Article(id=1148993607576641980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696867200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-10, revisedDate=1702396800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871023315, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1709136000000, pubDateStr=2024-02-29, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871023315, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871023314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871023314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993605936669114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='216', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871022923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057333139, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149775047658791591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149775047658791592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993605936669114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=144, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149999703094603955, articleId=1148993607576641980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Application prospects of synthetic bacterial communities with emergent functions in crop breeding, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In agroecosystems, microorganisms have rich, diverse, and complex ecological functions, so-called emergent properties, which refer to novel characteristics that emerge in complicated systems as their complexity increases. Interestingly, although emergent functions originate from the joint action of multiple species, the number of species required for triggering such a phenomenon is not so large, typically less than ten. This not only provides the possibility of using synthetic bacterial communities (SynComs) to explore the generation of emergent functions, but also makes it possible to use SynComs to modify the symbiotic microbiota of plant hosts. Seed microbiome, which consists of the earliest microbial residents of a plant, has much simpler community structures compared with either rhizosphere or phyllosphere microbiome. Considering the priority effect, however, it is believed that the seed microbiome plays an important role in the evolution and assembly of plant symbiotic microbial communities, which is currently overlooked. Under particular conditions, even if the members of the seed microbiome have become rare species or disappeared in the later stage, they may still affect the development of plant symbiotic microbiome with legacy effect. Notably, limited by the dry and oligotrophic microhabitat conditions, biofilms should be the main morphology for the microbes existing on the surface of and inside seeds. Applying functional synthetic microbial communities as the seed coatings or biofilms may be the most effective intervention strategy for plant microbiome manipulations, as it targets the most critical period of the early development of plant-associated microbiota. In the context of smart agriculture, the integration of seed chip technologies and drone intelligent platforms could facilitate the high-throughput field characterization and application of SynComs, enabling the discovery of functional SynComs with specific emergent properties that work with plant seeds. Therefore, the application of synthetic bacterial biofilms, or coatings, provides a feasible approach, and is expected to bring breakthrough for the development of microbe-crop breeding technology.

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在农业生态系统中,微生物具有丰富多样的复杂生态学功能,这些功能的产生具有涌现性。所谓涌现性,指的是复杂系统中随着系统复杂性增加产生的新特性。有趣的是,虽然涌现性功能源于多物种的共同作用,但是所需物种数量通常较少。这不但为利用合成菌群探究涌现性功能的产生提供了可能,而且还为应用合成菌群改造植物菌群提供了抓手。种子菌群作为植物最早的微生物群落,其所包含的微生物具有多样性相对较低的特点。但是,其在植物共生菌群的演化过程中却具有重要作用。此外,受限于种子干燥、贫营养的微生境条件,生物膜是微生物在种子表面和内部存在的主要形式。因此,本文提出以有涌现性功能的合成微生物群落为种子包衣,或可成为在植物微生物组调控中最关键时间节点、最易于开展阶段的有效干预途径。在此基础上,分别从宿主和菌群角度介绍了调控种子菌群涌现性功能的潜在因素。在智慧农业的场景下,通过与种子芯片技术、无人智能化平台的结合,或可在农田中实现合成菌群的大规模施用和功能动态实时监测,为发掘具有特定功能的合成微生物群落、开展基于种子合成菌群生物膜包衣的应用提供可行途径,进而有望为微生物-作物联合育种技术的发展带来重大变革。

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蔡鹏(1980—),男,教授,国家杰出青年基金和优秀青年基金获得者。研究方向为土壤生物膜与环境健康。 E-mail:
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高春辉(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为合成微生物群落的功能和调控机制。 E-mail:

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高春辉(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为合成微生物群落的功能和调控机制。 E-mail:

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Above: plant host related factors; Bottom: factors of a synthetic community (Note: Environmental factors play a role in regulating emergent functions of the seed microbiome, but here they are not discussed.)

