352I, dapA fromC. glutamicum 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.86 0.018 0.046 [81]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: davA from P. putida KT2440, PT7: davB from P. putida KT2440 反应器补料分批发酵 L-赖氨酸 240.7 8.6 0.868 [82]
E. coli pDABLP PT7: davAB from P. putida KT2440, PT7: lysP, PT7: PP2911 from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 63.2 0.405 0.62 [83]
E. coli BL21(DE3) ΔcadA, PT7: raiP from S. japonicus 全细胞催化 L-赖氨酸 29.12 0.40 0.44 [84]
E. coli CJ09 ΔcadA, raiP from S. japonicus, kivG(F381A/V461A) from L. lactis, pad, katE,lysP from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 52.24 1.19 0.38 [85]
C. glutamicum 5AVA3 ΔsugR, ΔldhA, ΔsnaA, ΔcgmA, ΔgabTDP, Ptac: ldcC, Ptac: patAD from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖和其他碳源 5.1 0.12 0.13 [86]
C. glutamicum AVA2_puoRq ΔsugR, ΔldhA, ΔsnaA, ΔcgmA, ΔgabTDP, pVWEx1-ldcC, pEC-XT99A-puoRq-patD 微型生物发酵系统 葡萄糖 3.7 0.09 [87]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877079616172824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

5-氨基戊酸的生物合成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli WL3110 PLlacO-1: davAB from P. putida 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 3.6 0.075 [73]
E. coli WL3110 pKE112-davAB from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 90.59 0.942 [74]
E. coli CJ02RaiP ΔcadA, raiP from E. coli 全细胞催化 L-赖氨酸 50.62 1.05 0.506 [75]
C. glutamicum KCTC 12390BP ΔgabT, PH36: davA His6 davB from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 33.1 0.22 0.1 [76]
C. glutamicum LYS-12 bioD::davBA from P. putida, ΔlysE, ΔgabT 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 28 0.9 0.11 [77]
C. glutamicum KCTC 1857 PH30: davBA from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 39.9 0.54 0.11 [78]
C. glutamicum AVA-7 ΔargD, ΔgabTDP, ΔlysE, Ptuf: davBA from P. putida KT2440 and PP2911 fromP. putida KT2440 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 46.5 1.52 0.34 [79]
E. coli WL3110 PLlacO-1: davAB from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 90.59 0.94 0.75 [80]
E. coli BW25113 (DE3) ΔcadA, ΔldcC, Plac: davBA from P. putida KT2440, PT7: lysC T352I, dapA fromC. glutamicum 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.86 0.018 0.046 [81]
E. coli BL21(DE3) PT7: davA from P. putida KT2440, PT7: davB from P. putida KT2440 反应器补料分批发酵 L-赖氨酸 240.7 8.6 0.868 [82]
E. coli pDABLP PT7: davAB from P. putida KT2440, PT7: lysP, PT7: PP2911 from P. putida 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 63.2 0.405 0.62 [83]
E. coli BL21(DE3) ΔcadA, PT7: raiP from S. japonicus 全细胞催化 L-赖氨酸 29.12 0.40 0.44 [84]
E. coli CJ09 ΔcadA, raiP from S. japonicus, kivG(F381A/V461A) from L. lactis, pad, katE,lysP from E. coli 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖,L-赖氨酸 52.24 1.19 0.38 [85]
C. glutamicum 5AVA3 ΔsugR, ΔldhA, ΔsnaA, ΔcgmA, ΔgabTDP, Ptac: ldcC, Ptac: patAD from E. coli 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖和其他碳源 5.1 0.12 0.13 [86]
C. glutamicum AVA2_puoRq ΔsugR, ΔldhA, ΔsnaA, ΔcgmA, ΔgabTDP, pVWEx1-ldcC, pEC-XT99A-puoRq-patD 微型生物发酵系统 葡萄糖 3.7 0.09 [87]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877079683281689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Biosynthesis of 6-aminocaproic acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli BL21(DE3) pZA22-leuA*-leuB-leuC-leuD, pET21a-raiP-kivD-padA 摇瓶发酵 L-赖氨酸 0.024 [2]
E. coli BL21 Ptac: nifV from A. vineland, aksFoptfrom M. aeolicus Nankai-3, Ptac: aksD opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, aksEoptfrom M. aeolicus Nankai-3, Ptac: vfloptfrom V. fluvialis, kdcA opt from L. lactis 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 2.0 0.038 [3]
E. coli BL21 PT7: nifVopt from A. vinelandi aksF opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, PT7: aksD opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, aksE opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, PT7: vfloptfrom V. fluvialis, kdcA opt from L. lactisa 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.048 [96]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877079742001946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993960607019482, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

6-氨基己酸的生物合成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物底盘 基因型 培养模式 碳源 生产水平 参考文献
产量/(g/L) 生产强度/[g/(L·h)] 转化率/(g/g)
E. coli BL21(DE3) pZA22-leuA*-leuB-leuC-leuD, pET21a-raiP-kivD-padA 摇瓶发酵 L-赖氨酸 0.024 [2]
E. coli BL21 Ptac: nifV from A. vineland, aksFoptfrom M. aeolicus Nankai-3, Ptac: aksD opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, aksEoptfrom M. aeolicus Nankai-3, Ptac: vfloptfrom V. fluvialis, kdcA opt from L. lactis 反应器补料分批发酵 葡萄糖 2.0 0.038 [3]
E. coli BL21 PT7: nifVopt from A. vinelandi aksF opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, PT7: aksD opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, aksE opt from M. aeolicus Nankai-3, PT7: vfloptfrom V. fluvialis, kdcA opt from L. lactisa 摇瓶发酵 葡萄糖 0.048 [96]
