Article(id=1148994038331663122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994036700078859, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701273600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-30, revisedDate=1704643200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871126014, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871126014, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871126014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871126014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148994036700078859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='3', pageStart='397', pageEnd='693', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871125626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057298298, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774901566992416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994036700078859, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774901566992417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148994036700078859, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=561, endPage=570, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999707884974125, articleId=1148994038331663122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Biosynthesis of the unnatural extender units with polyketides and their structural modifications for applications in medicines, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The natural products polyketides include over 10 000 molecules with a wide range of bioactivities and are among the most prominent classes of approved clinical agents. Usually, active lead compounds require structural modifications to improve their assimilation, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as to facilitate the drug development process. However, due to the large number of stereocenters and inert carbon atoms, it is challenging for chemical synthesis to accurately and efficiently derive polyketide scaffolds, making their biological synthesis for structural optimization of the polyketides a hot topic. In nature, the majority of polyketides are assembled from simple the building blocks acetate and propionate catalyzed by polyketide synthases, but a few polyketides with special building blocks provide inspiration for researchers to introduce unnatural building blocks selectively into the scaffolds of polyketides for their structure modifications. Polyketides can be built with predictable biosynthetic logic, each module of a modular polyketide synthase elongates the product backbone with two carbons by synergetic actions of its three essential domains: ketosynthase, acyltransferase and acyl carrier protein. The acyltransferase domain selects for and loads a carboxyacyl-Coenzyme A extender unit for the phosphopantetheinyl modification of the acyl carrier protein domain, whereas the ketosynthase domain then uses the extender unit to elongate the growing polyketide intermediate, before passing it to the following module. Given the hierarchical domain and module organization of the type Ⅰ modular PKSs that make these molecules, gene sequences and product structures are directly connected such that changes can be introduced site-selectively into the molecule by targeting building blocks and promiscuous acyltransferase domain with the corresponding domain. Besides, the biosynthesis of polyketide scaffolds depends on the assembly of a starter unit and variable extender units, therefore, introducing anticipated structures into the polyketides through incorporating the artificial extender units is considered as a powerful breakthrough for precise and effective modifications of the polyketides. This review summarizes three important enzymatic synthesis methods for unnatural polyketides extender units reported within the past decade. As results, a large number of unnatural extender units have been obtained through mining novel extender unit synthetase and exploring their substrates, or using enzyme engineering methods to modify the substrate spectrum. Also, this review comments on the cases of modifying polyketide structures using unnatural extender units to achieve the desired derivatives either through the natural synthetic pathway of polyketides or by utilizing modified synthetic pathways. Finally, we discuss some challenges existing in this research field and potential solutions for better applications of polyketides, including the compatibility issue of polyketides synthase with unnatural extender units, precursor supply for unnatural extender units, and etc. In recent years, interest and enthusiasm for the modifications of polyketides using unnatural extender moieties have increased dramatically, and our review draws a concise and clear map for the research of polyketide structure modifications by artificial extender units, with an expectation of laying a solid foundation for accelerating the development of polyketides drugs.

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聚酮天然产物包括10 000多种具有广泛生物活性的分子,是获批临床药物中最著名的类别之一。已知活性先导化合物通常需要经过结构修饰改良其吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等特性,从而促进成药开发,但针对聚酮化合物的结构修饰极具挑战,需要应对聚酮骨架中大量的立体中心以及多个惰性碳原子,导致化学合成手段难以对聚酮骨架进行精准和高效的衍生化,因此,通过合成生物学方法实现其结构优化就成为了研究者们关注的热点。自然界中,绝大多数聚酮化合物主要由简单的乙酸盐和丙酸盐结构单元通过聚酮合酶组装而成,而少数存在的具有特殊结构单元的聚酮案例给了研究者以灵感——通过设置和引入非天然结构单元从而有选择性地高效改造聚酮结构。聚酮骨架的生物合成有赖于一个起始单元与多个延伸单元的组装,因此,通过人工设计延伸单元向聚酮引入预期结构被认为是精准高效改造聚酮的有力突破点。本文在此总结了近十年来报道的聚酮非天然延伸单元的三种重要的酶促合成方法,通过挖掘新颖的延伸单元合成酶并探索其底物宽泛性,或利用酶工程手段改造延伸单元合成酶的底物催化范围,获得了大量自然界不存在的延伸单元。此外,本文还归纳了利用非天然延伸单元对聚酮结构进行改造的案例,借助聚酮的天然合成途径或利用改造的合成途径达到预期目的。最后,作者讨论了该研究领域内存在的一些制约因素以及可优化的研究方向,包括聚酮合酶对非天然延伸单元的兼容性问题、非天然延伸单元的前体供给等。近年来,利用非天然延伸单元改造聚酮结构的研究兴趣和热度日益高涨,本文绘制了一份基于延伸单元改造聚酮结构研究的简明清晰的图谱,期望为加速聚酮类药物的高效开发打下坚实基础。