, figureFileSmall=X0QM2tPj5uuADknmN2A+WQ==, figureFileBig=adh3tvYa8CD+/P23mptP6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675108340343775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993607576641980, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=调节种子菌群涌现性功能的潜在因子

上:植物宿主相关因素;下:菌群自身因素(注意:环境因子在调节种子菌群涌现性功能上也有作用,但不属于本文探讨的内容,因此并未涉及)

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有涌现性功能的合成菌群在作物育种上的应用前景
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高春辉 1 , 杨宁 2 , 王创 1 , 侯时季 2 , 严建兵 2, 3 , 郑金水 4 , 李锦 1 , 吴尘聊 1 , 蔡鹏 1
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(1): 144-153
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(1): 144-153
有涌现性功能的合成菌群在作物育种上的应用前景
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高春辉1 , 杨宁2, 王创1, 侯时季2, 严建兵2, 3, 郑金水4, 李锦1, 吴尘聊1, 蔡鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 华中农业大学资源与环境学院,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,作物遗传改良全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3 湖北省洪山实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 4 华中农业大学信息学院,微生物农药国家工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 高春辉(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师。研究方向为合成微生物群落的功能和调控机制。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

蔡鹏(1980—),男,教授,国家杰出青年基金和优秀青年基金获得者。研究方向为土壤生物膜与环境健康。 E-mail:
Application prospects of synthetic bacterial communities with emergent functions in crop breeding
Chunhui GAO1 , Ning YANG2, Chuang WANG1, Shiji HOU2, Jianbing YAN2, 3, Jinshui ZHENG4, Jin LI1, Chenliao WU1, Peng CAI1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology,College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China
  • 2 National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement,College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China
  • 3 Hongshan Laboratory of Hubei Province,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China
  • 4 National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides,College of Informatics,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China
出版时间: 2024-02-29 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-073
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在农业生态系统中,微生物具有丰富多样的复杂生态学功能,这些功能的产生具有涌现性。所谓涌现性,指的是复杂系统中随着系统复杂性增加产生的新特性。有趣的是,虽然涌现性功能源于多物种的共同作用,但是所需物种数量通常较少。这不但为利用合成菌群探究涌现性功能的产生提供了可能,而且还为应用合成菌群改造植物菌群提供了抓手。种子菌群作为植物最早的微生物群落,其所包含的微生物具有多样性相对较低的特点。但是,其在植物共生菌群的演化过程中却具有重要作用。此外,受限于种子干燥、贫营养的微生境条件,生物膜是微生物在种子表面和内部存在的主要形式。因此,本文提出以有涌现性功能的合成微生物群落为种子包衣,或可成为在植物微生物组调控中最关键时间节点、最易于开展阶段的有效干预途径。在此基础上,分别从宿主和菌群角度介绍了调控种子菌群涌现性功能的潜在因素。在智慧农业的场景下,通过与种子芯片技术、无人智能化平台的结合,或可在农田中实现合成菌群的大规模施用和功能动态实时监测,为发掘具有特定功能的合成微生物群落、开展基于种子合成菌群生物膜包衣的应用提供可行途径,进而有望为微生物-作物联合育种技术的发展带来重大变革。

植物-微生物互作  /  种子菌群  /  生物膜  /  合成微生物群落  /  涌现性

In agroecosystems, microorganisms have rich, diverse, and complex ecological functions, so-called emergent properties, which refer to novel characteristics that emerge in complicated systems as their complexity increases. Interestingly, although emergent functions originate from the joint action of multiple species, the number of species required for triggering such a phenomenon is not so large, typically less than ten. This not only provides the possibility of using synthetic bacterial communities (SynComs) to explore the generation of emergent functions, but also makes it possible to use SynComs to modify the symbiotic microbiota of plant hosts. Seed microbiome, which consists of the earliest microbial residents of a plant, has much simpler community structures compared with either rhizosphere or phyllosphere microbiome. Considering the priority effect, however, it is believed that the seed microbiome plays an important role in the evolution and assembly of plant symbiotic microbial communities, which is currently overlooked. Under particular conditions, even if the members of the seed microbiome have become rare species or disappeared in the later stage, they may still affect the development of plant symbiotic microbiome with legacy effect. Notably, limited by the dry and oligotrophic microhabitat conditions, biofilms should be the main morphology for the microbes existing on the surface of and inside seeds. Applying functional synthetic microbial communities as the seed coatings or biofilms may be the most effective intervention strategy for plant microbiome manipulations, as it targets the most critical period of the early development of plant-associated microbiota. In the context of smart agriculture, the integration of seed chip technologies and drone intelligent platforms could facilitate the high-throughput field characterization and application of SynComs, enabling the discovery of functional SynComs with specific emergent properties that work with plant seeds. Therefore, the application of synthetic bacterial biofilms, or coatings, provides a feasible approach, and is expected to bring breakthrough for the development of microbe-crop breeding technology.