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ω-氨基酸与内酰胺的生物合成研究进展
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刘益宁 1, 2 , 蒲伟 3, 4 , 杨金星 5 , 王钰 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1350-1366
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1350-1366
ω-氨基酸与内酰胺的生物合成研究进展
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刘益宁1, 2 , 蒲伟3, 4 , 杨金星5, 王钰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学重点实验室,天津 300308
  • 2 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
  • 3 内江师范学院生命科学学院,四川 内江 641100
  • 4 四川省高等学校特色农业资源研究与利用重点实验室,四川 内江 641100
  • 5 华南理工大学生物科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 刘益宁(1996—),女,硕士,科研助理。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

    蒲伟(1988—),男,博士,讲师。研究方向为系统代谢工程与合成生物学。E-mail:

    王钰(1987—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师。研究方向为工业微生物的基因编辑育种和一碳原料的生物转化利用研究。E-mail:

Recent advances in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams
Yining LIU1, 2 , Wei PU3, 4 , Jinxing YANG5, Yu WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 2 National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 3 Life Science of School,Neijiang Normal University,Neijiang 641100,Sichuan,China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Regional Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Sichuan Province,Neijiang 641100,Sichuan,China
  • 5 School of Biology and Biological Engineering,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510006,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-019
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以可再生碳资源为原料,以工程微生物为核心工具,通过生物制造的方式生产生物基材料等化学品,具有绿色、低碳的优势,已经成为目前研究的热点。ω-氨基酸是氨基和羧基分别位于支链碳链两端的一种非天然氨基酸,其自身环化的产物内酰胺是合成聚酰胺材料(又名尼龙)的关键单体。聚酰胺材料具有广泛的应用与巨大的市场,目前主要通过石化路线生产,生物合成路线仍处于研究阶段,但是近年来进展迅速。本文系统介绍了ω-氨基酸与内酰胺的生物合成研究进展。为合成生物基聚酰胺材料,研究者设计了ω-氨基酸的人工合成途径,挖掘了可环化ω-氨基酸合成内酰胺的关键酶,通过在微生物底盘细胞中组装合成途径,调控和优化代谢流量,开发内酰胺生物传感器并进行高通量筛选,实现了C4~C6的ω-氨基酸和内酰胺的生物合成。尤其以葡萄糖为原料合成戊内酰胺的产量超过70 g/L,生产强度达到约1 g/(L·h),接近可工业化的水平。最后,本文也讨论了目前ω-氨基酸与内酰胺生物合成面临的途径原子经济性低、关键环化酶限速、一碳等非粮原料开发利用不足等挑战。

ω-氨基酸  /  内酰胺  /  聚酰胺  /  生物基材料  /  生物合成

Increasing petroleum consumption and growing environmental concerns necessitate the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels from renewable resources. By utilizing renewable resources as raw materials and engineered microorganisms as the core tools, the bio-manufacturing of bio-based materials has become a hot research topic due to its green and low-carbon advantages. ω-Amino acids are a type of non-natural amino acids with amino and carboxyl groups located at the ends of the straight carbon chain. Self-cyclization of ω-amino acids produce lactams, which are the key monomers for the synthesis of polyamide materials, commonly known as nylon. Polyamide materials have wide applications and a huge global market over seven million tons per year. Nowadays, polyamide materials and their monomers are primarily produced through petrochemical routes with non-renewable resources. The research on biosynthesis of these materials and monomers is still in the early stages, but significant progress has been made in recent years. This review article systematically introduces the recent advances in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams. To achieve the bio-manufacturing of bio-based polyamide materials, researchers have designed artificial biosynthetic pathways for ω-amino acids from renewable carbon sources such as glucose. The key enzymes for the cyclization of ω-amino acids to form lactams have been identified. By assembling the biosynthetic pathway in microbial chassis such as Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, production of ω-amino acids and lactams have been achieved. Furthermore, the metabolic flux was fine-tuned by regulating and optimizing the expression of key genes to improve the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams. Besides, biosensors of lactams have been developed to transfer the intracellular concentrations of lactams into easily detectable signals such as fluorescence. Such biosensors have been successfully used for high-throughput screening of ω-amino acid cyclization enzymes and dynamic regulation of biosynthetic pathway. These effects have resulted in the successful biosynthesis of C4-C6 ω-amino acids and lactams. Particularly, using glucose as a raw material, the production of valerolactam by fed-batch fermentation exceeded 70 g/L, with a productivity of about 1 g/(L·h), which approaches the level required for industrialization and commercialization. Finally, the review article discusses the current challenges faced in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams, including the low yield of biosynthetic pathways, rate-limitations posed by key cyclization enzymes, and insufficient utilization of non-food carbon sources such as one-carbon compounds.

