Article(id=1148993958845407606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706976000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-04, revisedDate=1715788800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871107063, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871107063, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871107063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871107063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993956857307504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='6', pageStart='1227', pageEnd='1529', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871106590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057237502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1319, endPage=1349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149994720173372305, articleId=1148993958845407606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=A review on enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chiral amino acids represent a crucial class of chiral building blocks with significant value in food, medicine, chemical industry, and agriculture. The market scale of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food, and chemical industries relying on chiral amino acids is substantial and has been attracting increasing attention. The pursuit of efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of chiral amino acids has long been a goal for scientists. Commonly used preparation methods for chiral amino acids fall into four following categories: protein hydrolysis, fermentation, chemical synthesis, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis. Among these, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis has demonstrated great potential due to its mild reaction conditions, high stereo-selectivity, simplicity of steps, and wide application range. In recent years, with the rapid development of bioinformatics, protein engineering, and computational biology, there has been an increasing number of high-performance enzyme preparations developed, leading to a steady increase in the diversity of enzymes and the gradual diversification of catalyzed reactions, further promoting the wide application of enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids. The enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids can be categorized into three groups: asymmetric synthesis, deracemization synthesis, and kinetic resolution. Kinetic resolution, due to its theoretical yield of only 50% and low atom economy, is not suitable for industrial applications. In contrast, asymmetric synthesis and deracemization synthesis with theoretical yield of 100% find wider industrial application. This article reviews the application of enzymatic asymmetric synthesis and deracemization synthesis in the synthesis of chiral amino acids. It includes the development and modification of key enzyme such as amino acid dehydrogenase, transaminase, ammonia lyase, aldolase, amino acid oxidase, and amino acid deaminase, as well as their application in the synthesis of high-value chiral amino acids such as phosphinothricin, tert-leucine, and intermediate of sitagliptin. Additionally, it summarizes the main challenges faced in the field of enzymatic synthesis of chiral amino acids, such as the lack of key enzyme components, and low enantioselectivity, narrow substrate spectra, low catalytic activity, poor stability, limited reaction conditions of wild-type enzymes. Finally, it looks ahead to the application of cutting-edge technologies such as automated experimental devices, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in the field of enzyme modification, as well as the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic processes through reactor design and reaction process control. These endeavors collectively aim to facilitate the broader industrial application of enzymatic synthesis for chiral amino acids.

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手性氨基酸是一类重要的高价值化学品,广泛应用于食品、医药、化工、农药等多个领域。手性氨基酸常用的制备方法可以分为四类,包括化学合成、蛋白质水解、发酵和酶促合成。其中,酶促合成手性氨基酸以其反应条件温和、立体选择性高、步骤简单、应用范围广等优势备受关注。近年来,得益于生物信息学和蛋白质工程等技术的快速发展,大量性能优异的酶制剂被开发,并成功应用于多种手性氨基酸的制备。本文重点综述了酶促不对称合成和去消旋化合成两种路径在手性氨基酸合成中的应用,包括关键酶制剂氨基酸脱氢酶、转氨酶、氨裂解酶、醛缩酶、氨基酸氧化酶、氨基酸脱氨酶等的开发与改造,及其在草铵膦、叔亮氨酸、西格列汀中间体等高价值手性氨基酸合成中的应用。同时,总结了酶促合成手性氨基酸领域面临的主要困境,如关键酶元件缺乏,以及野生酶非对映体选择性低、底物谱窄、催化活性低、稳定性差、反应条件局限等。最后,展望了自动化实验装置、机器学习和人工智能等前沿技术在酶改造领域的应用,以及通过反应器设计和反应过程控制,开发更为高效和环境友好的催化工艺,推动酶促合成手性氨基酸技术更广泛的工业应用。

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王子渊(1995—),女,博士后。研究方向为蛋白工程、生物化工。E-mail:

郑文隆(1991—),男,研究员。研究方向为生物催化与转化、蛋白质智能设计等。E-mail:

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王子渊(1995—),女,博士后。研究方向为蛋白工程、生物化工。E-mail:

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王子渊(1995—),女,博士后。研究方向为蛋白工程、生物化工。E-mail:

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郑文隆(1991—),男,研究员。研究方向为生物催化与转化、蛋白质智能设计等。E-mail:

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郑文隆(1991—),男,研究员。研究方向为生物催化与转化、蛋白质智能设计等。E-mail:

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Biotechnology Advances, 2017, 35(6): 657-668., articleTitle=Breaking the mirror: L-amino acid deaminase, a novel stereoselective biocatalyst, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877415928045780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=132, issue=null, pageStart=109393, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=120, rfOrder=122, authorNames=WU L C, GUO X L, WU G B, journalName=Enzyme and Microbial Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WU L C, GUO X L, WU G B, et al. Efficient enzymatic synthesis of α-keto acids by redesigned substrate-binding pocket of the L-amino acid deaminase (PmiLAAD)[J]. 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ChemCatChem, 2018, 10(2): 470-474., articleTitle=Engineered aminotransferase for the production of D-phenylalanine derivatives using biocatalytic cascades, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877416045486294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=148, issue=12, pageStart=3678, pageEnd=3684, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=122, rfOrder=124, authorNames=HAN S W, SHIN J S, journalName=Catalysis Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HAN S W, SHIN J S. One-pot preparation of d-amino acids through biocatalytic deracemization using alanine dehydrogenase and ω-transaminase[J]. 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ChemCatChem, 2021, 13(24): 5228-5235., articleTitle=Reconstruction of hyper-thermostable ancestral L-amino acid oxidase to perform deracemization to D-amino acids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877416167121112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=181, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=124, rfOrder=126, authorNames=NAKANO S, KOZUKA K, MINAMINO Y, journalName=Communications Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= NAKANO S, KOZUKA K, MINAMINO Y, et al. Ancestral L-amino acid oxidases for deracemization and stereoinversion of amino acids[J]. Communications Chemistry, 2020, 3(1): 181., articleTitle=Ancestral L-amino acid oxidases for deracemization and stereoinversion of amino acids, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877416225841369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=187, issue=1, pageStart=75, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=125, rfOrder=127, authorNames=ZHU L B, FENG G Q, GE F, journalName=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHU L B, FENG G Q, GE F, et al. One-pot enzymatic synthesis of D-arylalanines using phenylalanine ammonia lyase and L-amino acid deaminase[J]. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图1, caption=手性氨基酸的应用, figureFileSmall=++SS91PGiw5HCXcYcQUu2Q==, figureFileBig=uhSBp3yUdDaUnlXmQdfXIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877400845328407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids by amino acid dehydrogenases (AADH), figureFileSmall=Puzf/XC3BVA8nH3RMK3Yww==, figureFileBig=0R91e2gQzm+hWCje/fpXow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877400891465752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图2, caption=氨基酸脱氢酶(AADH)催化酮酸不对称胺化, figureFileSmall=Puzf/XC3BVA8nH3RMK3Yww==, figureFileBig=0R91e2gQzm+hWCje/fpXow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877400945991705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The structure of glutamate dehydrogenase, figureFileSmall=JnyHMAVTW9RqsoqhCe06RA==, figureFileBig=R/sDc8Ogt/YvBKzijMtWOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877400996323354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图3, caption=谷氨酸脱氢酶结构, figureFileSmall=JnyHMAVTW9RqsoqhCe06RA==, figureFileBig=R/sDc8Ogt/YvBKzijMtWOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401038266395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The catalytic mechanism of amino acid dehydrogenases, figureFileSmall=nkP+pmqnofLj3xYjC13X2w==, figureFileBig=dZV3cRct/j4UugFEmDthBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401084403740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图4, caption=氨基酸脱氢酶催化机理, figureFileSmall=nkP+pmqnofLj3xYjC13X2w==, figureFileBig=dZV3cRct/j4UugFEmDthBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401130541085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Multi-enzymatic cascade system for synthesizing L-2-aminobutyric acid from L-threonine

TD—Threonine deaminase; LeuDH—Leucine dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=toQTa8IFJty6+fVGJU3LTA==, figureFileBig=DlOiKWL5qNohM/JhiYYtsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401180872734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图5, caption=利用L-苏氨酸合成L-2-氨基丁酸的多酶级联体系

