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With the socioeconomic development, the dependence of human beings on fossil fuels has led to their shortage and climate change. This has created an urgent need for alternatives that are renewable and environmentally friendly, and biofuels are one of them. Nowadays, widely recognized biofuels like fuel ethanol and biodiesel face challenges in terms of their production capacity due to limitation on raw materials such as grains and edible oils and high cost as well. Hence, the integration of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has opened avenues for utilizing diverse substrates from other renewable sources, such as solar energy, light energy, electric energy, and waste biomass. Microbial cell factories, including microalgae, bacteria, and yeast, play a crucial role in synthesizing biofuels. The review comments on the evolution of the four generations of biofuels, encompassing fuel ethanol, biodiesel, bio-gasoline, jet and aviation fuels. We also discuss how microorganisms can be explored for producing the third- and fourth-generation biofuels from a variety of unconventional substrates such as carbon dioxide, methanol, and methane, multi-energy coupling to synthesize biofuels from lignocellulose by bacterial or yeast, CO2 conversion by microalgae or electrochemical-biological systems, the conversion of methanol and methane by methyltrophic microbes, and the application of synthetic biology. Furthermore, we overview biosynthetic pathways and engineering strategies for optimizing biofuels production. These strategies can convert raw materials to various fuel products, including fatty acids and esters, advanced alcohols and esters, isoprenoids, and polyketides. Finally, we highlight some challenges in biofuels production, including raw material supply and cost issue, low production yield, and limited product variety. Meanwhile, to address these challenges, we propose corresponding solutions. For example, by optimizing carbon fixation pathways, and converting carbon dioxide into low-carbon substrates like methanol, autotrophic microorganisms, methylotrophic microorganisms, and other cell factories can utilize carbon dioxide as the major raw material to synthesize various biofuels, which can benefit the application of biofuels and further promote their industrial production.

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人类社会发展对化石燃料的依赖导致了资源枯竭的加剧及显著的气候变化,迫切需要开发能够代替化石燃料的新型生物燃料。虽然已有生物乙醇和生物柴油等生物能源,但其生产规模和成本仍然是大规模应用的主要问题。近年来,随着可再生能源技术的发展,结合代谢工程及新兴的合成生物学,开发基于CO2合成的新兴生物燃料,逐渐成为未来绿色能源的重要研究方向。本文综述了生物燃料的种类及四代生物燃料的发展情况,并着重介绍了第三代和第四代生物燃料丰富的底物原材料、多能源偶联合成生物燃料的研究现状、合成生物学在其中的应用及现阶段的研究进展。最后概括了合成生物燃料所面临的困境,主要包括原料的供应及成本,新型液体生物燃料产量低和产品种类少等问题,并提出相应的解决办法,以二氧化碳作为主要原材料,结合自养型微生物及甲基营养型微生物等细胞工厂,通过优选固碳途径、转化二氧化碳为甲醇等低碳底物及多能源耦合等方式实现多种生物燃料的合成,以期扩大生物燃料的产能及应用范围,进一步推动新型生物燃料的产业化进程。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
于涛(1986—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为酿酒酵母的合成生物学。 E-mail:
郭姝媛(1991—),女,博士,助理研究员。研究方向为甲醇生物转化及产物合成。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Imvjxp2XuVhbrp3ZvoMG2Q==, magXml=ULvQDYPOFrhdsYZ4uMISfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j4OiPIFCNLIkzvh3Dz4fbw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=X6RC3Hl2N2r/3CRhyo0ypg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郭姝媛(1991—),女,博士,助理研究员。研究方向为甲醇生物转化及产物合成。 E-mail:

于涛(1986—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为酿酒酵母的合成生物学。 E-mail:

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ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8(1): 677-684., articleTitle=Ultrafast electron transfer in Au-cyanobacteria hybrid for solar to chemical production, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172812694710268807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=2021YFA0911000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0911000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812694777377672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=2020YFA0907800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0907800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812694844486537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=2022B1111080005, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省重点区域研究与发展计划项目(2022B1111080005), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812694919984010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=NSFC32071416, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(NSFC32071416), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695062590347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=JCHZ20200003, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳合成生物学创新研究院科研基金(JCHZ20200003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695205196684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=ZDSYS20210623091810032, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳市科技计划(ZDSYS20210623091810032), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695377163149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=XDB0480000, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略重点研究项目(XDB0480000), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695440077710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=招商局集团先进技术研究院有限公司(基于电催化CO2转化与生物炼制的绿色制造项目), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695557518223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=中海石油化学股份有限公司和海洋石油富岛有限公司“碳中和与粮食安全交叉创新联合实验室”项目, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172812695683347344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=深圳先进院跨所联合攻关青年团队项目(电驱动CO2转化与生物炼制规模化示范), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1172812691119944527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812691128333136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, companyId=1172812691119944527, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Center for Synthetic Biochemistry,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812691136721745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, companyId=1172812691119944527, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,合成生物化学研究中心,广东 深圳 518055)]), AuthorCompany(id=1172812691208024914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812691216413523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, companyId=1172812691208024914, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 CAS key laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1172812691220607828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, companyId=1172812691208024914, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,中国科学院定量工程生物学重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1172812693749773181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Synthesis of advanced biofuels based on one-carbon substances

(Pathway: CBB cycle—Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle; XuMP—xylulose monophosphate pathway; PPP—pentose phosphate pathway; RuMP—ribulose monophosphate pathway; EMC—ethylmalonyl-CoA; rACoAP—reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, also known as Wood-Ljungdahl pathway; MVA—mevalonate; MEP—methylerythritol‑4‑phosphate. Metabolites: G3P—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Ac-CoA—acetyl-CoA; FA—fatty acid)

, figureFileSmall=zQK8nQNJ4xJEGz1hjIUvAw==, figureFileBig=fXdmQ6Ue84rn+2OZpjgvGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812693837853566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于一碳物质合成生物燃料

(途径:CBB cycle—卡尔文循环;XuMP—一磷酸木酮糖途径;PPP—磷酸戊糖途径;RuMP—一磷酸核酮糖途径;EMC—乙基丙二酰CoA;rACoAP—还原型乙酰CoA途径,即Wood-Ljungdahl途径;MVA—甲戊酸酯;MEP—4-磷酸甲基赤藓糖醇。代谢物:G3P—3-磷酸甘油醛;Ac-CoA—乙酰CoA;FA—脂肪酸)

, figureFileSmall=zQK8nQNJ4xJEGz1hjIUvAw==, figureFileBig=fXdmQ6Ue84rn+2OZpjgvGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812693946905471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Metabolic pathways for producing advanced biofuels

