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Biomanufacturing is a green production that applies such bio-organisms as plants, animals, microorganisms, enzymes as well as in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems, to process and/or synthesize numerous value-added compounds, which would change the world′s future of industrial manufacturing in the energy, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The competition of biomanufacturing is a key part of the battlefield of science and technology. Here we attempt to apply the ancient Chinese philosophy to provide enlightenment to the future development of industrial biomanufacturing. The ancient Chinese philosophy of “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi” encompasses four key elements: “Tao is a way or direction, Fa is rules, Shu is techniques, and Qi is tools for accomplishing goals”. First, we define and explain the “Tao and Fa” of industrial biomanufacturing analyzes. Second, we analyze the limits and restriction set by Fa. Third, we expound this philosophy of “Tao and Fa” and how it guides way or choice of biomanufacturing type for the desired products. Based on “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi”, we also present some predictions that a few hot products cannot be manufactured economically by seemingly-promising new techniques based on the limits and restriction of Fa. We take Amyris, a pioneering American company in synthetic biology as an example to analyze and discuss the important roles of “Tao and Fa” in the selection of biomanufactured products, far more important than “Shu and Qi”. Amyris’ failure was destined at its beginning because it went a wrong way (Tao) and ignored basic laws (Fa), although it exhibited advanced abilities of technologies and tools (“Shu and Qi”). Also, we briefly discuss opportunities and challenges of ensuring food security of China by using two disruptive technologies-making synthetic starch from lignocellulosic biomass and carbon dioxide catalyzed by in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems. In a word, the ancient Chinese philosophy “the way is simple, from top to down, the way guides techniques and tools” would provide top-level design methodology, identify the future research and development priorities in industrial biomanufacturing, and help effectively solve the major challenges, such as food security, dual carbon goals, and sustainable development.