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瞿旭东(1980—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为天然产物生物合成与生物催化,通过生物合成与化学合成结合的方式,发展针对各类天然产物骨架的普适、高效的合成与编辑策略,用于拓展结构多样性和提高药物的生产效率,实现对天然产物资源的深度开发及天然药物的高效创制。E-mail:
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张俊(1992—),女,博士后。研究方向为聚酮化合物的生物合成与结构改造。E-mail:

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Nature Chemical Biology, 2015, 11(2): 115-120., articleTitle=De novo biosynthesis of terminal alkyne-labeled natural products, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172892378735198522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, awardId=32200033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(32200033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172892375723688202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892375732076811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, companyId=1172892375723688202, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 201204,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892375740465420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, companyId=1172892375723688202, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海交通大学张江高等研究院,上海 201204)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172892375794991373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892375799185678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, companyId=1172892375794991373, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Pharmacy,Fudan University,Shanghai 201203,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172892375803379983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, companyId=1172892375794991373, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 复旦大学药学院,上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172892378047332656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Selected polyketide drugs (a) and the classical polyketide synthase assembly line for the biosynthesis of erythromycin A (b)

AT—acyltransferase; ACP—acyl carrier protein; DEBS—6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase; DH—dehydratase; ER—enoylreductase; KR—ketoreductase; KS—ketosynthase; TE—thioesterase

, figureFileSmall=mv2lNDd3RWRu05BZREsIgA==, figureFileBig=xOsixWEUjYZOJLAibNii9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378110247217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=CN, label=图1, caption=代表性聚酮类药物(a)和经典的聚酮天然产物红霉素A的生物合成途径(b)

AT—酰基转移酶;ACP—酰基载体蛋白;DEBS—6-脱氧红霉内酯合酶;DH—脱水酶;ER—烯基还原酶;KR—酮还原酶;KS—酮缩合酶;TE—硫酯酶

, figureFileSmall=mv2lNDd3RWRu05BZREsIgA==, figureFileBig=xOsixWEUjYZOJLAibNii9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378181550386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Two classes of natural extender units (a) and the biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA extender units (b)

MCS—malonyl-CoA synthetase; CCRC—crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase; ACC—acyl-CoA carboxylase; MCE—methyl malonyl-CoA epimerase; CoA—coenzyme A; ACP—acyl carrier protein

, figureFileSmall=Hdv+98lqxf5MDhGiwIsa1g==, figureFileBig=0LTAONLcGMkuJT1+3OqdiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378231882035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=CN, label=图2, caption=天然延伸单元结构分类(a)和丙二酰辅酶A类延伸单元生物合成途径(b)

MCS—丙二酰辅酶A合酶;CCRC—巴豆酰辅酶A还原/羧化酶;ACC—酰基辅酶A羧化酶;MCE—甲基丙二酰辅酶A异构酶;CoA—辅酶A;ACP—酰基载体蛋白

, figureFileSmall=Hdv+98lqxf5MDhGiwIsa1g==, figureFileBig=0LTAONLcGMkuJT1+3OqdiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378307379508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Biosynthesis of unnatural extender units through engineering substrate spectrum or the enzymes

MCS—malonyl-CoA synthetase; CCRC—crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase; ACC—acyl-CoA carboxylase; CoA—Coenzyme A; SNAC—N-acetylcysteamine; Pant—pantetheine

