Article(id=1148993963232653840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706976000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-04, revisedDate=1714147200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871108110, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871108110, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871108110, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871108110, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993956857307504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='6', pageStart='1227', pageEnd='1529', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871106590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057237502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1419, endPage=1436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149994724485591405, articleId=1148993963232653840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Bioproduction based on extremophiles, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional chemical manufacturing based on petroleum as raw material has had profound impacts in the development of modern society. However, it also has many drawbacks, such as environmental pollution and lack of sustainability. In contrast, biomanufacture with microorganisms as industrial chassis is gradually becoming a hot spot in industrial production due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. Nonetheless, the limitations of traditional industrial biotechnology, including susceptibility to microbial contamination, complex fermentation processes, and difficulties in achieving continuous fermentations, have hindered the competitiveness of their products in terms of production costs compared to chemical industries To address these challenges, “Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology” (NGIB) with extremophiles as non-conventional chassis, has been undergoing continuous development with increasing global attentions.The basis of NGIB is extremophiles, such as halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles, known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments. Through molecular engineering of extremophiles, especially Halomonas spp., the recombinants can utilize various inexpensive carbon sources for continuous open fermentation, leading to the production of diverse high-value products with reduced cost. This review defines and summarizes the characteristics of extremophiles, highlighting their ability to grow rapidly in extreme environments like high salt, high temperature, and extreme pH. Subsequently, the review summarizes current genetic engineering approaches for extremophiles, such as promoter engineering, CRISPR-based gene editing, community fate strategy, and stable plasmid vectors. Additionally, metabolic engineering methods such as precursor supplementation, pathway disruption, byproduct reduction, and enhanced transport are discussed, along with various products including PHA, proteins, amino acids, and small molecule derivatives. The review also identifies challenges in extremophile engineering, such as the lack of suitable plasmid vectors, low plasmid transformation efficiency, lack of efficient gene editing tools, and long growth and fermentation cycle, but proposes corresponding solutions. Finally, the review proposes leveraging the characteristics of different types of extremophiles to produce advantageous products, thereby driving the development of next generation industrial biotechnology based on various extremphiles, and achieving green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable biomanufacturing.

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以微生物或酶为基础的生物制造,正以其绿色、环保、可持续等优势逐渐替代以化石燃料为原料的传统化工生产模式。然而,传统工业生物技术存在易染菌、设备复杂、难以连续发酵等劣势。相较而言,“下一代工业生物技术”(NGIB)利用以嗜盐菌、嗜热菌和嗜酸碱菌等极端微生物作为底盘细胞,使用廉价底物生产多种高附加值产品,具有开放、无需灭菌、连续发酵等优点。本文介绍了嗜盐菌、嗜热菌和嗜酸碱菌极端微生物的定义以及在高盐、高温、极度酸碱等极端环境下快速生长的特性。随后总结了目前极端微生物的基因工程手段例如启动子工程、以CRISPR为代表的基因编辑技术、命运共同体策略、稳定质粒载体等,代谢工程手段例如增加碳源前体、敲除旁路代谢、减少副产物、提高转运等,以及极端微生物生产的多种产品例如PHA、蛋白质、氨基酸及小分子衍生物等。同时概括了目前在极端微生物底盘细胞改造过程中仍存在的问题,如缺乏多种优秀的质粒载体、质粒转化效率低、缺乏高效基因编辑技术以及其他非嗜盐菌生长发酵周期较长等,并提出了相应的解决策略。最后展望了如何充分利用不同类型极端微生物的特性生产优势产品,推动下一代工业生物技术的发展与完善,实现绿色、环保、可持续的生物制造。

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邵明威(2001—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为盐单胞菌进化系统构建与应用。E-mail:

陈国强(1963—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为微生物聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)的合成、代谢和应用。E-mail:

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邵明威(2001—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为盐单胞菌进化系统构建与应用。E-mail:

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(Production of intracellular PHA products or proteins and extracelullar small molecules by recombinant Halomonas grown on low-cost substrates in seawater under open unsterile and continuous processes conducted in plastic or other low cost bioreactors)

, figureFileSmall=B5bPtoQp1XqbGWxOWe/gbQ==, figureFileBig=3V0q7q1zfy40mL772zEwJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037488579499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于以盐单胞菌为代表的极端微生物下一代工业生物技术示意图12

(使用重组盐单胞菌作为底盘细胞,在塑料或其他低成本生物反应器中利用海水和廉价的底物进行开放、无需灭菌和连续发酵,生产各种类型的PHA、蛋白质和胞外小分子产物)

, figureFileSmall=B5bPtoQp1XqbGWxOWe/gbQ==, figureFileBig=3V0q7q1zfy40mL772zEwJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037564076972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Genetic and metabolic engineering of extremophiles[51]

(a) Gene expression regulatory elements and tools. Genetic elements include promoters, insulators, ribosome binding sites, and terminators. Gene regulation includes static regulation such as bypass knockout, pathway overexpression, and dynamic regulation such as chemical-induction system, biosensors; (b) Gene editing tools include homologous recombination, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9 and specific-site recombination; (c) Metabolic engineering includes morphological engineering, membrane engineering, regulation of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H ratio, and expression of hemoglobin; (D) Genome mining. The applications of omics data to build metabolic models for prediction of new elements, enzymes, and pathways

, figureFileSmall=Yx/q6ES1LdUZOfVkiBxV1w==, figureFileBig=8Gs2LKJVlQVW649HeTxodw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037631185837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=图2, caption=极端微生物的基因工程与代谢工程51

(a)基因表达调控元件和工具。基因元件包括启动子、绝缘子、核糖体结合位点和终止子;基因调控包括静态调控(例如旁路敲除),通路过表达以及动态调控(例如化学诱导系统,生物传感器)。(b)基因编辑技术包括同源重组、TALENs、CRISPR/Cas9和特异位点重组。(c)代谢工程包括形态学工程、膜工程、调控NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H比例、表达血红蛋白。(d)基因组挖掘。利用组学数据构建代谢模型预测新的元件、酶和通路

, figureFileSmall=Yx/q6ES1LdUZOfVkiBxV1w==, figureFileBig=8Gs2LKJVlQVW649HeTxodw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037689906094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Diverse chemical compounds produced by Halomonas spp. [107]

(H. bluephagenesis has been engineered to produce non-PHA chemicals including proteins, amino acids, and their derivates, organic acids.) ALAS—5-aminolevulinic acid synthase; lysC—gene of aspartokinase; thrA*—gene of homoserine dehydrogenase mutant at G433R from Escherichia coli MG1655; thrB—gene of homoserine kinase; thrC—gene of L-threonine synthase; ectA—encoding L-2,4-diaminobutyrate acetyltransferase; ectB—encoding L-2,4-diaminobutyrate transaminase; ectC—encoding ectoine synthase; ACN—aconitase; CAD—cis-aconitate decarboxylase; D h a T P p and AdhP—alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase; AldDPp—aldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida KT2440; AldDHb—aldehyde dehydrogenase from Halomonas bluephagenesis; phaA—encoding 3-ketothiolase; mvaS—encoding HMG-CoA synthase; mvaE—encoding HMG-CoA reductase

, figureFileSmall=hdZqOH14zNzV+TSpoD9GKA==, figureFileBig=kJdbLQB2s+kDs89tz8b3Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037752820655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=图3, caption=利用盐单胞菌生产各类化合物107