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生物制造是利用生物体(如植物、动物、微生物、酶、体外多酶分子机器等)的机能进行物质加工与合成的绿色生产方式,将在能源、农业、化工和医药等领域改变世界工业制造格局,是科技战必争之地。作者应用中国古代哲学的“道、法、术、器”思想“道以明向,法以立本,术以立策,器以成事”,对工业生物制造的道与法进行解释与剖析,阐明顶层设计对生物制造的哲学指导意义。以美国合成生物学先驱公司Amyris为例,作者分析与讨论该公司产品选择以及隐含“道与法”,尽管该公司具有优秀“术与器”,但是走错道与不懂法决定该公司的失败命运。同时,作者简单地讨论两个人工淀粉合成技术的经济可能性与未来技术研发方向。总之,中国古代哲学思想“大道至简,从上而下,以道御术”,将对工业生物制造的未来发展提供顶层设计方法学上的启发与指导,将更有效地应对粮食安全、双碳目标与可持续发展等重大挑战。

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张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾经任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

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2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心,天津 300308
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张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾经任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=zUtpuCmT3/aXYdRSyn11dA==, bioContent=

张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾经任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

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中国哲学思想“道法术器”对生物制造的启示
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张以恒 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 观点 2024,5(6): 1231-1241
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合成生物学 | 观点 2024, 5(6): 1231-1241
中国哲学思想“道法术器”对生物制造的启示
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张以恒1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室,天津 300308
  • 2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心,天津 300308
  • 3 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
  • 张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾经任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

The enlightenment of the Chinese philosophy “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi” to industrial biomanufacturing
Yi-Heng P. Job ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 2 In vitro Synthetic Biology Center,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 3 National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology,Tianjin 300308,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-066