plant-microbiome interaction  /  seed microbiome  /  synthetic community  /  emergent property
高春辉, 杨宁, 王创, 侯时季, 严建兵, 郑金水, 李锦, 吴尘聊, 蔡鹏. 有涌现性功能的合成菌群在作物育种上的应用前景. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (1) : 144 -153 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-073
Chunhui GAO, Ning YANG, Chuang WANG, Shiji HOU, Jianbing YAN, Jinshui ZHENG, Jin LI, Chenliao WU, Peng CAI. Application prospects of synthetic bacterial communities with emergent functions in crop breeding[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (1) : 144 -153 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-073
过去十多年来,人们逐渐认识到微生物群落几乎与所有多细胞生物体相关,对宿主的健康和发育有巨大影响,这被认为是生物学界最重要的科学发现之一1-2。微生物组的影响通常是由多个物种的联合作用介导的,既不是单个物种的功能,也不是多个物种功能的简单相加,而是由于系统复杂性的增加而产生的新特性,因此被称为是微生物组的“涌现性特征”(emergent property)3-4
作为复杂的生态系统,微生物群落的涌现性特征在塑造群落的结构和生态学功能方面发挥了关键作用,与微生物群落的恢复力、生态位扩张和空间自组织等现象的产生密切相关4。微生物群落与植物互作的研究已经证明群落的涌现性特征可以在植物的生长、营养的吸收、抗病抗逆性能等多个方面发挥重要调节功能25
菌群的涌现性特征,是群落内物种之间通过相互作用、代谢偶联、结构和功能分化,在系统层面产生的新功能,不能被单独的一个或少数几个物种的功能代替。因此,具有涌现性的功能很难通过先验知识预测。例如,早在20世纪初就已经有抑病土壤的报道6,通过移植“抑病型土壤”到“导病型土壤”,能够保护植物免受病原体侵袭7;然而,从抑病型土壤中提取的生防菌在单菌接种后却经常出现存活率低、抑菌效果不理想的现象8。需要指出的是,整体移植虽然保留了菌群涌现性特征,但也不可避免地引入了高冗余度,带来了一些潜在的生态与环境风险。因此,发展绿色可持续农业必然要求进一步认识植物-微生物相互作用,发掘、利用有涌现性特征的,即“小而精”且具备有益功能的人工合成微生物群落9-10
本文主要探讨利用合成菌群改造种子菌群的理念,阐释利用简单合成菌群发挥有益微生物功能的立足点,剖析如何通过研究菌群涌现性功能的产生机制提高对合成菌群的理性设计能力,并在此基础上讨论植物-微生物联合育种的潜在途径。
合成菌群被认为是促进有益的宿主(人类、动物或植物)-微生物相互作用的理想工程化途径之一10-11。特别对于在土壤中生长的植物来说,微生物在原生态位上相互作用模式太复杂,很难在原位条件下进行研究。在人为可控的条件下借助人工合成菌群开展研究,就有可能对植物-微生物互作动态过程进行定量评估12,发现某些涌现性特征的产生机制13
合成菌群一方面增加了实验的可控性,容易得到一些明确的认识,另一方面,更为重要的是人们发现菌群的特定功能只需要少数几个物种组合就可以产生。例如:牛犇等14构建的由7种生防细菌组成的合成菌群可有效抑制玉米苗枯病的发生;由7个物种组成的合成菌群就能够促使玉米杂交种表现出预期的杂种优势15;在拟南芥中接种由根茎枯草芽孢杆菌、解淀粉类芽孢杆菌、氧化微杆菌和逆曲折杆菌组成的4物种合成菌群,可以产生大量的生物膜并显著提高拟南芥在遭受21 d干旱之后的存活率16;西北农林科技大学韦革宏教授团队8使用从患根腐病黄芪根际分离得到的微生物,先构建了一个含有13株菌的合成菌群,后又将其简化至仅含有4株菌,均可实现防控黄芪根腐病的目的。上述研究表明,“小而精”的菌群客观上是存在的,从而为开展合成菌群的工程化应用奠定了基础,也为利用合成菌群操纵植物-微生物互作,支撑农业绿色发展提供了新路径5