, figureFileSmall=MSfiTi8+wpeApvHrGdV3aQ==, figureFileBig=Sa3NjbJjj5kNqPluOpkSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378361905461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=CN, label=图3, caption=通过酶底物谱探索或酶工程改造途径合成的非天然延伸单元

MCS—丙二酰辅酶A合酶;CCRC—巴豆酰辅酶A还原/羧化酶;ACC—酰基辅酶A羧化酶;CoA—辅酶A;SNAC—N-乙酰半胱胺;Pant—泛硫乙胺

, figureFileSmall=MSfiTi8+wpeApvHrGdV3aQ==, figureFileBig=Sa3NjbJjj5kNqPluOpkSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378429014326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Modifications of polyketide sidechains through the biosynthesis of unnatural extender units with a natural promiscuous AT

(Blue represents unnatural sidechains introduced by unnatural extender units)

, figureFileSmall=/2833/zLJ7on9UUxuEt3lw==, figureFileBig=Xr9X0SHE+W6cdGvbNgeSSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172892378491928887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148994038331663122, language=CN, label=图4, caption=利用天然底物混杂性的AT改造聚酮侧链案例

(蓝色为非天然延伸单元引入的非天然侧链)

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聚酮化合物非天然延伸单元的生物合成与结构改造应用
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张俊 1 , 金诗雪 2 , 云倩 2 , 瞿旭东 1
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(3): 561-570
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(3): 561-570
聚酮化合物非天然延伸单元的生物合成与结构改造应用
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张俊1 , 金诗雪2, 云倩2, 瞿旭东1
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学张江高等研究院,上海 201204
  • 2 复旦大学药学院,上海 201203
  • 张俊(1992—),女,博士后。研究方向为聚酮化合物的生物合成与结构改造。E-mail:

通讯作者:

瞿旭东(1980—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为天然产物生物合成与生物催化,通过生物合成与化学合成结合的方式,发展针对各类天然产物骨架的普适、高效的合成与编辑策略,用于拓展结构多样性和提高药物的生产效率,实现对天然产物资源的深度开发及天然药物的高效创制。E-mail:
Biosynthesis of the unnatural extender units with polyketides and their structural modifications for applications in medicines
Jun ZHANG1 , Shixue JIN2, Qian YUN2, Xudong QU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 201204,China
  • 2 School of Pharmacy,Fudan University,Shanghai 201203,China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-093
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聚酮天然产物包括10 000多种具有广泛生物活性的分子,是获批临床药物中最著名的类别之一。已知活性先导化合物通常需要经过结构修饰改良其吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等特性,从而促进成药开发,但针对聚酮化合物的结构修饰极具挑战,需要应对聚酮骨架中大量的立体中心以及多个惰性碳原子,导致化学合成手段难以对聚酮骨架进行精准和高效的衍生化,因此,通过合成生物学方法实现其结构优化就成为了研究者们关注的热点。自然界中,绝大多数聚酮化合物主要由简单的乙酸盐和丙酸盐结构单元通过聚酮合酶组装而成,而少数存在的具有特殊结构单元的聚酮案例给了研究者以灵感——通过设置和引入非天然结构单元从而有选择性地高效改造聚酮结构。聚酮骨架的生物合成有赖于一个起始单元与多个延伸单元的组装,因此,通过人工设计延伸单元向聚酮引入预期结构被认为是精准高效改造聚酮的有力突破点。本文在此总结了近十年来报道的聚酮非天然延伸单元的三种重要的酶促合成方法,通过挖掘新颖的延伸单元合成酶并探索其底物宽泛性,或利用酶工程手段改造延伸单元合成酶的底物催化范围,获得了大量自然界不存在的延伸单元。此外,本文还归纳了利用非天然延伸单元对聚酮结构进行改造的案例,借助聚酮的天然合成途径或利用改造的合成途径达到预期目的。最后,作者讨论了该研究领域内存在的一些制约因素以及可优化的研究方向,包括聚酮合酶对非天然延伸单元的兼容性问题、非天然延伸单元的前体供给等。近年来,利用非天然延伸单元改造聚酮结构的研究兴趣和热度日益高涨,本文绘制了一份基于延伸单元改造聚酮结构研究的简明清晰的图谱,期望为加速聚酮类药物的高效开发打下坚实基础。