TD—苏氨酸脱氨酶;LeuDH—亮氨酸脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=toQTa8IFJty6+fVGJU3LTA==, figureFileBig=DlOiKWL5qNohM/JhiYYtsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401231204383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids by transaminase (TA), figureFileSmall=j3oAWRTxHgA3JWC2rCHbMw==, figureFileBig=7QTWjXukjrJn5ogt+3qVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401277341728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图6, caption=转氨酶(TA)催化氨基不对称转移反应, figureFileSmall=j3oAWRTxHgA3JWC2rCHbMw==, figureFileBig=7QTWjXukjrJn5ogt+3qVTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401327673377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for transaminases (TA), figureFileSmall=O1TxUthGblH2qT8KFc12mg==, figureFileBig=o4HCrH0hebyiJ5Q9EK7VXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401373810722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图7, caption=转氨酶(TA)催化反应一般通式, figureFileSmall=O1TxUthGblH2qT8KFc12mg==, figureFileBig=o4HCrH0hebyiJ5Q9EK7VXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401419948067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The crystal structure of transaminase, figureFileSmall=v8RS4DZAI6ZM614Ero/6Uw==, figureFileBig=cwrHXkTZsEVWyhKKgj/dbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401478668324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图8, caption=转氨酶晶体结构, figureFileSmall=v8RS4DZAI6ZM614Ero/6Uw==, figureFileBig=cwrHXkTZsEVWyhKKgj/dbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401524805669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The catalytic mechanism of transaminase, figureFileSmall=3J5qF0d4peMWfest7Swp/g==, figureFileBig=DYuUbNS5QzMPHmPGGcpG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401583525926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图9, caption=转氨酶催化机理, figureFileSmall=3J5qF0d4peMWfest7Swp/g==, figureFileBig=DYuUbNS5QzMPHmPGGcpG+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401646440487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Synthesis of chiral α-amino acids by asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids, figureFileSmall=eiC0/SChx2OMyQ365BDurw==, figureFileBig=yn4VFzivakQaKv99eaiT0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401705160744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图10, caption=氨基不对称转移反应合成手性α-氨基酸, figureFileSmall=eiC0/SChx2OMyQ365BDurw==, figureFileBig=yn4VFzivakQaKv99eaiT0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401747103785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Synthesis of intermediate of sitagliptin by asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids(a) and TA-transaminase(b), figureFileSmall=sIYPeltyT4xEGLgCwdWpEA==, figureFileBig=ko1JPeHvj07gRYTgROmQ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401793241130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图11, caption=氨基不对称转移反应合成西格列汀中间体(a)及TA-转氨酶(b), figureFileSmall=sIYPeltyT4xEGLgCwdWpEA==, figureFileBig=ko1JPeHvj07gRYTgROmQ7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401839378475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Synthesis of chiral non-α-amino acids by asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids, figureFileSmall=Sh5NzMsOmD+rHunsXUDxGg==, figureFileBig=8GSWfgSghvPO5dCIqnWrrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401885515820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图12, caption=氨基不对称转移反应合成非α-手性氨基酸, figureFileSmall=Sh5NzMsOmD+rHunsXUDxGg==, figureFileBig=8GSWfgSghvPO5dCIqnWrrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877401931653165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids by ammonia lyase (AL) or amino mutase (AM), figureFileSmall=rM7k9UiPwRzEcBzInTipoA==, figureFileBig=USeouwXM6B/DBnKXCDeHTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402032316462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图13, caption=解氨酶(AL)或氨基变位酶(AM)催化α,β-不饱和羧酸的选择性胺化加成反应, figureFileSmall=rM7k9UiPwRzEcBzInTipoA==, figureFileBig=USeouwXM6B/DBnKXCDeHTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402091036719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for ammonia lyases used for chiral amino acid synthesis

DAL—Aspartate ammonia-lyase; MAL—Methylaspartate ammonia-lyase; PAL—Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; HAL—Histidine ammonia-lyase; TAL—Tyrosine ammonia-lyase

, figureFileSmall=JvVEHGOJvoXGZMePGOsi6A==, figureFileBig=5dzWZ07Ykrkz/hsNuNnkvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402153951280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图14, caption=用于手性氨基酸合成的解氨酶的催化反应一般通式

DAL—天冬氨酸解氨酶;MAL—甲基天冬氨酸解氨酶;PAL—苯丙氨酸解氨酶;HAL—组氨酸解氨酶;TAL—酪氨酸解氨酶

, figureFileSmall=JvVEHGOJvoXGZMePGOsi6A==, figureFileBig=5dzWZ07Ykrkz/hsNuNnkvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402208477233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=The catalytic mechanism of transaminases of ammonia-lyase, figureFileSmall=+M1wNh5KxE8McnXt0xzyBg==, figureFileBig=6QChwcyxTCvzO/Gi09TuJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402258808882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图15, caption=解氨酶催化机制, figureFileSmall=+M1wNh5KxE8McnXt0xzyBg==, figureFileBig=6QChwcyxTCvzO/Gi09TuJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402334306355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), figureFileSmall=7b/sIu/1SzXQf7t9ZkQtVw==, figureFileBig=yr/TYSqNHT37Jr12vhaJjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402384638004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图16, caption=苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)催化α,β-不饱和羧酸选择性胺化, figureFileSmall=7b/sIu/1SzXQf7t9ZkQtVw==, figureFileBig=yr/TYSqNHT37Jr12vhaJjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402430775349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Computational redesign of aspartate ammonia lyase (DAL) for the synthesis of several unnatural amino acids, figureFileSmall=JSzrSi1N1HqvPT3nF8zLgw==, figureFileBig=AOZc3fpu+t4vQflhtxSGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402502078518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图17, caption=计算重设计天冬氨酸解氨酶(DAL)用于合成多种非天然氨基酸, figureFileSmall=JSzrSi1N1HqvPT3nF8zLgw==, figureFileBig=AOZc3fpu+t4vQflhtxSGvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402585964599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids by Methylaspartate ammonia lyases (MAL)

ADC—Aspartate-α-decarboxylase; CrpG—β-Methylaspartate-α-decarboxylase; GAD—Glutamate decarboxylase; PS—Pantothenate synthetase

, figureFileSmall=6ikjylWliSXRoh9qLphltw==, figureFileBig=CR/9iaoEvslKRToSrwAc0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402644684856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图18, caption=甲基天冬氨酸裂解酶(MAL)催化α,β-不饱和羧酸选择性胺化

ADC—天冬氨酸-α-脱羧酶;CrpG—β-甲基天冬氨酸-α-脱羧酶;GAD—谷氨酸脱羧酶;PS—泛酸盐合成酶

, figureFileSmall=6ikjylWliSXRoh9qLphltw==, figureFileBig=CR/9iaoEvslKRToSrwAc0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402695016505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes by aldolase or hydroxymethyltransferase (HMT), figureFileSmall=/kplv5e561I+CSImc0h0Rw==, figureFileBig=JN77cTA/MVI2fOG8VOhF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402741153850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图19, caption=醛缩酶或羟甲基转移酶(HMT)催化氨基酸的醛缩反应, figureFileSmall=/kplv5e561I+CSImc0h0Rw==, figureFileBig=JN77cTA/MVI2fOG8VOhF1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402787291195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for threonine aldolase (TA), figureFileSmall=feGB/HnAnYEVP3QIrieC2w==, figureFileBig=3PDSdGCMnScktmf62BYBFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402837622844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图20, caption=苏氨酸醛缩(TA)酶催化反应一般通式, figureFileSmall=feGB/HnAnYEVP3QIrieC2w==, figureFileBig=3PDSdGCMnScktmf62BYBFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402883760189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=The crystal structure of threonine aldolase, figureFileSmall=1iyr0kGB+ecWy03jk/PWzA==, figureFileBig=jlNA44hWmrui27YomNDVVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402929897534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图21, caption=苏氨酸醛缩酶晶体结构, figureFileSmall=1iyr0kGB+ecWy03jk/PWzA==, figureFileBig=jlNA44hWmrui27YomNDVVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877402976034879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=The catalytic mechanism of threonine aldolase, figureFileSmall=Q0xWUAOLI+HkgPFffZwKYw==, figureFileBig=Jt5GgjnhxYhNL0OQV5PTwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403034755136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图22, caption=苏氨酸醛缩酶催化机理, figureFileSmall=Q0xWUAOLI+HkgPFffZwKYw==, figureFileBig=Jt5GgjnhxYhNL0OQV5PTwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403080892481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 23, caption=Schematic diagram of the path hypothesis[92]

[Aldehydes (MTB) attack Cα of aldimine PLP-Gly through the syn path or anti path to form the corresponding configuration of products]

, figureFileSmall=7y7cBmwNNpHKdCAATMRwFg==, figureFileBig=JxXYFr5SDMPEwff7PMdSAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403135418434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图 23, caption=“路径假说”的示意图92

[醛类(MTB)通过顺式路径或反式路径攻击醛胺PLP-Gly的Cα形成相应的产品构型]

, figureFileSmall=7y7cBmwNNpHKdCAATMRwFg==, figureFileBig=JxXYFr5SDMPEwff7PMdSAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403198332995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 24, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), figureFileSmall=PXfqTF9WOwS6UV50di6duQ==, figureFileBig=PDAVOce2YIGtYMhbsUskCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403248664644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图24, caption=丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)酶催化反应一般通式, figureFileSmall=PXfqTF9WOwS6UV50di6duQ==, figureFileBig=PDAVOce2YIGtYMhbsUskCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403307384901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 25, caption=Deracemization synthesis, figureFileSmall=Kny5o1wEMCTe/kVw7x34Yw==, figureFileBig=FjtCQhWZ2zKLX2CMVRiKcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403357716550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图25, caption=去消旋化合成, figureFileSmall=Kny5o1wEMCTe/kVw7x34Yw==, figureFileBig=FjtCQhWZ2zKLX2CMVRiKcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403408048199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 26, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for amino acid oxidase (AAO), figureFileSmall=5fDteBWyp4RkV4X47VzKHA==, figureFileBig=GmoZw9wU5IMMY2jd7O6LBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403462574152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图26, caption=氨基酸氧化酶(AAO)催化反应一般通式, figureFileSmall=5fDteBWyp4RkV4X47VzKHA==, figureFileBig=GmoZw9wU5IMMY2jd7O6LBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403529683017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 27, caption=Amino acid oxidase is involved in the deracemization synthesis of chiral amino acids

AAO—Amino acid oxidase; AADH—Amino acid dehydrogenase; CAT—Catalase; TA—Transaminase

, figureFileSmall=E7adKbek5xMTOkMI2v8Eiw==, figureFileBig=TAWA2KW0c4/zIK/mHfHklw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403575820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图27, caption=氨基酸氧化酶参与去消旋化合成手性氨基酸

AAO—氨基酸氧化酶;AADH—氨基酸脱氢酶;CAT—过氧化氢酶;TA-转氨酶

, figureFileSmall=E7adKbek5xMTOkMI2v8Eiw==, figureFileBig=TAWA2KW0c4/zIK/mHfHklw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403634540619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 28, caption=General catalytic reaction formula for L-amino acid deaminase (L-AAD), figureFileSmall=KfzbNdSJkd2Ag/v1mr1pwQ==, figureFileBig=0E7sq8y4kyeTGI1KHUMadw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403701649484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图28, caption= L-氨基酸脱氨酶(L-AAD)催化反应一般通式, figureFileSmall=KfzbNdSJkd2Ag/v1mr1pwQ==, figureFileBig=0E7sq8y4kyeTGI1KHUMadw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403768758349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 29, caption=Amino acid deaminase is involved in the deracemization synthesis of chiral amino acids