(利用盐单胞菌目生产各种类型的化合物,例如蛋白质、氨基酸及衍生物、有机酸)ALAS—5-氨基乙酰丙酸合酶;lysC—编码天冬氨酸酶;thrA*—编码来自大肠杆菌MG1655的G433R高丝氨酸脱氢酶突变体;thrB—编码高丝氨酸激酶;thrC—编码L-苏氨酸合酶;ectA—编码L-2,4-二氨基丁酸乙酰转移酶;ectB—编码L-2,4-丁二酸转氨酶;ectC—编码四氢嘧啶合酶;ACN—乌头酸酶;CAD—顺乌头酸脱羧酶; D h a T P p和AdhP—醇脱氢酶和醛脱氢酶;AldDPp—来自恶臭假单胞菌KT2440的醛脱氢酶;AldDHb—来自嗜盐单胞菌的醛脱氢酶;phaA—编码3-酮硫醇酶;mvaS—编码HMG-CoA合酶;mvaE—编码HMG-CoA还原酶

, figureFileSmall=hdZqOH14zNzV+TSpoD9GKA==, figureFileBig=kJdbLQB2s+kDs89tz8b3Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877037803152304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics and production applications of various types of extremophiles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 生长环境 代表微生物 生产应用 参考文献
嗜盐菌 高盐高碱(NaCl>30 g/L, pH 8~10) 盐单胞菌:H. bluephagenesis TD01,H.campaniensis LS21,H. smyrnensis AAD6 生产PHA(以H. bluephagenesis为例:细胞干重大于80 g/L,PHB质量分数大于90%),四氢嘧啶[以H. bluephagenesis为例,生产滴度达85 g/L,生产速率达1 g/(L·h)]等 [27-28, 32-33]
嗜热菌 高温(>45 ℃) 热细菌:Fervidobacterium thermophilumThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum 生产生物燃料[以Thermoanaerobacter sp.X514为例,正丁醇生产滴度达357 mg/L,生产速率达2.975 g/(L·h)],分离热稳定酶(纤维素酶,角质溶解酶)等 [37-44, 48]
嗜酸/碱菌 极酸或极碱(pH<3,pH>10) 嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,嗜碱细菌Clostridium alkalicellulosi 生产有机酸(以Issatchenkia orientalis SD108为例,琥珀酸生产滴度达到11.63 g/L) [49-50]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877037853483953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各种类型极端微生物的特性与生产应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 生长环境 代表微生物 生产应用 参考文献
嗜盐菌 高盐高碱(NaCl>30 g/L, pH 8~10) 盐单胞菌:H. bluephagenesis TD01,H.campaniensis LS21,H. smyrnensis AAD6 生产PHA(以H. bluephagenesis为例:细胞干重大于80 g/L,PHB质量分数大于90%),四氢嘧啶[以H. bluephagenesis为例,生产滴度达85 g/L,生产速率达1 g/(L·h)]等 [27-28, 32-33]
嗜热菌 高温(>45 ℃) 热细菌:Fervidobacterium thermophilumThermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum 生产生物燃料[以Thermoanaerobacter sp.X514为例,正丁醇生产滴度达357 mg/L,生产速率达2.975 g/(L·h)],分离热稳定酶(纤维素酶,角质溶解酶)等 [37-44, 48]
嗜酸/碱菌 极酸或极碱(pH<3,pH>10) 嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,嗜碱细菌Clostridium alkalicellulosi 生产有机酸(以Issatchenkia orientalis SD108为例,琥珀酸生产滴度达到11.63 g/L) [49-50]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877037916398514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genetic engineering of Halomonas spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工程化改造思路 具体策略 参考文献
基因表达元件工程 porin启动子,类T7表达系统,响应十种小分子诱导物的多重诱导系统 [25, 52-53, 59]
基因编辑技术 CRISPR/Cas9系统,CRISPRi系统,CRISPR/AID系统,sRNA调控系统 [60, 66, 78]
生物传感器与动态调控 感知油酸、群体感应信号分子AHL调控系统,荧光定量PHA含量(qPHA) [25, 61, 79]
命运共同体策略 将PHA合成基因插入必需基因ompW启动子后共表达 [74]
形态学工程 抑制细胞骨架基因mreBftsZ的表达 [75]
稳定质粒表达载体 基于盐单胞菌内源性质粒中的hbpB/hbpC毒素-抗毒素系统 [77]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877037983507379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