利用合成菌群体系研究涌现性特征的另一个重要原因是微观尺度下微生物在自然环境中本身亦是以小群体存在的17。以土壤为例,虽然总体的微生物生物量很高2,但是土壤中拥有更加丰富的界面,微生物所占的面积可能只占亿分之一18,且主要以生物膜的形式异质性地分布在根际、有机质、矿物和团聚体等区域19-20。此外,复杂菌群在微生境条件下具有收敛演化的现象也普遍存在21-22,最终的结果无疑将使相应的菌群结构简化。对真实土壤进行切片观察的结果同样显示:土壤中微生物群落的作用半径通常只有数十微米,仅能作用数百细胞以及更少的物种23。这些证据都表明,自然环境中的微生物功能单位可能与合成菌群的结构一样简单,而宏观尺度下微生物的复杂功能本质上就是通过微尺度下的“微群落”或者“合成菌群”产生的。因此,合成菌群不仅是一种研究涌现性特征的手段1124,也是构建在自然环境中具有特定功能微生物群落的有效途径25
种子菌群包括细菌、真菌、古菌等各种类群:细菌以变形菌门为主,真菌以子囊菌门为主,古菌以奇古菌门与广古菌门为主26。种子菌群的构建受到土壤类型、植物品种、母本种子内生、植物驯化过程、植物基因型、地理因素、空气、传粉者等多种因素的影响26。因为种子菌群的生物多样性相对于土壤、根际菌群要低得多,且相对于结构更加稳定的土壤、根际菌群而言,对种子菌群进行消杀和移植等操作非常便捷,所以种子菌群是调控植物菌群时最易于开展的对象。
在微生物群落的构建过程中,物种到达的先后顺序是群落最终组成和结构的重要决定因素之一,即优先效应(priority effect)27。受优先效应的影响(图1),植物-微生物的互作关系建立在植物生命的初期,受种子菌群的影响很大27。例如,在水稻幼苗中,保留了源于种子的91种细菌和11种真菌,且其中大多数保留在根部组织中28。种子菌群可以从不同的来源获得,包括母体、同种和非同种接种(例如来自土壤、非同种植物或地衣),可发生在种子的成熟、储存、播种等各个阶段,其中母体贡献的菌群在种子的整个生命周期中持续存在,是塑造植物相关菌群的重要因素29
在人体中,婴幼儿时期的肠道菌群对健康的影响异常深远,与成年后发生的肥胖、糖尿病、自身免疫缺陷疾病等均有相关性乃至因果联系1,植物菌群同样如此。2019年韦中等30的一项研究表明,土传病原菌入侵作物的能力与苗期土壤中病原菌的数量及土壤理化性质无关,而与苗期根际菌群结构密切相关,菌群中的假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌在此过程中起关键作用。2021年美国科罗拉多大学Fierer团队31的一项成果进一步明确了通过调节种子初生菌群操纵幼苗微生物组的可行性。该研究中,在保持其他环境因素不变的情况下,作者用219种不同的土壤浆液接种同一品种小麦种子,使用组织培养法确定了种子、土壤和幼苗细菌群落的组成,结果发现尽管种子微生物组对幼苗微生物组的贡献是可变的,会受到土壤细菌群落的影响,但是与幼苗微生物组最相关的还是种子衍生的微生物群落。这些证据表明,通过改变种子菌群来改善植物健康不仅是可行的,而且还可能是一个调控植物微生物组的关键方法。
当前,以种子菌群涌现性特征或功能为重点的研究十分欠缺,人们对于利用多种微生物构建一个有功能的合成菌群时需要遵循的指导原则也缺乏了解。不过,关于植物宿主-共生微生物相互作用的研究较多,已经揭示了植物不同微生境中微生物功能的发挥会受到某些共同因素(如植物代谢物、生物多样性、种间互作关系等)的影响,而其中许多被证明可影响植物共生微生物的涌现性功能32-35。有理由相信,这些能够影响植物共生微生物功能的因素,同样适用于种子菌群涌现性功能的调控,具体概括如图1