AAD—Amino acid deaminase; TA—Transaminase

, figureFileSmall=LacDHgk8sUDGOzBFnelIzA==, figureFileBig=rmofwMCKWab42lqnInkG0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403827478606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图29, caption=氨基酸脱氨酶参与去消旋化合成手性氨基酸

AAD—氨基酸脱氨酶;TA—转氨酶

, figureFileSmall=LacDHgk8sUDGOzBFnelIzA==, figureFileBig=rmofwMCKWab42lqnInkG0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403886198863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 30, caption=Amino acid dehydrogenase is involved in the deracemization synthesis of chiral amino acids

ALADH—Alanine dehydrogenase; TA—Transaminase; MR—Mandelate racemase; DMDH—D-Mandelate dehydrogenase; LeuDH—Leucine dehydrogenase

, figureFileSmall=fug0Ei8ugMjQYWJX8KyU6A==, figureFileBig=p5Wsudb3HGt8XQ694gI/KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877403949113424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图30, caption=氨基酸脱氢酶参与去消旋化合成手性氨基酸

ALADH—丙氨酸脱氢酶;TA—转氨酶;MR—扁桃酸消旋酶;DMDH—D-扁桃酸脱氢酶;LeuDH—亮氨酸脱氢酶

, figureFileSmall=fug0Ei8ugMjQYWJX8KyU6A==, figureFileBig=p5Wsudb3HGt8XQ694gI/KQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877404012027985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Fig. 31, caption=Chemo-enzymatic deracemization synthesis of chiral amino acids

AAO—Amino acid oxidase; PAL—Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; AAD—Amino acid deaminase

, figureFileSmall=rWMTzgLnBhn2oWA2uIL07A==, figureFileBig=cq8OHPRsrL40DOGJcHyE3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877404091719762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=图31, caption=化学酶法去消旋化合成手性氨基酸

AAO—氨基酸氧化酶;PAL—苯丙氨酸解氨酶;AAD—氨基酸脱氨酶

, figureFileSmall=rWMTzgLnBhn2oWA2uIL07A==, figureFileBig=cq8OHPRsrL40DOGJcHyE3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877404154634323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of three common methods for enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

方法

Methods

酶制剂

Enzyme

底物

Substrate

立体选择性

Stereosele-ctivity

理论产率

Theoretical yield

原子经济性

Atomic economy

典型案例

Typical examples

Asymmetric synthesis

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Transaminase,

Ammonia lyase,

Amino mutase,

Aldolase,

Hydroxymethyltransferase,

etc.

Keto acids,

α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids,

Amino acids and Aldehydes

High 100% High

L-tert-Leucine [11-12]

(R)-3-Amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butyric acid [13]

Racemization synthesis

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Transaminase,

Ammonia lyase,

Amino mutases, Aldolase,

Hydroxymethyltransferase,

Amino acid oxidase,

Amino acid deaminase,

Amino acid racemase,

etc.

Racemic amino acids High 100% High

L-Phosphinothricin [14-15]

L-Phenylglycine [16]

Dynamic kinetic resolution

Amino acid oxidase,

Amino acid deaminase,

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Amino acid racemase,

etc.

Racemic amino acids High 50% Low
), ArticleFig(id=1164877404217548884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酶促合成手性氨基酸的三种常用方法比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

方法

Methods

酶制剂

Enzyme

底物

Substrate

立体选择性

Stereosele-ctivity

理论产率

Theoretical yield

原子经济性

Atomic economy

典型案例

Typical examples

Asymmetric synthesis

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Transaminase,

Ammonia lyase,

Amino mutase,

Aldolase,

Hydroxymethyltransferase,

etc.

Keto acids,

α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids,

Amino acids and Aldehydes

High 100% High

L-tert-Leucine [11-12]

(R)-3-Amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butyric acid [13]

Racemization synthesis

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Transaminase,

Ammonia lyase,

Amino mutases, Aldolase,

Hydroxymethyltransferase,

Amino acid oxidase,

Amino acid deaminase,

Amino acid racemase,

etc.

Racemic amino acids High 100% High

L-Phosphinothricin [14-15]

L-Phenylglycine [16]

Dynamic kinetic resolution

Amino acid oxidase,

Amino acid deaminase,

Amino acid dehydrogenase,

Amino acid racemase,

etc.

Racemic amino acids High 50% Low
), ArticleFig(id=1164877404288852053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Examples of enzymatic synthetic routes applied in the production

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品

Products

应用

Applications

合成路线

Synthetic routes

酶制剂

Enzyme

参考文献

References

L-phosphinothricin Broad-spectrum herbicides Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Glutamate dehydrogenase, Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [22,28,35]
Deracemization synthesis D-amino acid oxidase, catalase, glutamate dehydrogenase, Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [14-15]
L-tert-leucine Intermediate of azanavir, animal feed additive, nutritional fortifier Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Leucine dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [11-12, 30,32]
Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [62]
L-2-aminobutyric acid Intermediate of antituberculosis ethambutol and antiepileptic drug levetiracetam Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Leucine dehydrogenase,threonine deaminase,Glucose dehydrogenase [33-34]
Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase,Glutamate dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase [63]
Deracemization synthesis D-amino acid oxidase, ω-Transaminase [118]
L-phenylglycine Intermediate of β-lactam antibiotics Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Amino acid dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [29, 36-37]
Deracemization synthesis Mandelate racemase, D-mandelate dehydrogenase, Leucine dehydrogenase [16]
(R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butyric acid Intermediate of siagliptin Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [13]
L-norvaline Intermediate of perindopril Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [62]
(2R,4S)-ethyl-5-([1,1'- biphenyl]-4-yl) -4- ((tert butoxycarbonyl) amino)-2-methylvaleric acid Intermediate of sacubitril Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [53]
L-3,4-dimethoxyphenylalanine Drug intermediates, chemical sensors, chiral catalysts, etc Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [64]
(3S)-5-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid Intermediate of olodanrigan (EMA401) Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [80]
(R)-pantothenic acid Intermediate of antimicrobials against plasmodium falciparum and multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids 3-Methylaspartate ammonia lyase, Aspartate-α-decarboxylase, β-methylaspartate-α- decarboxylase/glutamate decarboxylase, Pantothenate synthetase [84]
L-syn-p-methylsulfonylphenylserine Intermediate of flufenicol Aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes L-threonine aldolase [114-116]
β-(2-furyl)serine Intermediate of furan antibiotic and 2-amino-1-(2-furanyl)ethanol Aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes L-threonine aldolase [117]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877404410486870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993958845407606, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分应用于生产实践的酶促合成路线

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

产品

Products

应用

Applications

合成路线

Synthetic routes

酶制剂

Enzyme

参考文献

References

L-phosphinothricin Broad-spectrum herbicides Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Glutamate dehydrogenase, Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [22,28,35]
Deracemization synthesis D-amino acid oxidase, catalase, glutamate dehydrogenase, Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [14-15]
L-tert-leucine Intermediate of azanavir, animal feed additive, nutritional fortifier Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Leucine dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [11-12, 30,32]
Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [62]
L-2-aminobutyric acid Intermediate of antituberculosis ethambutol and antiepileptic drug levetiracetam Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Leucine dehydrogenase,threonine deaminase,Glucose dehydrogenase [33-34]
Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase,Glutamate dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase [63]
Deracemization synthesis D-amino acid oxidase, ω-Transaminase [118]
L-phenylglycine Intermediate of β-lactam antibiotics Asymmetric reductive amination of keto acids Amino acid dehydrogenase,Alcohol dehydrogenase/Glucose dehydrogenase/Formate dehydrogenase [29, 36-37]
Deracemization synthesis Mandelate racemase, D-mandelate dehydrogenase, Leucine dehydrogenase [16]
(R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butyric acid Intermediate of siagliptin Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [13]
L-norvaline Intermediate of perindopril Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [62]
(2R,4S)-ethyl-5-([1,1'- biphenyl]-4-yl) -4- ((tert butoxycarbonyl) amino)-2-methylvaleric acid Intermediate of sacubitril Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [53]
L-3,4-dimethoxyphenylalanine Drug intermediates, chemical sensors, chiral catalysts, etc Asymmetric transfer of amino groups to keto acids Transaminase [64]
(3S)-5-(benzyloxy)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid Intermediate of olodanrigan (EMA401) Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [80]
(R)-pantothenic acid Intermediate of antimicrobials against plasmodium falciparum and multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus Enantioselective addition of ammonia to α,β-unsaturated acids 3-Methylaspartate ammonia lyase, Aspartate-α-decarboxylase, β-methylaspartate-α- decarboxylase/glutamate decarboxylase, Pantothenate synthetase [84]
L-syn-p-methylsulfonylphenylserine Intermediate of flufenicol Aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes L-threonine aldolase [114-116]
β-(2-furyl)serine Intermediate of furan antibiotic and 2-amino-1-(2-furanyl)ethanol Aldol condensation of an amino acid to aldehydes L-threonine aldolase [117]
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酶促合成手性氨基酸的研究进展
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王子渊 1 , 杨立荣 1, 2 , 吴坚平 1, 2 , 郑文隆 1
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1319-1349
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1319-1349
酶促合成手性氨基酸的研究进展
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王子渊1 , 杨立荣1, 2, 吴坚平1, 2, 郑文隆1
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,生物与分子智造研究院,浙江 杭州 311215
  • 2 浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学院,浙江 杭州 310058
  • 王子渊(1995—),女,博士后。研究方向为蛋白工程、生物化工。E-mail:

    郑文隆(1991—),男,研究员。研究方向为生物催化与转化、蛋白质智能设计等。E-mail:

A review on enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids
Ziyuan WANG1 , Lirong YANG1, 2, Jianping WU1, 2, Wenlong ZHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute for Intelligent Bio/Chem Manufacturing,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 311215,Zhejiang,China
  • 2 College of Chemical and Biological Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,Zhejiang,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-015
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手性氨基酸是一类重要的高价值化学品,广泛应用于食品、医药、化工、农药等多个领域。手性氨基酸常用的制备方法可以分为四类,包括化学合成、蛋白质水解、发酵和酶促合成。其中,酶促合成手性氨基酸以其反应条件温和、立体选择性高、步骤简单、应用范围广等优势备受关注。近年来,得益于生物信息学和蛋白质工程等技术的快速发展,大量性能优异的酶制剂被开发,并成功应用于多种手性氨基酸的制备。本文重点综述了酶促不对称合成和去消旋化合成两种路径在手性氨基酸合成中的应用,包括关键酶制剂氨基酸脱氢酶、转氨酶、氨裂解酶、醛缩酶、氨基酸氧化酶、氨基酸脱氨酶等的开发与改造,及其在草铵膦、叔亮氨酸、西格列汀中间体等高价值手性氨基酸合成中的应用。同时,总结了酶促合成手性氨基酸领域面临的主要困境,如关键酶元件缺乏,以及野生酶非对映体选择性低、底物谱窄、催化活性低、稳定性差、反应条件局限等。最后,展望了自动化实验装置、机器学习和人工智能等前沿技术在酶改造领域的应用,以及通过反应器设计和反应过程控制,开发更为高效和环境友好的催化工艺,推动酶促合成手性氨基酸技术更广泛的工业应用。

高价值手性化学品  /  手性氨基酸  /  不对称合成  /  去消旋化合成  /  蛋白质工程  /  多酶级联

Chiral amino acids represent a crucial class of chiral building blocks with significant value in food, medicine, chemical industry, and agriculture. The market scale of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food, and chemical industries relying on chiral amino acids is substantial and has been attracting increasing attention. The pursuit of efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of chiral amino acids has long been a goal for scientists. Commonly used preparation methods for chiral amino acids fall into four following categories: protein hydrolysis, fermentation, chemical synthesis, and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis. Among these, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis has demonstrated great potential due to its mild reaction conditions, high stereo-selectivity, simplicity of steps, and wide application range. In recent years, with the rapid development of bioinformatics, protein engineering, and computational biology, there has been an increasing number of high-performance enzyme preparations developed, leading to a steady increase in the diversity of enzymes and the gradual diversification of catalyzed reactions, further promoting the wide application of enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids. The enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids can be categorized into three groups: asymmetric synthesis, deracemization synthesis, and kinetic resolution. Kinetic resolution, due to its theoretical yield of only 50% and low atom economy, is not suitable for industrial applications. In contrast, asymmetric synthesis and deracemization synthesis with theoretical yield of 100% find wider industrial application. This article reviews the application of enzymatic asymmetric synthesis and deracemization synthesis in the synthesis of chiral amino acids. It includes the development and modification of key enzyme such as amino acid dehydrogenase, transaminase, ammonia lyase, aldolase, amino acid oxidase, and amino acid deaminase, as well as their application in the synthesis of high-value chiral amino acids such as phosphinothricin, tert-leucine, and intermediate of sitagliptin. Additionally, it summarizes the main challenges faced in the field of enzymatic synthesis of chiral amino acids, such as the lack of key enzyme components, and low enantioselectivity, narrow substrate spectra, low catalytic activity, poor stability, limited reaction conditions of wild-type enzymes. Finally, it looks ahead to the application of cutting-edge technologies such as automated experimental devices, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in the field of enzyme modification, as well as the development of more efficient and environmentally friendly catalytic processes through reactor design and reaction process control. These endeavors collectively aim to facilitate the broader industrial application of enzymatic synthesis for chiral amino acids.