盐单胞菌的基因工程改造技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工程化改造思路 具体策略 参考文献
基因表达元件工程 porin启动子,类T7表达系统,响应十种小分子诱导物的多重诱导系统 [25, 52-53, 59]
基因编辑技术 CRISPR/Cas9系统,CRISPRi系统,CRISPR/AID系统,sRNA调控系统 [60, 66, 78]
生物传感器与动态调控 感知油酸、群体感应信号分子AHL调控系统,荧光定量PHA含量(qPHA) [25, 61, 79]
命运共同体策略 将PHA合成基因插入必需基因ompW启动子后共表达 [74]
形态学工程 抑制细胞骨架基因mreBftsZ的表达 [75]
稳定质粒表达载体 基于盐单胞菌内源性质粒中的hbpB/hbpC毒素-抗毒素系统 [77]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877038042227636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Various products based on Halomonas spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产物 碳源/底物 改造策略 产量 参考文献
PHB 葡萄糖,淀粉水解物,厨余垃圾混合碳源 限氧,限氮;平衡NADH+/NAD比例,补充乙酸 细胞干重大于80 g/L,PHB质量分数大于90% [97]
3-羟基丁酸与4-羟基丁酸共聚物P(3HB-co-4HB) 葡萄糖,葡萄糖酸盐废弃物,废弃玉米浆,γ-丁内酯 构建两条相互关联的4-羟基丁酸(4HB)生物合成途径,表达4-羟基丁酸转移酶基因orfZ;敲除琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶基因gadD;构建数学模型与理性计算辅助设计;敲除外膜相关基因lpxLlpxM 7 L发酵罐产生26.3 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数60.5%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为17.04%;5 L发酵罐中产生100 g/L细胞干重包含质量分数60.4%的 P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为13.5%;敲除外膜菌H. bluephagenesis WZY254在7 L发酵罐产生84 g/L细胞干重包含质量分数81%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为26% [98-99]
3-羟基丁酸与3-羟基戊酸共聚物(PHBV) 葡萄糖,葡萄糖酸钠 敲低或敲除2-甲基柠檬酸合成酶基因prpC;敲除TCA循环相关基因sdhEicl;在染色体上表达编码磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因ppc 摇瓶中6.3 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数65%的PHBV,其中3HV摩尔分数达到35% [28-29, 85]
3-羟基丁酸与3-羟基己酸共聚物(PHBHHx) 葡萄糖,己酸钠 表达来自Aeromonas caviae FA440的PHA合成酶基因phaCac和烯酰辅酶-A水合酶基因phaJac 7 L发酵罐产生33.1 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数50.32%的P(3HB-co-37.23% 3HHx) ,3HHx摩尔比例可以在0%~37%范围调控 [100]
PHA颗粒相蛋白(PhaP) 葡萄糖 敲除phaC基因,在基因组上过表达phaP基因 PhaP累积量占比19%,产量为1.86 g/L [71]
淀粉酶,葡萄糖苷酶,PHA,小分子氨基酸(L-苏氨酸,L-赖氨酸) 淀粉 筛选合适的信号肽和连接子将过表达的α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶分泌到胞外,异源表达5个L-苏氨酸合成基因和外排转运蛋白,敲除内运转运蛋白和L-苏氨酸脱氢酶;过表达L-赖氨酸合成相关基因,解除底物抑制效应,增强L-赖氨酸外排能力 以淀粉作为唯一碳源生产PHA、四氢嘧啶、苏氨酸等多种产品 [82]
葡萄糖 7 L发酵罐生产苏氨酸,产量33 g/L;7 L发酵罐生产赖氨酸,产量22.59 g/L [66, 87]
戊二胺 赖氨酸 异源表达赖氨酸脱羧酶基因CadA, LdcC 7 L发酵罐生产戊二胺,产量118 g/L [66]
四氢嘧啶 葡萄糖 理性调控和四氢嘧啶合成相关的ectABClysCasd三个基因簇,提高前体供应,增强产物转运系统,优化培养条件 7 L发酵罐生产四氢嘧啶,产量85 g/L [25, 105]
5-氨基戊酸 赖氨酸 敲除gabT基因,在基因组上表达三个拷贝的dvaBA基因 7 L发酵罐生产5-氨基戊酸,产量67.4 g/L [106]
3-羟基丙酸 葡萄糖,1,3-丙二醇 理性调控3-羟基丙酸合成相关的AldDHbAdhP基因,敲除降解基因DddA 7 L发酵罐生产3-羟基丙酸,产量154 g/L [81]
乙偶姻 丙酮酸 异源表达枯草芽孢杆菌α-乙酰乳酸合酶基因alsS和α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因alsD 全细胞催化生产乙偶姻,产量85.84 g/L [104]
衣康酸 柠檬酸 表达顺乌头酸脱羧酶编码基因cadA和顺乌头酸酶编码基因acn;表达分子伴侣GroESL;增加编码限速酶基因acn的拷贝数以及弱化竞争途径 摇瓶中生产衣康酸,产量63.60 g/L [102]
甲羟戊酸 葡萄糖 敲除phaBphaC基因;异源表达甲羟戊酸合成基因HMG-CoA合成酶和HMG-CoA-还原酶;CIRSPRi技术敲低50个候选基因;引入非氧糖酵解通路(NOG通路)减少碳损失 5 L发酵罐中生产甲羟戊酸,产量121 g/L [103]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877038121919413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于盐单胞菌生产的各种产物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产物 碳源/底物 改造策略 产量 参考文献
PHB 葡萄糖,淀粉水解物,厨余垃圾混合碳源 限氧,限氮;平衡NADH+/NAD比例,补充乙酸 细胞干重大于80 g/L,PHB质量分数大于90% [97]
3-羟基丁酸与4-羟基丁酸共聚物P(3HB-co-4HB) 葡萄糖,葡萄糖酸盐废弃物,废弃玉米浆,γ-丁内酯 构建两条相互关联的4-羟基丁酸(4HB)生物合成途径,表达4-羟基丁酸转移酶基因orfZ;敲除琥珀酸半醛脱氢酶基因gadD;构建数学模型与理性计算辅助设计;敲除外膜相关基因lpxLlpxM 7 L发酵罐产生26.3 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数60.5%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为17.04%;5 L发酵罐中产生100 g/L细胞干重包含质量分数60.4%的 P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为13.5%;敲除外膜菌H. bluephagenesis WZY254在7 L发酵罐产生84 g/L细胞干重包含质量分数81%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为26% [98-99]
3-羟基丁酸与3-羟基戊酸共聚物(PHBV) 葡萄糖,葡萄糖酸钠 敲低或敲除2-甲基柠檬酸合成酶基因prpC;敲除TCA循环相关基因sdhEicl;在染色体上表达编码磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因ppc 摇瓶中6.3 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数65%的PHBV,其中3HV摩尔分数达到35% [28-29, 85]
3-羟基丁酸与3-羟基己酸共聚物(PHBHHx) 葡萄糖,己酸钠 表达来自Aeromonas caviae FA440的PHA合成酶基因phaCac和烯酰辅酶-A水合酶基因phaJac 7 L发酵罐产生33.1 g/L细胞干重,包含质量分数50.32%的P(3HB-co-37.23% 3HHx) ,3HHx摩尔比例可以在0%~37%范围调控 [100]
PHA颗粒相蛋白(PhaP) 葡萄糖 敲除phaC基因,在基因组上过表达phaP基因 PhaP累积量占比19%,产量为1.86 g/L [71]
淀粉酶,葡萄糖苷酶,PHA,小分子氨基酸(L-苏氨酸,L-赖氨酸) 淀粉 筛选合适的信号肽和连接子将过表达的α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖苷酶分泌到胞外,异源表达5个L-苏氨酸合成基因和外排转运蛋白,敲除内运转运蛋白和L-苏氨酸脱氢酶;过表达L-赖氨酸合成相关基因,解除底物抑制效应,增强L-赖氨酸外排能力 以淀粉作为唯一碳源生产PHA、四氢嘧啶、苏氨酸等多种产品 [82]
葡萄糖 7 L发酵罐生产苏氨酸,产量33 g/L;7 L发酵罐生产赖氨酸,产量22.59 g/L [66, 87]
戊二胺 赖氨酸 异源表达赖氨酸脱羧酶基因CadA, LdcC 7 L发酵罐生产戊二胺,产量118 g/L [66]
四氢嘧啶 葡萄糖 理性调控和四氢嘧啶合成相关的ectABClysCasd三个基因簇,提高前体供应,增强产物转运系统,优化培养条件 7 L发酵罐生产四氢嘧啶,产量85 g/L [25, 105]
5-氨基戊酸 赖氨酸 敲除gabT基因,在基因组上表达三个拷贝的dvaBA基因 7 L发酵罐生产5-氨基戊酸,产量67.4 g/L [106]
3-羟基丙酸 葡萄糖,1,3-丙二醇 理性调控3-羟基丙酸合成相关的AldDHbAdhP基因,敲除降解基因DddA 7 L发酵罐生产3-羟基丙酸,产量154 g/L [81]
乙偶姻 丙酮酸 异源表达枯草芽孢杆菌α-乙酰乳酸合酶基因alsS和α-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因alsD 全细胞催化生产乙偶姻,产量85.84 g/L [104]
衣康酸 柠檬酸 表达顺乌头酸脱羧酶编码基因cadA和顺乌头酸酶编码基因acn;表达分子伴侣GroESL;增加编码限速酶基因acn的拷贝数以及弱化竞争途径 摇瓶中生产衣康酸,产量63.60 g/L [102]
甲羟戊酸 葡萄糖 敲除phaBphaC基因;异源表达甲羟戊酸合成基因HMG-CoA合成酶和HMG-CoA-还原酶;CIRSPRi技术敲低50个候选基因;引入非氧糖酵解通路(NOG通路)减少碳损失 5 L发酵罐中生产甲羟戊酸,产量121 g/L [103]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877038193222582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Products based on extremophiles in the future

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 未来产品 优势
嗜冷菌 蛋白质或酶 在胞内不容易形成包涵体
嗜热菌 挥发性小分子化合物 直接蒸馏提纯产品,简化处理工艺
嗜酸菌 酸性化合物(例如有机酸) 耐受高浓度酸性产物
嗜碱菌 碱性化合物(例如赖氨酸) 耐受高浓度碱性产物
嗜盐菌 饲料蛋白与酸性小分子化合物 开放式发酵,无需灭菌,耐渗透压
), ArticleFig(id=1164877038247748535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993963232653840, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