植物在整个发育阶段都会释放根系分泌物(如有机酸、糖类和次生代谢物),可达光合产物总量的10%~40%36-37;植物根系分泌物中的活性化学成分和微生物的底物偏好性协同驱动根际菌群的组装38。此外,植物的一些分泌物可以作为信号分子调节植物菌群,宿主免疫系统还存在一些菌群调节机制等39-41。例如,在铁限制条件下,植物分泌的香豆素可以作为植物与微生物群落相互作用的有利媒介,通过改变根系微生物群落的组成,介导植物对铁的吸收和调节植物免疫39。拟南芥中的FERONIA受体激酶通过调节根内活性氧水平促进荧光假单胞杆菌在根际富集,进而塑造一个可遗传的、具有抗病活性的根际菌群40。植物中的转录因子RIN可以通过调节根系分泌物改变招募的共生菌群结构,从而增强植物对青枯菌的抗性41。这些结果表明,植物宿主在植物-微生物互作中占主导地位。
反过来看,菌群对植物的有益功能也是可以稳定存在的。例如,使用抗病番茄的根际菌群处理易感番茄品种,可提高后者对枯萎病的抗病能力42。此外,微生物群落可以通过氧化、溶解或螯合土壤中的矿物质,将其转化为植物可利用的养分,并在代谢过程中释放植物生长的必需元素。例如,水稻根际中的丛枝菌根真菌不仅能够帮助水稻更有效地获得生长所需的养分,而且还可以帮助植物在虫害受损后进行自我修复,提高水稻的产量和减少农药的使用43。此外,微生物还可以调节植物激素平衡,保护其免受一系列害虫、寄生虫和其他病原体的侵害,是植物免疫系统的主要塑造者6。这些结果表明,尽管宿主“决定”菌群,但是微生物对植物宿主的生长和健康有“反作用”。宿主和菌群之间的关系犹如唯物主义中的物质与意识一般,前者决定后者,后者对前者有反作用,不能过度强调后者,但是也不能忽视后者对前者带来的积极影响。微生物对宿主具有的这种作用恰恰也是人类能够通过改造菌群改良植物的必要条件44
对于种子来说,其分泌物主要来源于胚乳的代谢,数量较少,对菌群涌现性特征的影响程度可能相对较小;反之,菌群对种子的发芽和生长的影响程度则可能相对较大,但是同一菌群在不同植物宿主身上的功能差异尚不明确。尽管如此,种子的特性决定了同一微生物群落对不同植物宿主的作用可能存在差异。通过评估不同植物和同一植物不同品种带来的宿主特异性对菌群功能的影响,进一步理解植物招募、激活微生物伙伴的机制以及应用微生物技术改造种子菌群的特异性45,是一项值得开展的基础性研究工作。
从合成菌群自身出发,菌群下列特征与菌群功能之间存在重要关联:
微生物群落的多样性是植物生长和土壤健康的驱动力。尽管微生物群落的多样性不等于群落的功能,但是生物多样性与群落的功能和稳定性之间存在相关性46-47。一般认为,多样性高的合成菌群对土传病原菌的抵抗能力较高,但是合成菌群的多样性并非越多越好25。对于菌群抗病性能而言,相较于多样性低的土壤,多样性高的土壤中外源病原菌入侵和存活都会受到显著抑制48。在谱系生物多样性指标基础上,需要加强对系统发生多样性、功能基因多样性等因素的关注5。理论上一个有功能的合成菌群,应当在物种数量、系统发生结构和关键功能基因等方面都具有一定的多样性,这样的一个合成群落才能具有一定的功能冗余性及稳定性(或鲁棒性)24,更好地发挥有益于人类的作用。值得注意的是,多篇研究提示一个有涌现性功能的合成菌群所包含的物种数量可能介于4~7个之间,一般不超过10个物种81449-51
以种间互作对菌群抗病功能影响的研究为例,拟南芥根际微生物中的丝状真菌对植物生长有害,而细菌则是有利的;细菌群落是植物生存所必需的,帮助植物抵御真菌的侵染52。番茄青枯病的发病过程中,对抗型的菌群比便利型的菌群更能降低发病的程度53。在植物育苗阶段提前加入铁载体产量高且专一性强的有益微生物,就可以通过操纵铁载体改变根际菌群间的互作关系,进而有效阻断病原菌在根际的传播,保护植物健康54。通过抑制病原菌的帮手,也可以降低植物病原菌入侵的成功率55。微生物的来源、代谢等都可能通过改变相互作用关系影响其功能56,不同类型的互作关系对菌群功能的影响可能截然不同57
