Article(id=1148993961932419561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2024-013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706976000000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-04, revisedDate=1715097600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871107800, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871107800, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871107800, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871107800, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993956857307504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='6', pageStart='1227', pageEnd='1529', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871106590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057237502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1300, endPage=1318, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149994724779192686, articleId=1148993961932419561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Progress in biomanufacturing of lipids and single cell protein from one-carbon compounds, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

One-carbon compounds are liquid or gaseous substances that can be naturally occurring or produced in industrial processes, offering the advantages of being abundant, cost-effective, and sustainable to produce. They are anticipated to serve as fundamental raw materials for the next phase of bio-manufacturing, encompassing easily transportable and storable liquid methanol, formic acid, and gaseous CO2, CO, and CH4. China is currently focusing on reducing carbon emissions and aims to progressively achieve the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality through diverse approaches. Amidst the flourishing landscape of bio-manufacturing, microorganisms are being genetically manipulated using synthetic biology techniques to efficiently harness one-carbon compounds for the creation of high-value products like lipids and single-cell protein. This initiative aims to reduce dependence on imported food and fossil resources, serving as a strategic measure to alleviate food and energy crises. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in converting one-carbon compounds into valuable oils and single-cell proteins through the utilization of metabolic pathways, chassis genetic modification, and other methodologies involving methylotrophic microorganisms, acetogenic bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms. It discusses pertinent studies on enhancing molecularly engineered strains through the fermentation process using one-carbon compounds and includes research cases focusing on the production of ultra-long-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, it collates industrial instances related to the conversion of one-carbon compounds from research institutions or companies. Lastly, by addressing the constraints in metabolic pathway design and genetic tools for utilizing one-carbon compound strains, as well as the energy conversion challenges between acetogenic bacteria and lipids-producing microorganisms, it offers foresight into the future opportunities and obstacles encountered in the bio-manufacturing of lipids and single-cell proteins. It suggests advancing inter-disciplinary, efficient systematic integration for fermentation within complex systemic bio-manufacturing processes, driving exploration on the biological conversion of one-carbon compounds, proposing novel solutions to current theoretical and practical challenges, and providing guidance for practical applications and industrial advancements.

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一碳化合物是一类产生于自然界或工业过程中的液态或气态物质,其具有来源广泛、价格低廉、可持续生产的优势,有望成为新一代生物制造关键原料,包括液态的甲醇、甲酸,以及气态的CO2、CO、CH4等。在生物制造蓬勃发展的背景下,通过合成生物学手段改造微生物,使之利用一碳化合物高效生产油脂与单细胞蛋白等高附加值产品,降低对粮食、化石资源进口的依赖,成为缓解粮食能源危机的有效战略举措。本文综述了甲基营养型微生物、产乙酸菌以及酵母等微生物通过代谢途径、底盘遗传改造等方法,将一碳化合物转化为高附加值油脂与单细胞蛋白的最新研究进展;介绍了一些通过发酵工艺控制优化分子工程菌株利用一碳化合物的相关研究;同时收集了部分一碳化合物转化相关研究机构或企业的产业化案例。最后,针对一碳化合物利用菌株的代谢通路设计与遗传工具存在的限制问题,以及产乙酸菌与产油微生物之间的能量转化矛盾,展望了未来生物制造油脂与单细胞蛋白的前景和面临的挑战,提出在复杂系统性的生物制造过程中,发展多学科交叉的高效系统集成发酵,以期对一碳化合物的生物转化研究产生推动作用,为攻克目前存在的理论与实践难题提供新思路,并对实际应用与产业化发展提供参考。

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赵亮(1996—),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向为解脂耶氏酵母油脂与蛋白发酵工艺优化。E-mail:

刘自勇(1983—),男,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为厌氧梭菌高效转化木质纤维素和合成气生产生物乙醇、丁醇和长链油脂等。E-mail:

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2 山东能源研究院,山东 青岛 266101, bio={"img":"FgpUAMdLuGQPx0YwWzUW8Q==","content":"

刘自勇(1983—),男,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为厌氧梭菌高效转化木质纤维素和合成气生产生物乙醇、丁醇和长链油脂等。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=FgpUAMdLuGQPx0YwWzUW8Q==, bioContent=

刘自勇(1983—),男,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为厌氧梭菌高效转化木质纤维素和合成气生产生物乙醇、丁醇和长链油脂等。E-mail:

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[2023-12-29]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877216421785705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.airprotein.com/, language=null, rfNumber=108, rfOrder=122, authorNames=Air Protein Inc, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Air Protein Inc. [EB/OL]. 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(2021-12-07)[2024-03-06]., articleTitle=中华人民共和国农业农村部公告第465号, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877216606335084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2021/202110/202112/t20211207_6384144.htm, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=125, authorNames=Ministy of Agnculure and Rural Afairs of the People’s Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministy of Agnculure and Rural Afairs of the People’s Republic of China. Announcement No. 465 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China[EB/OL]. (2021-12-07)[2024-03-06]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877216656666733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=1281, issue=null, pageStart=341902, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=111, rfOrder=126, authorNames=GORLA G, FERRER A, GIUSSANI B, journalName=Analytica Chimica Acta, refType=null, unstructuredReference= GORLA G, FERRER A, GIUSSANI B. Process understanding and monitoring: a glimpse into data strategies for miniaturized NIR spectrometers[J]. 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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5 中国石油化工股份有限公司大连研究院,辽宁 大连 116045)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1164877208297419745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Metabolic pathways of microorganisms utilizing liquid carbon material substrates

(The dashed line represents a multi-step reaction) H6P—Hexulose-6-phosphate; Ru5P—Ribulose-5-phosphate; F6P—Fructose-6-phosphate; DHA—Dihydroxyacetone; Xu5P—Ribulose-5-phosphate; DHAP—Dihydroxyacetone phosphate; G3P—Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Pyr—Pyruvate; GCS—Glycine cleavage system; 2GPA—Glycerate 2P; OAA—Oxaloacetic acid

, figureFileSmall=z5b4+e7YHrT41lqxUSfjAg==, figureFileBig=GJQiv+qIf7gMleR3Hc/Ryg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208356140002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微生物利用液态一碳原料底物的代谢途径

(虚线代表多步反应)H6P—6-磷酸己酮糖;Ru5P—5-磷酸核糖;F6P—6-磷酸果糖;DHA—二羟基丙酮;Xu5P—5-磷酸木酮糖;DHAP—磷酸二羟丙酮;G3P—3-磷酸甘油醛;Pyr—丙酮酸;GCS—甘氨酸裂解体系;2GPA—2-磷酸甘油酸;OAA—草酰乙酸

, figureFileSmall=z5b4+e7YHrT41lqxUSfjAg==, figureFileBig=GJQiv+qIf7gMleR3Hc/Ryg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208410665955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Fed-batch fermentation of O. polymorpha in bioreactor[15]

FFA—Free fatty acids; DCW—Dry cell weight

, figureFileSmall=HR3bw65WQqA3eM1g/PQsXg==, figureFileBig=LaVWKcTrJn3M0xlX3eBLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208473580516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=图2, caption= O. polymorpha脂肪酸高产菌株分批补料发酵15

FFA—游离脂肪酸;DCW—细胞干重

, figureFileSmall=HR3bw65WQqA3eM1g/PQsXg==, figureFileBig=LaVWKcTrJn3M0xlX3eBLIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208523912165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Pathways of lipid synthesis using glucose or acetate as substrate