未来基于极端微生物生产的产品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 未来产品 优势
嗜冷菌 蛋白质或酶 在胞内不容易形成包涵体
嗜热菌 挥发性小分子化合物 直接蒸馏提纯产品,简化处理工艺
嗜酸菌 酸性化合物(例如有机酸) 耐受高浓度酸性产物
嗜碱菌 碱性化合物(例如赖氨酸) 耐受高浓度碱性产物
嗜盐菌 饲料蛋白与酸性小分子化合物 开放式发酵,无需灭菌,耐渗透压
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基于极端微生物的生物制造
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邵明威 1 , 孙思勉 1 , 杨时茂 1 , 陈国强 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1419-1436
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1419-1436
基于极端微生物的生物制造
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邵明威1 , 孙思勉1, 杨时茂1, 陈国强1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 清华大学生命科学学院,北京 100084
  • 2 清华大学合成与系统生物学中心,北京 100084
  • 3 清华大学化学工程系,教育部工业生物催化重点实验室,北京 100084
  • 邵明威(2001—),男,博士研究生。研究方向为盐单胞菌进化系统构建与应用。E-mail:

    陈国强(1963—),男,博士,教授。研究方向为微生物聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)的合成、代谢和应用。E-mail:

Bioproduction based on extremophiles
Mingwei SHAO1 , Simian SUN1, Shimao YANG1, Guoqiang CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Life Sciences,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 2 Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 3 MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis,Department of Chemical Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-016
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以微生物或酶为基础的生物制造,正以其绿色、环保、可持续等优势逐渐替代以化石燃料为原料的传统化工生产模式。然而,传统工业生物技术存在易染菌、设备复杂、难以连续发酵等劣势。相较而言,“下一代工业生物技术”(NGIB)利用以嗜盐菌、嗜热菌和嗜酸碱菌等极端微生物作为底盘细胞,使用廉价底物生产多种高附加值产品,具有开放、无需灭菌、连续发酵等优点。本文介绍了嗜盐菌、嗜热菌和嗜酸碱菌极端微生物的定义以及在高盐、高温、极度酸碱等极端环境下快速生长的特性。随后总结了目前极端微生物的基因工程手段例如启动子工程、以CRISPR为代表的基因编辑技术、命运共同体策略、稳定质粒载体等,代谢工程手段例如增加碳源前体、敲除旁路代谢、减少副产物、提高转运等,以及极端微生物生产的多种产品例如PHA、蛋白质、氨基酸及小分子衍生物等。同时概括了目前在极端微生物底盘细胞改造过程中仍存在的问题,如缺乏多种优秀的质粒载体、质粒转化效率低、缺乏高效基因编辑技术以及其他非嗜盐菌生长发酵周期较长等,并提出了相应的解决策略。最后展望了如何充分利用不同类型极端微生物的特性生产优势产品,推动下一代工业生物技术的发展与完善,实现绿色、环保、可持续的生物制造。

极端微生物  /  嗜盐菌  /  下一代工业生物技术  /  生物制造  /  聚羟基丁酸  /  基因工程  /  代谢工程  /  合成生物学  /  无灭菌发酵  /  非粮生物原料

The traditional chemical manufacturing based on petroleum as raw material has had profound impacts in the development of modern society. However, it also has many drawbacks, such as environmental pollution and lack of sustainability. In contrast, biomanufacture with microorganisms as industrial chassis is gradually becoming a hot spot in industrial production due to its advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability. Nonetheless, the limitations of traditional industrial biotechnology, including susceptibility to microbial contamination, complex fermentation processes, and difficulties in achieving continuous fermentations, have hindered the competitiveness of their products in terms of production costs compared to chemical industries To address these challenges, “Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology” (NGIB) with extremophiles as non-conventional chassis, has been undergoing continuous development with increasing global attentions.The basis of NGIB is extremophiles, such as halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles, known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments. Through molecular engineering of extremophiles, especially Halomonas spp., the recombinants can utilize various inexpensive carbon sources for continuous open fermentation, leading to the production of diverse high-value products with reduced cost. This review defines and summarizes the characteristics of extremophiles, highlighting their ability to grow rapidly in extreme environments like high salt, high temperature, and extreme pH. Subsequently, the review summarizes current genetic engineering approaches for extremophiles, such as promoter engineering, CRISPR-based gene editing, community fate strategy, and stable plasmid vectors. Additionally, metabolic engineering methods such as precursor supplementation, pathway disruption, byproduct reduction, and enhanced transport are discussed, along with various products including PHA, proteins, amino acids, and small molecule derivatives. The review also identifies challenges in extremophile engineering, such as the lack of suitable plasmid vectors, low plasmid transformation efficiency, lack of efficient gene editing tools, and long growth and fermentation cycle, but proposes corresponding solutions. Finally, the review proposes leveraging the characteristics of different types of extremophiles to produce advantageous products, thereby driving the development of next generation industrial biotechnology based on various extremphiles, and achieving green, environmentally friendly, and sustainable biomanufacturing.