(Pathway: MVA—mevalonate; MEP—methylerythritol‑4‑phosphate. Metabolites: G3P—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; PYR—pyruvate; Ac-CoA—acetyl-CoA; FFA—free fatty acid; IPP—isopentenyl pyrophosphate; DMAPP—dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; GPP—geranyl pyrophosphate; FPP—farnesyl pyrophosphate)

, figureFileSmall=0oeXxSLi+HpUtADKxFRbXw==, figureFileBig=tbOBo+HkCLfgXMpj3ocDOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812694005625728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=CN, label=图2, caption=液体生物燃料的合成途径

(途径:MVA—甲戊酸酯途径;MEP—4-磷酸甲基赤藓糖醇途径。代谢物:G3P—3-磷酸甘油醛;PYR—丙酮酸;Ac-CoA—乙酰CoA;FFA—游离脂肪酸;IPP—异戊烯基焦磷酸盐;DMAPP—二甲基烯丙基焦磷酸盐;GPP—香叶酰焦磷酸;FPP—法呢基焦磷酸盐)

, figureFileSmall=0oeXxSLi+HpUtADKxFRbXw==, figureFileBig=tbOBo+HkCLfgXMpj3ocDOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1172812694055957377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Engineered microbial chassis to synthetic advanced biofuels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物燃料 宿主 主要底物 发酵培养基 产物和产量 主要途径 改造策略及相关基因 备注 参考文献
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 Luria-Bertani (LB) 高级醇混合物(1.8 g/L) 逆β氧化途径 表达酰基CoA还原酶(TER),硫解酶(FadA),羟基酰CoA还原酶(FADB) ①1 L生物反应器
②产物:丁醇、己醇、辛醇、癸醇、十二醇、十四醇、十六醇
[47]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 丁醇(14 g/L);3-酮丁酸(500 mg/L);脂肪酸(7 g/L) 逆β氧化途径

①丁醇合成:ΔyqhDΔeutE,表达酰基转移酶(YQEF),丙二醇氧化还原酶(FUCO)

②羧酸(C>4)合成:ΔfadB,ΔydiO,表达硫酯酶(TESA,TESB),脂肪酰转移酶(YAQF)

③脂肪酸合成:ΔyqhDΔfucOΔfadD,表达硫酯酶(TESA,TESB,FADM,YCIA)

④长链醇(C>4):表达酰基CoA还原酶,醇脱氢酶(YIAY,BETA,EUTG)

①生产高级醇(C>4)和脂肪酸(C>10)具有更高的效率
②丁醇产率:0.33 g/g葡萄糖
③脂肪酸产率:0.28 g/g葡萄糖
④不同硫酯酶的使用可以产生不同碳链的脂肪酸
⑤利用生物反应器生产丁醇和脂肪酸
[48]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 Terrifc broth(TB) 3-羟基丁酸(29.8g/L) 逆β氧化途径 ①多元重组酶调控系统
②表达3-羟基丁酸酰基CoA脱氢酶(HBD),3-羟基丁酸酰基脱水酶(CRT),烯酰CoA还原酶(TER),酰基CoA酯化酶(TESB)
③表达RPOS,σ-38
①建立二元或多元重组酶依赖的开关调控系统用于延长菌株的复制周期
②通过提高菌株的复制周期提高物质产量
③5 L生物反应器
[49]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 TB 1-丁醇(30 g/L) 逆β氧化途径 ①表达烯酰CoA还原酶(TER)
②打断NADH竞争利用途径:ΔldhAΔadhEΔfrdBC
Δpta
④表达甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)
①厌氧发酵
②产率:70%~88%
[50]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 异丁醇(23 mmol/L);1-丁醇(0.6 mmol/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②表达缬氨酸或亮氨酸合成途径
①以苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸等氨基酸生物合成途径为基础
②供应不同底物可以产生不同化合物,如2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇或2-苯乙醇
[51]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 酵母合成培养基(SC),硫酸铜 异丁醇(263.2 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS,Bacillus subtilis),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILV3)
②表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
①通过引入铜诱导启动子CUP1缓解中间产物乙酰乳酸毒性
②Delta位点多拷贝整合
③以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
[52]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基、酵母合成培养基

异丁醇

[(635±23)mg/L];异戊醇

[(95±12)mg/L];2-甲基-1-丁醇[(118±28)mg/L]

酮酸途径 ①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILV3)
②表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
①线粒体靶向表达
②以缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸合成途径为基础
[53]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 YP 异丁醇(2.09 g/L) 酮酸途径 ①乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALSS),乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二醇酸脱水酶(ILV3)
ΔILV2
③敲除合成副产物的基因
①以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
②转化率:59.55 mg/g葡萄糖
[54]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 谷氨酸棒状杆菌 葡萄糖 CGXⅡ培养基 2-甲基-1-丁醇(0.37 g/L);3-甲基-1-丁醇(2.76 g/L) 酮酸途径 表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) 以缬氨酸和异亮氨酸合成途径为基础 [55]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 毕赤酵母 甘油 无机盐基础培养基 异戊醇;3-甲基-1-丁醇[(191.0±9.6) mg/L] 酮酸途径 ①表达乙酰乳酸合成酶(ILV2),乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二醇酸脱水酶(ILV3),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②下调丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)
通过表达缬氨酸和亮氨酸合成途径增加中间产物2-酮异戊酸的产量 [56]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 毕赤酵母 葡萄糖/甘油 无机盐基础培养基 异丁醇(2.22 g/L);乙酸异丁酯(24 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达缬氨酸合成途径(ILV2,ILV5,ILV3),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②表达醇氧酰基转移酶用于乙酸异丁酯合成(ATF)
以缬氨酸合成途径为基础 [57]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 黄色短杆菌(Breviba-cterium flavum) 葡萄糖 无机盐培养基,酵母提取物 异丁醇(5362 mg/L);2-甲基-1-丁醇(1945 mg/L);3-甲基-1-丁醇(785.34 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),酮基异戊酸脱羧酶(KIVD),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②苯丙酮酸脱羧酶(ARO10)
①诱变结合高通量筛选
②以亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸为基础合成
[58]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 枯草芽孢杆菌 葡萄糖 LB和无机盐混合培养基 异丁醇(2.62 g/L);乙醇(1.2 g/L);苯乙醇(1.06 g/L) 酮酸途径 乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS),酮酸还原异构酶(ILVC),二羟酸脱水酶(ILVD),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) ①以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
②丙酮酸和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸为乙醇和苯乙醇的前体物质
③1 L摇瓶发酵
[59]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica) 甘油 YP 异丙醇(1.94 g/L) 表达丙酮酰CoA合成酶(nphT7),表达异丙醇合成酶 ①利用该酵母生长异丙醇的最高滴度 [60]
②纯甘油作为碳源可产生1.94 g/L 异丙醇;利用原油作为碳源可产生1.6 g/L异丙醇
③5 L生物反应器
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 链霉菌(Strepto-myces albus 葡萄糖,木糖 短链酮(C5~C7 聚酮合成途径 表达聚酮合成酶(PKS) ①利用多结构域融合酶合成燃料 [61]
②C6~C7乙基酮:>1 g/L;C5~C6甲基酮:250 mg/L
③原料为玉米秸秆
④2 L生物反应器
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌Re2133(Cupria-vidus necator) 果糖 无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(3.44g/L) ①表达酮硫解酶(THL),CoA转移酶(CTF),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) [62]
ΔphaBΔphaC
萜类物质 紫色非硫光合细菌(Rhodobac-ter capsula-tus) 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 红没药烯(1 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①筛选红没药烯合成酶表达启动子
Δzwf1
③增加NADPH:ΔgltBDΔphbC
④敲除FBB竞争途径
⑤表达异源MVA途径;乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD),异戊二烯二磷酸异构酶(IDI),法呢基二磷酸合酶(ISPA)
①摇瓶产量1 g/L
②5 L生物反应器中,产量:9.8 g/L,产率>0.196 g/g葡萄糖
[63]
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 EZ-Rich,YP 红没药烯(900 mg/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①表达没药烯合成酶(TPS, Abies grandis [64]
②表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD),异戊二烯二磷酸异构酶(IDI),法呢基二磷酸合酶(ISPA)
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 异戊二烯[(587±47) mg/L] 类异戊二烯途径 表达MVA途径:乙酰乙酰辅酶A硫代酶(MVAE),合成酶(MVAS),激酶(MVK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),二磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶(MVAD),异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶(IDI),异戊二烯合酶(ISPS) [65]
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 EZ-Rich 柠烯(435 mg/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①表达柠烯合成酶(LS),细胞色素P450 MVA途径为基础 [66]
②表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD)
③香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(GPPS)
萜类物质