(The dashed line represents a multi-step reaction) G-6P—Glucose-6-phosphate; 6P-Gluconate—6-Phosphogluconate; Ribulose-5P—Ribulose-5-phosphate; Ribose-5P—Ribose-5-phosphate; F-6P—Fructose-6-phosphate; F-1,6-2P—Fructose-1,6-phosphate; G-3P—3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde; PEP—Phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr—Pyruvate; Cit—Citrate; Aco—cis: aconitate; Icit—Isocitrate; Akg—2-Oxo-glutarate; Suc—Succinate; Mal—Malate; Oaa—Oxaloacetate; ACL—ATP-citrate lyase; ER—Endoplasmic reticulum; TAG—Triglyceride

, figureFileSmall=uFSerLrnSJfw1x1upBJvoQ==, figureFileBig=YUwrufd8n190Q3j4MbVz0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208599409638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=图3, caption=以葡萄糖或乙酸盐为底物的油脂合成途径

(虚线代表多步反应)G-6P—6-磷酸葡萄糖;6P-Gluconate—6-磷酸葡糖酸;Ribulose-5P—5-磷酸核酮糖;Ribose-5P—5-磷酸核糖;F-6P—6-磷酸果糖;F-1,6-2P—1,6-二磷酸果糖;G-3P—3-磷酸甘油醛;PEP—磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸;Pyr—丙酮酸;Cit—柠檬酸;Aco—乌头酸;Icit—异柠檬酸;Akg—α-酮戊二酸;Suc—琥珀酸;Mal—苹果酸;Oaa—草酰乙酸;ACL—ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶;ER—内质网;TAG—甘油三酯

, figureFileSmall=uFSerLrnSJfw1x1upBJvoQ==, figureFileBig=YUwrufd8n190Q3j4MbVz0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208662324199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The biochemical synthesis pathway of single cell proteins in methanotroph

(The dashed line represents a step with multiple reactions)

, figureFileSmall=UDp7Apr0S0b2AG3/j/XBvQ==, figureFileBig=76rsoVszFIHmqHmv8kml5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208712655848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=图4, caption=甲烷营养菌的单细胞蛋白生化合成途径

(虚线代表多步反应)

, figureFileSmall=UDp7Apr0S0b2AG3/j/XBvQ==, figureFileBig=76rsoVszFIHmqHmv8kml5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208758793193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Protein manufacturing process using C1 gas as substrate, figureFileSmall=MAnV1OJUP60a0gocTAo2ag==, figureFileBig=3UeHHwwoE1bU0W47F8koSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208800736234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=图5, caption=以一碳气体为底物的蛋白质制造工艺, figureFileSmall=MAnV1OJUP60a0gocTAo2ag==, figureFileBig=3UeHHwwoE1bU0W47F8koSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877208846873579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microorganisms capable of utilizing one-carbon compounds to synthesize fatty acids and single-cell proteins

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类型 菌种 底物 代谢途径 代谢改造 产量/产率 产物 参考文献
天然甲醇酵母 P. pastoris 甲醇 XuMP途径 蛋白80.6 g/L 脂肪酸23.4 g/L 脂肪酸,单细胞蛋白 [12-14]
O. polymorpha 甲醇 生物量26.6 g/L 脂肪酸15.9 g/L [15]
C. boidinii 甲醇 3.4 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [16-18]
天然甲醇细菌 M. extorquens 甲醇 RuMP途径,丝氨酸循环 干重561 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [19-21]
B. methanolicus 甲醇 干重30~144 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [22-24]
非天然甲醇酵母 S. cerevisiae 甲醇 XuMP途径 Mdh与XuMP途径共表达 单细胞蛋白 [25]
Y. lipolytica 甲醇 RuMP、XuMP途径 表达杂合RuMP和XuMP途径基因,敲除内源甲醛脱氢酶 单细胞蛋白 [26]
大肠杆菌 E. coli 甲醇、甲酸、CO2 还原性甘氨酸途径、CBB循环 利用还原性甘氨酸途径重新设计了中心碳代谢 (2.8 ± 0.8) g干重/mol 甲酸 单细胞蛋白 [27-28]
天然甲酸利用微生物 P. communis 甲酸 丝氨酸循环、四氢叶酸循环、糖酵解途径、TCA循环 1.7 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [29-30]
需钠弧菌 V. natriegens 甲酸 丝氨酸循环、TCA循环 重新连接丝氨酸循环和TCA循环 单细胞蛋白 [31]
产乙酸菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum CO、CO2 Wood-Ljungdahl途径 1 × 108 t/a 单细胞蛋白 [32-34]
Clostridium ljungdahlii CO、CO2 Wood-Ljungdahl途径 2 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [33,35-36]
氢氧化细菌 Hydrogenophaga CO、CO2 反向三羧酸循环、CBB循环、Wood-Ljungdahl途径 0.9~1.7 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [37]
Xanthobacter CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
Aquamicrobium CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
Defluviimonas CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
甲烷氧化菌 Proteobacteria-γ亚型 CH4 RuMP途径 4 kg/(m3·h) 单细胞蛋白 [38-40]
Proteobacteria-α亚型 CH4 丝氨酸循环 单细胞蛋白
Verrucomicrobia CH4 CBB循环 单细胞蛋白 [39,41]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877208913982444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993961932419561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分可利用一碳化合物合成脂肪酸和单细胞蛋白的微生物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微生物类型 菌种 底物 代谢途径 代谢改造 产量/产率 产物 参考文献
天然甲醇酵母 P. pastoris 甲醇 XuMP途径 蛋白80.6 g/L 脂肪酸23.4 g/L 脂肪酸,单细胞蛋白 [12-14]
O. polymorpha 甲醇 生物量26.6 g/L 脂肪酸15.9 g/L [15]
C. boidinii 甲醇 3.4 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [16-18]
天然甲醇细菌 M. extorquens 甲醇 RuMP途径,丝氨酸循环 干重561 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [19-21]
B. methanolicus 甲醇 干重30~144 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [22-24]
非天然甲醇酵母 S. cerevisiae 甲醇 XuMP途径 Mdh与XuMP途径共表达 单细胞蛋白 [25]
Y. lipolytica 甲醇 RuMP、XuMP途径 表达杂合RuMP和XuMP途径基因,敲除内源甲醛脱氢酶 单细胞蛋白 [26]
大肠杆菌 E. coli 甲醇、甲酸、CO2 还原性甘氨酸途径、CBB循环 利用还原性甘氨酸途径重新设计了中心碳代谢 (2.8 ± 0.8) g干重/mol 甲酸 单细胞蛋白 [27-28]
天然甲酸利用微生物 P. communis 甲酸 丝氨酸循环、四氢叶酸循环、糖酵解途径、TCA循环 1.7 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [29-30]
需钠弧菌 V. natriegens 甲酸 丝氨酸循环、TCA循环 重新连接丝氨酸循环和TCA循环 单细胞蛋白 [31]
产乙酸菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum CO、CO2 Wood-Ljungdahl途径 1 × 108 t/a 单细胞蛋白 [32-34]
Clostridium ljungdahlii CO、CO2 Wood-Ljungdahl途径 2 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [33,35-36]
氢氧化细菌 Hydrogenophaga CO、CO2 反向三羧酸循环、CBB循环、Wood-Ljungdahl途径 0.9~1.7 g/L 单细胞蛋白 [37]
Xanthobacter CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
Aquamicrobium CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
Defluviimonas CO、CO2 单细胞蛋白
甲烷氧化菌 Proteobacteria-γ亚型 CH4 RuMP途径 4 kg/(m3·h) 单细胞蛋白 [38-40]
Proteobacteria-α亚型 CH4 丝氨酸循环 单细胞蛋白
Verrucomicrobia CH4 CBB循环 单细胞蛋白 [39,41]
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生物转化一碳化合物原料产油脂与单细胞蛋白研究进展
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赵亮 1, 2 , 李振帅 1, 3 , 付丽平 1, 2 , 吕明 1, 2 , 王士安 1, 4 , 张全 5 , 刘立成 3 , 李福利 1 , 刘自勇 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1300-1318
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1300-1318
生物转化一碳化合物原料产油脂与单细胞蛋白研究进展
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赵亮1, 2 , 李振帅1, 3, 付丽平1, 2, 吕明1, 2, 王士安1, 4, 张全5, 刘立成3, 李福利1, 刘自勇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,青岛市碳一炼制工程研究中心,中国科学院生物燃料重点实验室,山东 青岛 266101
  • 2 山东能源研究院,山东 青岛 266101
  • 3 中国海洋大学,山东 青岛 266100
  • 4 青岛新能源山东省实验室,山东 青岛 266101
  • 5 中国石油化工股份有限公司大连研究院,辽宁 大连 116045
  • 赵亮(1996—),男,硕士,助理工程师。研究方向为解脂耶氏酵母油脂与蛋白发酵工艺优化。E-mail:

    刘自勇(1983—),男,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为厌氧梭菌高效转化木质纤维素和合成气生产生物乙醇、丁醇和长链油脂等。E-mail:

Progress in biomanufacturing of lipids and single cell protein from one-carbon compounds
Liang ZHAO1, 2 , Zhenshuai LI1, 3, Liping FU1, 2, Ming LYU1, 2, Shi’an WANG1, 4, Quan ZHANG5, Licheng LIU3, Fuli LI1, Ziyong LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuel,Qingdao C1 refinery Research Engineering Center,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Qingdao 266101,Shandong,China
  • 2 Shandong Energy Institute,Qingdao 266101,Shandong,China
  • 3 Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,Shandong,China
  • 4 Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory,Qingdao 266101,Shandong,China
  • 5 Sinopec Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals,Dalian 116045,Liaoning,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-013
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一碳化合物是一类产生于自然界或工业过程中的液态或气态物质,其具有来源广泛、价格低廉、可持续生产的优势,有望成为新一代生物制造关键原料,包括液态的甲醇、甲酸,以及气态的CO2、CO、CH4等。在生物制造蓬勃发展的背景下,通过合成生物学手段改造微生物,使之利用一碳化合物高效生产油脂与单细胞蛋白等高附加值产品,降低对粮食、化石资源进口的依赖,成为缓解粮食能源危机的有效战略举措。本文综述了甲基营养型微生物、产乙酸菌以及酵母等微生物通过代谢途径、底盘遗传改造等方法,将一碳化合物转化为高附加值油脂与单细胞蛋白的最新研究进展;介绍了一些通过发酵工艺控制优化分子工程菌株利用一碳化合物的相关研究;同时收集了部分一碳化合物转化相关研究机构或企业的产业化案例。最后,针对一碳化合物利用菌株的代谢通路设计与遗传工具存在的限制问题,以及产乙酸菌与产油微生物之间的能量转化矛盾,展望了未来生物制造油脂与单细胞蛋白的前景和面临的挑战,提出在复杂系统性的生物制造过程中,发展多学科交叉的高效系统集成发酵,以期对一碳化合物的生物转化研究产生推动作用,为攻克目前存在的理论与实践难题提供新思路,并对实际应用与产业化发展提供参考。

一碳化合物  /  油脂  /  单细胞蛋白  /  生物制造  /  代谢工程  /  发酵工艺

One-carbon compounds are liquid or gaseous substances that can be naturally occurring or produced in industrial processes, offering the advantages of being abundant, cost-effective, and sustainable to produce. They are anticipated to serve as fundamental raw materials for the next phase of bio-manufacturing, encompassing easily transportable and storable liquid methanol, formic acid, and gaseous CO2, CO, and CH4. China is currently focusing on reducing carbon emissions and aims to progressively achieve the targets of carbon peak and carbon neutrality through diverse approaches. Amidst the flourishing landscape of bio-manufacturing, microorganisms are being genetically manipulated using synthetic biology techniques to efficiently harness one-carbon compounds for the creation of high-value products like lipids and single-cell protein. This initiative aims to reduce dependence on imported food and fossil resources, serving as a strategic measure to alleviate food and energy crises. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the most recent advancements in converting one-carbon compounds into valuable oils and single-cell proteins through the utilization of metabolic pathways, chassis genetic modification, and other methodologies involving methylotrophic microorganisms, acetogenic bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms. It discusses pertinent studies on enhancing molecularly engineered strains through the fermentation process using one-carbon compounds and includes research cases focusing on the production of ultra-long-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, it collates industrial instances related to the conversion of one-carbon compounds from research institutions or companies. Lastly, by addressing the constraints in metabolic pathway design and genetic tools for utilizing one-carbon compound strains, as well as the energy conversion challenges between acetogenic bacteria and lipids-producing microorganisms, it offers foresight into the future opportunities and obstacles encountered in the bio-manufacturing of lipids and single-cell proteins. It suggests advancing inter-disciplinary, efficient systematic integration for fermentation within complex systemic bio-manufacturing processes, driving exploration on the biological conversion of one-carbon compounds, proposing novel solutions to current theoretical and practical challenges, and providing guidance for practical applications and industrial advancements.