extremophiles  /  Halomonas  /  next-generation industrial biotechnology  /  bioproduction  /  PHB  /  genetic engineering  /  metabolic engineering  /  synthetic biology  /  unsterile fermentation  /  non-food substrates
邵明威, 孙思勉, 杨时茂, 陈国强. 基于极端微生物的生物制造. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1419 -1436 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-016
Mingwei SHAO, Simian SUN, Shimao YANG, Guoqiang CHEN. Bioproduction based on extremophiles[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1419 -1436 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-016
自20世纪以来,化学工业因其广谱的生产优势,几乎为人类日常的生产生活提供了包括低成本化学制品、材料、食品添加剂、燃料以及医疗药物在内的全方面覆盖的产品保证,为现代化建设作出了巨大贡献1-2。然而,由于环境污染、过度依赖化石资源以及温室气体的大量排放等原因,化学工业也同当前应对可持续发展的新需求之间产生了诸多矛盾及问题3。据统计,化学工业造成了全球超过7%的温室气体排放量并带来包括不可降解塑料、有毒废渣废水在内的大量有害废物4。因此,为响应全球绿色制造的号召,化学工业需要进一步推进与革新,不仅要符合经济目标,而且要满足社会对于环保可持续性的要求,毋庸置疑,这面临着无可回避的严峻挑战。
生物技术非常适合未来的化学工业,木质纤维素、二氧化碳、甲烷等废物通过细胞工厂的整合便可有效回归自然碳循环5。工业生物技术也因其在低成本化学制品和材料生产中具备可持续和环境友好型的属性,引起了社会的广泛关注,这极大可能实现未来的产品生产模式由石油基导向转化为生物基导向6,从而加速能源转型和能源革命进程,逐步摆脱人类对化石能源的依赖。然而,目前的工业生物技术(current industrial biotechnology, CIB)由于其复杂的灭菌、发酵和提纯过程及低效的微生物转化率等因素,在化学品的生产方面仍然不具备经济优势7,因此迫切需要开发一种成本和能耗更低、环保且高效的新型生物技术。
面对绿色制造带来的机遇与挑战,基于产品需求,生物制造与化工产业相辅相成,促成了“下一代工业生物技术”(next-generation industrial biotechnology, NGIB)的诞生,利用合成生物技术进行生物基工业化学品的生产,这可为工业化学材料的生产提供更多样化的绿色可再生资源选择空间,允许更清洁环保的“全流程低碳”生产,而这些都离不开细胞工厂,即微生物底盘菌株工程的革新与发展8
传统的生物制造基于模式微生物底盘细胞,如大肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌、谷棒杆菌、假单胞菌及多种酵母菌9,这使得传统工业生物技术不得不掣肘于诸多难点及弊病,包括易污染、高淡水消耗、复杂及昂贵的灭菌流程、加工工艺不连续、扩大化难度高、产品质量不稳定不均衡、提纯净化难度高等7。与之相比,下一代工业生物技术(NGIB)运用极端微生物作为新的底盘菌模块巧妙地化解和应对了传统工业生物技术面临的困境。极端微生物,诸如盐单胞菌、嗜热细菌等,因其生长环境的特殊性,可以被很好地利用于开放可调控的工业发酵。此外,不断推陈出新的基因工程技术及工具,使得越来越多的产品生产成为可能10。在维持菌株生长优势的同时亦能保证产品生产的高效进行,这无疑优化了已有的生物制造业,低耗材、低耗能、更简洁、更持久的开放式连续型自动化发酵培养处理,极大程度提升了已有生物工业的竞争力11。由此观之,基于极端微生物的工程化改造与应用会将未来生物工业推向新的高点。
本文详细阐述了当下已被广泛应用于生物制造或具有可观应用潜力的多种极端微生物及其在基因工程、代谢工程、工业生产等方面取得的进展与突破。同时,我们也展望了下一代工业生物技术未来可能会面临的机遇及如何应对挑战从而开拓生物制造的新蓝图(图1)。
极端微生物,通常是指那些能够良好适应并适于生存在极端环境中的特殊微生物群体13。它们能够在酷热的火山、严寒的冰川、高渗透压的盐湖以及一些酸碱条件完全失调的环境中存活,有的甚至能够生活在含有重金属、有毒废物等其他微生物难以生存的栖息地中。截至目前,从地壳6.7 km深处、超过10 km深的海沟(压力高达130 MPa,如Thermococcus piezophilus 14),到极度酸性(pH为0)和极度碱性条件(pH为12.8)再到122 ℃(如Methanopyrus kandleri 15)的深海热泉以及-20 ℃的冰冻海水,几乎关于每一种极端环境的研究都表明,具有耐受力极强的微生物种群能够生存于其间,它们不仅可以忍受这样恶劣的极端条件,同时也需要这些条件才能得以更好地生存,因此也被称为嗜极微生物16
根据极端微生物的生长条件,通常可以对它们进行如下分类:嗜热菌和超嗜热菌(分别能在高温或极高温下生长的微生物17),嗜冷菌(能够在低温环境中良好生长的微生物),嗜酸菌和嗜碱菌(分别最适应酸性或碱性生存条件的微生物),嗜压菌(在非正常压力下生长更佳的微生物),嗜盐菌(生长需要高浓度氯化钠的微生物)等18。此外,它们中的大多数通常表现为多极端微生物,即生存环境中有多个物理化学参数达到了生态位极值,例如,许多温泉环境会在酸性和碱性之间周折变化,同时兼具高温和高浓度重金属元素含量属性;深海通常温度极低,并且缺乏营养又处于高压条件19;还有许多高盐度湖泊中的嗜极微生物,如Halomonas bluephagenesis TD01,同时能够耐受高盐及强碱性的生长环境20。这些多极端微生物的适应策略可能受到一些特定的应激反应基因和代谢产物的调控,如相容性溶质、聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA)等21
嗜盐菌,通常指代那些需要盐(氯化钠)才能够生长的微生物,在古细菌、细菌和真核生物领域都有所分布22。根据生长的最适氯化钠浓度,能够将嗜盐菌分为轻度嗜盐菌(0.2 mol/L)、中度嗜盐菌(0.5~2.5 mol/L)、边缘极端嗜盐菌(2.5~4.0 mol/L)或重度嗜盐菌(4.0~5.9 mol/L),它们普遍存在于盐碱地、盐湖、海洋、极地冰川和沿海地区23
在长期的物种进化过程中,嗜盐和耐盐的特殊属性赋予了嗜盐菌独特的代谢模式,从而使其在高渗透压的环境中维持细胞质中的水分处于维持生命正常运转的范围。对此,嗜盐菌进化出了两种主要的渗透压调节策略。第一种策略是当细胞处于高盐环境时,细胞大量累积K+和Cl-,排出Na+来维持体内的渗透压平衡,细胞内部保持与环境相当的盐浓度,从而保证生命活动可以稳定进行24。第二种策略是保持较低的细胞内盐浓度,通过积累水溶性的低分子量有机物,统称为相容性溶质,如四氢嘧啶、脯氨酸、甜菜碱等,来提升细胞的抵抗渗透压的能力25。相容性溶质可以作为细胞结构及胞内大分子的稳定剂,使细胞不仅能适应渗透压变化,还能适应环境中部分温度及辐射变化26
由于盐单胞菌(如Halomonas spp.)更适于在非嗜盐菌无法生存的高盐浓度条件下生长,因此可用于开发开放式的无灭菌连续发酵工艺27。其中最具代表性的,盐单胞菌H. bluephagenesis TD01能够天然积累约占80%干重的PHB,因此已作为优质的微生物细胞工厂被用以生产具有各种结构的PHA材料,其中包括3-羟基丁酸(3HB)、3-羟基丙酸(3HP)、3-羟基戊酸(3HV)、4-羟基丁酸(4HB)等,同时也可以生产其他高附加值化合物,诸如赖氨酸、四氢嘧啶和5-氨基乙酰丙酸等28-30。为响应下一代生物工业技术的需求,H. bluephagenesis TD01被应用于开放式发酵,历经14天的发酵罐扩大培养,成功生产了聚羟基丁酸[poly(3-hydroxybutyrate),PHB]31。另一株盐单胞菌H. campaniensis LS21经分离后,也成功在非无菌条件下开放式连续无污染地发酵培养了长达65天32。此外,H. smyrnensis AAD6作为果聚糖的天然生产者被首次报道33。这些研究都为嗜盐菌成为下一代工业生物技术的主要生力军提供了有力的佐证。