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生物制造是利用生物体(如植物、动物、微生物、酶、体外多酶分子机器等)的机能进行物质加工与合成的绿色生产方式,将在能源、农业、化工和医药等领域改变世界工业制造格局,是科技战必争之地。作者应用中国古代哲学的“道、法、术、器”思想“道以明向,法以立本,术以立策,器以成事”,对工业生物制造的道与法进行解释与剖析,阐明顶层设计对生物制造的哲学指导意义。以美国合成生物学先驱公司Amyris为例,作者分析与讨论该公司产品选择以及隐含“道与法”,尽管该公司具有优秀“术与器”,但是走错道与不懂法决定该公司的失败命运。同时,作者简单地讨论两个人工淀粉合成技术的经济可能性与未来技术研发方向。总之,中国古代哲学思想“大道至简,从上而下,以道御术”,将对工业生物制造的未来发展提供顶层设计方法学上的启发与指导,将更有效地应对粮食安全、双碳目标与可持续发展等重大挑战。

生物制造  /  生物经济  /  文化自信  /  道法术器  /  粮食安全

Biomanufacturing is a green production that applies such bio-organisms as plants, animals, microorganisms, enzymes as well as in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems, to process and/or synthesize numerous value-added compounds, which would change the world′s future of industrial manufacturing in the energy, agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The competition of biomanufacturing is a key part of the battlefield of science and technology. Here we attempt to apply the ancient Chinese philosophy to provide enlightenment to the future development of industrial biomanufacturing. The ancient Chinese philosophy of “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi” encompasses four key elements: “Tao is a way or direction, Fa is rules, Shu is techniques, and Qi is tools for accomplishing goals”. First, we define and explain the “Tao and Fa” of industrial biomanufacturing analyzes. Second, we analyze the limits and restriction set by Fa. Third, we expound this philosophy of “Tao and Fa” and how it guides way or choice of biomanufacturing type for the desired products. Based on “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi”, we also present some predictions that a few hot products cannot be manufactured economically by seemingly-promising new techniques based on the limits and restriction of Fa. We take Amyris, a pioneering American company in synthetic biology as an example to analyze and discuss the important roles of “Tao and Fa” in the selection of biomanufactured products, far more important than “Shu and Qi”. Amyris’ failure was destined at its beginning because it went a wrong way (Tao) and ignored basic laws (Fa), although it exhibited advanced abilities of technologies and tools (“Shu and Qi”). Also, we briefly discuss opportunities and challenges of ensuring food security of China by using two disruptive technologies-making