one-carbon compound  /  lipids  /  single cell protein  /  biomanufacturing  /  metabolic engineering  /  fermentation process
赵亮, 李振帅, 付丽平, 吕明, 王士安, 张全, 刘立成, 李福利, 刘自勇. 生物转化一碳化合物原料产油脂与单细胞蛋白研究进展. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1300 -1318 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-013
Liang ZHAO, Zhenshuai LI, Liping FU, Ming LYU, Shi’an WANG, Quan ZHANG, Licheng LIU, Fuli LI, Ziyong LIU. Progress in biomanufacturing of lipids and single cell protein from one-carbon compounds[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1300 -1318 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-013
我国是世界上最大的大豆进口国,根据国家统计局1与中国海关总署2公布数据,2023年中国大豆产量为2084万吨,大豆净进口量为9941万吨,对外依存度超过80%,大豆作为油脂和蛋白的关键原料,具有重要的战略意义。故寻找可以替代大豆,高效生产油脂与蛋白的新方法,成为当前发展核心问题。我国具有丰富的一碳气体资源,根据自然资源部发布的《全国石油天然气资源勘查开采通报》数据显示,我国2020年年底累计探明常规天然气、页岩气和煤层气地质储量分别为16.88万亿立方米、2.00万亿立方米和7259.11亿立方米3。同时,我国是世界工厂,工业规模世界最大,工业过程中产生的CO2、CO以及CH4等一碳气体的排放仍处于增长阶段,其中,CO2排放量达到121亿吨,其规模处于世界首位4。随着生态文明建设整体布局与绿色低碳循环经济发展的全面推行,我国将力争于2030年前实现CO2排放达到峰值、2060年前实现碳中和,这意味着我国将完成全球最高碳排放强度降幅,用全球历史上最短的时间实现从碳达峰到碳中和5。因此,寻找一条能够利用一碳化合物合成油脂与蛋白等关键战略物资的方案,对于我国的稳定持续发展至关重要。
油脂作为关系着经济与能源的大宗商品,具有重要的战略意义。随着经济的发展,全球的家庭、餐饮与团体对于油脂的需求和消费量逐年上升。随着生态保护意识的不断增强,油脂的重要性逐年增强,微生物油脂(microbial lipids)可作为生产化学品和燃料的替代品,经过合成生物学设计以提高油脂生产力的微生物可以从简单、易得、廉价的原料中大量生产可再生化学品,逐渐深化了其能源属性6。各国以及学术界均希望能通过掌握油脂关键制造技术,突破能源瓶颈。脂肪酸(fatty acid)是油脂的组成部分之一,由C、H、O元素组成,根据其碳链长度的不同,可以分为短链脂肪酸/挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)(<6个C原子)、中链脂肪酸(6~12个C原子)以及长链脂肪酸(>12个C原子)7,而如何通过低污染、低能耗的方式生产出高附加值的长链脂肪酸,成为油脂制造的焦点。
单细胞蛋白(single cell protein)是由细菌、真菌和藻类等各种微生物产生的生物质,也可称为微生物蛋白,其生产不需要大量的耕地和水资源,也不局限于季节和气候变化8。单细胞蛋白主要通过收集浓缩高繁殖率、高蛋白含量的生物质获得,通过发酵过程,富含蛋白质的生物质可用于食品替代蛋白、畜牧饲料、水产养殖、膳食补充剂供人类使用9-11,其生长基质可以是廉价的可生物降解的农副产品如马铃薯废水、果皮、虾壳废料或二氧化碳、甲烷、甲醇等一碳原料。一碳原料普遍能量密度较低,限制了其作为燃料的潜力,但其来源丰富,因此发展一碳原料生产单细胞蛋白,能够应对全球蛋白质需求激增,对解决气候变暖问题尤为重要。
在众多缓解粮食能源危机的方案中,生物制造是一种具有前景的先进制造技术,通过生物学手段开发能够高效利用一碳气体的微生物,生产高附加值的饲料蛋白和油脂,既能充分发挥我国的资源禀赋,也能为双碳目标提供技术支撑,是一个一举多得的战略举措。本文将介绍液态、气态一碳原料生物制造油脂与单细胞蛋白的前沿研究与产业化进展,包括代谢工程改造、发酵工艺优化等多方面策略,为一碳原料生物转化研究提供参考与思路。
在一碳化合物原料中,液态一碳原料(甲醇、甲酸)具有方便运输、易于储存的优势,且液态一碳原料通常可以由一碳气体和H2通过化学催化法高效合成,甲醇的合成工艺几乎都采用CO和CO2加压氢化,而甲酸也可通过CO2还原获得。作为基础的化工原料,其高值化利用受到研究者的关注,并取得了一定的突破。
甲醇具有较高的细胞毒性,仅能被部分非模式微生物如甲基营养性微生物利用,例如扭脱甲基杆菌(Methylobacterium extorquens)、甲醇芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methanolicus),以及巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)、多形汉逊酵母(Ogataea polymorpha)、博伊丁假丝酵母等(Candida boidinii)真菌(表1)。
目前报道的甲醇利用微生物通常通过三条同化途径进入中心代谢,如图1所示。甲基营养型微生物利用甲醇的能力不断提升,Wang等42系统地研究了嗜甲基杆菌(Butyribacterium methytrophicum),可以同时利用甲醇和CO2生产丁酸,证明了添加CO2对甲醇代谢的积极作用,由甲醇和CO2合成了2.05 g/L丁酸。通过同源比对和转录组分析鉴定获得了由甲基转移酶途径和Wood-Ljungdahl途径(WLP)组成的甲醇和CO2共利用途径。并对B. methytrophicum进行工程化改造,开发了一种有效的电转化方案和几种功能性启动子。在甲醇和CO2培养基中,甲醇消耗量分别增加16.9%和14%,丁酸产量分别增加13.8%和28.6%。诸如乙酸、丁酸等短链脂肪酸,作为合成高价值长链脂肪酸的原料,有广阔的发展前景。
在微生物利用甲醇的实践中,首先需要通过自然界中存在的一些能够利用甲醇作为唯一碳源的微生物具有的代谢途径,进行目标微生物改造。Zhan等25发现来源于P. pastoris的甲醇代谢通路-木酮糖单磷酸途径(xylulose monophosphate pathway, XuMP)表现出较高的活性,将来源于核酮糖单磷酸途径(ribulose monophosphate pathway, RuMP)的甲醇脱氢酶(Mdh)与XuMP途径共表达进而实现能量平衡;同时通过区室化策略将上述甲醇代谢通路定位于改造后的过氧化物酶体中,以减少有害代谢产物对于细胞器以及细胞膜的损伤以克服XuMP途径能量需求高、代谢过程中产生多种有害代谢产物(甲醛等)、不能够单独支持细胞生长的问题。改造后的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)可以在以甲醇作为唯一碳源的基础培养基中生长。