天然产物  /  聚酮化合物  /  聚酮合酶  /  延伸单元  /  生物合成  /  酶工程

The natural products polyketides include over 10 000 molecules with a wide range of bioactivities and are among the most prominent classes of approved clinical agents. Usually, active lead compounds require structural modifications to improve their assimilation, distribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as to facilitate the drug development process. However, due to the large number of stereocenters and inert carbon atoms, it is challenging for chemical synthesis to accurately and efficiently derive polyketide scaffolds, making their biological synthesis for structural optimization of the polyketides a hot topic. In nature, the majority of polyketides are assembled from simple the building blocks acetate and propionate catalyzed by polyketide synthases, but a few polyketides with special building blocks provide inspiration for researchers to introduce unnatural building blocks selectively into the scaffolds of polyketides for their structure modifications. Polyketides can be built with predictable biosynthetic logic, each module of a modular polyketide synthase elongates the product backbone with two carbons by synergetic actions of its three essential domains: ketosynthase, acyltransferase and acyl carrier protein. The acyltransferase domain selects for and loads a carboxyacyl-Coenzyme A extender unit for the phosphopantetheinyl modification of the acyl carrier protein domain, whereas the ketosynthase domain then uses the extender unit to elongate the growing polyketide intermediate, before passing it to the following module. Given the hierarchical domain and module organization of the type Ⅰ modular PKSs that make these molecules, gene sequences and product structures are directly connected such that changes can be introduced site-selectively into the molecule by targeting building blocks and promiscuous acyltransferase domain with the corresponding domain. Besides, the biosynthesis of polyketide scaffolds depends on the assembly of a starter unit and variable extender units, therefore, introducing anticipated structures into the polyketides through incorporating the artificial extender units is considered as a powerful breakthrough for precise and effective modifications of the polyketides. This review summarizes three important enzymatic synthesis methods for unnatural polyketides extender units reported within the past decade. As results, a large number of unnatural extender units have been obtained through mining novel extender unit synthetase and exploring their substrates, or using enzyme engineering methods to modify the substrate spectrum. Also, this review comments on the cases of modifying polyketide structures using unnatural extender units to achieve the desired derivatives either through the natural synthetic pathway of polyketides or by utilizing modified synthetic pathways. Finally, we discuss some challenges existing in this research field and potential solutions for better applications of polyketides, including the compatibility issue of polyketides synthase with unnatural extender units, precursor supply for unnatural extender units, and etc. In recent years, interest and enthusiasm for the modifications of polyketides using unnatural extender moieties have increased dramatically, and our review draws a concise and clear map for the research of polyketide structure modifications by artificial extender units, with an expectation of laying a solid foundation for accelerating the development of polyketides drugs.