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖,蔗糖 无机盐培养基 法呢烯(130 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达磷酸转酮酶(XPK),磷脂酰转移酶(PTA),乙醛脱氢酶(ADA),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

Δacs2Δacs1Δacs6Δhr2

①首次在酿酒酵母中高效合成法呢烯

②产率:17.3% g/g 葡萄糖

[67]
萜类物质 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica) 葡萄糖 YP β-法呢烯(22.8 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达MVA途径:HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),法呢基二磷酸合成酶(ERG20),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

∆DGA1∆DGA2

①以MVA途径为基础

②2 L生物反应器

[68]
萜类物质

解脂耶

氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica)

葡萄糖 YP α-法呢烯(25.55 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)

②法呢基二磷酸合成酶(ERG20),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

①以MVA途径为基础

②1 L生物反应器

[69]
脂肪酸及其衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 游离脂肪酸(30 g/L) ihfAL- -aidB+ - ryfAM--gadAH-

①利用CRISPRi高通量筛选结合组学分析探究提高脂肪酸产量的靶基因

②5 L生物反应器

[70]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 脂肪酸异丙酯(203.4 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径,逆β氧化途径

①表达酰基CoA-酰基转移酶(ATOB),乙酰乙酰 CoA转移酶(ATOAD),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)

②硫酯酶(TESA),脂酰辅酶A合成酶(FADD),酰基转移酶(DGAT)

逆β氧化途径和脂肪酸合成途径共同作用 [71]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 脂肪酸短链酯(1 g/L) 酮酸途径,脂肪酸合成途径

①表达酮酸脱羧酶(ARO10),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH),酰基转酯酶(DGAT)

②表达硫酯酶(TESA),脂酰辅酶A合成酶(FADD)

ΔfadE

①酮酸途径合成短链醇,脂肪酸合成途径提供乙酰CoA,随后酯化形成终产物

②6 L生物反应器

[72]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物,胰蛋白胨 脂肪酸乙酯(813 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径 表达酰基辅酶A:二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(ATFA) 5 L生物反应器 [73]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 YP C12~C18脂肪醇(6 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δhfd1Δadh6Δgdh1Δdga1

②表达脂肪酸还原酶(FAR,Mus musculus),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),脂肪酸去饱和酶(OLE1)

①木质纤维素作为原材料

②产率:葡萄糖最大理论转化率的20%

③2 L生物反应器

[74]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖,半乳糖 无机盐基础培养基 超长链脂肪酸(83.5 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

①表达脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)

ΔElo3Δgal1

③表达脂肪酸还原酶(FAR)

④表达乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),延长酶(ELO1,ELO2)

①C22脂肪酸及脂肪醇为主

②不同链长脂肪酸表达不同的延长酶

[75]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(33.4 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

①增强乙酰CoA供应:表达丙酮酸羧化酶(PYC1),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),线粒体丙酮酸载体(MPC),柠檬酸合成酶(CIT1),柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL),胞质异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDP2),柠檬酸穿梭蛋白(YHM2)

②加强PPP途径,降低葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(PGI1)

③降低异柠檬酸脱氢酶1(IDH1)

Δpdc(丙酮酸脱羧酶)

pyk突变

①葡萄糖生产脂肪酸的最高产量

②1 L生物反应器

③挖掘进化的关键基因并通过反向工程验证,阐明高产油机制

[76]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 中链脂肪酸[C6~C12:(1.39±0.05) g/L] 脂肪酸合成途径

①工程化改造脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)

Δhfd1

③膜转运蛋白(TOP1)易错PCR结合进化筛选

④菌株进化结合代谢重塑

①摇瓶发酵

②产率:18.9%±0.6%

[77]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(20 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

ΔpgiΔpdc1Δpdc5Δpdc6

②增加胞质 NADH:表达谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH1, GDH2)

③表达琥珀酸生成途径:延胡索酸酶(FUM1),苹果酸酶(tMDH3),丙酮酸羧化酶(PYC2),富马酸还原酶(FDR1)

④下调PFK1,Δpfk2

⑤捕获胞质NADH进入呼吸链:表达NADH脱氢酶(NDE1,NDE2)

⑥表达脂肪酸合成途径:脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),硫酯酶(TESA),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1)

Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1

⑧过表达PPP途径:6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(ZWF1),磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶(GND1),转酮酶(TKL1),转醛酶(TAL1)

⑨利用不同启动子表达不同来源的果糖1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP)

⑩表达NOG途径:磷酸转酮酶(XFPK),磷脂酰转移酶(PTA)

①利用合成的能量系统代替TCA进行能量供应,用于脂肪酸生成

②产率:0.134 g/g 葡萄糖,40%的产率为已知报道的最高

[78]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

斯达油脂酵母(Lipomyces starkeyi),解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica) 葡萄糖,木糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪醇 脂肪酸合成途径 表达脂肪酰辅酶A还原酶(FAR,Marinobactor aquaeolei VT8)