ω-amino acid  /  lactam  /  polyamide  /  bio-based material  /  biosynthesis
刘益宁, 蒲伟, 杨金星, 王钰. ω-氨基酸与内酰胺的生物合成研究进展. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1350 -1366 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-019
Yining LIU, Wei PU, Jinxing YANG, Yu WANG. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of ω-amino acids and lactams[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1350 -1366 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-019
内酰胺(lactam)是由非天然的直链氨基酸(也称ω-氨基酸)环化后形成的一类重要化学品1。这类化合物开环后通过酰胺键(-CO-NH-)聚合形成一类线性的高分子材料——聚酰胺(polyamide,PA)。PA以其独特的性能而闻名,包括高抗拉强度、电绝缘、耐热、耐磨、生物相容性好等。这些特性使得PA在汽车、电气、纺织和医疗等行业应用广泛。自1938年首款以尼龙(nylon)为名的聚酰胺材料产品面世以来,聚酰胺材料的市场规模不断扩大,目前的全球年产量已达700万吨2-4。由6-氨基己酸(6-aminocaproic acid,6-ACA)环化形成的己内酰胺(caprolactam)是合成尼龙-6的原料,全球年产量超过440万吨,市场规模估计为150亿美元。除了己内酰胺,一些碳链较短的内酰胺也具有特殊的应用。由5-氨基戊酸(5-aminovaleric acid,5-AVA)环化形成的戊内酰胺(valerolactam)可用于合成尼龙-5和尼龙-6,5这两种具有独特性能的聚酰胺材料。由γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)环化形成的丁内酰胺(butyrolactam)可用于合成尼龙-4,这种材料具有更好的热稳定性、更高生物降解性与疏水性。除此之外,丁内酰胺还是生产N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮的前体,后者是注射剂、药品生产、膜过滤器、地板抛光剂等的溶剂。
目前工业化内酰胺的生产主要依靠石油化工衍生路线,反应条件苛刻,反应工艺复杂,不利于生态环境保护5-7。随着国际社会对气候、环境、资源等问题的关注度越来越高,传统的化学工业正向着可再生和可持续的方式转变。利用改造的微生物为催化剂,以可再生资源为原料,通过生物催化或生物发酵的方式,已经可以实现在温和的反应条件下合成一些高价值、具有高对映体选择性的化学物质,从而绕过条件苛刻和不可再生的传统化学合成过程。生物基PA材料更具有可持续性和环保性,符合绿色、低碳、可持续的发展要求8-10。为实现PA材料的绿色可持续生产,内酰胺及其前体ω-氨基酸的生物合成也成为了近年的研究热点。
由于大部分微生物体内不存在天然的ω-氨基酸和内酰胺合成途径,需要引入异源的基因或代谢途径,构建ω-氨基酸和内酰胺的生物合成菌种。现有研究表明,部分ω-氨基酸和内酰胺可以以蛋白质氨基酸(如L-谷氨酸和L-赖氨酸)为前体,经过人工组装的代谢途径转化为ω-氨基酸和内酰胺。目前大部分蛋白质氨基酸已经实现了生物发酵工业生产11-13L-赖氨酸和L-谷氨酸的发酵产量均已超过200 g/L,这为ω-氨基酸和内酰胺的生物合成奠定了基础14-15。本文首先简单介绍以石化资源化学合成内酰胺的传统路线,然后重点综述了ω-氨基酸和内酰胺的生物合成研究进展,以及基于生物传感器的高通量筛选方法和动态调控策略在内酰胺合成菌种优化中的应用,最后对使用木质纤维素原料、一碳原料等非粮原料进行聚酰胺材料单体合成的前景进行展望。
目前,内酰胺主要由石化原料合成。例如,己内酰胺的生产以苯或苯酚的衍生产物环己酮为原料,首先使用硫酸羟胺将环己酮转化为环己酮肟,然后在90~120 ℃的高温和硫酸条件下,通过Beckmann重排反应将肟分子转化为己内酰胺(图1)。己内酰胺的后续分离纯化需要添加NH3,因此每生产1.0 kg的己内酰胺就会产生1.8~5.0 kg的硫酸铵废物。通过一些绿色化学工艺可减少硫酸铵废物,但整个反应过程仍然需要高温和酸性的反应条件5。目前,丁内酰胺的工业生产以1,4-丁二醇为原料,首先通过脱氢反应生成丁内酯,后者与氨反应生成丁内酰胺(图116。由此可见,目前内酰胺的生产主要依赖石化原料,生产工艺耗能较高,且需要高温、酸性等反应条件。