嗜热菌是一种适宜在高温条件下生存的极端微生物,主要包括古菌和细菌。根据其温度耐受性和生长情况可分为耐热菌(能够在超过45 ℃的环境中存活)、中度嗜热菌(生长于45~65 ℃)、极度嗜热菌(生长于65~80 ℃)和超嗜热菌(生长于80 ℃以上的环境)34。有些嗜热菌,如Pyrolobus fumarii能够生长于106~113 ℃,甚至Methanopyrus kandleri能够在116~122 ℃环境下生存35
嗜热菌已经进化出了独特的适应属性和相应机制,这使它们能够在高温环境下适宜地生存。其中最重要的原因之一即是大量合成在高温下依然能保持稳定的特殊蛋白质,如热休克蛋白、伴侣蛋白和热稳定酶36。这些蛋白质对于维持细胞的结构完整性、防止细胞组分的变性和聚集、促进蛋白质的正确折叠和组装起到至关重要的作用36
对于嗜热菌的开发为研究地球上生命的进化及生物对于极端环境的适应机制提供了极有价值的帮助。嗜热菌中在高温下仍能保持性质稳定的酶与其他蛋白质一直是人们关注的一大热点。目前,已有研究将它们应用于工业生产耐热酶以及开发生物燃料等工作37-39。两株在塔塔帕尼温泉中发现的嗜热细菌Fervidobacterium thermophilumFervidobacterium pennivorans,能分别产生耐热纤维素酶和角质溶解酶,这使它们具备了能够在高温下将生物质转化为生物燃料和其他生物基产品的能力40,也有越来越多从嗜热菌(如GeobacillusAlyciclobacillusBacillusThermoccocus等)中分离得到的酶被用于工业中的高温酶制剂,并呈现出了极高的稳定性41。同时,嗜热菌对于高温环境的良好耐受性,使它们能够成为高温下开放式发酵的优质细胞工厂,亦可以节省冷凝的成本,在下一代工业生物技术方面也展现出了极大的应用潜力。目前,已经有很多利用经代谢工程改造的嗜热菌成功实现了生产的案例,如利用工程化Hansenula polymorpha生产乙醇及脂肪酸42Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticumClostridium thermocellum分别被用于生产正丁醇和异丁醇43-44等。
嗜酸菌能够在pH极低(pH <3)的条件下生存45。众多受污染的土壤和水体都会出现pH失调的现象,而嗜酸菌可以起到良好的生物修复作用46,例如Stenotrophomonas maltophilia能够在酸性条件下对石油基多环芳烃进行有效的生物降解47。但更重要的是,嗜酸菌和嗜碱菌生长环境中极端的pH赋予了它们强有力的抗污染属性,这一特征可以被用以开发强大的下一代工业生物技术的微生物细胞工厂。嗜酸菌由于其特殊的耐酸适应机制,被视为天然的有机酸生产底盘,例如嗜酸菌Issatchenkia orientalis被用于生产琥珀酸48。另外,许多嗜酸菌都可以利用重金属来进行生长,例如,一种嗜酸性铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,便可以通过氧化二价铁离子和还原硫来进行自养,而这种自养菌已被成功开发成工业底盘菌株,生产异丁酸乙酯和正十七烷49
与嗜酸菌生存条件相反,嗜碱菌可以耐受pH极高(pH >10)的生长环境45,同时一部分嗜碱菌也是兼性嗜盐菌,如H. bluephagenesis TD0128。同样地,嗜碱菌也被应用于生物制造业以生产诸多化学品和生物燃料,如利用Clostridium alkalicellulosi生产乙酸、乙醇、乳酸和氢气,利用MethanosaetaMethanocalculus生产甲烷等50
这些耐受极端pH的微生物能够通过特殊的机制来维持细胞质稳态以避免胞内蛋白质的变性,这使得它们体内的酶学研究引人关注,未来关于这一机制的开拓也有助于进一步利用它们开发新的酶及化学小分子生产平台45表1)。
极端微生物的合成生物学发展可以大致从三个方面平行展开介绍,基因工程技术的发展为极端微生物的表达调控奠定基础,代谢工程为极端微生物的高产改造完善思路,产品生产则为极端微生物的应用提供目标(图2)。
基因元件的挖掘和利用是精细调控极端微生物表达水平的基础和重要手段。如在嗜盐菌52-53、嗜热纤维梭菌54、假单胞菌55和凝结芽孢杆菌56中开发了宿主转化外源基因的不同方案,更进一步构建组成型启动子库和多种诱导型启动子系统。此外,转录水平等不同调控元件的持续丰富也为极端微生物的精细化基因调控提供了重要支持。Kernan等57通过合适的接合方法将携带密码子优化的2-酮脱羧酶、酰基ACP还原酶和乙醛脱甲酰氧合酶基因的质粒分别转化到嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)菌株中生产异丁酸盐和长链烷烃。Wernick等58在成功建立嗜碱芽孢杆菌转化外源质粒的方案后,构建了过表达启动子库,异源表达了丙酮酸脱羧酶pdc和乙醇脱氢酶adhB,以将丙酮酸转化为急需的生物燃料乙醇。
Shen等53在porin启动子的-35和-10区前后添加间隔序列和绝缘子,并分别对-10区前3碱基和4碱基进行饱和式突变,得到相对转录强度40~140 000的组成型启动子库。Ma等59在嗜盐菌中建立了能响应十种不同小分子诱导物的多重诱导系统,精细化调控不同基因通路的表达水平,在嗜盐菌中建立了互相正交的多重诱导系统。Wang等60开发了一个高效的基因表达调控系统(PrrF1-2-HfqPa),来自铜绿假单胞菌的小调节RNA(sRNA)PrrF1支架和一个下调基因表达的靶标结合序列,招募同源铜绿假单胞菌Hfq (HfqPa)以促进sRNA和靶mRNA的杂交。
生物传感器动态控制系统(化学分子如油酸感知,细胞密度感知等)被开发以将PHA合成和细胞生长分离,提高H. bluephagenesis TD01的PHA产量。例如,Ma等59将脂肪酸代谢中转录调节蛋白FadR结合的操纵子与porin启动子杂交,开发了感知油酸调控基因表达的系统。Ma等25首次在H. bluephagenesis TD1.0中构建LuxR-AHL诱导系统,感知不同浓度的群体感应信号分子AHL。Liu等61利用与H. bluephagenesis盐单胞菌phasin蛋白融合的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)产生的荧光强度来定量活细胞中的PHA。
基因编辑技术是合成生物学的一项核心使能技术,在基因组尺度对生物体进行精确设计和高效改造。Zhao等62通过嗜盐古菌H. mediterranei 开发pyrF基因敲除技术,敲除了编码副产物胞外多糖(EPS)的基因簇,显著增加了PHBV的合成,降低了溶液黏度。在温控梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)和利钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)中研究人员开发了一种Cre样酪氨酸重组酶系统,用于在基因组中插入大的DNA片段(>100 kb)4463-64。在嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌中构建携带kdc基因和过度活化的Tn5转座酶的自杀载体,利用转座子插入基因组后,菌株能够生产异丁酸65
CRISPR基因组编辑技术在合成生物学领域掀起了一场全新技术革命,已在下一代工业生物技术底盘Halomonas TD01和众多极端微生物中得到广泛研究。Zhao等66利用CRISPR/AID技术通过gRNA结合特定的靶序列,将胞嘧啶转化为胸腺嘧啶(C-to-T),提前终止目的基因转录从而失活该基因。Xu等67利用双sgRNA策略优化了H. bluephagenesis 原有的CRISPR/Cas9技术,并借此删除了较大的非必需基因片段,获得了20 min内快速自凝絮沉淀和可电转化的新型优良特性。