synthetic starch from lignocellulosic biomass and carbon dioxide catalyzed by in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems. In a word, the ancient Chinese philosophy “the way is simple, from top to down, the way guides techniques and tools” would provide top-level design methodology, identify the future research and development priorities in industrial biomanufacturing, and help effectively solve the major challenges, such as food security, dual carbon goals, and sustainable development.

biomanufacturing  /  bioeconomy  /  cultural confidence  /  Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi  /  food security
张以恒. 中国哲学思想“道法术器”对生物制造的启示. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1231 -1241 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-066
Yi-Heng P. Job ZHANG. The enlightenment of the Chinese philosophy “Tao-Fa-Shu-Qi” to industrial biomanufacturing[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1231 -1241 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-066
生物制造是利用生物体(如植物、动物、微生物、酶、多酶分子机器等)的机能进行物质加工与合成的绿色生产方式,将在能源、农业、化工和医药等领域改变世界工业制造格局1-4。生物制造的本质是生产目标产品,满足人类物质需求。生物制造在工业领域的应用是实现绿色低碳制造、可持续发展与解决气候与环境问题的重要途径,是抢占未来生物经济竞争制高点的关键方向,已成为新一轮中美科技竞争的焦点4
生物制造的主流平台包括:①农业种植,可以生产各种农产品,其中三大主粮(大米、小麦、玉米)是最主要的热量来源(淀粉),油料作物提供食用油来源,豆科作物是蛋白与油脂主要来源;也提供植物原料(如罂粟、人参、黄蒿、红豆杉),包括众多植物天然产物。②养殖,可以生产动物蛋白(如肉、蛋、奶、水产品)以及分离动物提取物(如肝素、胰岛素)。③微生物发酵5,可以生产初级代谢产品、次级代谢产品、生物大分子以及微生物体本身。④酶催化6,可以生产淀粉糖、果葡糖浆、生物质糖、医药原料与中间体等。⑤体外生物转化(in vitro BioTransformation, ivBT)。ivBT是一个新兴生物制造平台7-9,介于微生物发酵与酶催化之间,多酶分子机器是其高效生物催化剂,优选用于高效生产某些大宗生化产品,如人造淀粉10-12、健康糖13-15、肌醇16以及能源产品(如氢能17-19、电能20)等。以产品市场规模与价格来看,ivBT不同于多酶级联催化9,ivBT的目标是生产大宗产品,其产品市场规模大于万吨且价格低于15万元/吨;多酶级联催化的目标是生产高值精细产品,如医药中间体,产品市场规模一般小于千吨且价格远高于20万元/吨。因此,体外ivBT的人工多酶途径设计要求不能有昂贵外源腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine 5′-triphosphate,ATP)或烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD,或烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸,nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADP)的输入79
类比于工业1.0到工业4.0的四次工业革命21,根据产品类型、工业生产方式以及研究技术,工业生物制造也可以被划分四次变革1。生物制造1.0,即传统工业生物制造从第一次世界大战期间的丙酮-丁醇-乙醇(acetone-butanol-ethanol,ABE)发酵开始,通过单一菌种(纯菌)在厌氧条件下,用糖原料发酵生产初级代谢物,如乙醇、丙酮、丁醇、氨基酸等22-23。生物制造2.0始于第二次世界大战期间的青霉素发酵,主要利用微生物突变体通过液态深层好氧发酵生产次生代谢物,如青霉素、链霉素等24-25。生物制造3.0始于20世纪70年代,主要利用脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)重组技术、蛋白质工程和先进细胞培养技术生产生物大分子蛋白质和酶,如促红细胞生成素、胰岛素、生长激素、淀粉酶、DNA聚合酶、限制性内切酶26-27。在21世纪,人类面临的几个重大挑战,如粮食安全、气候变化、能源安全、双碳目标和可持续发展促使人们开发颠覆性生物制造平台,将开启生物制造4.0时代9
