Article(id=1148993959269032311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693152000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-28, revisedDate=1698768000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751871107164, onlineDateStr=2025-07-07, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751871107164, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751871107164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751871107164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148993956857307504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, year='2024', volume='5', issue='6', pageStart='1227', pageEnd='1529', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1751871106590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752057237502, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1149774646557499610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, issueId=1148993956857307504, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1264, endPage=1278, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149994720441807762, articleId=1148993959269032311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, language=EN, title=Biological degradation and utilization of lignin, columnId=1149894683619635652, journalTitle=Synthetic Biology Journal, columnName=Invited Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lignin is a major component of lignocellulose, accounting for 15%-30% on a dry weight basis, with an annual yield estimated to be 20 billion tonnes. Lignin is a heterogenous aromatic polymer of phenylpropanoids linked by various C—C and C—O bonds. It is an integral component of the secondary cell wall from terrestrial plants, providing plants with rigidness and fending off microbial pathogens. The abundance and renewability of lignin has recently attracted ample interest in valorizing this readily available polymer. However, the complex nature of lignin presents a significant challenge for lignin breakdown and utilization, and at present the majority of lignin is simply burned as a fuel. Among the different methods, biological utilization of lignin has emerged as a highly attractive approach, since it proceeds under mild conditions and is generally considered environmentally friendly, especially considering that environmental sustainability is trending worldwide. This review comprises three major sections. First, we will summarize key enzymes that nature has created to break down lignin, including laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, dye-decolorizing peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase etc. Relevant enzymes and their catalytic mechanisms will also be briefly discussed. Second, we will review key reactions in priming and processing lignin derived aromatics before they enter microbial metabolic pathways: O-demethylation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and ring opening, as well as representative enzymes involved and their catalytic mechanisms. Finally, we will present engineering efforts toward biological valorization of lignin and lignin derived aromatics, which is largely driven by synthetic biology approaches. Biological valorization of lignin is undoubtedly a field full of potential, however its realization still faces several major hurdles, such as low conversion efficiency and long processing time. Nevertheless, as synthetic biology is developing rapidly, harnessing the power of genetic and metabolic engineering to improve the efficiency of lignin breakdown and utilization, microbial tolerance to toxic aromatics, and redox balance will certainly be a promising path forward, paving the way for industrial application in the near future.

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木质素是木质纤维素的主要成分之一,按干重计约占15%~30%,全球年产量约200亿吨。木质素是由苯丙烷单元通过多种不同的碳碳键和碳氧键构成的一类芳香族高聚化合物,是高等陆生植物次生细胞壁的主要成分,赋予了植物刚性并保护植物体免受微生物的入侵。由于木质素产量巨大、可再生,近些年全球对木质素利用的兴趣持续升高。但是木质素的成分复杂,无论是其降解还是后续的利用都充满了挑战,因此目前多用作燃料。在众多木质素降解利用的方法中,生物法反应条件温和、绿色环保,近些年在绿色可持续发展的大背景下受到广泛关注。本文介绍了自然界中催化木质素降解的关键酶:漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、染料脱色过氧化物酶、多功能过氧化物酶等,同时简要介绍了其催化机制。并总结了生物利用木质素类芳香族化合物过程中涉及的四个主要反应:O-脱甲基、脱羧、羟基化和双加氧酶介导的开环反应,以及相关的酶和催化机制。最后,简要介绍了利用合成生物学手段构建细胞工厂实现木质素高值利用的案例。木质素的生物降解和利用是一个极具潜力的领域,同时也存在诸多的挑战,例如转化效率低、反应时间长等。但相信随着合成生物学的迅猛发展,利用高效基因编辑和代谢工程改造提高关键酶的反应速率和代谢通路的效率、提高底盘细胞对有毒芳香族化合物的抵抗能力、维持还原力的平衡等,将有效提高木质素生物降解利用的效率,其工业应用也许在不久的将来就会实现。

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刘宽庆(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为微生物生理代谢、核酸化学、蛋白合成调控。E-mail:

张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

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Green Chemistry, 2013, 15(8): 2070-2074., articleTitle=Lignin to lipid bioconversion by oleaginous Rhodococci, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140605546969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=2784, pageEnd=2789, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=104, rfOrder=103, authorNames=WEI Z, ZENG G M, HUANG F, journalName=Green Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WEI Z, ZENG G M, HUANG F, et al. Bioconversion of oxygen-pretreated Kraft lignin to microbial lipid with oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069[J]. Green Chemistry, 2015, 17(5): 2784-2789., articleTitle=Bioconversion of oxygen-pretreated Kraft lignin to microbial lipid with oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140660072922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=1306, pageEnd=1312, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=105, rfOrder=104, authorNames=ZHAO C, XIE S X, PU Y Q, journalName=Green Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHAO C, XIE S X, PU Y Q, et al. Synergistic enzymatic and microbial lignin conversion[J]. Green Chemistry, 2016, 18(5): 1306-1312., articleTitle=Synergistic enzymatic and microbial lignin conversion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140714598875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=21, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=106, rfOrder=105, authorNames=LIU Z H, XIE S X, LIN F R, journalName=Biotechnology for Biofuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference= LIU Z H, XIE S X, LIN F R, et al. Combinatorial pretreatment and fermentation optimization enabled a record yield on lignin bioconversion[J]. 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ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 2014, 2(5): 1106-1113., articleTitle=Understanding the limitations in the biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from lignin derivatives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140836233693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=2, issue=12, pageStart=9156, pageEnd=9163, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=108, rfOrder=107, authorNames=KUMAR M, SINGHAL A, VERMA P K, journalName=ACS Omega, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KUMAR M, SINGHAL A, VERMA P K, et al. Production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate from lignin derivatives by Pandoraea sp. ISTKB[J]. ACS Omega, 2017, 2(12): 9156-9163., articleTitle=Production and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate from lignin derivatives by Pandoraea sp. ISTKB, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140890759646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=52, issue=null, pageStart=238, pageEnd=242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=109, rfOrder=108, authorNames=SHI Y, YAN X, LI Q, journalName=Process Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference= SHI Y, YAN X, LI Q, et al. Directed bioconversion of Kraft lignin to polyhydroxyalkanoate by Cupriavidus basilensis B-8 without any pretreatment[J]. Process Biochemistry, 2017, 52: 238-242., articleTitle=Directed bioconversion of Kraft lignin to polyhydroxyalkanoate by Cupriavidus basilensis B-8 without any pretreatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877140945285599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=110, rfOrder=109, authorNames=XU Z Y, PAN C M, LI X L, journalName=Biotechnology for Biofuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XU Z Y, PAN C M, LI X L, et al. Enhancement of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by co-feeding lignin derivatives with glycerol in Pseudomonas putida KT2440[J]. 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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology, 2020, 5(4): 245-251., articleTitle=Advances on systems metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis as a chassis cell, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1164877141096280546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=10, pageStart=1526, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=113, rfOrder=112, authorNames=KOWALCZYK J E, SAHA S, MÄKELÄ M R, journalName=Biomolecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference= KOWALCZYK J E, SAHA S, MÄKELÄ M R. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 tools for genome editing in the white-rot fungus dichomitus squalens[J]. 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caption=木质素的成分和利用, figureFileSmall=64g5wNkyNvlodRZUJs4buQ==, figureFileBig=5z7F74H3GXDn095pva5cLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129406755167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Primary enzyme-catalyzed reactions in lignin degradation[35,42], figureFileSmall=XlvS4mSFhjWPdcU641Nhgw==, figureFileBig=+E1/aEmFH2YyRxdlaCjzCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129461281121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=CN, label=图2, caption=自然界木质素降解涉及的主要酶反应3542, figureFileSmall=XlvS4mSFhjWPdcU641Nhgw==, figureFileBig=+E1/aEmFH2YyRxdlaCjzCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129524195683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Primary reactions for utilizing lignin derived aromatics and schematic of assimilating syringate and catechol into microbial metabolic pathways

[Enzymatic reactions are mainly based off Erickson et al.[12] and Vaillancourt et al.[53]. Enzymes for assimilating lignin into microbial metabolic pathways may not come from the same species: DesA[54] and LigM[55] from Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6, Dmts[12] from Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM 12444, GalA, B, C, D[56-57], CatB[58], CatC[58], PcaI[59], PcaJ[59], and PcaF[59-61] from Pseudomonas putida, CatA[62] from Acinetobacter baylyi, PcaD[63] from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP, and PaaJ [64] from Escherichia coli]

, figureFileSmall=/3/NGMd0Nt+eOYEj1OJf5A==, figureFileBig=yUJOkJsyrN8BRoZZQ1COQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129591304549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=CN, label=图3, caption=自然界利用木质素类芳香族化合物所涉及的酶反应及其进入微生物代谢途径的示意图

O-脱甲基化、羟基化、脱羧和开环反应主要参考了Erickson 等12和Vaillancourt等53。木质素类芳香族化合物进入微生物代谢途径展示了丁香酸(syringate)和儿茶酚(catechol)。代谢途径中的酶并非一定来自同一微生物:DesA54和LigM55来自少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis SYK-6),Dmts12来自Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM12444,GalA、B、C、D56-57、CatB58、CatC58、PcaI59、PcaJ59、PcaF59-61来自恶臭假单胞菌,CatA62来自贝氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baylyi),PcaD63来自浑浊红球菌(Rhodococcus opacus)1CP,PaaJ 64来自大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)]