natural products  /  polyketides  /  polyketide synthase  /  extender units  /  biosynthesis  /  enzyme engineering
张俊, 金诗雪, 云倩, 瞿旭东. 聚酮化合物非天然延伸单元的生物合成与结构改造应用. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (3) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-093
Jun ZHANG, Shixue JIN, Qian YUN, Xudong QU. Biosynthesis of the unnatural extender units with polyketides and their structural modifications for applications in medicines[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (3) : 561 -570 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-093
聚酮(polyketide,PK)类天然产物数量庞大并具有多种重要生物活性,如抗菌、抗癌和降胆固醇等,现已诞生了多个临床使用的重磅药物[图1(a)1-2。为了开发活性天然产物来源的药物,通常要对天然产物进行结构修饰或衍生化改造,以提升药效、减弱毒性或改善药代动力学过程等3-4。然而PK天然产物包含大量的立体化学中心与惰性碳原子,导致化学方法对其进行全合成或衍生化极具挑战,因而,研究人员积极致力于利用合成生物学手段温和高效地衍生化PK分子5,以促进PK类药物的开发。
尽管新颖的PK生物合成途径仍在不断发现中6-7,但PK基本的合成范式已被阐明8-11。PK通过聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)催化简单小分子羧酸的连续脱羧克莱森缩合(decarboxylative Claisen condensation)构建核心骨架:“最小PKS模块”包括酰基转移酶(acyltransferase,AT)结构域(识别和选取延伸单元)、酰基载体蛋白(acyl carrier protein,ACP)结构域(挂载聚酮链或延伸单元)、酮缩合酶(ketosynthase,KS)结构域 (催化C—C键形成引起碳链延伸),负责一轮2C碳链延伸。不定的修饰结构域如酮还原酶(ketoreductase,KR)、脱水酶(dehydratase,DH)、烯基还原酶(enoylreductase,ER)参与控制β酮羰基的氧化还原状态以及α/β-C上取代基的立体构型,组装完的碳链由硫酯酶(thioesterase,TE)结构域以环化或水解方式释放。后修饰酶如细胞色素P450酶、糖基转移酶、酰基转移酶等进一步赋予PK分子的结构多样性,并完成整个生物合成过程[图1(b)]。
PK天然产物的结构变化由合成途径中的多个步骤决定,包括起始单元和延伸单元结构、延伸单元的数量、β酮羰基氧化状态与立体构型变化、链释放方式以及后修饰酶的催化加工等12-15。作为聚酮骨架的主要来源,延伸单元被认为极大程度地决定了聚酮的结构多样性和化学复杂性。如在聚酮链组装过程中引入精心设计的延伸单元,可以将特定的结构添加到聚酮骨架中,达到高效衍生聚酮天然产物的目的并能精准定向修饰聚酮骨架,因而是获得多样化聚酮类物候选分子的理想手段1316-17。本文在此总结了近十年来的聚酮非天然延伸单元的酶促合成方法及其在聚酮结构改造中的应用,期望为加速聚酮类药物开发提供研究思路。
天然延伸单元的结构形式通常为丙二酰辅酶A(coenzyme A,CoA)或丙二酰ACP类衍生物[图2(a)],其中一个羧基通过硫酯化反应起到活化小分子酸的作用,另一个羧基则在KS催化C—C键形成时离去以提供反应所需的烯醇负离子8。结构中,C-2位取代基为可变基团,是经由延伸单元衍生化聚酮分子的关键。此外,在立体构型上,丙二酰CoA类延伸单元的C-2位取代基均为S构型,而丙二酰ACP类延伸单元的C-2位取代基既存在S构型也存在R构型,这与下游AT结构域对底物的立体选择性识别紧密相关8。另外,近期有研究报道了一个新颖的丙二酸类似物延伸单元,其无需进行CoA或ACP连接,并由一个非典型的氨酰基转移酶(aminoacyl transferase)催化碳链延伸18