high-value chiral chemicals  /  chiral amino acids  /  asymmetric synthesis  /  deracemization synthesis  /  protein engineering  /  multi-enzymatic cascade
王子渊, 杨立荣, 吴坚平, 郑文隆. 酶促合成手性氨基酸的研究进展. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1319 -1349 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-015
Ziyuan WANG, Lirong YANG, Jianping WU, Wenlong ZHENG. A review on enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of chiral amino acids[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1319 -1349 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-015
手性分子具有相同的原子组成,但立体结构镜像对称,就像左右手一样。手性氨基酸是手性分子的典型代表,被广泛应用于医药、食品、农药等领域,是重要的高值化学品(图1)。例如L-叔亮氨酸用于合成抗艾滋病药物阿扎那韦1L-2-氨基丁酸是抗结核乙胺丁醇和抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦、布瓦西坦等的关键中间体2-4,而L-羟脯胺酸可以作为增味剂和营养强化剂5L-草铵膦则是一类重要的除草剂6。此外,蛋白质序列中引入非天然手性氨基酸还可以突破20种蛋白质氨基酸的限制,扩展蛋白质结构和功能的多样性7-10
手性氨基酸制备方法主要有以下四种:蛋白质水解法、发酵法、化学合成法和酶促合成法。蛋白质水解法和发酵法是大多数天然氨基酸常用的生产方案,但产品种类少,后处理工艺复杂。化学合成法产品丰富,能用于非天然氨基酸的合成,但存在反应步骤烦琐、反应条件苛刻、环境不友好、部分催化剂价格高、毒性大等缺点。相比较而言,酶促合成法具有反应条件温和、环境友好、对映体选择性高等优势,且产品种类丰富,逐渐被应用于多种手性氨基酸的制备中。
酶促合成手性氨基酸的常用方法可以分为三种:①不对称合成;②去消旋化合成;③动力学拆分(表1)。不对称合成是将原料直接一步转化生成单一构型产品,该方法具有选择性高、收率高、步骤简单等优点,被广泛采用。例如L-叔亮氨酸可以通过氨基酸脱氢酶催化前体酮酸三甲基丙酮酸实现一步合成,ee值(对映体过量,enantiomeric excess)通常大于99.9%,理论收率为100%11-12。去消旋化合成体系是利用多酶级联或化学-酶法,将外消旋体直接转化为相应的光学纯化合物,以获得单一构型的目标手性分子,该过程无需分离中间体,具有高原子经济性和高效率的优势,同样是合成手性氨基酸的有效方法。例如,在L-草铵膦的合成中,可以从易获得的外消旋体出发,通过D-氨基酸氧化酶将D-草铵膦催化为对应酮酸,再通过氨基酸脱氢酶将酮酸催化为L-草铵膦,以实现单一构型的产品合成,理论收率为100%,且通过一锅法制备能减少中间体分离的步骤,也有效解决了中间体结构不稳定、易降解的问题14-15。动力学拆分是一种利用酶的立体选择性实现外消旋体有效分离的技术。在这一过程中,酶专一性地催化外消旋体中的一个对映体,而保留另一个对映体不变,从而达到对两种构型不对称拆分的目的。例如,通过ω-转氨酶降解外消旋氨基酸中的一种构型生成酮酸,以此实现另一种构型的纯化17-18。但动力学拆分最大只能达到50%的产品收率,原子经济性低,相较于前两种方法,工业应用案例较少。
随着生物信息学、蛋白质工程以及计算生物学的发展,工程化改造酶的选择性、活性、稳定性、底物适应性等催化性能的效率不断提升,酶促合成手性氨基酸取得了许多重要的成果。本文将围绕手性氨基酸不对称合成和去消旋化合成两条路线,综述近年来酶促合成手性氨基酸的进展,并讨论生物酶制剂在绿色化工中的应用前景。
酶促不对称合成是生产手性氨基酸的一种有效方法,产品理论收率能达到100%,且立体选择性高。酶促不对称合成主要包含四类反应:①酮酸不对称胺化反应;②氨基不对称转移反应;③α,β-不饱和羧酸的选择性胺化加成反应;④氨基酸醛缩反应。
酮酸不对称胺化反应由氨基酸脱氢酶(amino acid dehydrogenases, AADH, 1.4.1.x)催化,以辅因子NAD(P)H作为还原剂,以游离氨作为氨基供体,可逆催化酮酸还原胺化生成对应的手性氨基酸(图2)。该途径的优势在于合成过程简单,氨基供体廉价,对映体选择性高。然而,酮酸不对称胺化反应过程中需要消耗昂贵的还原型辅酶NAD(P)H,因此,在工业生产上需要偶合辅酶再生体系以降低成本,常用于辅酶循环系统的酶有葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)、甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)、乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LeDH)、异丙醇脱氢酶(IPADH)等。目前,酮酸不对称胺化路线已经应用于L-叔亮氨酸、L-2-氨基丁酸、L-草铵膦等多个产品的工业生产。
AADH广泛存在于自然界中,种类丰富,按立体选择性可以分为L-AADH和D-AADH。自然界中L-AADH的数量远高于D-AADH,且大多数氨基酸脱氢酶只能催化合成α-氨基酸。不同的AADH有不同的底物特异性,例如亮氨酸脱氢酶(leucine dehydrogenase, LeuDH, EC 1.4.1.9)偏好催化生成脂肪族氨基酸,苯丙氨酸脱氢酶(phenylalanine dehydrogenase, PheDH, EC1.4.1.20)偏好生成芳香族氨基酸。
尽管AADH具有不同的最佳反应底物,但其晶体结构具有高度相似性19。AADH一般为同源六聚体或同源八聚体,每个亚基由N端催化结构域(结构域Ⅰ)和C端辅因子结合结构域(结构域Ⅱ)组成,催化发生在两个结构域之间,典型AADH的晶体结构如图3所示。AADH的亚基一般存在两种状态:在没有结合底物和配体时,结构域Ⅰ和结构域Ⅱ距离较远,结构呈现“打开”状态,有利于底物和辅酶进入;当底物和辅酶进入裂隙与酶结合后,结构域Ⅱ会向结构域Ⅰ旋转,形成“闭合”状态,进行催化反应;反应结束后,两个结构域恢复到“打开”状态,以释放产物和辅酶[图3(c)19-21。两个结构域由一个α-螺旋连接,多个报道将该结构称为铰链区域,其在结构域运动中起着类似“轴”的作用22-23,Prakash等24Aspergillus niger来源的谷氨酸脱氢酶(glutamate dehydrogenase, GluDH,EC 1.4.1.2-4)晶体结构解析中发现,将“开放”和“封闭”状态下的结构域Ⅰ、结构域Ⅱ和铰链区域进行叠加,其RMSD值分别为0.4 Å、0.3 Å和1.0 Å(1 Å=0.1 nm),表明了两个结构域在蛋白结构转化中变化非常小。然而,铰链区域则在这个转化中发生了实质性的构象变化,这意味着铰链区域对蛋白结构的“开放”和“封闭”可能起着重要的影响。
本文以Aspergillus niger来源的GluDH为例描述AADH的催化机理(图424:NADPH的结合引发了一系列关键的构象变化,使底物和辅酶处于正确的催化方向。Asp154的羧基团捕获周围的NH4 +并使其去质子化,从而促进氨对α-酮戊二酸α碳的亲核攻击;生成的氧负离子通过位于Lys114附近的水分子得到质子化,在活性位点形成四面体中间体2-氨基-2-羟基戊二酸;这一中间体消除水分子形成α-亚氨基戊二酸,最后,氢离子从NADPH转移到α-亚氨基戊二酸,最终形成L-谷氨酸。
野生AADH对非天然底物的催化活性较低,甚至不能识别。近年来,围绕扩展AADH底物谱和提高其催化活性的工作取得了巨大进展。依据底物特性对结合口袋进行特异化定制是扩展AADH底物谱和提高酶活的有效手段25-26,Zhu等27L-erythro-3,5-二氨基己酸脱氢酶的辅酶结合区和底物结合口袋进行设计,使得该酶对多种脂肪族β-氨基酸的活性提高了110~800倍。Yang等28重设计GluDH结合口袋,设计了不同的突变体合成三种高附加值产品:L-正缬氨酸(比活分别提高了2.3倍)、L-草铵膦(比活提高916.2倍)、L-高苯丙氨酸(从无活性提高至66.64 U/mg)。除了活性口袋以外,AADH的铰链区域也是改造的热点,如前文所述,铰链区域对蛋白结构的“开放”和“封闭”可能有着重要的影响。Yang等22在研究中发现铰链区域的改造可能影响酶开合的转化效率进而改变酶的催化活性,最终,通过对铰链区域的半理性设计,GluDH对生产L-草铵膦的比活力提高5.4倍,同时,阳性突变体对多个非天然底物的催化效率均有显著提升。Gao等29同样对铰链区域和结合口袋进行改造,GluDH对生成L-苯甘氨酸的催化活力提高了103倍。
L-叔亮氨酸(L-Tle)可用作动物饲料添加剂、营养强化剂。利用亮氨酸脱氢酶(LeuDH)催化三甲基丙酮酸(TMP)不对称合成L-叔亮氨酸是目前L-Tle主要的合成方法。Rao等30通过分批补料策略,能够将0.8 mol/L的TMP转化为L-Tle,转化率达到81%。Wei等31通过基因挖掘获得一株来源于Labrenzia aggregate具有较高底物耐受性的LeuDH,在18 h内完全转化1.5 mol/L的TMP。虽然L-Tle的酶促合成效率较高,但LeuDH的稳定性、使用效率和生产工艺等依然有提升空间,可以通过蛋白质工程和工艺优化等手段进一步降低生产成本。例如人工多酶系统已被报道可以提高结构稳定性,促进辅因子再生效率并降低游离酶系统的成本。Fang等32构建了一种新型融合酶(GDH-R3-LeuDH),其环境耐受性和热稳定性大大提高,时空产率达到2136 g/(L·d),为目前报道最高水平。
L-2-氨基丁酸(L-2-ABA)是合成抗癫痫药物左乙拉西坦和抗结核药物乙胺丁醇的关键手性中间体。由于前体2-酮丁酸(2-OBA)价格昂贵,L-2-ABA的合成一般通过级联亮氨酸脱氢酶与苏氨酸脱氨酶(TD),以廉价的L-苏氨酸(L-Thr)为底物进行生产(图5)。Wei等33建立了含TD、LeuDH和GDH多酶级联体系,将1.5 mol/L L-苏氨酸转化为L-2-ABA,摩尔转化率为99%,时空产率为51.5 g/(L·h)。同样,刘立明等34构建了TD、LeuDH和FDH3的多酶级联体系,在30 L发酵罐中全细胞转化12 h,产量达到68.5 g/L,摩尔转化率99.0%。
L-草铵膦(L-PPT)是一种高效广谱除草剂,利用GluDH不对称合成L-PPT具有显著成本优势。Yang等22利用改造后的GluDH,结合GDH/ADH构建多酶级联体系,可以在140 min内将0.5 mol/L底物完全转化,L-PPT浓度达到80.58 g/L,时空产率为828.82 g/(L·d)。Zheng等35在大肠杆菌细胞共表达GluDH和GDH,时空产率高达4.752 kg/(L·d)。