①十六烷醇(C16∶0)和十八醇(C18∶0)占主导地位

②不同底物所得的脂肪醇产量不同

[79]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812694144037762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工程化改造微生物底盘合成生物燃料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物燃料 宿主 主要底物 发酵培养基 产物和产量 主要途径 改造策略及相关基因 备注 参考文献
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 Luria-Bertani (LB) 高级醇混合物(1.8 g/L) 逆β氧化途径 表达酰基CoA还原酶(TER),硫解酶(FadA),羟基酰CoA还原酶(FADB) ①1 L生物反应器
②产物:丁醇、己醇、辛醇、癸醇、十二醇、十四醇、十六醇
[47]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 丁醇(14 g/L);3-酮丁酸(500 mg/L);脂肪酸(7 g/L) 逆β氧化途径

①丁醇合成:ΔyqhDΔeutE,表达酰基转移酶(YQEF),丙二醇氧化还原酶(FUCO)

②羧酸(C>4)合成:ΔfadB,ΔydiO,表达硫酯酶(TESA,TESB),脂肪酰转移酶(YAQF)

③脂肪酸合成:ΔyqhDΔfucOΔfadD,表达硫酯酶(TESA,TESB,FADM,YCIA)

④长链醇(C>4):表达酰基CoA还原酶,醇脱氢酶(YIAY,BETA,EUTG)

①生产高级醇(C>4)和脂肪酸(C>10)具有更高的效率
②丁醇产率:0.33 g/g葡萄糖
③脂肪酸产率:0.28 g/g葡萄糖
④不同硫酯酶的使用可以产生不同碳链的脂肪酸
⑤利用生物反应器生产丁醇和脂肪酸
[48]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 Terrifc broth(TB) 3-羟基丁酸(29.8g/L) 逆β氧化途径 ①多元重组酶调控系统
②表达3-羟基丁酸酰基CoA脱氢酶(HBD),3-羟基丁酸酰基脱水酶(CRT),烯酰CoA还原酶(TER),酰基CoA酯化酶(TESB)
③表达RPOS,σ-38
①建立二元或多元重组酶依赖的开关调控系统用于延长菌株的复制周期
②通过提高菌株的复制周期提高物质产量
③5 L生物反应器
[49]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 TB 1-丁醇(30 g/L) 逆β氧化途径 ①表达烯酰CoA还原酶(TER)
②打断NADH竞争利用途径:ΔldhAΔadhEΔfrdBC
Δpta
④表达甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)
①厌氧发酵
②产率:70%~88%
[50]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 异丁醇(23 mmol/L);1-丁醇(0.6 mmol/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②表达缬氨酸或亮氨酸合成途径
①以苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸等氨基酸生物合成途径为基础
②供应不同底物可以产生不同化合物,如2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇或2-苯乙醇
[51]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 酵母合成培养基(SC),硫酸铜 异丁醇(263.2 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS,Bacillus subtilis),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILV3)
②表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
①通过引入铜诱导启动子CUP1缓解中间产物乙酰乳酸毒性
②Delta位点多拷贝整合
③以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
[52]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基、酵母合成培养基

异丁醇

[(635±23)mg/L];异戊醇

[(95±12)mg/L];2-甲基-1-丁醇[(118±28)mg/L]

酮酸途径 ①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILV3)
②表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
①线粒体靶向表达
②以缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸合成途径为基础
[53]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 酿酒酵母 葡萄糖 YP 异丁醇(2.09 g/L) 酮酸途径 ①乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALSS),乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二醇酸脱水酶(ILV3)
ΔILV2
③敲除合成副产物的基因
①以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
②转化率:59.55 mg/g葡萄糖
[54]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 谷氨酸棒状杆菌 葡萄糖 CGXⅡ培养基 2-甲基-1-丁醇(0.37 g/L);3-甲基-1-丁醇(2.76 g/L) 酮酸途径 表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) 以缬氨酸和异亮氨酸合成途径为基础 [55]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 毕赤酵母 甘油 无机盐基础培养基 异戊醇;3-甲基-1-丁醇[(191.0±9.6) mg/L] 酮酸途径 ①表达乙酰乳酸合成酶(ILV2),乙酰羟基酸还原异构酶(ILV5),二醇酸脱水酶(ILV3),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②下调丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC)
通过表达缬氨酸和亮氨酸合成途径增加中间产物2-酮异戊酸的产量 [56]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 毕赤酵母 葡萄糖/甘油 无机盐基础培养基 异丁醇(2.22 g/L);乙酸异丁酯(24 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达缬氨酸合成途径(ILV2,ILV5,ILV3),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②表达醇氧酰基转移酶用于乙酸异丁酯合成(ATF)
以缬氨酸合成途径为基础 [57]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 黄色短杆菌(Breviba-cterium flavum) 葡萄糖 无机盐培养基,酵母提取物 异丁醇(5362 mg/L);2-甲基-1-丁醇(1945 mg/L);3-甲基-1-丁醇(785.34 mg/L) 酮酸途径 ①表达酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),酮基异戊酸脱羧酶(KIVD),醇脱氢酶(ADH)
②苯丙酮酸脱羧酶(ARO10)
①诱变结合高通量筛选
②以亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸为基础合成
[58]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 枯草芽孢杆菌 葡萄糖 LB和无机盐混合培养基 异丁醇(2.62 g/L);乙醇(1.2 g/L);苯乙醇(1.06 g/L) 酮酸途径 乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS),酮酸还原异构酶(ILVC),二羟酸脱水酶(ILVD),酮酸脱羧酶(KDC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) ①以缬氨酸合成途径为基础
②丙酮酸和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸为乙醇和苯乙醇的前体物质
③1 L摇瓶发酵
[59]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica) 甘油 YP 异丙醇(1.94 g/L) 表达丙酮酰CoA合成酶(nphT7),表达异丙醇合成酶 ①利用该酵母生长异丙醇的最高滴度 [60]
②纯甘油作为碳源可产生1.94 g/L 异丙醇;利用原油作为碳源可产生1.6 g/L异丙醇
③5 L生物反应器
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 链霉菌(Strepto-myces albus 葡萄糖,木糖 短链酮(C5~C7 聚酮合成途径 表达聚酮合成酶(PKS) ①利用多结构域融合酶合成燃料 [61]
②C6~C7乙基酮:>1 g/L;C5~C6甲基酮:250 mg/L
③原料为玉米秸秆
④2 L生物反应器
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌Re2133(Cupria-vidus necator) 果糖 无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(3.44g/L) ①表达酮硫解酶(THL),CoA转移酶(CTF),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC),醇脱氢酶(ADH) [62]
ΔphaBΔphaC
萜类物质 紫色非硫光合细菌(Rhodobac-ter capsula-tus) 葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 红没药烯(1 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①筛选红没药烯合成酶表达启动子
Δzwf1
③增加NADPH:ΔgltBDΔphbC
④敲除FBB竞争途径
⑤表达异源MVA途径;乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD),异戊二烯二磷酸异构酶(IDI),法呢基二磷酸合酶(ISPA)
①摇瓶产量1 g/L
②5 L生物反应器中,产量:9.8 g/L,产率>0.196 g/g葡萄糖
[63]
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 EZ-Rich,YP 红没药烯(900 mg/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①表达没药烯合成酶(TPS, Abies grandis [64]
②表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD),异戊二烯二磷酸异构酶(IDI),法呢基二磷酸合酶(ISPA)
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 异戊二烯[(587±47) mg/L] 类异戊二烯途径 表达MVA途径:乙酰乙酰辅酶A硫代酶(MVAE),合成酶(MVAS),激酶(MVK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),二磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶(MVAD),异戊烯基二磷酸异构酶(IDI),异戊二烯合酶(ISPS) [65]
萜类物质