丙二酰ACP类延伸单元仅在较少的聚酮合成途径中被报道19-21,其合成途径为一个多酶催化体系13,并且十分保守,目前还没有新颖的非天然丙二酰ACP类延伸单元经由生物合成途径获得,但该类延伸单元天然存在的活泼基团引人关注,如Zwittermicin生物合成中的2-氨基丙二酰ACP与2-羟基丙二酰ACP延伸单元18,不仅引入了氢键受体,还提供了一个后续化学半合成的“手柄”。目前,人工设计合成的丙二酰ACP类非天然延伸单元仅有一篇经由化学合成的案例被报道,且未能成功用于聚酮骨架改造22。这可能是由于下游AT对该类延伸单元的识别和上载是高度专一的,但已报道的识别丙二酰ACP类延伸单元的AT结构域其催化特征尚不明确,涉及蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的底物识别、上载机制还有待系统性阐明23-24。最近,第一例识别丙二酰ACP类延伸单元的AT晶体结构被报道出来,为PK生物合成中丙二酰ACP类延伸单元的识别与上载提供了分子层面的见解25
目前,非天然延伸单元的设计与合成主要是集中于丙二酰CoA类衍生物,通过PK生物合成途径引入人工设计的该类延伸单元已成功改造了多个PK天然产物,针对这一研究热点,本文进行了重点回顾和总结。
自然界中,生物体主要利用三种酶催化途径合成丙二酰CoA类化合物,分别为丙二酰合酶(malonyl-CoA synthetase,MCS)、巴豆酰辅酶A还原/羧化酶(crotonyl-CoA reductase/carboxylase,CCRC)以及酰基辅酶A羧化酶(acyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC)[图2(b)]。三种合成路径中,ACC与CCRC的催化前体需首先经过硫酯活化形成酰基CoA,利用化学合成酰基CoA相对耗时,而通过添加酰基CoA连接酶(acyl-CoA ligase,ACL)可以在一锅法酶促反应中原位生成。近期,研究人员报道了一例强大的分子工具UkaQFAV[26,可以高效催化近40种受试小分子羧酸的硫酯化反应,从而快速有效地解决延伸单元合成酶的底物活化问题。通过探索延伸单元合成酶的底物宽泛性,或利用酶工程手段设计并改造延伸单元合成酶,研究人员成功获得了多种自然界未发现的丙二酰CoA类延伸单元。
丙二酰合酶MatB是最早应用于聚酮延伸单元合成的分子工具27,但在报道之初仅催化合成丙二酰辅酶A(malonyl coenzyme A,M-CoA)和甲基丙二酰辅酶A(methylmalonyl coenzyme A,MM-CoA)两种简单的天然延伸单元产物。2001年,Khosla及其同事28利用方法化学合成了多种丙二酸衍生物,在对Rhizobium trifolii来源的MatB进行催化活性测试后,获得了一系列R取代的延伸单元产物,包括乙基、丙基、烯丙基、异丙基、二甲基、环丙基、环丙基亚甲基、环丁基和苄基侧链,但普遍存在催化活性较低的问题(≤20%)(图3),且R取代基均较小,这可能与酶的天然催化口袋有关,能容纳的底物体积大小有限。2011年,Keatinge-Clay课题组29通过对Streptomyces coelicolor中的MatB进行研究,发现其不仅能够合成多种CoA连接的烷基丙二酰CoA延伸单元,同时还可以识别两种CoA类似物,泛硫乙胺(pantetheine,Pant)和N-乙酰半胱胺(N-acetylcysteamine,SNAC)(图3)。另外,MatB与产物复合物的晶体结构还揭示出MM-CoA的α-取代基为R构型,因而MatB催化的延伸单元产物还需要额外的差向异构化过程以形成下游AT可识别的S构型底物,这可以通过酸性条件下的自发差向异构化或酶催化的差向异构化来实现。
不同于MCS合成较小的C-2位取代基延伸单元,CCRC家族成员可以催化长达C6取代基的延伸单元产物,但其直到2007年才首次被报道30,随后被大量挖掘出来。2012年,针对大量涌现的这类新颖的延伸单元合成酶,Moore和Wilson16做了详尽的回顾和总结。在这之后,功能更强大的CCRC又进一步被挖掘出来,非核糖体肽合成酶-聚酮合酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase,NRPS-PKS)杂合产物Antimycin生物合成基因簇中的antE编码产物是迄今为止最具底物杂泛性的CCRC类延伸单元合成酶31,除了能催化合成多种天然烷基取代侧链延伸单元外,研究人员通过生化试验还获得了十余种多样化C-2位取代基的非天然延伸单元产物,如卤素、烯基、炔基等,且产物C-2位取代基的碳链链长覆盖极广,从C3~C8长度均可合成(图3),是延伸单元合成酶工具箱的有力补充。但CCRC对不饱和底物的要求、产生还原型副产物可能会对PK体外合成研究带来不便。针对这一问题,Erb课题组设计了一种巧妙的酶促合成途径,在CCRC催化体系中联合使用酰基CoA氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase),持续消耗还原型副产物转化为CCRC的底物,在理论上可以避免还原型副产物的分流和浪费32