在本文中,笔者尝试将中国古代哲学中的“道法术器”概念应用到生物制造领域,希望对生物制造未来发展提供顶层设计方法学上的帮助、启发与指导(图1)。在合成生物学先驱公司Amyris申请破产保护之际,作者以该公司为例子,分析与讨论生物制造的“道与法”,而不是“术与器”,决定公司兴与衰。
中国哲学博大精深。老子在《道德经》中提出“道法术器”的概念,整体而言,道以明向,法以立本,术以立策,器以成事28。“道法术器”四者兼备才能做出接近最优解的策略,高效推进生物制造的产业化与国际化。
道是核心思想、理念、本质规律,是万事万物的底层原理,所以大道至简。道不仅决定方向,也决定终极高度。中国哲学中的“大道至简”意思是大道理(基本原理、方法和规律)极其简单,简单到一两句话就能说明白。所谓“真传一句话,假传万卷书”。
生物制造本质是制造物质产品,其大道是高效且低成本的生物制造方式。道指明近似最优生物制造方式,也决定逼近理论最低生物制造成本的道路。具体生物产品决定具体生物制造方式,应该选择天然采集、农业种植-提取、养殖-提取、微生物发酵、细胞培养、酶催化或ivBT(图2)。除了在经济上的“道”,生物制造在道德上的“道”是需要解决人类迫在眉睫的危机,保障人类可持续发展。
以生产饲料蛋白为例,有多种方法,如:①种植大豆,收获植物蛋白;②养殖藻类,收获藻类蛋白;③种植玉米,收获淀粉,酶水解为葡萄糖,以葡萄糖为原料培养微生物生产微生物蛋白;④利用生物质(如秸秆),酶水解生成生物质糖,培养微生物生产微生物蛋白;⑤利用煤炭生产合成气或甲醇,再发酵生产微生物蛋白;⑥利用石油烷烃直接发酵生产微生物蛋白;⑦利用新能源(如光伏、风能)固定CO2,生产甲醇或乙酸,再发酵合成蛋白质;⑧利用生物质中木质素,筛选与改造木质素降解与利用微生物生产微生物蛋白29,不一而足。因为多种蛋白有不同营养价值,导致它们有着不同应用场景与产品价值。因此在很长时间框架内,多种蛋白生产方法是一定并存的。比如,藻类蛋白在价格上不能替代大豆蛋白,但是它的特殊营养能够让其售价几倍于大豆蛋白(基于蛋白含量)。如果以替代大豆蛋白作为饲料蛋白为唯一目标,新生物制造的大道就是选择与开发在经济上较方法①更有竞争力的生产方法,再进行深度研发与产业化。
同理,以维生素B8(肌醇)生产为例子,它的生产方法包括:①从植物种子提取菲汀,再进行酸水解或酶水解;②多酶分子机器催化不同底物(如淀粉、葡萄糖、木糖、蔗糖)生产肌醇1630;③微生物发酵从葡萄糖生产肌醇31-33。当前,四川博浩达生物技术有限公司利用ivBT技术已经成为全球最大肌醇生产商,年产万吨肌醇替代植物提取法。针对肌醇这个产品,ivBT或微生物发酵,谁是最终赢家就是有关生物制造之“道”的问题。
选择理论上最优方法进行研发与工业制造是选择生物制造的大道,而如何判断逼近最优生物制造方法是基于法,法以立本。
法是法律、规章、制度、法理等;法是道的方法论;是实现道的根本战略、指导方针与思路;决定生物产品的理论产品得率、能效、工业生产放大性、可持续性、经济上的竞争力等。生物制造的法包括物质守恒定律、热力学定律、途径设计法则、反应速度极限、资源、经济性、可再生性等(图2),这个法就是道的限制性边际。
在能源体系中,热力学决定经济学,效率为王就是终极的法;高能效技术将替代低能效技术34。比如,照明技术的简史就是能效持续提高的过程,从油灯、白炽灯、荧光灯到白光LED(light-emitting diode)灯35。交通技术的发展历史也是如此,从人力、畜力、蒸汽机、内燃机、电机到燃料电池-电机34-35
研发不是万能的,不能突破化学、热力学、物理、材料学等的限制。比如,大多数人认为太阳能几乎是免费的,但是其收集和利用成本可能十分高昂。究其原因,太阳的光能有着诸多潜在缺点:①阳光能量密度低,平均值仅为100 W/m2,远远低于大多数用电设备35。②阳光能量密度变化大,从黑夜低谷0 W/m2到白天中午高峰超过1000 W/m2[35。③太阳能光谱宽,很多波长的光辐射不能被有效利用,比如植物的最大光谱利用率为48.7%,但其最大理论光合作用效率仅为4.6%(碳三植物)、6.0%(碳四植物)36;光伏电池理论光电能转化率为63%37。考虑到大自然法则,即上述太阳能特点,我们给出几个预判:①利用阳光直接裂解水制氢是一个无法产业化的技术38-39,因为该技术无法与一个成熟的组合技术(光伏电池/电水解)竞争,后者不仅能源利用效率更高,还解决了低密度能量收集问题40。②利用阳光/CO2培养微藻生产生物燃料也是一个无法产业化的技术41,同样由于其无法与一个成熟组合技术(光伏电池/电水解/甲醇化学合成)竞争,低能源密度的微藻收集与脱水的难题将导致微藻生物燃料产业化的失败;2023年埃克森美孚公司(Exxon Mobil Corporation)放弃了该项目。③大多数太阳能燃料(solar fuel)科研项目42-43大概率不可能产业化成功,因为无法解决低能量密度燃料的低成本收集技术难题。④纳米发电机的能量输出44受限于低摩擦机械能的输入,导致其工业应用非常有限;但是潮汐发电几乎等同于水力发电,将来能够工业放大产业化45