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 EZ-Rich 柠烯(435 mg/L) 类异戊二烯途径 ①表达柠烯合成酶(LS),细胞色素P450 MVA途径为基础 [66]
②表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA合成酶(HMGCS),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),甲羟戊酸激酶(MK),磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶(PMK),甲羟戊酸二磷酸脱羧酶(PMD)
③香叶基焦磷酸合成酶(GPPS)
萜类物质

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖,蔗糖 无机盐培养基 法呢烯(130 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达磷酸转酮酶(XPK),磷脂酰转移酶(PTA),乙醛脱氢酶(ADA),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

Δacs2Δacs1Δacs6Δhr2

①首次在酿酒酵母中高效合成法呢烯

②产率:17.3% g/g 葡萄糖

[67]
萜类物质 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica) 葡萄糖 YP β-法呢烯(22.8 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达MVA途径:HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR),法呢基二磷酸合成酶(ERG20),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

∆DGA1∆DGA2

①以MVA途径为基础

②2 L生物反应器

[68]
萜类物质

解脂耶

氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica)

葡萄糖 YP α-法呢烯(25.55 g/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达MVA途径:乙酰CoA酰基转移酶(ATOB),HMG-CoA还原酶(HMGCR)

②法呢基二磷酸合成酶(ERG20),法呢烯合成酶(FS)

①以MVA途径为基础

②1 L生物反应器

[69]
脂肪酸及其衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 游离脂肪酸(30 g/L) ihfAL- -aidB+ - ryfAM--gadAH-

①利用CRISPRi高通量筛选结合组学分析探究提高脂肪酸产量的靶基因

②5 L生物反应器

[70]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基,多种氨基酸 脂肪酸异丙酯(203.4 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径,逆β氧化途径

①表达酰基CoA-酰基转移酶(ATOB),乙酰乙酰 CoA转移酶(ATOAD),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)

②硫酯酶(TESA),脂酰辅酶A合成酶(FADD),酰基转移酶(DGAT)

逆β氧化途径和脂肪酸合成途径共同作用 [71]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物 脂肪酸短链酯(1 g/L) 酮酸途径,脂肪酸合成途径

①表达酮酸脱羧酶(ARO10),乙醇脱氢酶(ADH),酰基转酯酶(DGAT)

②表达硫酯酶(TESA),脂酰辅酶A合成酶(FADD)

ΔfadE

①酮酸途径合成短链醇,脂肪酸合成途径提供乙酰CoA,随后酯化形成终产物

②6 L生物反应器

[72]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

大肠

杆菌

甘油 无机盐基础培养基,酵母提取物,胰蛋白胨 脂肪酸乙酯(813 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径 表达酰基辅酶A:二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(ATFA) 5 L生物反应器 [73]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 YP C12~C18脂肪醇(6 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δhfd1Δadh6Δgdh1Δdga1

②表达脂肪酸还原酶(FAR,Mus musculus),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),脂肪酸去饱和酶(OLE1)

①木质纤维素作为原材料

②产率:葡萄糖最大理论转化率的20%

③2 L生物反应器

[74]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖,半乳糖 无机盐基础培养基 超长链脂肪酸(83.5 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

①表达脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)

ΔElo3Δgal1

③表达脂肪酸还原酶(FAR)

④表达乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),延长酶(ELO1,ELO2)

①C22脂肪酸及脂肪醇为主

②不同链长脂肪酸表达不同的延长酶

[75]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(33.4 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

①增强乙酰CoA供应:表达丙酮酸羧化酶(PYC1),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1),线粒体丙酮酸载体(MPC),柠檬酸合成酶(CIT1),柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL),胞质异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDP2),柠檬酸穿梭蛋白(YHM2)

②加强PPP途径,降低葡萄糖磷酸异构酶(PGI1)

③降低异柠檬酸脱氢酶1(IDH1)

Δpdc(丙酮酸脱羧酶)

pyk突变

①葡萄糖生产脂肪酸的最高产量

②1 L生物反应器

③挖掘进化的关键基因并通过反向工程验证,阐明高产油机制

[76]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 中链脂肪酸[C6~C12:(1.39±0.05) g/L] 脂肪酸合成途径

①工程化改造脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)

Δhfd1

③膜转运蛋白(TOP1)易错PCR结合进化筛选

④菌株进化结合代谢重塑

①摇瓶发酵

②产率:18.9%±0.6%

[77]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

酿酒

酵母

葡萄糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(20 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

ΔpgiΔpdc1Δpdc5Δpdc6

②增加胞质 NADH:表达谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH1, GDH2)

③表达琥珀酸生成途径:延胡索酸酶(FUM1),苹果酸酶(tMDH3),丙酮酸羧化酶(PYC2),富马酸还原酶(FDR1)

④下调PFK1,Δpfk2

⑤捕获胞质NADH进入呼吸链:表达NADH脱氢酶(NDE1,NDE2)

⑥表达脂肪酸合成途径:脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),硫酯酶(TESA),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1)

Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1

⑧过表达PPP途径:6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(ZWF1),磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶(GND1),转酮酶(TKL1),转醛酶(TAL1)

⑨利用不同启动子表达不同来源的果糖1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP)

⑩表达NOG途径:磷酸转酮酶(XFPK),磷脂酰转移酶(PTA)

①利用合成的能量系统代替TCA进行能量供应,用于脂肪酸生成

②产率:0.134 g/g 葡萄糖,40%的产率为已知报道的最高

[78]