内酰胺生物合成方法主要是先合成非天然的直链ω-氨基酸,后者自身环化后形成内酰胺。已实现生物合成的ω-氨基酸主要有三类,分别是GABA、5-AVA和6-ACA,三种ω-氨基酸的生物合成途径如图2所示。下面将就三种ω-氨基酸的生物合成研究进展进行详细的介绍。
GABA是一种四碳的非蛋白质氨基酸,广泛应用于食品、饲料和医疗等领域,被列入美国能源部的“生物质高附加值化学品”名单1。GABA生物合成主要通过L-谷氨酸的不可逆α-脱羧反应实现,该过程由吡哆醛5′-磷酸依赖性的L-谷氨酸脱羧酶(L-glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)催化(图217-18。目前GABA的生物合成方法主要有生物催化法和生物发酵法(表1)。
生物催化法通过表达不同来源的GAD,将前体L-谷氨酸转变为GABA。生物催化法的关键是从不同微生物中克隆性能优异的GAD,并在一些模式微生物,如大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)中进行异源表达。目前已经从大肠杆菌58-59、乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria,LAB)1760-63、唾液链球菌(Streptococcus salivarius64、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium65、堀越火球菌(Pyrococcus horikoshii66、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)和粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa67等微生物中克隆了GAD,对这些GAD的酶学性质进行了详细的表征,并应用于GABA的生物催化合成。Ke等19在大肠杆菌BW25113 ΔgabAB中过表达来自外源乳杆菌中的gadB基因编码的GAD,以L-谷氨酸为底物进行全细胞催化,在不添加辅因子吡哆醛5'-磷酸(PLP)的情况下,添加3 mol/L L-谷氨酸底物时GABA产量达到308.96 g/L;该菌株在添加2 mol/L L-谷氨酸底物中可重复使用三个周期,总GABA产量达到614.15 g/L。由于催化效率高,产物产量高,全细胞生物催化是GABA工业生产的有效策略之一。
一些从发酵产品中分离的乳酸菌(LAB)天然能够产生GABA,例如从泡菜、奶酪、酸奶等中分离的乳杆菌和乳球菌68。这些菌株中的GAD活性较高,具有较强的GABA产生能力。Li等5669从我国泡菜中分离了一株短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)NCL912菌种,利用该菌株在以L-谷氨酸钠为底物的丰富培养基中发酵,最终GABA的产量达到了103.7 g/L。Wang等22同样利用该菌株,通过进一步优化培养条件,以L-谷氨酸为底物,最终在10 L反应器中GABA产量达到了205.8 g/L。除LAB外,研究者们从富含GABA的食品中分离出的其他微生物,也具有一定的GABA生产能力,例如紫红曲霉(Monascus purpureus)、小孢根霉(Rhizopus microspores)和唾液链球菌(Streptococcus salivarius)等菌株。但是这些菌株的GABA生产能力相对于LAB较低,通过进一步的代谢改造,有望提升这些菌株的生产能力。
虽然对于天然产GABA菌株的研究取得了一定的进展,但是这些菌株仍需要在培养基中直接添加L-谷氨酸进行发酵,以及添加大量其他的氮源,这限制了GABA的大规模生产。因此,近些年利用工程菌株一步发酵葡萄糖产GABA引起了研究者的广泛关注。目前主要利用代谢工程技术改造大肠杆菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌一步发酵法生产GABA。Pham等32在大肠杆菌中利用蛋白支架将异柠檬酸脱氢酶、谷氨酸合酶和GAD串联在一起,在以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基中GABA产量达到了1.3 g/L。尽管利用重组大肠杆菌产GABA的浓度相对较低,但是以上研究为GABA合成提供了一种新的思路。谷氨酸棒杆菌因其出色的谷氨酸合成能力而被认为是生产GABA的理想菌株。Choi等43将来源于大肠杆菌的GAD突变体GADGlu89Gln/Δ452-466克隆至谷氨酸棒杆菌中,通过优化GAD突变体的表达元件和发酵条件,GABA的产量达到了38.6 g/L。