, figureFileSmall=/3/NGMd0Nt+eOYEj1OJf5A==, figureFileBig=yUJOkJsyrN8BRoZZQ1COQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129666802023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Engineering strategies for microbial degradation and utilization of lignin, figureFileSmall=IBmaYskwgfHy/NUgyZrIkg==, figureFileBig=n0qvTGQXihn91hqf60QzuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129721327976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=CN, label=图4, caption=构建木质素降解利用微生物的策略, figureFileSmall=IBmaYskwgfHy/NUgyZrIkg==, figureFileBig=n0qvTGQXihn91hqf60QzuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1164877129805214057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of lignin degrading microbes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌 参考文献 细菌 参考文献
Aspergillus flavus [34] Acinetobacter sp. [33]
Aspergillus terreus [33] Amycolatopsis sp. [33]
Bjerkandera [34] Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus [33]
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora [34] Arthrobacter globiformis [33]
Cyathus stercoreus [34] Bacillus atrophaeus [33-34]
Dichomitus squalens [33] Bacillus pumilus [34]
Fusarium oxysporum [33] Cupriavidus necator [33]
Gloeophyllum trabeum [34] Enterobacter lignolyticus [33]
Lepista nuda [33] Klebsiella pneumoniae [33]
Penicillium citrinum [33] Mycobacterium smegmatis [34]
Perenniporia medulla-panis [34] Nocardia autotrophica [33]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium [33-34] Oceanimonas doudoroffii [33]
Phlebia radiata [34] Ochrobactrum tritici [33]
Pleurotus eryngii [34] Pantoea ananatis [34]
Pleurotus ostreatus [34] Pseudomonas putida [33-34]
Porodaedalea pini [34] Rhodococcus erythropolis [33]
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus [34] Rhodococcus jostii [33-34]
Schizophyllum commune [33] Sphingomonas paucimobilis [33-34]
Serpula lacrymans [33-34] Streptomyces coelicolor [33]
Trametes versicolor [34] Streptomyces viridosporus [33-34]
Tramtes hirsute [34]
Wolfiporia cocos [34]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877131843645803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

具有木质素降解能力的微生物列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
真菌 参考文献 细菌 参考文献
Aspergillus flavus [34] Acinetobacter sp. [33]
Aspergillus terreus [33] Amycolatopsis sp. [33]
Bjerkandera [34] Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus [33]
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora [34] Arthrobacter globiformis [33]
Cyathus stercoreus [34] Bacillus atrophaeus [33-34]
Dichomitus squalens [33] Bacillus pumilus [34]
Fusarium oxysporum [33] Cupriavidus necator [33]
Gloeophyllum trabeum [34] Enterobacter lignolyticus [33]
Lepista nuda [33] Klebsiella pneumoniae [33]
Penicillium citrinum [33] Mycobacterium smegmatis [34]
Perenniporia medulla-panis [34] Nocardia autotrophica [33]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium [33-34] Oceanimonas doudoroffii [33]
Phlebia radiata [34] Ochrobactrum tritici [33]
Pleurotus eryngii [34] Pantoea ananatis [34]
Pleurotus ostreatus [34] Pseudomonas putida [33-34]
Porodaedalea pini [34] Rhodococcus erythropolis [33]
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus [34] Rhodococcus jostii [33-34]
Schizophyllum commune [33] Sphingomonas paucimobilis [33-34]
Serpula lacrymans [33-34] Streptomyces coelicolor [33]
Trametes versicolor [34] Streptomyces viridosporus [33-34]
Tramtes hirsute [34]
Wolfiporia cocos [34]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877131910754669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Valorization of lignin and its derived aromatics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物 产物 底盘细胞 参考文献
异丁香酚、丁香酚、香草醇、阿魏酸 香兰素

Bacillus pumilus

Escherichia coli

[83-84]
苯甲酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、木质素 丙酮酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、衣康酸、酮己二酸

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Pseudomonas putida

[85-88]
香兰素、香草酸、苯甲酸、儿茶酚 顺,顺-己二烯二酸

Arthrobacter sp.

Brevibacterium flavum

Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum

Corynebacterium glutamicum

Corynebacterium lilium

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum

Pseudomonas sp.

Pseudomonas putida

Sphingobacterium sp.

[89-101]
儿茶酚 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 Pseudomonas putida [102]
木质素 脂质 Rhodococcus opacus [103-106]
木质素 聚羟基烷酯

Cupriavidus basilensis

Pandoraea sp.

Pseudomonas putida

[107-110]
), ArticleFig(id=1164877131982057838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993959269032311, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物法转化木质素(类芳香族化合物)生产高值产品

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底物 产物 底盘细胞 参考文献
异丁香酚、丁香酚、香草醇、阿魏酸 香兰素

Bacillus pumilus

Escherichia coli

[83-84]
苯甲酸、4-羟基肉桂酸、木质素 丙酮酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、衣康酸、酮己二酸

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Pseudomonas putida

[85-88]
香兰素、香草酸、苯甲酸、儿茶酚 顺,顺-己二烯二酸

Arthrobacter sp.

Brevibacterium flavum

Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum

Corynebacterium glutamicum

Corynebacterium lilium

Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum

Pseudomonas sp.

Pseudomonas putida

Sphingobacterium sp.

[89-101]
儿茶酚 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯 Pseudomonas putida [102]
木质素 脂质 Rhodococcus opacus [103-106]
木质素 聚羟基烷酯

Cupriavidus basilensis

Pandoraea sp.