脂肪酸及其

衍生物

斯达油脂酵母(Lipomyces starkeyi),解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowialipolytica) 葡萄糖,木糖 无机盐基础培养基 脂肪醇 脂肪酸合成途径 表达脂肪酰辅酶A还原酶(FAR,Marinobactor aquaeolei VT8)

①十六烷醇(C16∶0)和十八醇(C18∶0)占主导地位

②不同底物所得的脂肪醇产量不同

[79]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812694257283971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Engineered microbial chassis to synthetic advanced biofuels derived from C1 substrates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物燃料 宿主 主要底物 发酵培养基 产物和产量 主要途径 改造策略及相关基因 备注 参考文献
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 木糖,核糖 乙醇(4.6 g/L);1-丁醇(2 g/L) RuMP,逆β氧化途径

①表达RuMP相关酶

ΔAdhE(甲醛脱氢酶),Δald(乙醛脱氢酶),ΔrpiAB(核糖磷酸异构酶)

③表达腺苷酸环化酶

④表达丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC),乙醛脱氢酶(ADH)

⑤表达丁醇合成途径

①构建甲醇依赖型木糖菌株

②甲醇与木糖摩尔利用率为1∶1

③RuMP和逆β氧化途径共同作用

[104]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇,甲醛 葡萄糖,硫酸素焦磷酸盐 1,3-丙二醇[(508.3±9.1) mg/L] 一磷酸核酮糖途径(RuMP),酮酸途径

①表达甲醇脱氢酶

ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

③表达羟丁酸醛缩酶,酮酸脱羧酶,1,3-丁二酸氧化还原酶

①首次实现利用甲醇和丙酮酸合成1,3-丙二醇

②缩短途径,并有效提高1,3-丙二醇产量

[105]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 葡萄糖,酵母提取物 丙酮(13 mmol/L) RuMP,酮酸途径

Δpgi(6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶),Δedd(磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶),ΔrpiAB(核糖磷酸异构酶),ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

②表达RuMP相关酶

③表达丙酮生成途径(Clostridium acetobutylicum

①显著提升甲醇向丙酮的转化

②构建了甲醇依赖的菌株底盘

[106]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 葡萄糖,酵母提取物 丙酮[(45.0±8.7)mmol/L] RuMP,酮酸途径

Δpgi(6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶)、ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

②表达RuMP途径相关酶

③表达磷酸核糖异构酶(RPE),转酮酶(TKT)

④表达二磷酸果糖醛缩酶(FBA),景天庚糖双磷酸酶(GLPX),磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)

⑤表达丙酮生成途径(C.acetobutylicum):硫解酶(THL),辅酶A转移酶(CTFAB),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC)

①两种策略共同提高甲醇利用率

②大肠杆菌利用甲醇合成丙酮

[107]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 异丁醇(19 mg/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,酮酸途径 ΔldhA 摇瓶培养 [108]
②表达2-酮异戊酸脱羧酶(Lactococcus lactis),醇脱氢酶(Lactococcus lactis),乙酰乳酸合酶(Bacillus subtilis
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 1-丁醇(25.5 mg/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,酮酸途径 表达烯酰辅酶A还原酶(Treponema denticola),乙醇脱氢酶(Clostridium acetobutylicum),巴豆酸酶(Methylobacterium extorquens AM1) ①适应性进化筛选突变株耐受丁醇达到0.5% [109]
②摇瓶培养
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 3-羟基丙酸(0.857 g/L) RuMP途径,EMC途径

ΔhprA

②表达己糖磷酸合成酶(Bacillus methanolicus),磷酸己糖异构酶(Bacillus methanolicus),磷酸果糖激酶(Bacillus methanolicus),6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(Bacillus methanolicus);③丙二酰辅酶A还原酶(Chlorofexus aurantiacus

5 L生物反应器 [110]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌H16 CO2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 高级醇混合物(140 mg/L) 酮酸途径

①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS,Bacillus subtilis),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILVC),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILVD)

②敲除PHB合成基因:ΔphaB,ΔphaC

①电催化产生甲酸,甲酸经由微生物转化为异丁醇或3-甲基-1-丁醇

②以缬氨酸和亮氨酸合成途径为基础

[84]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌Re2133(Cupriavidus necator H2,O2,CO2,N2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(3.5 g/L) 酮酸途径 异丙醇产生菌株

①多气体供给的加压生物反应器

②首次报道工程化自养菌利用CO2产生克级别的化合物

③70%~80%的CO2被回收

[111-112]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 杨氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii CO2,H2 丁醇(109 mg/L);己醇(393 mg/L) 还原型乙酰CoA途径,酮酸途径

①表达硫解酶(THLA),羟基丁基CoA脱氢酶(HBD),巴豆酸酶(CRT),丁基CoA脱氢酶(BCD),

②表达电子转移蛋白(ETF),醛醇脱氢酶(ADHE)

①微生物可以利用CO和CO2作为碳源

②CO2和H2作为碳源

③2 L生物反应器

[113]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia eutropha CO2,H2O 无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(600 mg/L);异丁醇+3-甲基-1-丁醇(220 mg/L) 酮酸途径 异丙醇产生菌株

①CO2在水电混合反应装置中转化为H2,微生物利用H2产生异丁醇等生物燃料

②CO2还原效率达到10%,超过自然光合效率

[85]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 酿酒酵母 CO2 无机盐基础培养基,乙酸 脂肪酸(500 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径 Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1 电催化和生物系统结合:CO2经电催化合成乙酸,酿酒酵母利用乙酸合成长链化合物 [114]
②表达硫酯酶(TESA),酰基CoA羧化酶(ACC1),脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)
脂肪酸及其衍生物 毕赤酵母 甲醇 无机盐培养基 脂肪酸(23.4g/L);脂肪醇(2.0 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1

②加强甲醇利用途径:过表达二酰丙酮磷酸合酶(DAS)

③增加乙酰CoA前体供应:过表达酰基磷酸转移酶(PTA),磷酸转酮酶(XFPK)

④加强NADPH再生

①成功利用甲醇作为唯一碳源合成脂肪酸

②1 L生物反应器

[115]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia eutroph H2,CO2,O2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(124.48 mg/g 果糖)(60.64 mg/g CO2 脂肪酸合成途径

ΔphaC

②表达脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),硫酯酶(TESA),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1)

③ACP合成酶(ACPS)

结合多气体生物反应器,自养菌利用CO2生成脂肪酸 [116]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 汉逊酵母(Ogataeapolym orpha 甲醇 无机盐培养基 脂肪酸(15.9 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δfaa1

②加强前体供应及辅因子供应:过表达果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP),磷酸核糖异构酶(RPE),柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL),异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICL1),果糖6-磷酸脱氢酶(ZWF1)

①适应性进化使得敲除细胞生长恢复,并解析机制是由于LPL1和IZH3缺失引起

②1 L生物反应器

[117]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 蓝藻(Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803) CO2 脂肪酸甲酯(120 mg/L)