当微生物经过改造可以耐受甲醇的毒性后,研究者通过产油脂常用的酵母底盘,尝试利用甲醇,例如解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、O. polymorpha以及P. pastoris等。Wang等26通过表达杂合的RuMP和XuMP途径基因,敲除内源甲醛脱氢酶,强化Ru5P前体再生,并采取自适应实验室进化策略,将甲醇同化从0提高到每72 h 1.1 g/L的水平,实现了Y. lipolytica以甲醇为唯一碳源维持细胞生命活动。中国科学院大连化学与物理研究所的周雍进团队15为了克服甲醇的代谢复杂以及其毒性对甲基营养性酵母的抑制,采用实验室定向进化技术实现了O. polymorpha脂肪酸高产菌株在甲醇中的生长,通过全基因组测序分析驯化菌株分析鉴定到两个关键突变基因LPL1(推测脂酶)、IZH3(与 Zn 代谢相关膜蛋白),对其双敲除能够使产脂肪酸菌株在甲醇中部分恢复生长,还能够提高野生型菌株甲醇耐受能力。最后,在转录组学指导下的全局代谢重排,进一步强化供应脂肪酸合成前体乙酰辅酶A和NADPH,使O. polymorpha以甲醇为唯一碳源合成15.9 g/L脂肪酸(图2)。该研究产量已接近该团队以葡萄糖为原料的产量18.0 g/L43,但是距离产业化仍有一段距离。除O. polymorpha外,该团队44还设计了一种工业P. pastoris,可用于从甲醇生产其他乙酰辅酶A衍生物,通过敲除脂酰辅酶A合成酶基因FAA1FAA2阻断P. pastoris β-氧化过程,使菌株成功积累了脂肪酸,又对细胞的中心代谢与辅酶供应进行了全局优化。通过构建细胞质柠檬酸裂解途径(ACL)与磷酸转乙酰基途径(XFPK-PTA)增加细胞质中前体乙酰辅酶A的供应。另外通过过表达异柠檬酸脱氢酶(Idp2)强化了NADPH的再生过程,有效提高了脂肪酸产量,构建高效微生物细胞工厂12
而在单细胞蛋白生产方面,P. pastoris具有对甲醇的天然同化能力,可用于甲醇单细胞蛋白的生产,通过对氮代谢途径的关键基因GDH1GLN1进行过表达提高了菌株的蛋白含量。同时通过对细胞壁合成过程中参与O-糖基化基因进行敲除,影响细胞壁合成来提高蛋白含量45。Gao等13通过组学解析P. pastoris的甲醇代谢途径及关键节点,对细胞壁合成相关基因进行敲除,造成细胞内海藻糖大量积累,进而增强工业菌株对甲醇耐受度和代谢效率,增强甲醇-蛋白代谢流的定向转化,提高碳氮协同转化效率并减少碳损失。最终实现P. pastoris菌体干重和粗蛋白含量分别达到120 g/L和67.2%,为解析P. pastoris碳氮源高效利用与甲醇-蛋白质定向合成的调控机制提供新策略,也为突破甲醇蛋白生物制造经济阈值奠定基础。
上述研究中,研究者通过代谢通路改造逐步提高了微生物利用甲醇的能力,并且可以生产油脂与蛋白质,取得了一定突破。然而与利用传统发酵底物相比,目前的研究可能无法达到同样产量,限制其工业化发展。另外,微生物是否能完全利用甲醇,产物中是否能够保证零甲醇残留,而不危害环境,同样是研究者面临的问题。因此,未来可以通过对微生物采用实验室进化、底物共利用等策略提高甲醇利用率,并通过设计配套回收装置,将无法完全利用的甲醇重新分离回收,再投入生产过程中,避免其残留在产物中。
图1所示,甲酸同化的技术瓶颈来自其热力学矛盾,甲酸代谢合成乙酰辅酶A的路径,例如还原性甘氨酸途径(reductive glycine pathway,RG pathway),可将甲酸通过GCS合成甘氨酸,最终形成乙酰辅酶A进入中心代谢途径,而甲酸代谢途径基本上都需要消耗ATP与还原力,故利用甲酸需要解决其能量限制。Nattermann等46为甲酸到甲醛的转化设计一个新的磷酸依赖的代谢途径,其中甲酸被活化为磷酸甲酯,随后磷酸甲酯被还原为甲醛。研究者开发了一种双酶途径,其中甲酸酯被活化为磷酸甲酰基,随后被还原为甲醛。利用乙酸激酶(ACK)和N-乙酰-γ-谷氨酰磷酸还原酶(nAGP)的混杂性,在体外和体内证明了这种基于磷酸的途径。这种代谢路线在热力学效率方面优于基于乙酰辅酶A的合成路线,在动力学方面优于基于四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolate,THF)的路线。研究者将该磷酸途径与最近开发的甲醛同化途径结合起来,在工程化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)体内实现了将甲酸作为唯一碳源合成C2化合物,打通了一碳生物转化的新路径。另外,可以同化与利用甲酸的微生物较为匮乏,并且存在着代谢效率低、生物量低的问题。Tian等31发现需钠弧菌(Vibrio natriegens)在天然情况下具有超常的甲酸耐受性和代谢能力。该菌通过重新连接丝氨酸循环和TCA循环进行改造,产生了非天然的闭环(S-TCA)作为一个强大的代谢通路,结合实验室进化,能够迅速出现具有显著提高的甲酸利用能力的合成菌株。72 h内可消耗165.3 g/L甲酸盐,消耗速率为2.3 g/(L·h),为开发工业上可行的甲酸生物精炼提供了一个高效的甲酸代谢微生物底盘。
在甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)、甲醛脱氢酶(FaldDH)和醇氧化酶1(AOX1)的作用下,微生物可以利用甲酸盐和甲醇生产NAD(P)H,然后通过磷酸化生成ATP供能。在利用合成气来源的甲醇作为单细胞蛋白原料时,甲基营养菌会通过THF或四氢甲烷蝶呤(H4MPT)依赖性酶氧化甲醛,来降低甲醛作为代谢中间体对细胞生长产生的抑制,从而提高对甲醇的利用率47。代谢流量的调控、THF循环的整合重建以及甘氨酸循环反应的反向代谢工程也被用于构建利用甲酸和CO2作为唯一碳源的E. coli 27。Bar-Even组28利用还原性甘氨酸途径重新设计了E. coli的中心碳代谢,导入能量再生模块的连续基因组,可以将甲酸作为唯一碳源和能源。Lee等48通过引入甲酸同化途径,表达两个甲酸脱氢酶基因,微调代谢通量,优化细胞色素bo3和bd-I泛醌氧化酶的水平,使E. coli能够单独在甲酸中生长,工程菌株的OD600可以在450 h生长到7.38。上述研究为利用甲酸盐和CO2生产单细胞蛋白和生物质的代谢工程铺平了道路。
自然界在演化过程中,出现了在光能辐射下可直接利用一碳原料生长的生物,例如植物、微藻49等,而它们对于利用CO2生产高价值产物的研究已十分深入50,此处不做赘述。而目前报道过可以利用一碳气体作为碳源的微生物包括产乙酸菌(Acetogens)51、柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter52以及米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae53等,其中,产乙酸菌是最为常见的可以利用一碳气体的微生物,其通过WLP和独特的能量代谢方式完成自养生长,整个过程ATP净产量为0。WLP反应产生的乙酰辅酶A是许多生化物质的重要前体。所有产乙酸菌都产生乙酸盐作为代谢终产物,其他有机酸和醇也可以由乙酰辅酶A生产。然而产乙酸菌存活的环境一般为热力学有限的环境,自由能变化很小,潜在的能量限制可能会限制能量密集的代谢物的产生。根据化学计量,生产长碳链化合物需要更多的碳和能量输入,这需要溶解在培养基中的气体底物具有更高的可用性。因此,使用产乙酸菌利用一碳气体生产高附加值产物取决于发酵参数,包括pH、温度、气液传质、气体分压、介质组分和反应器配置,以及产乙酸菌的生产能力等。总体而言需要通过控制参数优化发酵过程和合成生物学方法改造。由于自养代谢过程中的生物能量限制和缺乏专门的酶,产乙酸菌不能通过利用一碳气体产生能量密集的物质,目前已知可生产的最长链物质为辛醇54,而脂质或类胡萝卜素等仍无法合成55
为了实现将一碳气体转化为高附加值产品的目标,研究者进行了多种尝试,大体分为两类:体内转化和体外转化。体内转化是指将一碳气体代谢通路通过遗传代谢工具转入一些可以生产高附加值的微生物中,使之可以从头合成油脂、蛋白等产物。例如在大肠杆菌中将卡尔文循环、还原甘氨酸途径、POAP循环等导入使之能够同化CO2 56。然而,直接将这些代谢途径导入微生物中,由于外源代谢途径与原生代谢网络的不匹配往往会引起菌体生长迟缓、底物消耗速度过慢甚至菌体大量死亡,需要更加细致精密的底层通路设计以及完备的合成生物学工具来克服上述困难57