Pseudomonas putida

[107-110]
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木质素的生物降解和生物利用
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刘宽庆 1 , 张以恒 1, 2, 3
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024,5(6): 1264-1278
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2024, 5(6): 1264-1278
木质素的生物降解和生物利用
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刘宽庆1 , 张以恒1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心,天津 300308
  • 2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室,天津 300308
  • 3 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
  • 刘宽庆(1984—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为微生物生理代谢、核酸化学、蛋白合成调控。E-mail:

    张以恒(1971—),男,博士,研究员,中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室主任,曾任美国弗吉尼亚理工大学终身正教授。研究方向为体外合成生物学、生物制造、生物炼制和淀粉储能。E-mail:

Biological degradation and utilization of lignin
Kuanqing LIU1 , Yi-Heng P.Job ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 In vitro Synthetic Biology Center,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Tianjin 300308,China
  • 3 National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology,Tianjin 300308,China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062
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木质素是木质纤维素的主要成分之一,按干重计约占15%~30%,全球年产量约200亿吨。木质素是由苯丙烷单元通过多种不同的碳碳键和碳氧键构成的一类芳香族高聚化合物,是高等陆生植物次生细胞壁的主要成分,赋予了植物刚性并保护植物体免受微生物的入侵。由于木质素产量巨大、可再生,近些年全球对木质素利用的兴趣持续升高。但是木质素的成分复杂,无论是其降解还是后续的利用都充满了挑战,因此目前多用作燃料。在众多木质素降解利用的方法中,生物法反应条件温和、绿色环保,近些年在绿色可持续发展的大背景下受到广泛关注。本文介绍了自然界中催化木质素降解的关键酶:漆酶、锰过氧化物酶、木质素过氧化物酶、染料脱色过氧化物酶、多功能过氧化物酶等,同时简要介绍了其催化机制。并总结了生物利用木质素类芳香族化合物过程中涉及的四个主要反应:O-脱甲基、脱羧、羟基化和双加氧酶介导的开环反应,以及相关的酶和催化机制。最后,简要介绍了利用合成生物学手段构建细胞工厂实现木质素高值利用的案例。木质素的生物降解和利用是一个极具潜力的领域,同时也存在诸多的挑战,例如转化效率低、反应时间长等。但相信随着合成生物学的迅猛发展,利用高效基因编辑和代谢工程改造提高关键酶的反应速率和代谢通路的效率、提高底盘细胞对有毒芳香族化合物的抵抗能力、维持还原力的平衡等,将有效提高木质素生物降解利用的效率,其工业应用也许在不久的将来就会实现。

木质素  /  生物降解  /  生物利用  /  漆酶  /  锰过氧化物酶  /  木质素过氧化物酶  /  染料脱色过氧化物酶  /  多功能过氧化物酶

Lignin is a major component of lignocellulose, accounting for 15%-30% on a dry weight basis, with an annual yield estimated to be 20 billion tonnes. Lignin is a heterogenous aromatic polymer of phenylpropanoids linked by various C—C and C—O bonds. It is an integral component of the secondary cell wall from terrestrial plants, providing plants with rigidness and fending off microbial pathogens. The abundance and renewability of lignin has recently attracted ample interest in valorizing this readily available polymer. However, the complex nature of lignin presents a significant challenge for lignin breakdown and utilization, and at present the majority of lignin is simply burned as a fuel. Among the different methods, biological utilization of lignin has emerged as a highly attractive approach, since it proceeds under mild conditions and is generally considered environmentally friendly, especially considering that environmental sustainability is trending worldwide. This review comprises three major sections. First, we will summarize key enzymes that nature has created to break down lignin, including laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, dye-decolorizing peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase etc. Relevant enzymes and their catalytic mechanisms will also be briefly discussed. Second, we will review key reactions in priming and processing lignin derived aromatics before they enter microbial metabolic pathways: O-demethylation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and ring opening, as well as representative enzymes involved and their catalytic mechanisms. Finally, we will present engineering efforts toward biological valorization of lignin and lignin derived aromatics, which is largely driven by synthetic biology approaches. Biological valorization of lignin is undoubtedly a field full of potential, however its realization still faces several major hurdles, such as low conversion efficiency and long processing time. Nevertheless, as synthetic biology is developing rapidly, harnessing the power of genetic and metabolic engineering to improve the efficiency of lignin breakdown and utilization, microbial tolerance to toxic aromatics, and redox balance will certainly be a promising path forward, paving the way for industrial application in the near future.