Δaas

②过表达硫酯酶(UcFatB1),O-甲基转移酶(DmJHAMT)

③引入S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)循环供应甲基

①不利用甲醇作为甲基供体,利用SAM合成酶供应甲基

②可能产生的脂肪酸甲酯类物质:C12∶0,C14∶0,C16∶0

[118]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica CO2 酵母合成培养基,酵母提取物 脂肪酸(10.7 g/L)

①增强脂肪酸合成:过表达生物素羧化酶(BC)

②引入CO2利用途径:过表达碳酸酐酶(CA)

①循环利用CO2生产脂肪酸

②250 mL摇瓶发酵

[119]
萜类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 甲羟戊酸(2.22 g/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,类异戊二烯途径 表达HMG-CoA合成酶(Enterococcus faecalistiters),HMG-CoA还原酶(Enterococcus faecalistiters),乙酰乙酰CoA硫解酶(Ralstonia eutropha

①产率:28.4 mg/g甲醇

②5 L生物反应器

[120]
萜类物质 类黄色噬氢菌DSM1084(Hydrogenop-haga pseudoflava CO2,合成气 醋酸盐,果糖,蔗糖等,无机盐基础培养基 α-红没药烯[(59.0±7.9) μg] 卡尔文循环,Wood-Ljungdahl途径(WL),类异戊二烯途径 表达没药烯合成酶(TPS,Abies grandis ①自养和异养条件皆可生长:自养条件下利用合成气作为碳源,异养条件下可以利用果糖、蔗糖等作为碳源 [121]
②自养条件利用卡尔文循环和WL途径,异养条件利用MEP途径
萜类物质 Cupriavidus necator CO2,H2,O2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 α-蛇麻烯[(10.8±2.5)mg/g DCW 或17 mg/g DCW] 类异戊二烯途径 表达MVA途径:焦磷酸法呢合成酶(ERG20),IPP异构酶,α-蛇麻烯合酶(ZSSI) 化学自养和电自养均可:化能自养主要利用CO2等,电自养需要电极和水辅助 [122]
萜类物质 嗜甲烷菌20Z(Methylomicr-obium alcaliphilum 50%甲烷 硝酸矿物盐培养基(NMS) α-蛇麻烯(0.75 mg/g DCW,835 μg/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达α-蛇麻烯合成酶(ZSS1)

②表达1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶(DXS),HMBPP合成酶(ISPG),FPP合成酶(ISPA)

Δpgi

④提高NADPH:表达转氢酶(PNTAB),葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶(ZWF),磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶(PGD)

优化MEP途径 [123]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812694362141572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

工程化微生物利用一碳底物合成液体生物燃料

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物燃料 宿主 主要底物 发酵培养基 产物和产量 主要途径 改造策略及相关基因 备注 参考文献
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 木糖,核糖 乙醇(4.6 g/L);1-丁醇(2 g/L) RuMP,逆β氧化途径

①表达RuMP相关酶

ΔAdhE(甲醛脱氢酶),Δald(乙醛脱氢酶),ΔrpiAB(核糖磷酸异构酶)

③表达腺苷酸环化酶

④表达丙酮酸脱羧酶(PDC),乙醛脱氢酶(ADH)

⑤表达丁醇合成途径

①构建甲醇依赖型木糖菌株

②甲醇与木糖摩尔利用率为1∶1

③RuMP和逆β氧化途径共同作用

[104]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇,甲醛 葡萄糖,硫酸素焦磷酸盐 1,3-丙二醇[(508.3±9.1) mg/L] 一磷酸核酮糖途径(RuMP),酮酸途径

①表达甲醇脱氢酶

ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

③表达羟丁酸醛缩酶,酮酸脱羧酶,1,3-丁二酸氧化还原酶

①首次实现利用甲醇和丙酮酸合成1,3-丙二醇

②缩短途径,并有效提高1,3-丙二醇产量

[105]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 葡萄糖,酵母提取物 丙酮(13 mmol/L) RuMP,酮酸途径

Δpgi(6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶),Δedd(磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶),ΔrpiAB(核糖磷酸异构酶),ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

②表达RuMP相关酶

③表达丙酮生成途径(Clostridium acetobutylicum

①显著提升甲醇向丙酮的转化

②构建了甲醇依赖的菌株底盘

[106]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 大肠杆菌 甲醇 葡萄糖,酵母提取物 丙酮[(45.0±8.7)mmol/L] RuMP,酮酸途径

Δpgi(6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶)、ΔfrmA(甲醛脱氢酶)

②表达RuMP途径相关酶

③表达磷酸核糖异构酶(RPE),转酮酶(TKT)

④表达二磷酸果糖醛缩酶(FBA),景天庚糖双磷酸酶(GLPX),磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)

⑤表达丙酮生成途径(C.acetobutylicum):硫解酶(THL),辅酶A转移酶(CTFAB),乙酰乙酸脱羧酶(ADC)

①两种策略共同提高甲醇利用率

②大肠杆菌利用甲醇合成丙酮

[107]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 异丁醇(19 mg/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,酮酸途径 ΔldhA 摇瓶培养 [108]
②表达2-酮异戊酸脱羧酶(Lactococcus lactis),醇脱氢酶(Lactococcus lactis),乙酰乳酸合酶(Bacillus subtilis
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 1-丁醇(25.5 mg/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,酮酸途径 表达烯酰辅酶A还原酶(Treponema denticola),乙醇脱氢酶(Clostridium acetobutylicum),巴豆酸酶(Methylobacterium extorquens AM1) ①适应性进化筛选突变株耐受丁醇达到0.5% [109]
②摇瓶培养
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 3-羟基丙酸(0.857 g/L) RuMP途径,EMC途径

ΔhprA

②表达己糖磷酸合成酶(Bacillus methanolicus),磷酸己糖异构酶(Bacillus methanolicus),磷酸果糖激酶(Bacillus methanolicus),6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(Bacillus methanolicus);③丙二酰辅酶A还原酶(Chlorofexus aurantiacus

5 L生物反应器 [110]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌H16 CO2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 高级醇混合物(140 mg/L) 酮酸途径

①表达α-乙酰乳酸合酶(ALSS,Bacillus subtilis),酮醇酸还原异构酶(ILVC),二羟基酸脱氢酶(ILVD)

②敲除PHB合成基因:ΔphaB,ΔphaC

①电催化产生甲酸,甲酸经由微生物转化为异丁醇或3-甲基-1-丁醇

②以缬氨酸和亮氨酸合成途径为基础

[84]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌Re2133(Cupriavidus necator H2,O2,CO2,N2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(3.5 g/L) 酮酸途径 异丙醇产生菌株