L-苯甘氨酸(L-PHG)是一种重要的医药中间体。Yao等36将FDH和L-LeuDH共表达,合成L-PHG的ee>99%,收率和时空产率分别达90.46%和82.07 g/(L·d)。Wei等37设计了一种连续流动进料方法来减少底物堆积,通过级联LeuDH和GDH,在3 h内,将1.2 mol/L底物胺化为L-PHG,转化率>99%。
综上所述,酮酸不对称合成具有严格的立体选择性和廉价的氨基供体,目前已经报道了较多的工业应用案例,但该合成方法也存在不足之处:①部分酮酸底物不稳定或价格昂贵。对于这类产品,通常需要级联其他催化反应,以避免酮酸作为原料。②消耗昂贵的辅酶。如前文所提,这一问题可以通过级联辅酶循环体系解决,此外,提升辅酶亲和力以降低其消耗,或改变辅酶特异性以接受廉价的人工辅酶也是目前研究的热点。③酶的底物谱窄且催化效率不高,这限制了产品的多样性。因此,提升酶的催化活性和拓宽其底物适用范围是未来研究和应用扩展的关键方向。总之,尽管酮酸不对称合成技术在工业应用中展现出巨大潜力,但仍需通过不断的研究和技术创新来克服现有的挑战,以实现更高效、经济的合成过程。
氨基不对称转移反应是通过催化氨基从氨基供体转移至氨基受体合成手性氨基酸的反应,该类反应通常由转氨酶(transaminase, TA, EC 2.6.1.x)催化(图6)。转氨酶为5′-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)依赖酶,反应过程中无需构建辅酶再生体系,且具有对映体选择性高、催化周转数高等优点,在手性氨基酸制备方面潜力巨大。
转氨酶又称氨基转移酶(aminotransferase),是一类广泛存在于生物体内的催化剂,在PLP作用下,将氨基供体上的氨基可逆地转移至氨基受体的羰基(图7)。转氨酶属于PLP依赖酶家族中的天冬氨酸转氨酶家族和D-氨基酸转氨酶家族38-39。转氨酶可以分为α-转氨酶和ω-转氨酶。α-转氨酶能将α-氨基酸的氨基转移至α-酮酸上;ω-转氨酶可以催化非α位氨基,依据底物是否含有羧酸基团,ω-转氨酶又可细分为两类,包括β-TA和催化无羧酸基团底物的胺转氨酶(ATA)40
在结构方面,转氨酶属于PLP依赖酶的折叠Ⅰ型和Ⅳ型。Ⅰ型为天冬氨酸转氨酶家族。Ⅳ型为D-氨基酸转氨酶家族,包含三个亚家族:D-氨基酸转氨酶(DAAT)、胺转氨酶(ATA)和支链氨基酸转氨酶(BCAT)41。折叠Ⅳ型与折叠Ⅰ型酶一般为二聚体或多聚体形式,每个单体由大小两个结构域组成,两者的辅酶结合成镜像关系。转氨酶的活性中心通常位于两个亚基界面,包含大小两个结合口袋,分别结合底物氨基或羰基两侧的大小基团(图8)。大口袋中疏水基团和羧酸基团的双重识别和小口袋中羧酸基团的强斥力与空间约束,对转氨酶的底物特异性和立体选择性起着决定性的作用42-43
转氨酶的反应机制为乒乓机制,是典型的PLP依赖酶催化机制,整体可以分成两个半反应:氨基供体的氧化脱氨和氨基受体的还原胺化(如图9所示)。随着对转氨酶晶体结构和催化机制的深入理解,其工程化改造取得了显著进展。近些年来,TA工程化改造的优秀案例相继被报道。底物的选择性和催化效率是该酶改造的热点44-52。基于结构减少TA大小口袋的空间位阻是改造TA对大体积底物催化效率的常用手段。例如,在糖尿病特效药西格列汀的TA催化制备案例中,野生的TA大小口袋并不能容纳西格列汀庞大的体积,因此利用较小的底物逐步替换的策略,经过11轮定向进化,使得Arthrobacter sp.来源的R-ATA具备高效的西格列汀催化活性13。同样的,Novick等53从一株活力低的(R)-TA出发,进行了11轮酶进化,获得了活性提高、选择性反转的突变体CDX-043,该突变体能够高效制备手性沙库巴曲的前体(2R,4S)-乙基-5-[(1,1'-联苯)-4-基]-4-[(叔丁氧羰基)氨基]-2-甲基戊酸。除此之外,随着计算生物学的进步,一些基于计算设计的理性策略被开发,例如,Chica等54开发了一种多态计算蛋白质设计方法并用于BCAT,获得四个变体,其k cat/K M提高了约200倍。定向进化也是用于TA改造的常用手段。Yun等55通过DAAT的定向进化成功产生了(R)-β-TA,对β-苯丙氨酸和γ-苯基丁酸的比活性分别达到1.74 U/mg和1.67 U/mg。除了底物选择性和催化效率,酶的稳定性也是工业应用的重要需求。Humble等56提出了一种基于脯氨酸替换的理性设计策略用于ATA,获得的突变体K69P/D218P/K304P/R432P 60 ℃半衰期增加了2.7倍,突变体K167P熔解温度增加8.3 ℃。Liao等57通过序列比对挑选热点氨基酸残基,然后采取脯氨酸替换策略用于(R)-ω-TA,获得的两点突变株热稳定性提高2.5倍。综上所述,蛋白质工程是提高TA催化性能的有效手段,通过定向进化、理性设计、半理性设计等策略对TA的活性中心、底物通道等区域进行改造,已成功实现该酶稳定性、选择性、催化效率等方面的显著提升,满足了工业化应用的需求。
转氨酶催化的不对称合成为可逆反应,且正反应和逆反应的平衡常数接近,因此该反应的转化率通常较低。迄今为止,围绕着氨基供体已经开发了多种反应策略推动反应平衡正向移动,包括基于级联再生系统的胺循环、转氨副产物原位移除、氨基供体过量等策略。
L-丙氨酸是应用最为广泛的氨基供体,它几乎能被所有野生型TA所接受。生成的副产物丙酮酸容易回收或移除,例如构建脱氢酶或脱羧酶级联体系,实现丙酮酸的去除58。异丙胺也是一种有潜力的氨基供体,被许多TA所接受。异丙胺的优点包括:其是非手性胺,能够与(S)-TA或(R)- TA联用;其脱氨产物丙酮也容易通过物理或化学方法去除59。然而,异丙胺也存在一些局限性,如过量异丙胺影响终产物的分离和纯化60。此外,芳香胺如苯乙胺、3-氨基环己基-1,5-二烯羧酸和邻二甲苯二胺等也可以作为氨基供体,由于转氨后的副产物能够自发降解,热力学平衡允许该类氨基供体等物质的量使用。但不幸的是,转氨分解后的副产物可能影响产物分离61,应用范围比较局限。
氨基不对称转移反应以其显著的优势被广泛应用于多种α-氨基酸和非α-氨基酸的生物合成。Wu等62利用Pseudomonas sp.来源的BCAT与鸟氨酸转氨酶(OrnAT)偶联,以三甲基丙酮酸和2-戊酮酸为底物,制备医药中间体L-叔亮氨酸和L-正缬氨酸[图10(a)]。Yang等6构建TA、谷氨酸脱氢酶、醇脱氢酶级联体系,以2-羰基-4-(羟基甲基膦酰基)丁酸为底物,使用连续底物补料分批策略一锅法制备广谱农药L-草铵膦[图10(b)]。Luo等63基于丙氨酸脱氢酶-甲酸脱氢酶胺循环系统,通过级联苏氨酸脱氨酶和TA,利用L-苏氨酸制备医药中间体L-2-氨基丁酸[图10(c)]。Jiao等64利用化学-酶法,以天冬氨酸转氨酶为关键催化剂从3,4-二甲氧基苯丙酮酸不对称合成L-3,4-二甲氧基苯丙氨酸(药物中间体、化学传感器、手性催化剂等多个生物学意义分子的关键组成)[图10(d)]。
在手性非α-氨基酸方面,糖尿病药物西格列汀中间体的合成是研究热点之一。Yun等65通过大肠杆菌共表达酯酶和TA,实现千克级酶促反应生产β-氨基酸,并结合化学法合成磷酸西格列汀,收率为82%,纯度>99%[图11(a)]。随后,通过偶联不同的TA进行氨基供体再生,转化率达到98%[图11(b)66。除了全细胞催化外,Guallar等67使用TA作为支架来引入酯酶活性,实现在单个蛋白质支架中进行级联反应,并成功用于西格列汀中间体的合成。除了西格列汀外,通过多酶级联体系,TA还可以用于制备多种β-氨基酸和γ-氨基酸,例如S-4-氨基戊酸[图12(a)68S-β-苯丙氨酸[图12(b)69等。
总而言之,氨基不对称反应具有严格的立体选择性且不需要昂贵的氨基供体,被广泛应用于手性氨基酸的制备。然而,氨基不对称反应也存在一些不足,其面临的关键挑战包括:①酶底物谱的扩展,特别是针对大体积底物的适应性,这对于提高反应的适用范围至关重要;②可逆反应导致的低转化率问题,需要通过优化反应工艺来克服,以提高反应效率;③氨基供体与副产物的分离问题,这直接影响到产物的纯度和反应的经济性;④部分催化体系缺乏高通量检测手段导致酶的工程改造困难,因此理性改造策略的开发尤为重要。总之,为了进一步提升氨基不对称反应在手性氨基酸合成中的应用潜力,需要在底物谱拓展、反应工艺优化、产物分离以及酶工程改造等方面进行深入研究和技术创新。通过这些努力,可以期待实现更高效、更具成本效益的合成过程。
α,β-不饱和羧酸选择性胺化加成反应是通过解氨酶(ammonia lyase, AL, EC 4.3.1.x)或氨基变位酶(amino mutase, AM, EC 5.4.3.x)催化氨加成到α,β-不饱和羧酸的双键上(图13)。该反应采用α,β不饱和酸作为起始原料,不需要辅酶参与,具有原子经济性高和选择性好等优点。
AL催化C—N键(通常为α-氨基酸)的可逆断裂,产生氨和不饱和或环状衍生物。依据催化类型氨裂解酶可以分为7个大类:天冬氨酸解氨酶(DAL, EC 4.3.1.1),甲基天冬氨酸解氨酶(MAL, EC 4.3.1.2),芳香族氨基酸解氨酶,氨酰辅酶A解氨酶,羟基氨基酸脱水酶/脱氨酶,乙醇胺解氨酶和氨基酸环脱氨酶70。这些酶属于不同的超家族。例如,DAL、MAL以及芳香族解氨酶分别属于天冬氨酸酶/富马化酶超家族、烯醇化酶超家族和MIO辅因子依赖性酶家族。常用于氨基酸的立体选择性生产71的酶有DAL、MAL以及芳香族氨基酸解氨酶[组氨酸解氨酶(HAL, EC 4.3.1.3),酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL, EC 4.3.1.23)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL, EC 4.3.1.24)](图14)。其中DAL和TAL具有严格的底物特异性,几乎只接受L-天冬氨酸和L-酪氨酸作为底物,HAL则只接受L-组氨酸、L-4-氟组氨酸或L-4-硝基组氨酸作为底物。相比较而言,MAL和PAL具有更广泛的底物特异性,因此被用于更广泛的合成过程。
氨裂解酶虽然催化相同类型的反应,但在催化机制上有着较大差异。DAL、MAL催化机制(烯醇机制)一般被认为是由碱性残基从底物的C3上抽取一个质子,从而形成一个烯醇化中间体,该中间体通过与Mg2+和残基的相互作用而稳定,在这个中间体坍塌后,氨从C2的位置解离[图15(a)72-73;而对于芳香族氨基酸解氨酶,其底物在被抽取质子的C原子上并不含有羧基,这排除了通过共振稳定烯醇中间体的可能,其催化机制(MIO电子受体机制)被认为可能是底物咪唑环的电子对攻击MIO的甲亚基团,形成一个阳离子,然后通过一系列质子迁移步骤,最终释放氨并再生MIO[图15(b)74
AM催化氨基和氢原子在底物附近碳原子上的可逆交叉迁移。α,β-不饱和羧酸是氨基变位酶催化反应的中间体,研究发现,α,β-不饱和羧酸可以从酶活性位点释放出来75,因此,AM也可以用于α,β-不饱和羧酸选择性胺化加成反应。AM分为四大类:AdoCbl依赖型,SAM依赖型,MIO依赖型,PLP依赖型70。在众多变位酶中最广泛应用于手性氨基酸合成的是MIO依赖型AM,其与芳香族AL同属一个家族,它们在催化结构具有高度相似性76。研究表明,覆盖活性位点的柔性内环的差异可能是区分AL和AM的关键结构特征77-79