lignin  /  biological degradation  /  biological utilization  /  laccase  /  manganese peroxidase  /  lignin peroxidase  /  dye-decolorizing peroxidase  /  versatile peroxidase
刘宽庆, 张以恒. 木质素的生物降解和生物利用. 合成生物学, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1264 -1278 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062
Kuanqing LIU, Yi-Heng P.Job ZHANG. Biological degradation and utilization of lignin[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2024 , 5 (6) : 1264 -1278 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062
木质纤维素(lignocellulose)是陆生植物的主要成分之一(陆生植物年产量接近2000亿吨),是地球上最大的可再生资源1。除去少量灰分、蛋白质和脂质外,木质纤维素的主要成分是纤维素(40%~60%)、半纤维素(10%~40%)和木质素(15%~30%)2图1(a)]。纤维素是由葡萄糖单体通过β-1,4糖苷键构成的成分单一的线性多糖3,平均聚合度在8000~10000之间,由大约30~100条纤维素链状分子“并肩”平行排列,形成纤维素微纤丝4。半纤维素通常包裹于纤维素纤维表面,主要由D-木糖、L-阿拉伯糖、D-甘露糖等通过多种糖苷键(例如β-1,4和α-1,3糖苷键)构成分支状多聚糖,并同时伴有糖醛酸和乙酰基等修饰5,平均聚合度在200左右。木质素是高等陆生植物次生壁的重要成分之一[图1(a)],在赋予植物体刚性、协助水分运输、保护植物体免受微生物入侵方面发挥着重要的作用6。木质素根据来源不同可以分为阔叶树木质素、针叶树木质素和草本木质素,它们都是以苯丙烷为基本单元,通过多种碳碳键和碳氧键结合(例如β-O-4和β-1醚键)而成的一类芳香族高聚物[图1(b)]。这些苯丙烷单元来自芥子醇、松柏醇以及香豆醇7图1(c)],而且同时还具有羟基、羰基、酚式羟基等多种功能基团的修饰,因此木质素是木质纤维素中最为复杂的组分。不同植物中这三种单体的比例会有差异,甚至同一植物体内不同组织间单体的比例也会有不同7。此外,除了以上这些基本单元,黄酮类和羟基芪类化合物也是木质素的组成成分8。木质素复杂的组成和结构不但让植物木质素成分和结构鉴定非常困难6,也让木质素的降解和利用充满了挑战9
随着全球对绿色可再生能源需求的增加,木质纤维素以其巨大的产量和可再生性受到了广泛的关注10。过去数十年的研究在木质纤维素利用方面取得了诸多进展,但实现木质纤维素的工业级利用仍然充满了挑战。利用木质纤维素需要对纤维素、半纤维素和木质素(简称三素)进行拆分和解聚,以将这些聚合物降解为单体或寡聚体,随后通过多种手段来利用这些解聚的产物。木质纤维素拆分和部分解聚通常是在预处理(物理、化学、物理化学及生物手段等)过程实现的。三素中半纤维素的分离和解聚相对容易,而纤维素排列致密,比表面积小,解聚较难,这是限制纤维素利用的主要瓶颈11。但是半纤维素和纤维素一旦降解为单体或寡聚体,微生物可以非常容易地通过自身的代谢通路将这些碳水化合物转化为各种高值产品或菌体。相比之下,木质素是三素中最难降解和利用的:一方面木质素中的复杂化学键需要多种不同的酶协同工作;另一方面利用木质素解聚后的芳香族分子并非易事,而且这些化合物种类繁多,具有甲基等多种基团的修饰,一般需要通过一系列复杂的反应才能顺利进入微生物的代谢通路12。此外,预处理获得的木质素通常会发生改性,而且纯度低,难以进行高值利用。因此木质素是三素中利用率最低的成分,现在主要是作为燃料通过焚烧来处理掉13-14图1(d)]。此外,木质素还可以用作燃料、分散剂15、生物可降解材料16、纳米材料17、紫外线吸收剂18、酚醛树脂19以及微生物碳源20图1(d)]。近些年来全球对木质素利用的兴趣逐渐增加,而生物法降解利用木质素具有反应条件温和、绿色环保的优势,因此备受关注。本综述将主要围绕木质素的生物降解和生物利用,总结近几年领域内的进展,并对未来的发展进行展望。
自然界中的木质素是以木质纤维素的形式存在的,因此利用木质素的第一步是对其进行预处理和一定程度的解聚。目前获得的木质素主要来自于造纸行业,是造纸过程的一个副产物,造纸行业大约供应了全球97%的工业木质素21。造纸行业处理木质素的方法主要包括亚硫酸盐和Kraft法。亚硫酸盐法主要是依赖亚硫酸盐,通过磺化和水解反应来对木质素进行溶解和解聚22。Kraft法是目前造纸行业最流行的预处理方法23,其利用氢氧化钠和硫化钠在高温下破坏木质素中的醚键,实现对木质素进行处理和解聚24。亚硫酸盐和Kraft法提取的木质素都含有硫,而且品质不均一,因此不利于木质素后续的高值利用。除了这两种方法外,有机溶剂法可利用甲醇或乙醇的水溶液在高温高压下拆分木质素25。通过有机溶剂法获得的木质素性质好、不含硫、无半纤维素、品质均一并且可溶于有机溶剂,但缺点是有机溶剂会腐蚀反应设备26,而且有机溶剂和后续的发酵反应也存在兼容性的问题,因此目前在工业上的应用有限。除了以上这些方法,Erdocia等撰写的综述27还总结了其他木质素分离提取的方法,例如蒸汽爆破(利用高温水蒸气)28、稀酸水解(利用稀硫酸、盐酸、磷酸和氢氟酸等)29-30,以及新一代的离子液体提取法(利用咪唑𬭩和非咪唑𬭩的离子液体)31-32等,感兴趣的读者可以参考。