Zhang等51在谷氨酸棒杆菌中开发出了一种不需要额外添加辅因子吡哆醛5′-磷酸,直接发酵葡萄糖产GABA的高效方法,通过两阶段的pH控制策略,发酵72 h后GABA产量达到了70.6 g/L。Baritugo44通过在一株高产L-谷氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌KCTC 1852中引入木糖的利用途径和GABA合成途径,以葡萄糖和木糖为混合碳源,最终GABA的产量达到了35.47 g/L。Zhang等54在谷氨酸棒杆菌中重构三羧酸(TCA)循环,增强乙酰辅酶A(CoA)生成α-酮戊二酸,进而增加向GABA直接前体物质L-谷氨酸的合成通量,并阻断了GABA分解代谢,增强运输系统,进一步提高了GABA的合成,以葡萄糖为碳源发酵,GABA产量为23.07 g/L;此外,还构建了乙酰辅酶A依赖的丁内酰胺生物合成途径,丁内酰胺产量为4.58 g/L。
虽然工程微生物生产GABA已经取得了一定的进展,但要进一步提高GABA的产量和转化率,以满足工业化生产的要求,还需要解决两个问题。首先,大多数细菌来源的GAD仅在酸性条件下具有活性,而在中性pH下失去酶活性,这严重限制了它们在GABA发酵生产中的应用。尽管通过定向进化获得了一些pH范围扩大的GAD突变体,但它们在近中性pH下的活性仍然很低。其次,α-酮戊二酸是GABA生物合成的重要前体,但该代谢物也是TCA循环的中间体,主要负责在有氧条件下为细胞生长提供能量和物质。因此,过量的代谢通量进入GABA生物合成途径不可避免地引起细胞生长和GABA生产之间的竞争,从而损害细胞活力和途径生产能力。如何平衡产物合成和细胞生长的关系是提升GABA生物合成的关键限制因素4470。Wei等57利用途径工程技术在谷氨酸棒杆菌中优化了甘油的利用途径,提高了甘油的利用效率,同时引入GABA的生物合成途径,为了进一步平衡细胞生长和GABA合成的碳流,构建了可调的生长依赖型双功能的遗传开关,利用该调控技术重构了GABA合成代谢网络,工程菌株能够在积累足量的生物量之后发生代谢状态转变,使细胞代谢状态由“生长模式”向“生产模式”转变,从而实现了细胞生长和产物合成的协同平衡。最终构建的工程菌株GABA产量为45.6 g/L,产率提升至0.4 g/g甘油,是目前报道的利用甘油生产GABA的最高产量,为谷氨酸棒杆菌细胞工厂的代谢调控提供了新的工具和方法。
在实现GABA高效的生物合成后,研究者进一步提升了丁内酰胺的合成水平。Zhang等16在大肠杆菌中表达GAD突变体GadB_ΔHT和环化合酶MBP-ORF26(与麦芽糖结合蛋白融合的酰基CoA连接酶)构建丁内酰胺合成途径,在补充9 g/L L-谷氨酸培养基中发酵得到1.1 g/L丁内酰胺。Chae等71在大肠杆菌中过表达GaD突变体(GadB E89Q Δ452-466)、ω-氨基酸环化酶β-丙氨酸CoA转移酶(Act),构建了丁内酰胺代谢途径,以葡萄糖为碳源补料分批发酵,丁内酰胺的产量可达到54.14 g/L。
5-AVA是恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)KT2440中L-赖氨酸分解代谢途径的一个中间代谢物(图272。5-AVA合成的典型途径包括两步酶催化反应:首先L-赖氨酸单加氧酶(DavB)介导L-赖氨酸氧化为5-氨基戊酰胺,然后由5-氨基戊酰胺水解酶(DavA)催化5-氨基戊酰胺最终水解为5-AVA,5-AVA会被进一步降解转化为戊二酸,因此在恶臭假单胞菌中难以过量积累5-AVA72。为了过量积累5-AVA,Park73在大肠杆菌W3110中引入恶臭假单胞菌的davAdavB基因,在添加了葡萄糖和L-赖氨酸的培养基中,5-AVA的产量达到了3.6 g/L(表2)。随后Park等74进一步提高细胞密度,优化底物L-赖氨酸的补料方式,最终5-AVA的产量提升到90.59 g/L。Cheng等75报道了另一种5-AVA的合成途径,在大肠杆菌中引入来源于日本鲭(Scomber japonicas)的L-赖氨酸α-氧化酶,首先催化L-赖氨酸合成2-酮基-6-氨基己酸,后者与过氧化氢反应合成5-AVA。作者发现加入乙醇可提高L-赖氨酸α-氧化酶的表达水平,通过优化乙醇、过氧化氢用量等反应条件,重组细胞催化L-赖氨酸可生产50.62 g/L 5-AVA,转化率为0.84 mol/mol。