PAL是α,β-不饱和羧酸选择性胺化加成反应中应用最为广泛的酶,其天然反应为催化L-苯丙氨酸可逆转化为反式肉桂酸。PAL可广泛用于苯丙氨酸衍生物的合成。Turner等80合理设计活性位点的芳基结合口袋,开发的PAL突变体实现了规模制备多种新颖的氨基酸结构单元[图16(a)]。Hardegger等81开发了一种基于PAL的工艺,作为EMA401(一种血管紧张素Ⅱ型拮抗剂)关键中间体生产途径的一部分[图16(b)],极大地简化了化学合成步骤。为了推动平衡向合成手性氨基酸方向移动,反应通常需在高氨浓度下进行,这容易导致PAL稳定性下降。有报道通过将PAL共价固定化到单壁碳纳米管上,催化剂表现出较高的催化效率,肉桂酸在10 h内转化率高达90%,在超过7个反应循环中保持较高的催化效率82
DAL、TAL底物谱较窄,限制了其在手性氨基酸中的应用。通过蛋白质工程手段能有效地拓宽其底物谱,扩大应用范围。Wu等83通过计算重塑DAL活性口袋,获得的突变体成功合成了多种非天然氨基酸产物,产物的分离收率为74%~93%(图17)。另一个例子是对TAL关键催化位点进行组合突变,使其偏好性从酪氨酸到苯丙氨酸,与野生型TAL酶相比,转化率提高了20倍84
MAL在合成亮氨酸衍生物方面具有显著的优势。Poelarends等85以简单的非手性二羧酸为底物,利用MAL等酶构建了三步生物催化级联体系,合成高价值的维生素B5衍生物[图18(a)]。尽管MAL的底物谱很广,但对一些大位阻底物的催化活性较差。底物通道入口的重设计和底物结合口袋重塑是解决这一问题的有效手段。利用该策略,MAL对左旋多巴的催化活性提高了15倍左右[图18(b)86
AM在β-氨基酸的合成方面具有显著的优势。AM可以从α-氨基酸变位合成β-氨基酸,例如在抗癌药物紫杉醇的N-苯甲酰苯基异丝氨酸侧链的生物合成中,苯丙氨酸氨基变位酶(PAM)将2S-α-苯丙氨酸转化为3R-β-苯丙氨酸75。此外,AM也可以像AL一样对α,β-不饱和羧酸进行加成。Janssen等87发现Taxus chinensis来源的PAM能催化氨与肉桂酸衍生物的高度对映体选择性氨化,基于此开发了一种新的酶促合成对映体纯α-氨基酸和β-氨基酸的合成策略。但在近些年,报道AM工业规模不对称合成的例子很少,主要原因是:①AM的区域选择性低,最终产物由α-氨基酸和β-氨基酸组成,导致后续产物分离困难;②AM的转化率较低,难以在工业上应用7088
总的来说,α,β-不饱和羧酸的选择性胺化加成反应具有不需要辅酶、原子经济性高等优势,但也存在一定局限性。目前所报道的局限于芳香族非蛋白质氨基酸的制备,应用范围窄;同时,氨基裂合酶或氨基变位酶催化活力较低,对映体选择性和区位选择性受底物结构影响较大8789,部分产物的光学纯度无法达到预期,需要借助酶工程来解决这些问题。
氨基酸的醛缩反应是在醛缩酶(aldolase, EC 4.1.2.x)或羟甲基转移酶(hydroxymethyltransferase,HMT,EC 2.1.2.x)的催化下将氨基酸与醛缩合形成β-羟基-α-氨基酸(HAA)(图19)。该反应能够一步生成具有两个手性中心的C—C键,原子利用率达到100%,拥有巨大的工业应用潜力。目前,催化氨基酸的醛缩反应的酶主要为苏氨酸醛缩酶(threonine aldolase,ThrA,EC 4.1.2.x)和丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(serine hydroxymethyltransferase,SHMT,EC 2.1.2.1)
ThrA是一种磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)依赖型酶,广泛存在于各种生物体内,能够催化甘氨酸和多种醛缩合生成β-羟基-α-氨基酸。根据对α-碳的立体特异性可以分为L型ThrA和D型ThrA。L型ThrA属于天冬氨酸氨基转移酶超家族,为PLP依赖的Ⅰ型折叠酶;D型ThrA属于丙氨酸消旋酶超家族,为PLP依赖的Ⅲ型折叠酶。根据其对苏氨酸β-碳的立体特异性,L型ThrA可进一步分为三种亚型:L-ThrA(偏好L-苏氨酸);L-allo-ThrA(偏好L-allo-苏氨酸);L-低特异性ThrA(L-low-ThrA,接受L-苏氨酸和L-allo-苏氨酸作为底物)。目前为止,D型ThrA只有低特异性D-苏氨酸醛缩酶(D-low-ThrA)被报道90图20)。
目前,已经有多个ThrA的晶体结构被解析。以来自Aeromonas jandaeiL-ThrA(Aj L-ThrA)和来自Achromobacter xylosoxidansD-ThrA为例(Ax D-ThrA)(图21),它们分别为同源四聚体和同源二聚体,每个亚基都由两个结构域组成。Aj L-ThrA有四个活性中心,每个活性中心由一个亚基和相邻两个亚基的残基组成,PLP通过席夫碱形式锚定在活性中心的赖氨酸;Ax D-ThrA有两个活性中心,每个活性中心由一个亚基的α结构域和另外一个亚基的β结构域组成,活性中心是由8个α/β折叠组成的桶状结构,PLP锚定在“桶”的入口处。二价阳离子(Mn2+、Mg2+等)对D-ThrAs活性至关重要,参与质子传递作用。
ThrA的催化机理如图22所示,在L-ThrA催化过程中,甘氨酸进入活性中心取代赖氨酸,与PLP生成外醛亚胺复合体。甘氨酸的Cα与PLP吡啶环垂直的碳氢键能够与辅酶形成共轭结构,易于断裂去质子化形成Cα碳负离子。当底物醛接近Cα时,Cα碳负离子的电子攻击醛的羰基碳原子,形成烷氧负离子。最后,经过质子传递,烷氧负离子获得氢原子形成β羟基91D-ThrA则依赖二价金属离子Mn2+,通过Lewis酸形式与供体底物配位,并通过水分子介导的碱性残基对底物质子化而获得烯醇化的烯二醇亲核体,进而催化形成C—C键。目前尚未获得D-ThrA与底物的复合物晶体结构,因此,对其催化机理和选择性机理还需进一步研究92
β-羟基-α-氨基酸具有两个手性中心,L-ThrA在Cα位上有严格的选择性,但在Cβ的立体选择性不严格,因此,许多研究一直专注于提高L-ThrA的非对映体选择性92-95。Ma等96开发了stepwise visual screening(SVS)策略,成功地获得了Cβ立体选择性提高或反转的突变体。Wu等97-98提出了“路径假说”和Prelog规则,认为L-ThrA有两个底物通道(顺、反式通道),醛从不同的通道进入活性中心导致Cα负离子分别攻击醛的sire面,进而形成不同构型的产物(图23)。通过该策略指导,获得了非对映体选择性分别为99.4%syn和97.2%anti的突变体。对于D-ThrA,Kim等99基于催化机理合理设计,通过醛结合空间约束使D-ThrA的syn式非对映体选择性达到99.5%。
通过蛋白质工程能够显著改善ThrA的非对映体选择性,但往往伴随着酶活性降低,这限制了该类酶在手性氨基酸合成中的应用100。解决ThrA活性和选择性之间的Trade-off问题是目前的研究热点。Wu等101开发了一种调节质子传递微环境的策略,解决蛋白质工程中活性和非对映体选择性之间的Trade-off问题。ThrA活力提升了2倍,同时保持94.21%的高de(非对映体过量,diastereomeric excess)值。Yan等102提出了一种用于L-ThrA非对映体选择性控制的“双重构象”机制,获得的三点突变显示出>99%的de值。与野生酶相比,突变体的催化活性大约提高了1.5倍。总而言之,随着生物计算的发展,利用计算辅助能有效解决活性和非对映体选择性之间的Trade-off问题,实现两者的同时提升,进而提高酶在合成手性氨基酸的应用潜力,增加工业化生产效率。
SHMT是生物体内催化一碳单位转移的重要酶,参与生物体内甘氨酸和丝氨酸代谢,与ThrA同属于天冬氨酸氨基转移酶超家族(Ⅰ型折叠PLP依赖性酶)。SHMT在辅酶四氢叶酸(THFA)和磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)存在下可逆地催化甘氨酸和甲醛直接生成L-丝氨酸(图24)。
SHMT的催化机制由三个阶段组成。前两个阶段与所有依赖PLP的酶相同。第一阶段PLP辅因子与活性位点的赖氨酸残基共价结合,形成内部亚胺;第二阶段底物与PLP辅因子共价结合,形成外部亚胺;第三阶段酶催化了L-Ser的Cα的断裂,并插入到THF辅因子中。目前第三阶段的机制尚无公认,只有两种假设:逆向醛醇裂解和THF对PLP的直接亲核攻击。逆向醛醇机制认为PLP-丝氨酸的Cα-Cβ键断裂后,甲醛与THF发生缩合反应;另一种机制认为通过THF的N5直接对PLP-丝氨酸亚胺的Cα原子进行置换103-104
SHMT在催化β-羟基-α-氨基酸及其衍生物的合成方面也具有相当大的潜力。SHMT具有较广的底物谱,不仅能够接受多种芳香醛、脂肪醛、杂环醛作为醛基底物,还能识别多种氨基酸作为氨基底物,如甘氨酸、D-丙氨酸、D-丝氨酸等105-106。同时,由于辅酶THF对醛基底物的活化作用导致该酶催化合成反应的速率远远大于分解反应速率103,因此,SHMT催化的缩合反应具有较高的底物转化率。然而野生型的SHMT催化效率和稳定性较低,不足以进行工业生产。为了解决这一问题,多个团队开展了工程化改造SHMT的研究107-108。Zou等109利用易错PCR和DNA shuffling 技术对SHMT进行定向进化,成功获得了对苯丝氨酸催化活性提高7.8倍的突变体。Rao等110通过对Alcanivorax dieselolei来源的SHMT进行理性设计和共进化分析,成功提高了SHMT的稳定性和活性。除此之外,非对映体选择性不佳也是限制SHMT工业化应用的重要因素,但目前没有有效的工程策略被报道用于提高SHMT非对映体选择性。因此,提高催化效率、稳定性和非对映体选择性是SHMT的重要改造方向。
HAA是一类重要的手性中间体,可以用来合成抗帕金森药物屈昔多巴、广谱抗生素氟苯尼考和甲砜霉素,同时也是一些抗炎或抗癌药物的活性成分,具有重要的应用价值95111-113
ThrA已有多个工业化应用的案例。L-syn-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸是氟苯尼考的关键中间体。Zhang等114重组L-ThrA全细胞催化L-syn-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸的合成,获得73.2%的高产率和85.9%的非对映体选择性。Lin等115通过蛋白质工程优化L-ThrA立体选择性,在300 mmol/L底物浓度下,生成L-syn-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸的de值为93.7%,转化率为90.2%。Wu等116L-ThrA与PLP共固定化制备催化剂HFAPEI-BnLTA-STPLP 100,催化剂半衰期达450 h,在L-syn-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸的连续生物合成中,可以进行180多次批量反应(>60%转化率)。β-(2-呋喃基)丝氨酸属于杂环β-羟基-α-氨基酸,是呋喃类抗生素和2-氨基-1-(2-呋喃基)乙醇的手性前体。Ni等117建立了一种化学-酶法催化体系,偶连磁性固体酸催化剂和L-ThrA催化生物质中的糠醛一锅合成手性β-(2-呋喃基)丝氨酸,L-ThrA催化的收率为73.6%,ee值为99%,de值为20%。虽然ThrA已被应用于多个产品的生产,但在立体选择性、催化效率及转化率方面仍有提升空间。通过深入解析ThrA的催化机制,应用前沿的蛋白质工程改造策略,获得催化性能优良的ThrA,将成为高附加值β-羟基-α-氨基酸手性砌块酶促合成的研究热点。