预处理后获得的木质素需要进一步破坏其中的醚键以获取木质素寡聚体或单体,便于下一步的利用。木质素解聚的方法有很多,大致可以分为物理法、化学法、物理化学法以及生物法33。生物法可以选择性针对木质素,反应条件温和、专一性好、能耗低20,因此近些年来受到越来越多的关注,这也是本文着重讨论的木质素解聚方法。生物法降解木质素主要依赖具有木质素降解能力的微生物(表1)。
白腐真菌具有非常强大的木质素降解和利用能力,可以高效地将木质素矿化为水和二氧化碳35-36,其中研究较深入的代表是黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium37。此外,一些细菌例如绿孢链霉菌(Streptomyces viridosporus)、肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、小麦苍白杆菌(Chrobactrum tritici)以及若斯蒂红球菌(Rhodococcus jostii)等也具有一定的木质素降解能力38-40。自然界中催化木质素降解的酶主要包括漆酶(laccase)、锰过氧化物酶(manganese peroxidase)、木质素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidase)、染料脱色过氧化物酶(dye-decolorizing peroxidase)、多功能过氧化物酶(versatile peroxidase)、谷胱甘肽依赖型的β-醚酶和产生过氧化氢的辅助酶(例如吡喃糖氧化酶等)41图2)。
漆酶(EC 1.10.3.2)早在19世纪就从日本漆树的分泌液中被发现43。漆酶是含铜的氧化还原酶,可以氧化多种芳香族化合物,并同时将氧气还原为水。漆酶的氧化还原电势较低44,因此在没有介质分子的情况下,主要与木质素中的苯酚单元反应45。在2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉- 6-磺酸(ABTS)等介质分子的协助下,漆酶也可以氧化木质素中的非苯酚单元20。锰过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.13)、木质素过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.14)、多功能过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.16)以及最近发现的染料脱色过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.19)都是过氧化氢依赖型的亚铁血红素过氧化物酶。锰过氧化物酶利用过氧化氢将Mn2+氧化为Mn3+,后者可以在木质素中扩散来氧化苯酚单元46。木质素过氧化物酶具有更高的氧化还原电势,在过氧化氢存在下可以直接氧化木质素中苯酚单元和非苯酚单元47。多功能过氧化物酶的底物比较宽泛,可以直接氧化Mn2+为Mn3+(类似锰过氧化物酶),苯酚及非苯酚单元48。染料脱色过氧化物酶在蛋白序列和结构上与前三个过氧化物酶不同,但其降解木质素的催化机制类似49。β-醚酶属于谷胱甘肽S-转移酶超级家族(EC 2.5.1.18),最初是在Sphingobium sp.strain SYK-6中发现的,其利用谷胱甘肽的还原力来破坏β-O-4芳香醚键50。过氧化物酶所需要的过氧化氢主要来自乙二醛氧化酶(EC 1.2.3.5)、芳香醇氧化酶(EC 1.1.3.7)、葡萄糖脱氢酶(EC 1.1.99.10)以及吡喃糖氧化酶(EC 1.1.3.10),过氧化氢和Fe2+或Fe3+也可以通过芬顿反应(Fenton reaction)生成羟基自由基来攻击木质素进行解聚35
解聚后的木质素成分复杂,为了实现其生物利用,目前通用的策略是采用生物漏斗(biological funneling)法将这些芳香族化合物整合到微生物的中心代谢途径中加以利用51-52。这一过程涉及O-脱甲基、羟基化、脱羧和双加氧酶介导的开环等多种反应12。前三个反应主要是为了最后的开环反应做准备,开环后的木质素芳香族衍生物可以通过一系列的反应进入到微生物的代谢途径中,例如糖酵解和三羧酸循环途径(图3)。
O-脱甲基反应是利用富含愈创木基和紫丁香基单元木质素单体/寡聚体的一个重要反应。催化这一类反应的酶主要包括Rieske加氧酶、细胞色素酶P450(CYP450酶)以及四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolate)依赖型的脱甲基酶。前两种酶需要NAD(P)H来提供还原力,而后者不依赖氧化还原反应,可以直接将甲基转移到四氢叶酸上以生成5-甲基四氢叶酸盐5465-66。Rieske加氧酶一般包括两个或三个功能域:还原酶域、加氧酶域或铁氧化还原蛋白域来协助转运电子,其反应机制是由还原酶域通过核黄素辅酶(黄素单核苷酸或黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸)将NAD(P)H的电子直接或通过铁氧化还原蛋白域间接地转移至加氧酶域。加氧酶域是由Rieske类铁氧化还原蛋白构成,利用捕获的电子来活化氧分子以消除甲基,副产物为甲醛。比较有代表性的Rieske加氧酶有来自恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的VanAB和Sphingobium sp. SYK-6的LigXacd。VanAB是由两个功能酶域构成:VanA是加氧酶,而VanB是含有铁氧化还原蛋白-NAD(P)H-C端[2Fe-2S](FNRc)类型的还原酶。LigXacd包含三个功能酶域:LigXa是加氧酶,LigXc是铁氧化还原蛋白域,LigXd是FNRn类型的还原酶。CYP450酶早在20世纪60年代被发现67,是一大类以血红素为辅基的超级酶家族68。CYP450酶利用NAD(P)H提供还原力,具有较短的电子传递链69,在氧分子存在下通过形成高价铁氧复合物来实现产物的氧化70。与木质素降解相关的CYP450目前多是细菌来源的,比如玫瑰色红球菌(Rhodococcus rhodochrous)P450RR1可以催化邻羟基苯甲醚(2-methoxyphenol)的脱甲基反应,产物为儿茶酚71。此外来源于Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC39116的GcoAB可以对包括愈创木酚在内的多种具有O-甲基修饰的芳香族化合物进行脱甲基反应72。四氢叶酸依赖型的脱甲基酶可以直接将甲基转移至四氢叶酸形成5-甲基四氢叶酸,后者可以参与到一碳(C1)代谢中。而且与Rieske加氧酶和CYP450酶相比,四氢叶酸依赖型的脱甲基酶不会产生有毒的甲醛。目前研究比较多的是来自Sphingobium sp. SYK-6的DesA和LigM,前者的底物主要是丁香酸54,而后者的底物主要是香草酸和3-O-甲基没食子酸55