与MCS类似,早期报道的ACC也仅能合成简单的M-CoA与MM-CoA产物,但最近国内外课题组报道了两例新颖的链霉菌来源ACC合成PK非典型延伸单元33-34,体外酶催化实验揭示出该类延伸单元合成酶具备宽泛的底物选择性,可以高效合成多样化PK延伸单元。总体而言,新型ACC合成延伸单元的范围与CCRC大致相当(图3),但其不依赖双键底物、不产生副产物的优势为其应用和开发带来了便利。目前,原核生物来源的ACC蛋白均存在多亚基特征,体外酶促反应需要多个亚基共同协作;有趣的是,Tong课题组35报道了1例真核生物来源的单链多结构域ACC,体外鉴定发现其高度偏好催化长链酰基CoA底物,C-2位取代基链长达C14。由于取代基链长远远超出AT催化口袋大小8,它们目前还难以作为适配性的延伸单元引入聚酮合成途径。
酶催化底物范围受到结合口袋的限制,通过结构解析结合理性设计的酶工程手段往往可以针对性改造结合口袋,进而拓宽酶催化底物的范围,并在一定程度上提升酶催化活性36-37。2011年,Williams课题组38基于已报道的S. coelicolor MatB晶体结构28及其参与底物识别的关键残基,将其与R. trifolii MatB氨基酸序列进行比对后,找到R. trifolii MatB中对应位置的关键残基Thr207与Met306,通过建立两个关键位点的饱和突变体文库,筛选获得了突变体MatBM306I,其催化合成2-乙基丙二酰CoA和2-烯丙基丙二酰CoA延伸单元的能力均有明显提升。2013年,该课题组又进一步利用多样化C-2位取代基丙二酸底物测试饱和突变体以及组合突变体文库,得到了催化性能突出的组合突变体MatBT207G/M306I,能高效合成多种R取代的丙二酰CoA类延伸单元(62%~92%)(图339,包括苯基、丁基丙二酸等较大体积的取代基,有效拓展了MatB的延伸单元合成范围。
2015年,Abe与刘文课题组40合作报道了AntE结合NADP的复合物晶体结构,与催化辛烯酰CoA的CinF-底物-NADP复合物晶体结构41进行比对发现,CinF中控制底物大小的关键残基Gly362在AntE中被体积较大的Val350取代。对该位点进行饱和突变后测试吲哚丙烯酰CoA和对羟基苯丙烯酰CoA底物,结果显示,突变体AntEV350G可以催化吲哚丙烯酸CoA的羧化,突变体AntEV350A能识别对羟基苯丙烯酰CoA底物,显著扩大了野生型AntE的底物催化范围(图3)。此外,体内实验结果显示AntEV350G还能合成含噻唑取代基的延伸单元,但可能由于相应不饱和底物难以获取,因而未在体外表征该延伸单元的合成。
延伸单元合成酶的开发为PK生物合成提供了多样化的合成砌块,将这些人工设计的合成砌块引入PK结构可以温和高效地编辑PK,但延伸单元的选取受到“守门人”AT结构域的把关11,因而非天然延伸单元向PK结构引入一般需要联合天然存在的或工程改造后的底物杂泛性AT结构域。
PK生物合成中,多个同系物PK结构通常暗示着底物杂泛性AT结构域和延伸单元合成酶的存在。因此,研究人员可以利用该类天然的生物合成途径,向PK产生菌饲喂非天然延伸单元的小分子羧酸前体,通过发酵生产即可获得相应的聚酮衍生化物。与延伸单元的体外酶促合成过程一样,进入细胞的小分子羧酸或其酯化形式前体(经酶催化水解后释放羧基)由ACL催化硫酯化反应活化,进一步羧化得到丙二酰CoA延伸单元产物。值得一提的是,尽管CCRC在体外只能识别α,β-不饱和底物,但由于饱和羧酸可以经体内β-氧化途径去饱和后形成CCRC底物,因而可被催化形成相应延伸单元产物。近十年来,利用非天然延伸单元羧酸前体饲喂方法,多个课题组改造了antimycin、stambomycin、armeniaspirol等一系列聚酮天然产物结构3133-3440图4),对PK分子特定位置的侧链进行了衍生化和修饰,且能通过发酵生产分离纯化到足够量的产品进行核磁结构确证。此外,通过将天然底物杂泛性的AT结构域和延伸单元合成酶移植到kitaniitetronin和JBIR-06的生物合成途径,研究人员也获得了多个衍生物结构42-43图4)。