对于SHMT的工业化应用案例,目前只在L-丝氨酸上被报道。Rao等110在优化转化条件后,通过SHMT生产L-丝氨酸在24 h后收率达到106.06 g/L,是报道的目前最高的L-丝氨酸产量。除了天然产物L-丝氨酸外,没有SHMT其他工业应用案例的报道,主要原因在于SHMT对非天然底物的催化活性较低,且对具有两个手性中心的HAA的非对映体选择性不佳。因此,提高SHMT对非天然底物的催化活力和非对映体选择性是实现其工业化应用的关键研究方向。
综上所述,氨基酸醛缩反应在HAA制备方面有其独特的优势,它通过将氨基酸和醛类化合物有效结合,为合成这类具有重要生物活性的化合物提供了一条高效的途径。然而,尽管这种方法在合成上具有潜力,但在实际应用中仍然面临一些挑战:①非对映体选择性低,醛缩酶与羟甲基转移酶在催化过程中往往难以实现对Cβ立体化学的精确控制,这限制了产物de值的提升,为了克服这一难题,开发有效的酶工程技术手段,如定向进化、位点特异性突变或计算辅助设计,对于提高非对映体选择性和产物纯度至关重要;②由于氨基酸醛缩反应是一种平衡反应,其转化率受到反应可逆性的制约,需要对反应条件进行细致的优化以推动反应向产物方向进行;③目前使用的酶在催化效率和底物适应范围方面存在局限,对于此,酶工程的改造显得尤为重要。总之,通过不断的研究和技术创新,我们有望在未来实现这一过程的优化,从而推动氨基酸醛缩反应在HAA制备中的广泛应用。
去消旋化合成手性氨基酸是以外消旋的化合物作为底物,通过多酶级联或化学酶法进行光学纯手性氨基酸的制备。多酶级联去消旋化合成过程通常分为两步:第一步一般通过酶法动力学拆分将外消旋体中的非目标构型催化为非手性前体,第二步通过酶法不对称合成生成目标构型氨基酸[图25(a)]。化学-酶法同样分为两步:第一步与多酶级联相同;而第二步一般通过化学法将第一步的产物非对映体选择性催化为外消旋氨基酸,不断累积目标构型的氨基酸,以达到去消旋化的目的[图25(b)]。
在多酶级联去消旋化合成中,第一步的酶通常为氨基酸氧化酶(amino acid oxidase, AAO, EC 1.4.3.2/EC 1.4.3.3)、L-氨基酸脱氨酶(L-amino acid deaminase,L-AAD, EC 1.4.99.B3)、氨基酸脱氢酶(AADH)等,第二步则通常级联不对称合成中常用的AADH和转氨酶(TA)。
AAO以黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)为辅因子,是典型的黄素蛋白酶类。依据催化底物的构型可以分为L-AAO和D-AAO。在有氧条件下,它能选择性地催化氨基酸氧化脱氢形成相应的α-亚氨基酸,生产的亚氨基酸能自发水解为α-酮酸和氨。同时,氧分子对还原的FAD进行再氧化并伴随着H的释放生成H2O2图26)。在工程应用中,AAO催化释放的H2O2过量积累容易导致酶活力降低。因此,通常会级联过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT,EC 1.11.1.6)分解H2O2生成氧气,循环用于AAO的催化。Yang等14首先提出了通过级联D-AAO,AADH以及辅酶循环系统从DL-草铵膦去消化合成L-草铵膦[图27(a)]。Zheng等15开发了两段一锅策略,同样通过级联D-AAO、CAT、草铵膦脱氢酶(GfDH)和葡萄糖脱氢酶(GDH)去消旋化生成光学纯的L-草铵膦。Yun等118利用D-AAO和ω-TA催化500 mmol/L外消旋2-氨基丁酸生成485 mmol/L光学纯L-2-氨基丁酸,ee值>99%[图27(b)]。
L-AAD与L-AAO功能相似,差别在于该酶还原辅因子的电子转移至细胞色素上,不产生H2O2图28)。这有利于降低其在大肠杆菌中重组表达的毒性,增加反应体系中酶和产物的稳定性119,它的另一优势在于具有广泛的底物谱。Liu等120重设计L-AAD提升其催化效率,对DL-4-苯丙氨酸的转化率达到49.5%,该L-AAD可用于后续构建去消旋化合成。Chica等121使用L-AAD级联D-转氨酶对苯环上不同位置含有取代基的苯丙氨酸衍生物进行去外消旋化,ee值>90%~99%(图29)。
催化目标构型相反底物的AADH也可以用于去消旋化的第一步反应。Shin等122将丙氨酸脱氢酶(AlADH)、NADH氧化酶(辅酶循环)与转氨酶(TA)级联,催化10 mmol/L外消旋丙氨酸生成D-丙氨酸,收率为95%,ee值>99%[图30(a)]。Kan等16构建了多酶共表达工程化大肠杆菌菌株,将扁桃酸消旋酶、D-扁桃酸脱氢酶和L-亮氨酸脱氢酶共表达,一锅催化三步反应,转化外消旋扁桃酸得到L-苯甘氨酸,ee值>99%[图30(b)]。
化学-酶法也常被报道进行氨基酸的去消旋化合成。最常见的化学酶法是氨硼烷与AAO或L-AAD级联生产光学纯氨基酸。先通过AAO或L-AAD将非目标构型的氨基酸催化生成α-亚氨基酸,随后在氨硼烷的催化下,α-亚氨基酸生成外消旋氨基酸。在动态动力学拆分过程中,目标构型的氨基酸不断累积,以达到去消旋化的目的。Nakano等123报道了一种高稳定性的L-AAO与氨硼烷级联体系,可规模化制备ee>99%的3-氟-D-苯丙氨酸、4-硝基-D-苯丙氨酸和D-异亮氨酸[图31(a)]。Ito等124使用该体系去消旋化生成一系列苯丙氨酸衍生物,转化率84%~95%,ee值>94%~99%。Liu等125用苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)产生DL-苯丙氨酸混合物,通过L-AAD和氨硼烷积累D-对映异构体实现D-苯丙氨酸的生产[图31(b)]。
综上所述,去消旋化合成在手性氨基酸合成体系中发挥着重要作用。首先,去消旋化合成通过动态动力学拆分解决了动力学拆分收率低的问题,将无用的构型转化为目标构型,提高原子经济性;其次,在不对称合成中部分手性氨基酸的非手性前体价格昂贵,不易获得或不稳定,去消旋化合成能有效解决这一问题;最后,对于部分立体选择性较差的酶,能通过级联选择性严格的酶,提升产品的立体选择性,扩展去消旋化合成的应用范围。
手性氨基酸是一类重要的手性砌块,在精细化学品合成、药物合成、新材料的开发和食品添加剂等方面有着重要的应用价值,以手性氨基酸为基础的医药、农药、食品和化工市场总体规模巨大,因此吸引了越来越多的关注。未来,预计将会有更多的手性氨基酸被开发与应用。然而,由于手性氨基酸的结构多样化,代谢途径不明确,手性合成困难等特点,高效、绿色、经济地合成手性氨基酸一直是工业界的难题。在这种情况下,具有反应条件温和、合成途径简单、立体选择性高等优点的酶促催化制备手性氨基酸成为了一个备受关注的领域。酶促催化制备手性氨基酸不仅可以通过单一步骤直接合成功能性手性氨基酸,还可以以复杂的级联方式组合以模拟体外的生物合成途径,甚至可以模块化替代化学合成路径中手性氨基酸中间体的合成,在工业生产上具有非常大的应用潜力。
如本文所描述,目前已有许多高效的合成路径与优秀的工程酶被报道,不少酶促催化参与的合成路线已被应用于生产实践中(表2)。然而,酶促催化制备手性氨基酸仍存在较严重的不足,包括野生酶价格昂贵、非对映体选择性低、底物谱窄、催化活性低、稳定性差,途径中关键酶的缺失等,导致许多酶促合成的路线仍停留在实验室阶段,例如D-氨基酸氧化酶的催化活力较低,使其应用在工业中的成本高昂;羟甲基丝氨酸醛缩酶由于催化活力低、非对映体选择性差等未被应用于除天然产品L-丝氨酸外其他产品的制备;天冬氨酸解氨酶、酪氨酸解氨酶虽然来源广泛,但由于底物谱较窄限制了其广泛的应用。因此,高效、低廉、稳定、多样的酶制剂的创制以及工艺路线的优化与开发将是未来的研究重点。
随着生物信息学数据库的日益丰富和技术的不断进步,新酶的挖掘和发现将变得更加高效。而人工智能技术的发展,特别是在从头酶设计方面的应用,预示着未来将有更多专为特定反应定制的人工合成酶制剂问世。在酶优化领域,计算生物学、实验室自动化、人工智能和机器学习等前沿技术的应用,极大地促进了酶制剂的性能提升和功能扩展。通过智能化的线上设计和自动化的线下实验相结合的方式,能够显著加快关键酶制剂的开发进程。在工艺技术层面,精密的机械与检测技术使得微反应器和流动化反应平台的应用更加精细化,这些技术能够实现对酶促反应的精确控制,提高反应效率,并增强过程的可持续性。随着功能酶的不断发现和优化与化学-酶法技术的持续创新,预计未来将诞生更多创新的工艺和路线。这些进展将极大地拓展酶促合成的应用范围,使其成为合成食品、医药、化工和农药行业中关键手性氨基酸的一种绿色、可持续、经济高效且具有高原子效率的方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22308317)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0905000)
  • 浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划(2024C03013)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-015
  • 接收时间:2024-02-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-04
  • 修回日期:2024-05-16
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国家自然科学基金(22308317)
国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0905000)
浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划(2024C03013)
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    1 浙江大学杭州国际科创中心,生物与分子智造研究院,浙江 杭州 311215
    2 浙江大学化学工程与生物工程学院,浙江 杭州 310058
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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