O-脱甲基化的功能类似,羟基化的目的也是活化木质素的芳香环以便于后续的开环反应。黄素单加氧酶是催化羟基化反应的代表,此外Rieske加氧酶、CYP450酶以及蝶呤依赖性的酶也可以催化这一类反应。黄素单加氧酶利用核黄素来活化O2,NAD(P)H提供还原力,在芳香环上引入羟基。按照结构和催化机制的不同可以分为单组分和双组分黄素单加氧酶。前者以黄素为辅基,二者结合紧密,对催化的底物具有较高的选择性,例如Pseudomonas fluorescens的FMO-4-hydroybenoate-3-monooxygenase73。后者通常由两个酶域构成,还原酶域利用NAD(P)H将黄素还原,加氧酶域利用还原的黄素催化羟基化反应,比较有代表性的是Bacillus thermoglucosidasius的PheA1A274。Rieske加氧酶也可以催化木质素芳香环的羟基化反应,例如BphA1A2A3A4是一个由四条肽链构成、具有三个催化功能域的蛋白,可以在联苯基的芳香环上引入一对羟基75
脱羧酶根据催化机制的不同可以分为氧化型和还原型。氧化脱羧酶包括Rieske加氧酶、黄素单加氧酶以及脱氢酶:前两类酶利用O2和NAD(P)H来实现脱羧反应;脱氢酶不依赖O2来替换羧基为羟基,同时将NAD(P)+还原为NAD(P)H。还原脱羧酶依赖Mn2+、Zn2+、异戊烯化黄素单核苷酸等为辅因子来消除羧基,留下碳氢化物。比较有代表性的氧化脱羧酶有PhnIIA3A4和NahG,还原脱羧酶有LigW/LigW2、γ-RSD以及AroY等。
经过一系列O-脱甲基化、羟基化和脱羧反应后,木质素类芳香族化合物通常会被转化为一些共同的单体,例如儿茶酚、原儿茶酸、龙胆酸等。打开这些芳香环,使其进入微生物的代谢途径是成功利用木质素的关键一步53。双加氧酶是催化开环反应的关键酶,其通过将单个氧原子引入到芳香环中实现开环反应。绝大多数已知的双加氧酶都是金属依赖型,用以活化O2;还有一小部分双加氧酶无需辅因子76。开环双加氧酶中最具代表性的是儿茶酚双加氧酶,由Hayaishi等77在20世纪50年代发现。这一类酶可以对儿茶酚及其衍生物进行开环反应,按开环的位置不同可以分为intradiol和extradiol双加氧酶。前者利用非亚铁血红素的三价铁离子从儿茶酚的两个羟基之间催化开环反应,后者利用非亚铁血红素二价铁离子从儿茶酚的羟基旁边进行切割(图3)。来自假单胞菌属的儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶(C12O)和儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶(C23O)分别是这两类酶的典型代表。原儿茶酸的开环反应可以有三种不同的模式:原儿茶酸3,4-双加氧酶(3,4-PCD)可以进行intradiol开环反应78,而原儿茶酸2,3-双加氧酶(2,3-PCD)79和4,5-双加氧酶(4,5-PCD)80可以进行extradiol开环反应。通过以上一系列的反应,开环后的木质素类芳香族化合物可以直接进入到微生物的中心代谢途径中为微生物的生长提供能量(图3)。例如恶臭假单胞菌KT2440可以利用β-酮己二酸(β-ketoadipate)通路将儿茶酚和原儿茶酚的开环产物转变为乙酰辅酶A和琥珀酰辅酶A,最后通过三羧酸循环来实现木质素类芳香族化合物的利用81。此外,少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis)SYK-6可以将开环的原儿茶酚和3-O-甲基没食子酸通过一系列反应转化为草酰乙酸和丙酮酸来进入中心代谢途径82
代谢工程改造是实现木质素高值利用的关键一步,产品可以分为芳香族和非芳香族化合物(表2)。
前者无需对木质素类芳香族化合物进行开环反应,例如香兰素。香兰素被广泛应用在食品和化妆品行业,是全球应用最广泛的香料之一。异丁香酚、丁香酚等芳香化合物可以通过Bacillus pumilusEscherichia coli转化为香兰素83-84。此外,木质素类芳香族化合物也可以通过开环反应进入到微生物的糖酵解和三羧酸循环代谢途径中为微生物生长提供能量(图3),或是转化为重要的中间代谢产物,例如乳酸和丙酮酸。美国国家可再生能源实验室Gregg Beckham研究组85以恶臭假单胞菌KT2440为底盘,通过一系列代谢工程改造成功地将木质素类芳香族化合物转化为乳酸和丙酮酸。此外,Hong等86利用Phanerochaete chrysosporium将木质素转化为琥珀酸。美国橡树岭国家实验室的Adam Guss课题组87利用恶臭假单胞菌实现了木质素到衣康酸的转化, 而最近Werner等88通过代谢工程手段在恶臭假单胞菌中成功将木质素转化为酮己二酸。顺,顺-己二烯二酸是一类重要的材料单体和化合物前体,可以通过儿茶酚的intradiol开环来直接获得。目前已有多个研究组利用代谢工程手段在不同的微生物底盘(例如恶臭假单胞菌、谷氨酸棒杆菌等)实现了多种木质素类芳香族化合物到顺,顺-己二烯二酸的转化89-101