体外转化一般是在非生物体环境下,构建一整套酶催化体制,可以规避体内转化方式中存在的外源途径与原生代谢通路不匹配所导致的混乱。中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所的马延和团队58在无细胞系统中,设计了一种由11步反应构成,通过二氧化碳和氢气合成淀粉的化学-生物化学混合途径,即人工淀粉合成代谢途径(ASAP),ASAP在氢气的驱动下,将一碳物质逐步转化为C3、C6物质,不断延长碳骨架最终形成淀粉。之后该团队59又设计了一种化学-酶级联转化CO2、甲醇、甲醛等一碳物质合成己糖的途径,其己糖产物浓度与转化率比已报道的化学法、电化学-酵母发酵耦合法均高。但是体外转化在构建酶催化体系过程中,需要克服分离筛选酶的成本过高以及保持酶活稳定性等问题。目前,除糖类物质外,暂无体外转化合成油脂的相关研究。近来,研究者又提出人工细胞的新思路,将生物与非生物模块相结合,设计具体代谢走向,实现可编辑的人工生物合成系统。Gao等60创制了一种人工光合细胞,将NADPH、NADH、NADH和ATP等辅因子的再生能力显著增强,通过多种酶的偶联,实现CO2转化为各种化学品可编辑通用平台。
因此,研究者大多选用两段式策略,即使用产乙酸菌等化能自养型微生物利用一碳气体合成乙酸等VFA,再使用能够利用乙酸的微生物进一步合成油脂与蛋白质等高附加值目标产物。而为了达到这一目的,需要通过代谢工程与合成生物学方法改造和控制参数优化发酵过程来实现。
在一碳气体的利用过程中,研究者们致力于通过代谢工程与合成生物学改造,调整乙酸等VFA/C2产物的产率。Moon等61通过代谢工程改造分析了模式伍氏醋酸杆菌(Acetobacterium woodii)的突变体,A. woodii可以捕获二氧化碳并将其转化为乙酸盐,而氢是由有机和一碳底物形成乙酸盐的中间体,A. woodii的ΔhydBA/hdcr突变体的静息细胞,氢的形成被完全消除,碳主要从甲基和CO转向乳酸,其中生产的乳酸盐/乙酸盐之比为1.13,而当删除lctBCD后,甲基和CO停止生成乳酸。Benito-Vaquerizo等62利用代谢模型设计了产乙酸菌与产溶剂菌共培养的方法,通过分批培养以及群落模拟的方法,选择一株产醇羧菌(Clostridium autoethanogenum)和拜氏梭菌(Clostridium beijerinckii)在含有CO2/H2以及乳酸的培养基共培养,通过产乙酸羧菌利用CO2/H2生产超过200 mmol/L的乙酸,C. beijerinckii利用其产生的乙酸,消耗培养基中的乳酸,生成约50 mmol/L丁酸盐。而在开发产乙酸菌完善的遗传工具的尝试中,Poulalier-Delavelle等63首次在产乙酸菌A.woodiiC.autoethanogenum中引入内源CRISPR/Cas系统,可用于产乙酸菌的基因组编辑。最后将该方法用于C. autoethanogenum的Ⅰ-B型CRISPR/Cas系统,能够以100%的效率敲除pyrE(561 bp),为产乙酸菌的遗传操作工具开发提供了新思路。
脂肪酸的合成起始于乙酰辅酶A,一般油脂合成所需的乙酰辅酶A是由葡萄糖经历糖酵解生成的丙酮酸转化而来,而在真核微生物中,可以使用乙酸直接通过乙酰辅酶A合成酶,消耗1分子ATP生成乙酰辅酶A,从而提供了一条较短的转化为乙酰辅酶A的途径,如图3所示。基于此,研究者们希望通过进一步优化或改造代谢通路,可以生产更多、更高级的脂肪酸。
根据上述脂肪酸合成途径的描述,研究者进行了大量实践,利用乙酸更能实现长链脂肪酸规模化生产。Samranrit等64使用一株产油酵母Pseudozyma parantarctica CHC28,添加1 g/L乙酸可使酵母油脂产量增加30.7%。通过补充乙酸,酵母油脂中含有87.8%的C16和C18脂肪酸。乙酸通过触发细胞内油的产生加速了菌株CHC28的酵母油脂产生和底物同化。Huang等65Y. lipolytica中过表达乙酸激酶(AckA)和磷酸乙酰转移酶(PTA)基因,通过两步反应加强了乙酸生成乙酰辅酶A的反应,故能够通过AckA-PTA途径生产更多的脂肪醇。中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院于涛团队66S. cerevisiae中的两个长链脂肪酰基辅酶A合成酶(Faa1、Faa4)基因敲除,过表达了优化的来自大肠杆菌的内源硫酯酶基因tesA,使酵母具有产油表型。后续继续敲除了脂肪酰基辅酶A氧化酶(Pox1)基因,并过表达了合成脂肪酸途径上的重要的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合成酶(ACC1、FAS1、FAS2)基因,使酵母游离脂肪酸含量得到不断提高。该团队以CO2电催化合成的乙酸为底物,在构建的产脂肪酸菌株中合成脂肪酸,含量检测后可达448.5 mg/L,从C8到C18的游离脂肪酸均可产生。该研究有望推动CO2为原料生产粮食、化工品,促进“碳中和”目标的实现。
在脂肪酸的研究中,超长链脂肪酸(VLCFA)在工业、食品与医药方面应用广泛,发展前景广阔,附加值高,故对其合成研究备受重视。研究者对于VLCFA的合成代谢路径进行了一定的探索,目前可以通过代谢工程改造的手段实现VLCFA的高效合成,这将对乙酸甚至一碳气体底物高值化利用合成VLCFA提供坚实的理论基础,具有长远的发展意义。Gao等67Y. lipolytica进行代谢工程改造,异源合成VLCFA。通过筛选异源的延长酶,发现由杂交型启动子表达的AtKCS表达效果最佳。PEX10基因的敲除阻止了脂肪酰辅酶A的降解,将C20~C22产量提升了3倍,并导入MaELO3基因,更多的合成VLCFA。另外,强化了胞内乙酰辅酶A合成途径丙酮酸脱氢酶(PDH)、乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH),将VLCFA的滴度提升到280 mg/L,提高了1.7倍。
在超长链脂肪酸中,神经酸(nervonic acid,NA)是存在于神经组织及鱼油中的一种含24个碳原子和1个双键的不饱和脂肪酸,通过天然来源无法满足社会需要,故通过生物合成神经酸逐渐成为行业热点。Zhao等68利用合成生物学的方法在Y. lipolytica中构建了神经酸的从头合成途径,并通过代谢工程和发酵优化进一步提高了神经酸产量。来自不同生物体的异源伸长酶和去饱和酶被成功表达,并评估了它们在Y. lipolytica中产生神经酸的潜力。同时过表达了参与脂质代谢的基因,将神经酸滴度提高到111.6 mg/L。Su等69在圆红冬孢酵母(Rhodosporidium toruloides)中发现了工程菌株的神经酸合成途径中脂肪酸延伸模块的关键限制酶(3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase,3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase,trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase),对其进行过表达后显著增加了NA含量和滴度。随后,通过启动子工程,挖掘到油脂积累阶段激活启动子PLDP1,并对关键基因CgKCS的表达进行强化,大幅度增加了NA含量和滴度。接着,通过引入脱饱和酶成功使C24:0脱饱和为C24:1,又提高了NA含量和滴度。Ji等70构建了正交的植物和非植物神经酸合成途径。从蒜头果中鉴定出MoLPAAT对神经酸具有特异性,通过补料分批发酵,Y. lipolytica可生产57.84 g/L的油脂,其神经酸滴度最高可达到13.56 g/L。在神经酸高效合成方面,本团队同样进行了大量工作71,通过系统代谢工程在Y. lipolytica中通过重复表达CgKCS、脂肪酸伸长酶基因GELOVL6和去饱和酶基因MAOLE2,显著提高了神经酸的产量。另外,在内质网中表达的甘油-3-磷酸甘油酰基转移酶和甘油二酰基转移酶进一步促进了神经酸的生物合成,并发现新的内质网结构调节基因YlINO2的过表达可以将脂肪产量增加39.3%。阻断腺苷二磷酸激活的S/T蛋白激酶基因SNF1后,神经酸/二十四烷酸的比例增加了61.6%。而YLNA9菌株的中试发酵油脂滴度为96.7 g/L,神经酸滴度为17.3 g/L(占总脂肪酸的17.9%),是目前Y. lipolytica产神经酸报道过的最高滴度。