以ivBT这个新生物制造平台为例子,其体外多酶途径设计法则主要包括:①酶催化的化学反应方程式;②辅酶供给平衡[包括ATP、NAD、辅酶A(Coenzyme A,CoA)等];③单步反应平衡常数;④反应热力学分析7。因为酶有着100%化学选择性,ivBT既没有生物体自我复制,也没有岔道和副反应,故而实际产物得率可接近理论产物得率,且体外多酶途径设计要求平衡ATP与NAD(P)供给,不能有昂贵的外源输入,ivBT必定有着高能源效率、低搅拌能耗、低冷却水能耗的工业制造优点7。利用这个体外多酶途径设计法则,作者构建包含多个天然酶、人工酶和仿生辅酶的多酶分子机器,实现了常温常压条件下的熵驱动产氢化学反应:CH2O(液)+H2O(液)=CO2(气)↑+2H2(气)↑17。CH2O是碳水化合物简称,包括淀粉、纤维素、葡萄糖、木糖等1719。通过多酶分子机器在常温下逐级释放碳水化合物(CH2O)中所有的化学能,进而生产氢能,该化学反应能够自发进行(吉布斯自由能变ΔG<0)。热力学计算表明,当碳水化合物完全氧化生产氢气,化学能能效高达122%46;其热力学机理是利用熵增加(相变)化学反应原理,多酶分子机器在没有显著温差情况下将环境热能(低品位热焓)生产高品位化学能氢能;在常温下,反应物淀粉水溶液为液态,气体产物生成过程中吸收环境热能生产氢能,从而实现“凭空制能”。根据能效法则,作者给出一个大胆预判:糖水制氢大概率将是生物燃料领域的终极技术3447
生物燃料曾经是一个热门研发领域。由于其原料成本/产物价格比例大于50%,甚至高达80%以上48,故原料转换到产物的能效必须相当高,达到80%~90%,甚至更高,才可能产业化实施49。根据能效法则,我们能够给出预判:好氧发酵生产生物燃料在经济上不可行,因为浪费了相当多底物,能效太低,无法与现有的厌氧乙醇或丁醇发酵方法竞争49。能效法则提前判定“好氧发酵生产生物燃料脂肪醇的技术在经济上不可行50”。
以高生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand,BOD)废水处理为例,基于能效法则可以判断“微生物燃料电池不可能竞争过沼气池”,因为前者不仅能源转换效率比后者低得多,而且设备投资大(二维2D放大),技术成熟度低。
术是在道与法指导下的具体行为与操作方法,术是对法的应用。正确的“道”带来的“法”不变,术可千变万化,万变不离其宗。器就是工具,良器的作用是提高技术效率,“工欲善其事,必先利其器”。
诸多生物技术就是术,比如聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术、蛋白表达技术、酶工程改造技术、CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)基因编辑技术、定向进化技术、酶固定技术、DNA合成技术、DNA拼接技术、蛋白结构技术等。获得蛋白的技术有很多种,包括天然蛋白提取、原核蛋白表达体系、真核蛋白表达体系、动物细胞表达体系、植物细胞表达体系、无细胞蛋白表达体系等。酶工程改造技术包括定向进化、理性设计、半理性设计、人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)设计、酶从头设计等子技术方向。
每项技术还包括大量“器”。例如:原核蛋白表达体系包括大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、谷棒杆菌蛋白等表达平台,而大肠杆菌蛋白表达平台又有很多子技术,如胞内表达、分泌表达、表面展示等。为实现大肠杆菌胞内蛋白的高效表达,人们发明了很多“器”,目标基因被插入到不同种类的质粒或染色体;使用不同启动子进行调控;基于表达宿主密码子或故意引入稀有密码子以优化外源基因表达51。又如:无细胞蛋白合成技术是以细胞裂解液为基础,利用已有生物分子翻译机制在试管中进行外源蛋白表达52,细胞裂解液可以来自大肠杆菌、小麦胚芽、塔氏利什曼原虫、兔网织红细胞、昆虫、人类细胞等;无细胞蛋白合成过程的ATP供给方式(器)也有很多种,此处不一一列举。
PCR技术可方便、快捷、准确地复制目的基因片段,已经成为生物技术领域最重要的技术手段之一。自其诞生以来,在全世界各国科学家的共同努力下,该技术已获得长足的进步。例如,发现与利用来自水生栖热菌(Thermus aquaticus)的耐高温Taq DNA聚合酶,可避免PCR循环中反复添加DNA聚合酶,进而简化操作,降低费用,提高成功率,这就是器的成功。极端嗜热古菌(Pyrococcus furiosus)的DNA聚合酶具有更高保真度、更快DNA扩增速度与更好热稳定性,这个利器大大提高了PCR技术的效率与准确性。基于相同道理,多酶合成肌醇技术使用4个超高温酶将淀粉转化肌醇,选择利器超高温酶以简化酶分离纯化成本,提高反应温度以减少染菌可能性,并消除其他大肠杆菌常温酶的影响,是该技术产业化成功的关键之一。
“道”与“法”在生物制造立项之初就能决定一个研发项目的终极命运。Amyris是合成生物学先驱公司之一,微生物合成青蒿酸的成功证明该公司优秀的“术”与“器”能力53,但在市场竞争中,青蒿酸微生物制造败于改良黄蒿种植-提取技术,证明其选品在“道”与“法”上的失败。与此类似,微生物合成吗啡54大概率也无法竞争过罂粟种植。显然,并非所有天然产物的微生物合成一定会超越植物种植与提取。