生物膜是微生物在固-液、固-气等界面定殖并分泌胞外聚合物(如多糖、蛋白质、细胞外DNA和脂质等)形成的聚集体,是自然环境中微生物的主要存在形式58。虽然对于大众来说相对不为人知,但它们在自然界和人造环境中无处不在。不管是在根际还是植物表面,微生物主要都以生物膜形式存在。植物产生的化合物和信号不仅能诱导生物膜的产生,还能影响生物膜的结构。微观尺度下,细菌的群体感应系统59、双组分系统60以及c-di-GMP第二信使系统61驱动的微生物途径通过调节参与生物膜形成基因的表达,介导细菌细胞间的交流和生物膜的生命周期。根际微生物生物膜可以帮助保存和释放关键营养素,在稳定微生物群落方面具有重要生态功能。宏观尺度下,生物膜不仅是微生物在宿主植物定殖和内生的重要形式9,而且还是其发挥促生、耐盐、抗旱等涌现性有益功能的重要载体1662。合成菌群在种子表面形成生物膜的能力可被认为是种子表面特性、微生境条件、微生物生物膜形成能力和种间相互作用等因素的综合体现,可能会与菌群涌现性特征有显著关联。
关键物种是在微生物组高度连接、对群落结构和功能中起重要作用且不因丰度和时空变化而改变的物种。目前,大量研究利用网络分析方法推测菌群中的关键物种,缺乏相应的实验来验证其功能63。当采用合成菌群体系时,此类验证试验可以顺利开展。例如,牛犇等14利用一个由 7 个物种组成的简化玉米根系群落探索了种间互作如何影响菌群的组装过程,他们发现仅当一种阴沟肠杆菌去除时,才会使另一种短小杆菌占据优势地位且使群落中其他5个成员显著减少,表明这种阴沟肠杆菌是影响群落聚集的关键物种。2020年发表在Nature上的一篇研究中,单一细菌属的微生物(Variovorax spp.)就能逆转由多种细菌菌株以及整个185个成员群落引起的根系严重生长抑制64。这些研究都凸显出关键物种在群落功能上的决定性作用。种子自身的生物量小,可能会更加容易受到关键物种的影响。因此,需要重点考察关键物种对合成菌群涌现性特征的影响。
基因的功能是微生物及菌群功能的根源。针对不同的菌群功能,发挥作用的功能基因可能是有差别的。例如,在芽孢杆菌属内,次级代谢产物合成基因簇(含自我免疫基因)分布与系统发育的一致性驱动了菌株间拮抗强度与遗传距离的正相关关系;如果将芽孢杆菌中的次级代谢产物合成基因敲除掉,则其对其他芽孢杆菌的拮抗作用会显著下降65。除此之外,微生物的氨基酸合成能力、分泌系统、运动性等相关的功能基因也在种间互作、群落演化中发挥重要作用66-67,是菌群功能的重要决定因素。
基于上述认识,我们有理由相信,种子菌群的涌现性特征是由多个因素共同决定的。而且,针对不同的菌群功能(如抗旱、抗病、促生等),各因素发挥的作用可能是存在显著差异的。在探究菌群结构和菌群功能的理论时,借助于标准化的合成菌群体系,有望通过控制实验逐步明确这些因素在塑造特定菌群功能中的贡献度,最终实现合成菌群涌现性特征产生机制的解析,为构建有功能的种子合成菌群提供理论指导。达成这一目标需要合成生物学、微生物学、作物育种等方面的专家合作,立足于综合利用生物学、信息科学和物联网技术发展的现代智慧农业体系,最终实现种子合成菌群的研究发展和应用落地。基本的工作内容可能包括以下几点:
因植物物种、品种及种植条件的差异,其根系分泌物的成分会产生差异,进而孕育出不同的根际菌群。植物宿主存在的这些因素可能会对菌群涌现性功能产生决定性作用。这一方面要求我们发掘具有更广泛代表性的微生物种质资源,针对不同的品种、区域(包括不同气候条件、不同土壤类型等)分离微生物菌株;另一方面,也需要在分离的过程中利用宏培养组学的方法,并通过开发人工合成的、化学成分特异的根系分泌物培养基以及土壤原位培养设备等,为在常见的土壤益生菌(如芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌等)之外获得生物多样性更加丰富的资源类群提供条件。更为关键的是,要能够立足于国家微生物肥料种质资源库等生物资源库,实现分离株的共享、高效利用以及资源库的可持续运营,为应对气候变化下的农业可持续发展提供充足的种质资源。