其他极端微生物中,Wang等68系统地研究了嗜热栖热菌Thermus thermophilus HB27内源Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型CRISPR-Cas系统的核酸干扰能力,并基于此开发了高效基因组编辑工具和报告基因系统,构建了高产超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)工程菌株。Bost等69展示了Ⅰ-D型CRISPR-Cas系统在嗜热嗜酸古菌Sulfolobus acidocalarius中的成功应用,在其基因组中产生了缺失突变和点突变。Lin等70利用嗜盐古菌H. mediterranei 内源Ⅰ-B型CRISPR-Cas系统开发了CRISPRi技术,调控PHBV合成相关的代谢通路,将产量提高了76.4%。
除了上述提到的基因表达元件与基因编辑技术,还有一些技术对于极端微生物的改造起着举足轻重的作用。
高效的DNA导入方法为极端微生物的大规模改造提供可能。以盐单胞菌为例,之前的研究是通过接合的方式将质粒从大肠杆菌S17-1中导入盐单胞菌中71。该过程往往需要2~3天时间,不仅费时费力而且难以在盐单胞菌中转入大规模的质粒文库。敲除胞外多糖和O-抗原合成基因簇后的盐单胞菌可以实现高效电转化,大大简化了质粒导入的流程,同时为大规模质粒文库的构建提供可能67。值得一提的是,通过引入DNA甲基化系统可以避免极端微生物内源限制修饰系统的干扰,提高外源质粒的稳定性并提高质粒转化效率72。例如,利用质粒人工修饰方法可以先将外源质粒进行甲基化修饰,修饰后的外源质粒在导入宿主细菌后能够避开宿主内源的限制性内切酶切割,进而提高转化效率73
此外,还有其他的一些重要的策略也可用于提高嗜盐菌的生产能力。命运共同体策略帮助实现嗜盐菌在富营养的食物垃圾中生存,并在细胞生长全阶段进行PHB合成。Ji等74通过必需基因ompW(编码外膜蛋白)启动子和组成型porin启动子过表达PHA合成操纵子phaCABCn(来自钩虫贪铜菌Cupriavidus necator),实现在整个细胞生长过程中持续高水平表达;通过形态学工程调控mreBftsZ基因表达,有利于增大细胞尺寸增加胞内产物积累和实现细胞快速沉降75。敲除外膜合成相关基因后的外膜缺陷菌株能够提高渗透性,加速细菌生长和提高产物产量,同时降低胞内内毒素的含量76;基于盐单胞菌内源性质粒中的新型hbpB/hbpC毒素-抗毒素系统,Ren等77开发出了稳定重组质粒载体pHbPBC,可以实现无需添加外源抗生素即可保持胞内质粒的稳定存在(表2)。
极端微生物的代谢工程是实现应用的重要环节,许多策略被开发对细胞代谢途径进行修饰、改造,获得高性能新型菌株,提高目标产物的代谢通量。包括但不限于增加碳源利用途径和底物谱;富集代谢前体、敲除旁路代谢,使得更多的物质和能量流向目标代谢途径;敲除产物消耗通路,减少产物代谢损失;引入目标产物外排转运蛋白提高产量等。代谢工程设计、构建、测试、学习的四步循环优化,使得复杂细胞工厂的建立成为可能。
葡萄糖作为广泛使用的碳源,具有成本高的缺点,作为前体合成某些化学产品时,存在代谢通路复杂、需操作的基因数量多等困难80。Jiang等81以1,3-丙二醇作为碳源,构建1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶和乙醛脱氢酶好氧催化的两步合成高产量3-羟基丙酸(3HP)的代谢途径。Lin等82在嗜盐菌中构建了α-淀粉酶分泌系统,菌株可以利用淀粉生产多种产物。Zhang等83构建了嗜盐菌TDH4A1B5P菌株作为低盐底盘细胞,其能在多种盐浓度条件下生长,更好地利用乙酸钠、葡萄糖酸钠等钠盐类底物,并且作为唯一碳源生长84
此法可将上游和各个分支的碳源更多流向目的产物。CRISPRi对编码柠檬酸合成酶的gltA基因的抑制可将acetyl-CoA从TCA循环更多地导入PHB合成29;两个TCA循环相关基因sdhEicl的缺失,以及编码磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶的ppc基因的过表达,使更多的碳通量流向3HV合成85
Sun等56利用同源重组的方法,在嗜热兼性厌氧菌凝结芽孢杆菌中敲除竞争性代谢旁路相关基因,将底物和能力集中流向苹果酸的合成途径。在嗜热厌氧杆菌Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum中敲除乙酸盐生成途径的基因,则可以导致能量消耗减少,从而减少细胞生物量和增加乙醇产量86。Zhao等66在嗜盐菌中对中枢代谢通路中的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸酯羧化酶基因pck进行了敲除,减少草乙酸盐(OAA)向其他通路的转化。
Du等87在利用嗜盐菌合成L-苏氨酸时,鉴于大多数微生物可代谢苏氨酸作为氮源和碳源,转化为其他氨基酸,如甘氨酸,导致L-苏氨酸产量减少88,通过NCBI数据库的同源序列比对在嗜盐菌中发现了编码苏氨酸脱氢酶的tdh基因并敲除,减少了苏氨酸的消耗。
Zhao等66构建赖氨酸转运系统提升赖氨酸产量,通过引入谷氨酸棒杆菌的外排转运蛋白LysE代替嗜盐菌内源无转运功能的赖氨酸外排转运蛋白,显著提高赖氨酸生产。Du等87敲除了嗜盐菌编码苏氨酸进口转运蛋白的基因sstT,减少了胞外苏氨酸的消耗。
极端微生物作为下一代工业微生物生产底盘,因其出色的抗污染发酵能力,被用于生产许多高附加值产品。
来自嗜冷微生物的酶在工业中的应用正变得越来越受重视,部分原因是人们正在努力减少能量消耗的成本。现代生物技术产业需要能够在极端条件下发挥作用的生物大分子。嗜冷微生物及其冷适应蛋白和酶在生物技术方面有许多应用。许多冷活性酶,如金属蛋白酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶、几丁质酶、脂肪酶、天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶,低温都是其高效生物催化的保障89-90
极端嗜热微生物的热适应酶的高温性能和广泛适用性令人印象深刻,用于食品加工的谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase)、纸浆和造纸加工的漆酶和木聚糖酶(laccases and xylanases)、药物合成的硝化酶和转氨酶(nitrilases and transaminases)以及用于洗涤剂的脂肪酶(lipases),都是嗜热微生物天然酶生物催化合成应用的例子,其中一些已被表达为重组酶,并进入市场41,其他还包括纤维素酶、果胶酶、几丁质酶、淀粉酶等91-92。此外,其抵抗化学变性剂、宽pH适应性的能力使其得以在高温条件下生产生物燃料,如利用Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum可从木糖培养物中生产得到1.05 g/L的正丁醇,相当于理论最大转化率的26%43,嗜热纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)经过改造后可用于生产异丁醇44
嗜酸微生物可生产低pH下仍稳定发挥功能的胞外酶,包括淀粉酶、蛋白酶、连接酶、纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶、内切葡聚糖酶和酯酶93。嗜酸微生物分泌的酶主要可用于淀粉、蛋白、纤维素等大分子聚合物的底物降解处理,在低pH下的生长增加了防止污染的可能性,因为很少有微生物可以在极低pH和生物大分子聚合物底物上同时增殖94。例如,Issatchenkia orientalis对诸多有机酸的耐受能力强于Classic Distiller’s Turbo酵母,其作为琥珀酸的生产菌株,产量可达11.63 g/L48
嗜碱微生物及其胞外酶因其高产能力而被广泛研究和应用于工业。利用嗜碱Bacillus sp. 菌株38-2的CGTase实现了α-环糊精、β-环糊精、γ-环糊精的低成本批量生产。在实验室条件下,直链淀粉和马铃薯淀粉的环糊精转化率分别为85%~90%和70%~80%95。嗜碱Bacillus marmarensis 在未灭菌的培养基中利用葡萄糖生产乙醇的产量和转化率为38 g/L和65%,在海水和藻类污染的废水中利用纤维二糖和木糖生产乙醇产量12 g/L,转化率为50%58