Amyris以“术”与“器”起家,公司搭建了自动化菌株改造平台,是目前全球企业界最大型的合成生物学工程化平台之一,功能包括DNA设计、DNA组装、DNA质量控制、菌株转化、克隆挑选、菌株质量控制、表型测试、高通量筛选、菌株保藏、数据分析、放大实验等。在该公司成立之初,Amyris挑选生物燃料脂肪醇为其核心产品,并以微生物发酵生产作为“道”。然而,生物燃料是超大市场、长赛道的多产品领域55-56,包括诸多竞争性产品,如粮食乙醇、纤维素乙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、生物柴油、脂肪醇等。尽管脂肪醇是一种高能源密度的液体生物燃料50,但Amyris的脂肪醇代谢途径设计有着“先天缺陷”,NAD不平衡,导致多余的还原型NAD必须被氧化浪费,显然该技术能效低下,能效法则即可判断其“道”必定失败49。进一步,好氧发酵脂肪醇面临着从实验室到大规模发酵罐的巨大工程挑战——既要在发酵过程中供氧,去除代谢途径中多余还原力(还原型NAD),又要具有高水压大型反应器中保持均一的低水平溶氧,让所有菌保持相同微氧生理状态,避免糖原料过度氧化,导致糖到醇的低得率;还要避免在大型反应器中高搅拌能耗,保持均一的低水平溶氧。优秀科研人员在项目之初就能够判断这个“既要,又要,还要”的技术几乎不可能产业化成功49,再先进的“术”与“器”也无法挽救生物燃料脂肪醇项目。Amyris在浪费大量资源之后,选择高附加值小赛道萜类化合物为未来目标产品,包括法尼烯、龙涎香、大麻素等57,但其市场空间小,意味着小增长空间与低估值,导致公司融资能力下降,最终进入死亡循环。
现代农业种植首要目的是获得低成本淀粉来源。淀粉是人类膳食中最重要的热量来源。联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)在推荐健康食谱中提出,每日摄入的淀粉供能应该占每日热量需要量的50%~70%58。工厂制粮是解决粮食安全的替代性生物制造技术之一,农业工业化能够突破耕地等自然条件对农业生产的限制。但是,任何新生物制造都必须与传统农业种植的淀粉生产方式在生产成本上竞争,也就是合成淀粉生物制造的价格不能高于每吨3000元,这就是该选品“法”的约束条件之一。
粮食安全是我国基本国策59。万年农业主要种植基于种子单年生作物,翻耕土地、播撒种子、精心种植、收获种子,如此循环反复。农作物种植需要较长周期,需要大量土地、淡水资源以及肥料、农药等生产资料。虽然中国粮食连续取得丰收,但大量使用化肥,导致耕地板结、沙化、酸化,中国19亿亩耕地的生产能力已接近土地资源禀赋的极限。目前,中国口粮绝对安全,但仍应关注到我们每年需要进口约1亿吨大豆、5000万吨玉米,粮食自给率已经降低到65.8%60。因此,中国亟需不断拓宽新的粮食来源以应对未来可能的粮食危机。
工厂制粮不同于传统农业,一年四季都可以在工厂生产,不需要土地种植,既不受地区、气候的限制,又不怕水、旱、虫、雹等自然灾害,产品也不受环境污染。利用ivBT技术,人造淀粉的合成有两个不同线路:一是从二氧化碳合成淀粉10;二是从纤维素生产淀粉11
2021年,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所发表论文10,已实现二氧化碳到淀粉的从头合成,该人造光合作用的能量转化效率提升3.5倍,突破了自然光合固碳系统利用太阳能的局限;全过程从60多步降低到11步,突破自然界淀粉合成的复杂调控障碍;突破天然淀粉合成时空效率低的限制。如果未来二氧化碳人工合成淀粉的生物制造成本能够降低到与农业种植相当,也就是全生产成本约每吨淀粉干基3000元,达到经济可行性,将会节约95%以上的耕地和淡水资源,避免农药、化肥等对环境的负面影响,提高人类粮食安全水平。为了实现上述二氧化碳合成淀粉技术的生物制造目标成本,跨学科“合成营”研发团队必须突破一系列技术瓶颈,比如:高能效、快速地还原二氧化碳到有机一碳分子,有机一碳分子碳碳缩合到C6分子的生物合成,C6分子聚合到淀粉,并完成合成淀粉系统集成与工艺示范。几个核心技术指标包括:①产品(P)/酶(E)质量比超过1000,即酶成本降低到约1000元/吨淀粉干基(注:果葡糖浆工业生物制造中,P/E约为6000);②清洁电能到淀粉能效超过50%~60%,且清洁电能价格将降低到0.10~0.15元/(kW·h);③高纯度二氧化碳价格不高于200元/吨;④全过程运行成本控制到约500元/吨淀粉干基。在整个项目研发过程中,“合成营”将开发诸多新技术与新工具,如酶工程改造技术、高效高速二氧化碳还原技术、多酶固定化技术等。
第二个方法是将生物质中的纤维素部分转化为人造淀粉12。2013年,作者针对生物大分子的体外生物合成技术瓶颈,解析纤维素的β-1,4糖苷键水解、磷解以及淀粉的α-1,4糖苷键形成的分子机理,实现无辅酶多酶催化从β-1,4糖苷键到α-1,4糖苷键的定向重排12。《科学》杂志请美国加州理工大学的弗朗西丝·阿诺德(Frances Arnold,2018年诺贝尔化学奖获得者)评论,她写道:“该论文展示了一个重要的转换,总体思路很酷(cool)……但是,该过程是否在经济上可行还是一个大问题。”61。但是,作者认为“该转化技术不消耗外源能源[不需要ATP与还原力(NADH)的输入],不需要昂贵的催化剂,反应条件温和且环保,转化过程中没有糖损失”,具有工业生物制造的经济可行性。具体而言,从β-1,4糖苷键到α-1,4糖苷键的定向糖苷键重排不需要能源输入,是一个自发化学反应;酶催化条件是常温、常压、水相反应,生产设备简单且过程环保;多酶级联反应不需要辅酶,所有酶均可以大规模、低成本地工业发酵生产;整个过程全糖利用,无糖损失。