依托于高通量的菌群合成生物学设施和植物表型检测技术产生的生物大数据,一方面可以借助高通量的筛选手段发现具有更好选定功能的合成群落,另一方面还可以应用人工智能技术解析合成菌群涌现性特征的产生机制,揭示涌现性的高维有序,增强菌群的理性设计能力。通过人为构造一个有功能的合成菌群,改造一个有益的种子菌群,诱导一个健康的根际菌群,最终促进植物整体健康。高通量筛选可以被视为该研究中的“本手”,人工智能技术的应用则可以被视为“妙手”。如同人工智能大模型的发展一样,“妙手”的实现依赖于“本手”产生的大量数据;足够多的数据也会促成人工智能模型的“涌现”,实现研究发现从量变到质变的过程。
优选适宜的基质和佐剂,将有功能的合成菌群以包衣的形式接种到种子上。通过在种子(特别是玉米等比较大的种子)内部植入射频芯片、微传感器等,借助智慧农业平台实时跟踪携带不同合成菌群的种子在田间的生长情况,评估菌群包衣在真实场景下的产品性能,为大规模筛选潜在的可用组合提供支撑,为区域性、品种特异性的合成菌群应用打下坚实基础。此外,因为合成菌群配方的多样性(例如10个物种的完全组合数有1024之多),自动化将是开展合成菌群涌现性研究的内在要求。因此,需要发展基于微流控、微液滴技术的自动化工作站(含传统的移液工作站)等大型仪器平台,为合成菌群配伍的便捷性和可及性,降低合成菌群研究中的人力资源消耗提供必要的支撑条件。
本文主要介绍了涌现性在菌群复杂功能产生中扮演的重要角色,指出“合成菌群+种子菌群”的途径可能是未来微生物-作物联合育种发展的新方向。与之相对,要利用合成菌群这一工程化手段变革作物育种的方法,可能的一个重点就是通过揭示种子菌群涌现性功能产生的机制,为人工设计制造具有特定功能的合成菌群提供可以遵循的理性设计法则,最终解决微生物菌群在农业领域的工程化应用瓶颈。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32100090)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42225706)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32370127)
  • 教育部产学合作项目(220903354200718)
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2024年第5卷第1期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-073
  • 接收时间:2023-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-02-29
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-10
  • 修回日期:2023-12-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(32100090)
国家自然科学基金(42225706)
国家自然科学基金(32370127)
教育部产学合作项目(220903354200718)
作者信息
    1 华中农业大学资源与环境学院,农业微生物资源发掘与利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    2 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,作物遗传改良全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    3 湖北省洪山实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    4 华中农业大学信息学院,微生物农药国家工程研究中心,湖北 武汉 430070

通讯作者:

蔡鹏(1980—),男,教授,国家杰出青年基金和优秀青年基金获得者。研究方向为土壤生物膜与环境健康。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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