嗜盐菌Halomonas spp.已被设计用于多种产品的生产,可以发展成为NGIB的重要平台。由于大多数嗜盐细菌同时具有嗜碱性和嗜盐性,这为防止微生物污染提供了双重屏障96
PHB研究最为深入,目前经过改造利用盐单胞菌最高可获得80 g/L的细胞干重和占比达到90%的PHB97。PHBV中3HV的占比决定了材料的机械性能,在盐单胞菌中敲低或敲除编码2-甲基柠檬酸合成酶的prpC基因,可获得3HV比例在1%~13%(摩尔分数)的PHBV共聚物28-29。P34HB是3HB和4HB共聚物,多种措施用于提高嗜盐菌中P34HB产量和4HB的摩尔分数,可获得占细胞干重60.5%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为17.04%98;通过敲除外膜相关基因lpxLlpxM,在摇瓶实验中获得质量分数为82%的P(3HB-co-4HB),其中4HB的摩尔分数为23%99。PHBHHx中不同3HHx的配比可获得良好的生物相容性、生物降解性和商业应用的灵活性,嗜盐菌利用通过葡萄糖和己酸钠发酵后得到质量分数55%的 P(3HB-co-3HHx),其中3HHx的摩尔分数为14.21%100
嗜盐菌因其高浓度有机酸盐的显著耐受性101,是生产有机酸的有利菌株,目前成功生产了3-羟基丙酸(3HP)81、衣康酸(IA)102和甲羟戊酸(MVA)103,产量分别达到154 g/L、58.73 g/L和121 g/L。此外,嗜盐菌还被开发用以生产氨基酸及其衍生物,例如L-苏氨酸、四氢嘧啶。L-苏氨酸是四种主要的商业氨基酸之一,Du等87通过多种代谢工程手段联合,最终使嗜盐菌在7 L生物反应器产生33 g/L的L-苏氨酸。Zheng等104利用全细胞催化方法将丙酮酸转化为乙偶姻,经过8 h开放式发酵最高可以生产85.84 g/L的乙偶姻。四氢嘧啶是一种天冬氨酸衍生化合物,Hu等105通过过表达ectABC操纵子、增加前体可用性、增强产物转运系统和优化生长培养基等方法,获得了85 g/L的四氢嘧啶产量,证明了嗜盐菌中解偶盐浓度和四氢嘧啶生产的可行性(表3图3)。
极端微生物具有在极端环境(如高盐、极度酸碱、高温等)下快速生长的能力,这些特性是自然界大多数其他微生物所不具备的。因此,它们天然具有抗染菌的能力,成为下一代工业生物技术潜在的底盘细胞。近年来,随着合成生物学的不断发展,对极端微生物进行分子改造的工具日益完善,加速了将极端微生物应用于实际工业生产的进程。以嗜盐菌为例,其作为目前广泛研究的极端微生物之一,通过对其进行优化改造,目前已成功实现千吨级PHA的发酵生产。未来还将进一步扩大生产规模,建设万吨级生产线30。然而,与大肠杆菌、谷氨酸棒状杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母等模式微生物相比,针对各种类型的极端微生物进行改造以使其成为工业底盘细胞的研究仍然远远不足。在这一领域,还需要更多的研究,以充分挖掘极端微生物在工业生产中的潜力(表4)。
尽管目前盐单胞菌中有较为成熟的分子工具,但大多数极端微生物仍然缺乏相应的基因工程改造手段,例如稳定质粒表达载体。质粒表达载体对于进行极端微生物的分子改造至关重要。缺乏相应的表达载体,后续的基因编辑和代谢工程改造工作也难以开展。为了解决这一问题,目前已经建立起一些较为成熟的标准质粒库例如SEVA质粒系统(标准欧洲载体系统)。SEVA质粒系统最新版本为4.0,提供各种复制子、复制起始位点、抗生素抗性基因和报告基因等标准化元件108。通过组合不同的质粒元件可以在极端微生物中构建适用的质粒表达系统,方便后续对极端微生物进行分子改造。
除了质粒载体以外,极端微生物的质粒转化效率相对较低,因此难以在极端微生物中构建大规模的标准化元件,例如不同强度的启动子和RBS等109。目前常用的质粒转化方法包括化学转化、电转化、接合转化等110,未来还可以通过多种策略提高质粒转化效率。例如针对非模式生物常用的电转化可以通过优化电场强度、电转化时间、缓冲液成分等物理参数以及敲除外膜、胞外多糖等基因工程手段来进一步提高转化效率67。还可以针对极端微生物内源的限制修饰系统通过对外源质粒进行提前甲基化修饰的方式提高质粒稳定性73
如何在极端微生物中实现高效的基因编辑也是一个重要挑战。近年来,CRISPR/Cas基因编辑技术得到了迅猛发展,并涌现出碱基编辑、先导编辑等基因组编辑技术111。虽然CRISPR/Cas9技术已经在一些极端微生物,如盐单胞菌和解纤维梭菌中取得成功应用,但在其他大多数极端微生物中尚未建立起成熟的方法112。针对目前已经成熟应用的CRISPR/Cas9技术,可以通过优化Cas9和gRNA表达量、优化同源臂长度提高同源重组效率等策略提高编辑效率。由于极端微生物特殊的生长环境可能会影响外源Cas蛋白活性,还可以利用生物信息学工具挖掘极端微生物内源的CRISPR系统,建立高效的基因组编辑方法113
相较于模式生物大肠杆菌而言,由于极端微生物生长周期往往较长,在实际发酵生产的过程中会存在发酵时间过长的问题,如何提高极端微生物的生长速率、缩短发酵周期,仍是亟需解决的难题。一方面可以通过物理化学诱变或者适应性进化的方式筛选能够快速生长的突变体菌株,进而利用多种组学技术挖掘潜在的调控机制83。此外还可以通过优化培养条件、调节培养基成分,使用高密度接种等策略缩短发酵周期,提高生产效率105
针对不同极端微生物的特性,未来可以充分发挥它们的优势生产特定的产品。例如,利用能够耐受高温的极端微生物生产低沸点的化合物,可在高温条件下直接进行产品蒸馏提纯,从而极大提高生产效率并降低生产成本。利用嗜酸微生物生产在低pH条件下高活力的酶、酸性产物,适用于纤维素水解等多种工业场景。利用嗜碱微生物生产碱性物质例如赖氨酸,无需在发酵过程中添加大量酸来中和pH,从而提高产量并降低生产成本7。此外,一些微生物由于能够利用特殊的底物,具有成为下一代工业生物技术底盘细胞的潜力,例如,能够以一碳气体(CO和CO2)作为底物的扬氏梭菌 (Clostridium ljungdahlii)和产乙醇梭菌(Clostridium autoethanogenum114。经过分子改造后,产乙醇梭菌能够利用工业废弃物生产生物燃料、蛋白质等高附加值产品115;以甲醇芽孢杆菌Bacillus methanolicus和扭脱甲基杆菌Methylorubrum extorquens为代表的甲基营养型细菌能够利用甲醇作为碳源生长并生产赖氨酸、谷氨酸、甲羟戊酸等多种产品116-117
总之,未来需要从选择合适极端微生物作为底盘细胞、开发相应分子改造工具、选择适于特定极端微生物生产的产品等多个角度入手,推进下一代工业生物技术的不断发展与完善,最终实现从高污染、高能耗的化工生产到绿色、环保、可持续生物制造的转变。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32130001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(21761132013)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31771886)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31971170)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-016
  • 接收时间:2024-02-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-04
  • 修回日期:2024-04-27
基金
国家自然科学基金(32130001)
国家自然科学基金(21761132013)
国家自然科学基金(31771886)
国家自然科学基金(31971170)
作者信息
    1 清华大学生命科学学院,北京 100084
    2 清华大学合成与系统生物学中心,北京 100084
    3 清华大学化学工程系,教育部工业生物催化重点实验室,北京 100084
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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