与前面通过外源添加L-赖氨酸不同的是,Park等73从头设计了从葡萄糖合成5-AVA的途径,将davAdavB基因导入重组大肠杆菌XQ56中(W3110 ΔlacI ΔspeE ΔspeG ΔygjG ΔpuuPA PdapA::Ptrc),使用这个菌株,以10 g/L葡萄糖为原料,分批发酵产生了0.27 g/L的5-AVA。同时研究者们还在谷氨酸棒杆菌中构建了5-AVA的生物合成途径,首先引入针对谷氨酸棒杆菌密码子优化后的davAdavB基因,同时失活5-AVA的下游代谢途径,发酵葡萄糖合成了33.1 g/L的5-AVA76。Rohles等77L-赖氨酸高产菌株LYS-12中敲除L-赖氨酸的外排蛋白编码基因lysE,表达了davAdavB基因,在含有葡萄糖的培养基中,5-AVA产量为28 g/L。Joo等78利用谷氨酸棒杆菌KCTC 1857表达davAdavB基因,发酵葡萄糖产生了39.9 g/L 5-AVA,发酵芒属植物水解液产生了12.5 g/L 5-AVA。近期,Rohles等79利用系统代谢工程技术对谷氨酸棒杆菌进行了改造,首先引入来源于恶臭假单胞菌的5-AVA合成途径(过表达davAdavB基因),阻断5-AVA的下游代谢途径,强化5-AVA的外排途径,弱化5-AVA的吸收途径,最终的谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵葡萄糖产生了46.5 g/L的5-AVA,转化率和生产强度分别为0.34 g/g和1.52 g/(L·h)。
为实现戊内酰胺的合成,Han等88将恶臭假单胞菌的davAdavB基因、丙酸梭菌(Clostridium propionicum)的act基因导入谷氨酸棒杆菌中,并改造前体物质5-AVA转运路径以重新吸收外排的5-AVA,增强act基因表达以提高5-AVA向戊内酰胺的转化,以葡萄糖为碳源进行分批补料发酵,戊内酰胺产量、转化率和生产强度分别达到76.1 g/L、0.28 g/g和0.99 g/(L·h)。Chae等71在大肠杆菌中增强L-赖氨酸生物合成,提高了胞内L-赖氨酸积累,引入来自恶臭假单胞菌的davAdavB基因以及丙酸梭菌的act基因,以葡萄糖为碳源补料分批发酵,戊内酰胺产量为1.18 g/L。Zhang等6在大肠杆菌中引入恶臭假单胞菌的davAdavB基因以及环化合酶MBP-ORF26的编码基因,在添加10 g/L赖氨酸培养基中发酵获得戊内酰胺产量为705 mg/L。Thompson等89在恶臭假单胞菌中过表达davAdavB基因及环化合酶MBP-ORF26编码的基因,通过途径工程,敲除戊内酰胺降解相关的基因opIBA,以及L-赖氨酸异构化为D-赖氨酸的编码基因alr和5-AVA降解为戊二酸的编码基因davT,在添加3.65 g/L L-赖氨酸培养基中发酵获得戊内酰胺产量达到91.97 mg/L。
除上述L-赖氨酸降解途径外,研究者还设计了另一条以α-酮己二酸(AKA)为中间物的5-AVA合成途径。该途径首先以TCA循环的中间物α-酮戊二酸和乙酰CoA为底物,在高柠檬酸合酶(NifV)、异丙基苹果酸脱水酶(AksDE)、异丙基苹果酸/高异柠檬酸脱氢酶(AksF)的催化下合成AKA,后者在酮酸脱羧酶(KdcA)催化下合成甲酰丁酸,进一步在氨基转基酶(Vfl)催化下合成5-AVA。ω-氨基酸5-AVA在β-丙氨酸CoA转移酶(Act)的催化下可合成环化产物戊内酰胺。利用该途径,Chae等71构建了工程大肠杆菌,结合L-赖氨酸合成与降解途径改造,分批补料发酵合成了1.18 g/L戊内酰胺,生产强度和转化率分别为0.017 g/(L·h)和0.0045 g/g。
目前构建的戊内酰胺生物合成菌株主要是通过基因敲除和过表达等理性静态调控策略来实现,除此之外,研究者也开发了基于生物传感器的动态调控策略。其中,基于转录因子的生物传感器可以响应细胞内代谢物或产物的浓度变化,输出荧光等信号,或调控相关基因的表达。因此,使用生物传感器,可构建人工基因线路,通过中间代谢物或目标产物的浓度变化,动态调控合成途径中关键基因的表达,协调细胞生长与合成代谢的平衡,促进产物合成90。在不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB9871.47)中,ChnR-Pb转录调控因子/启动子对参与环己醇氧化,激活环己酮1,2-单加氧酶和环己醇脱氢酶的表达。Zhang等91基于内酰胺与环己醇的结构相似性,开发了一种基于ChnR-Pb转录调控因子/启动子对的内酰胺生物传感器,可以定量丁内酰胺、戊内酰胺和己内酰胺。而且该生物传感器具有较高的特异性,不受内酰胺生物合成中间体的影响。该团队进一步通过定向进化策略,对内酰胺生物传感器的灵敏性和动态范围进行了优化,并将优化后的生物传感器用于内酰胺环化酶的动态表达调控,成功增强了戊内酰胺的合成(图3)。在分批补料发酵中,动态调控的菌种可生产约12.33 g/L的戊内酰胺92