目前,研究者在脂肪酸合成的微生物底盘选择、代谢途径改造以及遗传工具研究等方面的工作已取得较大突破。在目前的研究基础上,不局限于油脂转化的产量,更青睐高价值的超长链脂肪酸的合成途径研究与产业化制造,在追求“双碳”目标的同时,为未来新能源、新食品发展提供了丰富经验。
细菌的繁殖速度很快,且具有广泛的底物谱,除传统淀粉、葡萄糖等碳水化合物之外,还可利用甲烷、石油等液态烃类化合物以及甲醇、乙醇合成气、CO2和H2等石化产品72-73。一碳底物菌株主要包括需氧氢氧化细菌(hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, HOB)、甲烷氧化菌(proteobacteria)和产乙酸菌。
需氧氢氧化细菌,使用氧作为电子受体,并通过反向三羧酸循环或Calvin-Benson-Bassham循环吸收二氧化碳。厌氧氢氧化细菌通过WLP固定二氧化碳或一氧化碳,通过该途径碳主要被导向乙酸盐和乙醇等,而不是单细胞蛋白。以二氧化碳为底物生产SCP也使用了两段发酵方法,首先厌氧氢氧化细菌将二氧化碳还原成乙酸盐,乙酸盐作为碳源用于下一阶段的单细胞蛋白生产74,类似于油脂生产的“两段式”策略。
甲烷氧化菌将甲烷氧化为甲醛,然后通过单磷酸核酮糖或丝氨酸途径进一步代谢75图4)。甲烷氧化菌可以使用甲烷作为其唯一的碳和能量来源,同时从培养介质中吸收氮用于蛋白质生产,将厌氧消化与SCP生产相结合,通过添加灭菌过滤的沼渣作为氮源,配合沼气发酵,甲烷蛋白转化率可达到0.76 g/g76
C. autoethanogenum是一种革兰氏阳性细菌,严格厌氧生长,兼性化能自养,且属于非致病性菌株。其蛋白质水平达80%以上,且氨基酸较平衡,其必需氨基酸组成与鱼粉相似,蛋白质消化率相对较高,微量元素含量丰富,无抗营养因子。C. autoethanogenum作为一碳气体生物转化的高效细胞工厂,研究者使用CRISPR/Cas9对C. autoethanogenum中的C1固定基因簇及其紧密连锁基因进行删除,降低了乙醇合成途径的蛋白表达,降低乙酸盐和乙醇的产量,使更多的碳通量流向细胞生长,实现合成气生产单细胞蛋白的可持续发展77。因此,目前C. autoethanogenum蛋白已被广泛应用于水产养殖。在“碳中和”大环境下,C. autoethanogenum的生产不仅可以提供大量优质蛋白,而且较大程度地促进了工业废气的再利用,因此开发潜能较大。常见的食品级安全菌株,如枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus licheniformis),该类细菌易于培养、生长速率快、耐受性强、干燥成本低,且功能繁多,具有多种益生功能特性和高效蛋白质表达能力,已在食品、饲料、生物肥料等领域作为微生态制剂或酶制剂广泛应用78
永达尔梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)通过WLP(见图1),可将CO和CO2转化为乙醇生物燃料、单细胞蛋白等高附加值产品。在C. ljungdahlii中,可以利用蛋白质赖氨酸乙酰化(PLA)和转录因子去调节碳流量。乙酰化和去乙酰化系统通过影响与乙酸、乙醇相关的关键酶Pta和Adhe1的活性可以调节乙醇合成通路79。在不同气体混合物中培养的产乙酸菌的绝对蛋白质组定量结果表明,随着H2供应的增加,乙醇和CO2的碳通量分别显著增加和减少,为构建高效的合成气原料工厂的代谢重构提供指导80
目前一碳气体向高附加值产品转化主要以两段式策略为主,如图3所示,即一碳气体首先通过化能自养型微生物转化为乙酸等VFA,再使用酵母等微生物利用乙酸转化为高附加值产品。Detsios等81提出了热化学-生物化学法将生物质转化为航空航海燃料的途径。将废弃的生物质通过双流化床气化(DFBG)形成合成气,通过厌氧菌首先发酵转化为乙酸,再通过Y. lipolytica和毛孢子油脂酵母(Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus)等产油酵母进行二次发酵将乙酸转化为甘油三酯(TAG),最后对TAG进行催化加氢处理得到航空航海燃料。Robles-Iglesias等82同样通过两段式发酵策略,将产乙酸梭菌合成气发酵生产出的乙酸,利用一株工程化Y. lipolytica发酵生产β-胡萝卜素和油脂,并发现该酵母最高乙酸耐受浓度为20 g/L,生产β-胡萝卜素和油脂的最适pH为6.0,该条件下发酵罐所生产油脂含量可达22%,油脂中鉴定出的主要脂质是C18:1,约占50%。同时,该团队83利用两段式策略,将产乙酸梭菌合成气发酵生产的乙酸供给R. toruloides使用,能够有效地从第一阶段产生的乙酸中积累脂质。当乙酸浓度为11 g/L时,脂质含量为39.5% g/g。乙酸的初始浓度高于18 g/L时对R. toruloides有抑制作用。所产脂质图谱的顺序为:C18:1>C16:0>C18:2>C18:0>其他。
在两段式策略的基础上,研究者们致力于通过工艺优化,解决每个阶段的固有问题,以期提升整体转化效率。
在一碳气体向乙酸的合成中,气体的来源多为农业废弃物、工业尾气以及食物垃圾84,其中农业废弃物与食物垃圾往往通过热解8185、气化86-88的方式获得气体。而在液体生物反应器中,一碳气体存在着气液传质较差,溶解度较低的问题。Heffernan等89在产乙酸梭菌发酵沼气中的二氧化碳时,添加氢气优化了气液传质,将菌体的最大比生长速率提升了2倍左右,最终生产乙酸(3.9 ± 0.1) g/L。Puiman等90在合成气发酵产乙酸时,发现乙醇对于气液传质影响较大,在发酵液中添加0~5 g/L乙醇后,体积传质系数(K L a)相比于水明显增加了2~4倍,明显改善气液传质。同时,该团队91通过大型外环流气升式反应器计算流体力学(CFD)模型,与中试数据进行验证,发现发酵产生的乙醇会抑制气泡聚结,从而导致较小的气泡和增加的气含率。这表明在工业合成气发酵条件下,空气-水系统中遇到的典型传质限制可以得到缓解。
为了提升发酵效率,有研究者针对一碳气体转化乙酸设计了新型生物反应器及发酵方式。Küçükağa 团队92开发了一种新型的碳基生物膜扩散反应器(CBSR),采取微生物混合培养的方法发酵H2/CO2,当采用较低的气体稀释率(0.1 d-1)时,乙酸产量为52 g/L,改善了底物浓度抑制的问题,并促进了生物膜生长。除此之外,该团队85还开发了一种新型的生物碳填充的反应器,使用醋酸杆菌在反应器中发酵,可获得VFA。Perret等93使用C. ljungdahlii进行合成气发酵生产有机酸时,采用了生物质保留系统,可以成功将菌体保留下来,细胞密度提高160%以上。Velvizhi等94采用电发酵的方法,设计了四种不同的发酵条件,当所施加的阴极电势相对于Ag/AgCl为-0.8 V时,最终实现了CO2向短链脂肪酸(SCFA)转化的最高产量(2050 mg/L)。
另外,一碳气体发酵产乙酸过程中,还有一些因素可以影响乙酸生产效率。Kim等95将合成气发酵与电渗析(ED)系统结合起来,通过引入浓缩的微量元素,将乙酸盐产率提高到24%,使用ED系统,乙酸盐的提取率超过99.8%。另外,残留培养基中二价离子被有效地回收用于生长培养基,并减少了CO2排放。有研究者发现pH同样是生产乙酸过程中的关键因素,Mariën等96对产乙酸菌从H2和CO2中生产VFA进行研究,发现其需要添加复杂的营养来源,通过热力学计算,确定pH是控制代谢通量方向的关键参数。在中性pH(>5.5)下,乙酸是唯一的代谢最终产物;弱酸性pH(<5.5)刺激丁酸的产生。Katakojwala等97在CO2向C2~C4脂肪酸产物转化研究中,使用富集的同源产乙酸菌(特别是梭菌属),对定制的气体发酵(GF)系统进行优化,发现顶空压力对菌体将碳向乙酸和丁酸的转化有显著的增强,而pH 8.5使得CO2溶解度上升,并有更高的VFA(3.7 g/L)产生,其中乙酸(3.0 g/L)和丁酸(0.7 g/L)为主产物。