聚酮天然产物具备结构上的复杂性和刚性等优势,但相对缺少化药小分子的官能团多样性和元素多样性,将二者结合可以显著扩大天然分子的化学空间,是加速聚酮药物开发的有效策略。性能突出的案例如氟元素,其体积小、电负性高,可以与大分子靶标高亲和力结合,同时还能优化分子的药代动力学特性,因此被广泛用于调节小分子的化学和生物活性。早在2013年,Chang课题组44利用MatB已合成出了含氟延伸单元,并成功将其引入PK片段,证明了利用延伸单元制造含氟PK衍生物的可能性。但由于天然AT结构域对2-氟丙二酰CoA延伸单元仅有微弱的识别活性,当时未能获得完整的含氟PK天然产物。近期,该课题组利用定向进化手段,筛选出反式DszAT对2-氟丙二酰CoA高偏好性的突变体DszATF190V,不仅能在体外合成出氟化6-dEB衍生物,还可通过DEBS系统在大肠杆菌宿主中生产氟化6-dEB产物,并纯化到了足够的产物量进行核磁结构确证(图545。无独有偶,同为2022年,Grininger课题组46应用AT嵌合体策略也成功将氟元素引入PK结构,通过替换PKS的天然AT与后生动物Ⅰ型脂肪酸合酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)的底物杂泛性AT,产生的PKS/FAS杂合体可以利用2-氟丙二酰CoA和2-氟-2-甲基丙二酰CoA延伸单元进行聚酮碳链组装,从而获得了十二元大环和十四元大环内酯氟化衍生物(图5),并进行了核磁结构确证。
天然产物是新药的重要源泉,贡献了约60%的小分子药物3。聚酮化合物作为六大天然产物类型中的一个重要类型,总计包含了10 000多个化合物,成员普遍具有重要的活性和成药潜力。然而,即便具备高度的成药潜力,绝大部分天然产物(约90%)仍需结构优化后方能成药,因此,结构改造对聚酮成药至关重要。由于聚酮结构高度复杂,且骨架中包含大量惰性碳原子,化学方法难以对聚酮碳骨架进行选择性修饰,因而聚酮骨架的直接改造极具挑战。相对于化学方法,生物合成方法具有更高的选择性和实用性,尤其是基于延伸单元合成的改造策略,也是目前最有效的编辑聚酮碳骨架的方法。通过向PKS装配线引入人工设计的合成砌块能够温和高效并精准定向地改造和衍生化PK。未来,利用延伸单元改造PK结构的想象空间具备了无限可能,高度多样化的PK衍生物结构为PK类药物开发打下了坚实的基础。
尽管通过直接饲喂非天然延伸单元前体方式可以便捷地修改聚酮侧链,但该策略的使用高度依赖于PK生物合成途径中天然存在的少数底物杂泛性AT,然而PKS中绝大多数AT均存在底物严谨识别的特性,无法接受非天然延伸单元或仅以极低的效率选取预期延伸单元底物。又由于AT结构域置换策略往往会破坏天然结构域之间的交流,导致改造失败或产物产量大幅下降,难以达成预期效果。因此,通过AT酶工程改造手段拓宽AT结构域的底物杂泛性可以有效解决该瓶颈问题,高效引入人工设计的延伸单元,并提升PK结构改造的成功率。近期,第一例底物杂泛性SpnD-AT的晶体结构已被解析出来47,为后续AT的结构改造提供了分子层面的见解。此外,科学家还致力于建立AT结构域的高效开发平台48-50。另外,在PK衍生物的生产中,非天然延伸单元前体的供给也是值得关注的方面。国内外两个课题组通过向DA产生菌引入苄基丙二酰CoA和2-己炔基丙二酰CoA延伸单元的从头合成途径,有效解决了非天然延伸单元的前体供应问题51-52,为聚酮衍生物的合成生物学制造方案提供了范例参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(32200033)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-093
  • 接收时间:2023-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-30
  • 修回日期:2024-01-08
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(32200033)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学张江高等研究院,上海 201204
    2 复旦大学药学院,上海 201203

通讯作者:

瞿旭东(1980—),男,教授,博士生导师。研究方向为天然产物生物合成与生物催化,通过生物合成与化学合成结合的方式,发展针对各类天然产物骨架的普适、高效的合成与编辑策略,用于拓展结构多样性和提高药物的生产效率,实现对天然产物资源的深度开发及天然药物的高效创制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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