研究发现大肠杆菌具有较强的6-ACA耐受性,可耐受高达100 g/L的6-ACA,因此被选作6-ACA合成的底盘3,上述用于合成5-AVA的途径,也可以用于合成6-ACA。α-酮戊二酸和乙酰CoA在NifV、AksDE、AksF的催化下合成AKA,后者与另一分子的乙酰CoA在上述三个酶的催化下,延长碳链合成α-酮庚二酸(AKP),AKP在KdcA和Vfl催化下合成6-ACA,进一步在Act的催化下可合成环化产物己内酰胺。Turk等3在大肠杆菌中构建了上述合成α-酮庚二酸途径(AKP途径),通过优化蛋白表达和培养基组成,在分批发酵中能够产生160 mg/L的6-ACA,在分批补料发酵中6-ACA的产量达到2 g/L。Chae等71在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达了经过密码子优化的NifV、AksDE、AksF、KdcA、Vfl和Act,重构以AKP为中间物的6-ACA合成途径,得到菌株CLM01在以甘油为碳源的培养基中,产生2.56 μg/L的己内酰胺和12.83 mg/L的戊内酰胺。为避免副产物戊内酰胺的产生,对KdcA进行定点突变(Q377I、Q377L)得到菌株CLM03和CLM04,己内酰胺产率分别为11.87 μg/L和5.71 μg/L,戊内酰胺产率分别为9.69 mg/L和2.31 mg/L。CLM03菌株进一步分批补料发酵,己内酰胺产量可达到79.60 μg/L,生产强度为9.48 μg/(L·h),甘油转化率为3.88 μg/g。除Act外,Zhang等6发现来自链霉菌(Streptomyces aizunensis)ECO-02301的酰基辅酶A连接酶(ORF26)也可以催化6-ACA合成己内酰胺,表达该酶的大肠杆菌,在添加2 g/L 6-ACA的培养基中发酵,己内酰胺的产量为2.02 mg/L。
Cheng等2在重组大肠杆菌中建立了人工的迭代碳链延伸循环,用于生产5-AVA、6-ACA和7-氨基庚酸(7-AH)。首先,L-赖氨酸在L-赖氨酸α-氧化酶(raiP基因编码)的催化下合成2-酮基-6-氨基己酸,后者进入由α-异丙基苹果酸合成酶突变体(leuA H97L/S139G/G462D基因编码)、3-异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶(leuB基因编码)和3-异丙基苹果酸脱水酶(leuCD基因编码)构成的碳链延伸循环,构成的碳链延伸循环,以乙酰CoA为供体进行官能团的改造和碳链延伸。产物通过2-酮异戊酸脱羧酶(kivD基因编码)和苯乙醛脱氢酶(padA基因编码)催化下合成。该重组菌株摇瓶发酵可同时产生2.15 g/L的5-AVA、24.12 mg/L 的6-ACA和4.74 mg/L的7-AH,以2-酮基-6-氨基己酸为底物,经体外酶催化反应8 h后可同时产生99.16 mg/L的5-AVA、46.96 mg/L的6-ACA和4.78 mg/L的7-AH2。除生物合成外,内酰胺的生物降解也受到关注。Thompson等89在恶臭假单胞菌中研究了己内酰胺的生物降解途径,结合随机条形码转座子测序(RB-TnSeq)和霰弹枪蛋白质组学的组合分析,发现5-羟脯氨酸酶(OplBA)在己内酰胺分解代谢中起关键作用。敲除oplBA基因可减少己内酰胺的降解,这一研究结果为提高己内酰胺产量、避免产物降解提供了参考。
与GABA和5-AVA的高效生物合成相比,6-ACA的产量明显较低。分析原因,可能是由于6-ACA的合成途径更长,途径的原子经济性较差,理论转化率低,且途径中关键酶活性较低、底物特异性和产物特异性差。因此提高6-ACA的产量需要在途径和酶元件两方面重点开展研究。首先,可借助合成生物学设计具有高原子经济性,且热力学和动力学可行的6-ACA新合成途径。其次,可使用人工智能技术在生物数据库中深度挖掘新的6-ACA合成相关酶,并通过理性设计和定向进化提高酶的催化性能。此外,为提高酶和生产菌种的评价和筛选通量,可以基于内酰胺生物传感器开发高通量筛选策略94-95,综合运用多种技术手段系统地优化6-ACA的生产菌种。例如,Yeom等93使用粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)中可识别内酰胺的转录调控因子NitR,及受NitR调控的nitA启动子元件,以绿色荧光蛋白编码基因gfp为报告基因,通过优化核糖体结合位点(RBS)和启动子,构建了己内酰胺的生物传感器(图3),并基于该生物传感器,建立了内酰胺环化酶的高通量筛选策略CL-GESS(caprolactam-detecting genetic enzyme screening system),从海洋宏基因组中成功筛选到一个新的内酰胺环化酶(图3表3)。
我国提出了实现“双碳”的战略目标,世界各国也在努力实现“零碳”的发展愿景,因此,利用可再生资源生产生物基材料正变得越来越重要。与化石基材料相比,生物基材料的碳足迹更小,有助于减少碳排放和材料废物。其中,聚酰胺作为应用广泛的关键工业材料之一,其生物合成是目前研究的前沿热点。在过去的几十年里,基于石油化工的聚酰胺生产已经成功地实现了商业化,且市场规模不断扩大,但是,生物基聚酰胺的研究仍然局限于学术研究,工业化生产仍然需要解决众多问题。本文综述了生物基聚酰胺单体内酰胺和ω-氨基酸的生物合成最新研究进展,也讨论了目前面临的挑战和发展机遇。