研究者将乙酸向油脂的转化常常使用一些产油酵母,例如Y. lipolytica、皮状丝孢酵母(Trichosporon cutaneum98、斯达油脂酵母(Lipomyces starkeyi99以及R. toruloides等。相比于利用葡萄糖,乙酸等VFA转化为乙酰辅酶A方式更为直接,在乙酰辅酶A合成酶的作用下消耗1分子ATP即可形成乙酰辅酶A100,进入油脂代谢中,但是研究者通常认为直接利用乙酸会导致酵母难以达到理想的生物量。Pereira等101使用一株Y. lipolytica NCYC 2904,发酵初期先使用葡萄糖促进生物量的增长,再使用乙酸、丙酸和丁酸等VFA作为碳源,可以显著提升脂肪产量。Rerop等102选择毛孢子油脂酵母(Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus),采用乙酸和富含戊糖的木质纤维素水解产物(LCH)混合补料的策略,生产单细胞油脂(SCO),其中主要为C16:0、C18:0、C18:1,约占脂肪酸的93%。而乙酸未来也可以在造纸工业中,通过纸浆以及造纸残余废物中富含的乙酸酯中提取。然而Burgstaller等103以乙酸和丙酸为唯一碳源,采用pH恒定-补料分批发酵的策略培养弯曲假丝酵母(Apiotrichum brassicae)V134和库德毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)V194,在500 L发酵规模下获得了含有油酸(36%~43%)、部分奇数脂肪酸,特别是十七烷酸(7%~15%)的油脂,同样获得了较高的DCW(31~37 g/L),无需先使用葡萄糖培养。
在乙酸向油脂的转化中,诸如pH、溶氧、底物种类与浓度以及接种量等因素十分关键。Moreno等104将污泥进行湿氧化(WO)得到以乙酸和丙酸为主的VFA,使用Y. lipolytica进行发酵,将pH值设定为6.5。该条件下Y. lipolytica可以代谢95%的乙酸和100%的丙酸,获得了35% ± 1%的脂质含量和(0.23 ± 0.02) g/g的脂质产率,其中以油酸(46.4% ± 0.4%)等单不饱和脂肪酸为主。Naveira-Pazos等105使用一株Y. lipolytica W29利用VFA进行发酵,在摇瓶阶段发现W29对乙酸的消耗优于丁酸和己酸,最高消耗速率可达0.664 g/(L·h)。并在发酵罐发酵阶段调整了VFA浓度与W29接种量,最终消耗36.9 g/L的VFA,所得油脂中油酸、亚油酸和棕榈酸含量高达80%。Morales-Palomo等106使用一株Y. lipolytica ACA DC 50109,将VFA作为碳源,通过条件优化发现当VFA浓度为15 g/L且其中乙酸∶己酸=6∶1,碳氮比为200时,脂肪含量最高可达43.4%(质量分数),产率达到0.33 g/g,该产率甚至高过以糖为碳源时的产率。Pereira等101在两段式发酵工艺研究中提出40%~50%的溶氧对于油脂产量是至关重要的。
近年来,一碳气体合成蛋白质的工业化进程逐步推进,众多企业与科研机构联合,通过生物制造合成蛋白质,其中大部分供食用。美国Kiverdi公司已经可以通过微生物精密发酵技术利用CO2将其转化为蛋白质107。2019 年,Kiverdi依托其在单细胞蛋白生产的核心技术成立了一家名为 Air Protein的公司,使用微生物以CO2等可再生资源生产高营养价值的单细胞蛋白108。2023年12月19日,欧洲创新理事会(EIC)拨款约600万美元,用于资助芬兰Solar Foods公司的HYDROCOW项目。该项目将开发发酵菌株,不使用糖类作为发酵底物,而是利用CO2和N2,以及电解水产生的H2,利用微生物进行精密发酵,转化为牛奶中的β-乳球蛋白109
一碳合成蛋白产业在国内同样受到各界关注。目前在国内进行一碳合成蛋白研究生产的企业,主要包括本土的北京首钢朗泽、由法国动物饲料添加剂企业安迪苏(Adisseo)与美国蛋白生产企业恺勒司(Calysta)合资落地重庆的恺迪苏以及美国巨鹏生物公司。2021年8月29日,农业农村部向首钢朗泽颁发了国内首个饲料原料新产品证书110。其与中国农业科学院饲料研究所共同合作,通过CO生物合成蛋白质(蛋白含量83%),已实现万吨级产业化规模,其1000万吨乙醇梭菌蛋白产量相当于2800万吨大豆(蛋白含量30%)34。恺迪苏将利用甲烷气生产单细胞蛋白(蛋白含量72%以上),其在重庆的工厂于2022年底开始试运行,于2023年投产。
目前,蛋白质合成工业大多数是为了应对潜在或已经出现的粮食危机,缓解对大豆等粮食资源“卡脖子”的困境。一碳气体合成蛋白质,可以综合利用生物学方法,在高效利用一碳资源提升蛋白质产量的同时,制造更多功能性蛋白质,为功能食品、未来食品发展开发提供新思路(图5)。
由于我国独特的自然资源分布以及作为“世界工厂”的发展现状,我国的一碳化合物具有资源广泛、成本低廉以及可再生的优势,使之成为新一代生物制造关键原料,并且对于完成“双碳”目标具有重要的战略意义。在高值化利用一碳化合物的实践中,研究者们提出了合成生物学改造微生物代谢体系,建立微生物细胞工厂合成目标产物的策略,以及“两段式”策略制造微生物油脂等。然而目前在代谢途径设计、菌株改造、合成策略方面仍然存在些许不足,亟需深入研究,取得理论、实践的突破。
(1)目前只有人工设计的体外代谢通路可以直接利用一碳化合物制造高值产物,体内合成的代谢通路研究仍无法直接制造目标产物。直接将某种微生物的代谢途径导入目标微生物中,由于活细胞代谢网络过于复杂,外源代谢途径与原生代谢网络的不匹配,能量代谢出现矛盾,往往引起菌体生长迟缓、底物消耗速度过慢甚至菌体大量死亡的问题,需要更加细致精密的底层通路设计,完备的合成生物学工具,包括一碳化合物代谢关键酶的筛选与改造。
(2)自养代谢过程中存在生物能量限制且缺乏专门的酶,故产乙酸菌不能通过利用一碳气体直接产生能量密度高的物质,需要“两段式”设计才能达到制造目标。
(3)传统发酵设备难以满足新型生物制造的复杂系统性需求,需要因地制宜,综合电化学94-95、实时光谱检测技术111-112、发酵底物处理装置8185等,在多学科交叉的基础上建立高效系统集成发酵系统,产业化推进一碳化合物生物制造。
一碳化合物资源的高值化生物制造,对于缓解并克服碳排放造成的气候变化、国家发展中面临的 “卡脖子”资源短缺的难题,是一条切实可行的路径。其产业化发展符合时代发展需要,未来前景可期。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFA0914400)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32370039)
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(C类)(XDC0110302)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2024-013
  • 接收时间:2024-02-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-04
  • 修回日期:2024-05-08
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFA0914400)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32370039)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(C类)(XDC0110302)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,青岛市碳一炼制工程研究中心,中国科学院生物燃料重点实验室,山东 青岛 266101
    2 山东能源研究院,山东 青岛 266101
    3 中国海洋大学,山东 青岛 266100
    4 青岛新能源山东省实验室,山东 青岛 266101
    5 中国石油化工股份有限公司大连研究院,辽宁 大连 116045
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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