除了这些重要的小分子外,类似的代谢工程改造也成功地实现了木质素类芳香族化合物到高值大分子化合物的转化。Saarland大学的Christoph Wittmann课题组102利用恶臭假单胞菌将儿茶酚高效转化为顺,顺-己二烯二酸,后续通过化学方法将其进一步转化为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。另外,利用木质素合成生物脂质现在也得到了广泛的关注111,其中浑浊红球菌是研究较多的底盘。田纳西大学的Arthur Ragauska课题组在2013年构建了基于浑浊红球菌的发酵体系,分别将有机溶剂和超声波处理获得的木质素和Kraft木质素转化为脂质103-104,体外添加漆酶偶联微生物发酵可以进一步提高木质素到油脂的转化效率105。木质素到生物油脂的转化过程中,优化木质素的预处理和发酵条件是提高转化效率的关键环节106。最后,聚羟基烷酯(PHA)相比于传统材料具有多种优势,例如生物可降解性和相容性等,因此在材料领域具有广阔的应用前景。Tomizawa等107系统地研究了微生物利用多种木质素类芳香族化合物生产聚羟基烷酯的关键瓶颈,为后续代谢工程改造提供了重要的理论基础。Kumar等108和Shi等109分别以Pandoraea sp.和Cupriavidus basilensis为底盘实现了木质素(类芳香族化合物)到聚羟基烷酯的转化。最近,华盛顿州立大学的Yang Bin课题组110通过添加甘油来提高恶臭假单胞菌的生长和聚羟基烷酯的产量,为提高木质素到聚羟基烷酯的转化效率提供了一个新的思路。
木质素是木质素纤维的主要成分之一,是自然界中第二大可再生有机聚合物,具有巨大的利用潜力。但是由于其降解利用困难,木质素长期以来都没能很好地实现自身的价值。在众多的方法中,生物法降解利用木质素反应条件温和、绿色环保,因此最近开始受到广泛的关注。但木质素的成分复杂,导致木质素的解聚和后续利用充满挑战,主要的表现是生物法利用木质素的反应时间长。白腐真菌是自然界中已知最好的可以降解木质素的微生物,不需要预处理就可以同时实现木质素的降解和利用。但是白腐真菌的生长缓慢,遗传操作不便利,极大地限制了其在木质素降解和利用中的应用。相比之下,一些细菌(例如恶臭假单胞菌KT2440)虽然降解木质素的能力有限,但其具有较强的利用木质素类芳香化合物的能力,而且抗逆能力优良33。还有一些细菌(例如枯草芽孢杆菌)虽然本身不具有降解木质素和利用芳香族化合物的能力,但它们易培养、生长快速,而且有着强大的遗传和生化工具112,因此具有良好的改造潜力。综合比较,白腐真菌具有优良的木质素降解利用能力,但是生长缓慢和缺乏高效的遗传编辑工具限制了其应用;除个别例外,细菌的木质素降解能力整体偏弱,但是其生长迅速,如果辅以高效的遗传编辑工具,其在木质素降解利用领域的潜力巨大。未来实现木质素的高效生物利用有三个线路(图4)。
第一个线路是基于白腐真菌,强化它的芳香化合物的利用能力,同时需要构建和优化白腐真菌的遗传编辑工具113,提高其木质素解聚酶的表达和分泌水平,辅以代谢工程改造来实现木质素高效生物解聚和高值化利用。
第二个线路是基于芳香族化合物利用能力较强的细菌(如恶臭假单胞菌),通过异源表达和分泌木质素降解酶来赋予或增强细菌木质素的解聚能力,以期实现木质素的高效生物降解和利用。
第三个线路是依赖便捷的改造工具赋予枯草芽孢杆菌等模式微生物木质素降解和利用的能力。改造后的微生物底盘再辅以代谢工程可以实现木质素(类芳香族化合物)到高值产品的高效转化,例如之前提到的重要的化工中间物(丙酮酸、乳酸、琥珀酸、衣康酸、酮己二酸等)、生物脂质和生物材料(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚羟基烷酯等)。在这一过程中,提高关键酶的催化效率、优化木质素的预处理方法、提高底盘细胞对有毒芳香族化合物的抵抗能力、维持还原力的平衡、提高代谢通路的效率以及优化发酵条件都是实现木质素生物利用工业化的关键环节。虽然木质素是木质纤维素中最难降解和利用的成分,但相信在合成生物学迅猛发展的利好环境下,通过一系列合理的途径设计、基因和代谢工程改造及条件优化,高效生物降解利用木质素在不远的将来就会实现。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3401700)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFA0912300)
  • 天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动创新人才/团队发展项目(TSBICIP-CXRC-068)
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-062
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-07
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
  • 修回日期:2023-11-01
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3401700)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFA0912300)
天津市合成生物技术创新能力提升行动创新人才/团队发展项目(TSBICIP-CXRC-068)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所体外合成生物学中心,天津 300308
    2 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所低碳合成工程生物学(全国)重点实验室,天津 300308
    3 国家合成生物技术创新中心,天津 300308
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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