对微生物的蛋白质氨基酸(如L-赖氨酸和L-谷氨酸)合成途径进行改造,以蛋白质氨基酸为前体合成ω-氨基酸,其次通过环化步骤,可有效实现内酰胺的从头生物合成。但目前面临的三个挑战是:
(1)设计高原子经济性的ω-氨基酸生物合成途径
目前的合成途径存在多个脱羧反应,例如以L-谷氨酸(C5)为中间物合成GABA(C4)需要脱酸释放1分子二氧化碳,而通过TCA循环的氧化分支合成L-谷氨酸,也需要脱羧释放1分子二氧化碳。以L-赖氨酸(C6)为中间物合成5-AVA,同样需要脱羧释放1分子二氧化碳。6-氨基己酸(C6)的合成途径以α-酮戊二酸(C5)为中间物,需要整合2分子乙酰CoA,最终释放3分子二氧化碳。由此可见,现有的生物合成途径原子经济性较差,这将直接限制以可再生原料合成聚酰胺单体的理论转化率,间接提高了生产的原料成本。因此,充分借助人工智能,设计新的生化反应和高原子经济性的生物合成途径,是提高聚酰胺单体生物合成效率的重要挑战之一。
(2)解除ω-氨基酸环化的限速步骤
最近的研究在GABA和5-AVA的生物合成方面取得了重要进展,已经获得了较高的产量。对于6-ACA,虽然提出了新的合成途径,但产量仍较低,且存在较多的副产物,需要通过途径和酶工程进一步提高产量。在实现ω-氨基酸高产的基础上,后续的环化反应成为了主要的限速步骤。高效的ω-氨基酸环化酶应具有高活性、良好的稳定性、理想的底物选择性和高对映体选择性。南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(CALB),其具有高温稳定性和底物混杂性,是酯化或酯交换反应和聚合反应中最常用的生物催化剂之一。Stavila等97研究表明,CALB能够在体外将6-ACA环化为己内酰胺,产率高达60%,但是CALB由于需要有机溶剂和高温条件,不适合用于体内合成,而其余三种酶Act、ORF26、CaiC在底物偏好性和活性方面各有权衡。提高环化酶的催化效率等性能,是提高内酰胺产量的一个重要因素。
(3)开发木质纤维素、一碳原料等非粮原料生产聚酰胺单体的路线和菌种
目前聚酰胺单体生物合成面临的另一问题是仍主要使用葡萄糖原料,存在“与人争粮”的潜在风险。秸秆等木质纤维素原料、甘露醇等海洋碳资源、甲醇等一碳原料来源广泛,价格低廉,作为生物制造的原料受到越来越多的关注,未来有望成为聚酰胺单体生物合成的替代原料98-100。除了目前常用的大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌等工业微生物底盘,一些微生物具有利用这些非粮原料的先天优势,例如恶臭假单胞菌具有较强的木质纤维素原料降解利用能力,甲醇芽孢杆菌具有甲醇高效转化利用能力,未来可以作为聚酰胺单体生物合成的底盘。
可以预见,合成生物学的快速发展,将助力研究者应对这些挑战,推动聚酰胺材料单体和更多生物基材料单体的可持续和低碳生物合成。
  • 中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110201)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-019
  • 接收时间:2024-02-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-04
  • 修回日期:2024-04-25
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中国科学院关键核心技术攻坚先导专项(XDC0110201)
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    1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学重点实验室,天津 300308
    2 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
    3 内江师范学院生命科学学院,四川 内江 641100
    4 四川省高等学校特色农业资源研究与利用重点实验室,四川 内江 641100
    5 华南理工大学生物科学与工程学院,广东 广州 510006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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