2023年,作者领导联合攻关团队实现了利用真实底物玉米秸秆高效合成人造淀粉和微生物蛋白的第一代“秸秆制粮”技术11,并将酶生产成本降低至原先的百万分之一,尽管目前纤维素淀粉生产成本比现有粮食仍略高,但是已经在同一个数量级水平,可以在战争或大饥荒时期产业化。同时,作者课题组创制了一个人工酶戊单糖C4差向异构酶,第一次实现L-型糖到D-型糖的直接转化,能够将廉价D-木糖转化为高值健康糖L-阿拉伯糖62,L-阿拉伯糖的收益是半纤维素乙醇的15倍以上。因此,第二代“秸秆制粮”技术联产合成淀粉、L-阿拉伯糖与微生物蛋白的技术,以健康糖补贴人造粮食生产,有可能实现可盈利的大规模工业生产。作者领导团队在科技部重点专项的支持下,将在3~4年内在国投生物与河南新拓洋的中试基地进行第二代“秸秆制粮”技术示范工业生产。在更长时间研发周期中,将进一步降低纤维素酶使用成本,将生物质底物(S)/纤维素酶(E)的质量比从目前约100的水平提高3~4倍,纤维素变淀粉技术将成为一个经济独立可行的技术,无需依靠高值健康糖补贴。
多酶催化“纤维素变淀粉”定向糖苷键重排技术的重要性可能对标合成氨技术,将解决粮食安全中的核心问题——提供人造淀粉作为人与动物的廉价热量来源;农业工业化,工业补贴农业,变革万年农业低效开放的种植模式,开启新碳汇农业,不依赖种子,在边际土地种植多年生作物,生产大量木质纤维素生物质,低成本大规模生态固碳,将部分生物质转化为动物饲料的新成分以及制造生物燃料与生化产品的新原料;推广向高效集约化工业生物制造的转变。利用中国现有大约9亿吨可搜集秸秆中的6亿吨秸秆,预计可生产约4亿吨粮食,约等于新增8亿亩高标准农田。如果现有粮食供应体系出现危机,“秸秆制粮”技术就能够大规模生产人造淀粉和微生物蛋白,保障中国粮食安全,助力端牢中国饭碗。
“对于一个只有一把锤子的人来说,任何问题看起来都很像钉子”,多数科学家开展新工具驱动研发活动,习惯使用锤子(“术”与“器”)思维。生物制造的传统研发模式是先定下关键技术与目标产物,希望用关键技术解决核心问题,希望用锤子解决问题。但是生物体太复杂,远超越我们的认知范畴,是一个典型的黑箱。合成生物研发模式通常是设计-构建-测试-学习(design-build-test-learn,DBTL)循环,摸石头过河,循环迭代升级,以期实现建物致知,但目前失败率比较高,如Amyris公司。
基于中国古代哲学思想,作者推荐生物制造新研发思路“大道至简,从上而下,以道御术”,其核心原理是基于“大道至简”,出自老子《道德经》中“万物之始,大道至简,衍化至繁”;“从上而下”出自刘禹锡《唐故相国赠司空令狐公集纪》:“自上化下,速于置邮”,是指生物制造的顶层设计“道法术器”从上到下;“以道御术”出自老子的《道德经》,是进一步强调道的上位概念,高于术与器。作者推荐将复杂的生物制造问题简单化,先确定生物制造的“道”与“法”,将有限研发资源放到正确道路,再利用和开发关键技术,将大大提高创新技术向产业实施转化的成功率。总之,中国生物制造产业工作者需要“走正道,懂基法,创万术,造神器,成大事”,推动中国生物制造产业达到世界领先水平。
  • 国家重点研发计划“合成生物学”重点专项(2022YFA0912300)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(SFC 32271544)
  • 合成生物学海河实验室颠覆性创新项目(22HHSWSS000155)
  • 天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动项目(TSBICIP-CXRC-067)
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2024年第5卷第6期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-066
  • 接收时间:2023-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-14
  • 修回日期:2023-12-08
基金
国家重点研发计划“合成生物学”重点专项(2022YFA0912300)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(SFC 32271544)
合成生物学海河实验室颠覆性创新项目(22HHSWSS000155)
天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动项目(TSBICIP-CXRC-067)
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    1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室,天津 300308
    2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心,天津 300308
    3 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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