①多气体供给的加压生物反应器

②首次报道工程化自养菌利用CO2产生克级别的化合物

③70%~80%的CO2被回收

[111-112]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 杨氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii CO2,H2 丁醇(109 mg/L);己醇(393 mg/L) 还原型乙酰CoA途径,酮酸途径

①表达硫解酶(THLA),羟基丁基CoA脱氢酶(HBD),巴豆酸酶(CRT),丁基CoA脱氢酶(BCD),

②表达电子转移蛋白(ETF),醛醇脱氢酶(ADHE)

①微生物可以利用CO和CO2作为碳源

②CO2和H2作为碳源

③2 L生物反应器

[113]
生物高级醇、酮,短链酸类物质 富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia eutropha CO2,H2O 无机盐基础培养基 异丙醇(600 mg/L);异丁醇+3-甲基-1-丁醇(220 mg/L) 酮酸途径 异丙醇产生菌株

①CO2在水电混合反应装置中转化为H2,微生物利用H2产生异丁醇等生物燃料

②CO2还原效率达到10%,超过自然光合效率

[85]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 酿酒酵母 CO2 无机盐基础培养基,乙酸 脂肪酸(500 mg/L) 脂肪酸合成途径 Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1 电催化和生物系统结合:CO2经电催化合成乙酸,酿酒酵母利用乙酸合成长链化合物 [114]
②表达硫酯酶(TESA),酰基CoA羧化酶(ACC1),脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)
脂肪酸及其衍生物 毕赤酵母 甲醇 无机盐培养基 脂肪酸(23.4g/L);脂肪醇(2.0 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δfaa1Δfaa4Δpox1

②加强甲醇利用途径:过表达二酰丙酮磷酸合酶(DAS)

③增加乙酰CoA前体供应:过表达酰基磷酸转移酶(PTA),磷酸转酮酶(XFPK)

④加强NADPH再生

①成功利用甲醇作为唯一碳源合成脂肪酸

②1 L生物反应器

[115]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 富养罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia eutroph H2,CO2,O2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 脂肪酸(124.48 mg/g 果糖)(60.64 mg/g CO2 脂肪酸合成途径

ΔphaC

②表达脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),硫酯酶(TESA),乙酰CoA羧化酶(ACC1)

③ACP合成酶(ACPS)

结合多气体生物反应器,自养菌利用CO2生成脂肪酸 [116]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 汉逊酵母(Ogataeapolym orpha 甲醇 无机盐培养基 脂肪酸(15.9 g/L) 脂肪酸合成途径

Δfaa1

②加强前体供应及辅因子供应:过表达果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP),磷酸核糖异构酶(RPE),柠檬酸裂解酶(ACL),异柠檬酸脱氢酶(ICL1),果糖6-磷酸脱氢酶(ZWF1)

①适应性进化使得敲除细胞生长恢复,并解析机制是由于LPL1和IZH3缺失引起

②1 L生物反应器

[117]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 蓝藻(Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803) CO2 脂肪酸甲酯(120 mg/L)

Δaas

②过表达硫酯酶(UcFatB1),O-甲基转移酶(DmJHAMT)

③引入S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)循环供应甲基

①不利用甲醇作为甲基供体,利用SAM合成酶供应甲基

②可能产生的脂肪酸甲酯类物质:C12∶0,C14∶0,C16∶0

[118]
脂肪酸及其衍生物 解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica CO2 酵母合成培养基,酵母提取物 脂肪酸(10.7 g/L)

①增强脂肪酸合成:过表达生物素羧化酶(BC)

②引入CO2利用途径:过表达碳酸酐酶(CA)

①循环利用CO2生产脂肪酸

②250 mL摇瓶发酵

[119]
萜类物质 扭脱甲基杆菌AM1(Methylobact-erium extorquens 甲醇 无机盐基础培养基 甲羟戊酸(2.22 g/L) 丝氨酸循环,EMC途径,类异戊二烯途径 表达HMG-CoA合成酶(Enterococcus faecalistiters),HMG-CoA还原酶(Enterococcus faecalistiters),乙酰乙酰CoA硫解酶(Ralstonia eutropha

①产率:28.4 mg/g甲醇

②5 L生物反应器

[120]
萜类物质 类黄色噬氢菌DSM1084(Hydrogenop-haga pseudoflava CO2,合成气 醋酸盐,果糖,蔗糖等,无机盐基础培养基 α-红没药烯[(59.0±7.9) μg] 卡尔文循环,Wood-Ljungdahl途径(WL),类异戊二烯途径 表达没药烯合成酶(TPS,Abies grandis ①自养和异养条件皆可生长:自养条件下利用合成气作为碳源,异养条件下可以利用果糖、蔗糖等作为碳源 [121]
②自养条件利用卡尔文循环和WL途径,异养条件利用MEP途径
萜类物质 Cupriavidus necator CO2,H2,O2 果糖,无机盐基础培养基 α-蛇麻烯[(10.8±2.5)mg/g DCW 或17 mg/g DCW] 类异戊二烯途径 表达MVA途径:焦磷酸法呢合成酶(ERG20),IPP异构酶,α-蛇麻烯合酶(ZSSI) 化学自养和电自养均可:化能自养主要利用CO2等,电自养需要电极和水辅助 [122]
萜类物质 嗜甲烷菌20Z(Methylomicr-obium alcaliphilum 50%甲烷 硝酸矿物盐培养基(NMS) α-蛇麻烯(0.75 mg/g DCW,835 μg/L) 类异戊二烯途径

①表达α-蛇麻烯合成酶(ZSS1)

②表达1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合酶(DXS),HMBPP合成酶(ISPG),FPP合成酶(ISPA)

Δpgi

④提高NADPH:表达转氢酶(PNTAB),葡萄糖6-磷酸脱氢酶(ZWF),磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶(PGD)

优化MEP途径 [123]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812694454416261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of synthetic pathways for the production of advanced biofuels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
途径 前体物质 主要中间物 关键酶 合成产物 主要应用 备注 参考文献
酮酸途径 丙酮酸 2-酮酸 2-酮酸脱羧酶,醇脱氢酶 1-丙醇,异丁醇,1-丁醇,2-甲基-1-丁醇,3-甲基-1-丁醇,2-苯乙醇 生物汽油 ①丙酮酸经过氨基酸生物合成途径转化为不同长度碳链的2-酮酸 [51]
②2-酮酸经过延伸酶、脱羧酶、水解酶形成终产物
类异戊二烯途径 乙酰CoA,3-磷酸甘油醛(G3P),丙酮酸 异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP),二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯(DMAPP),香叶基焦磷酸酯(GPP),法呢基焦磷酸酯(FPP) 萜烯合成酶 异戊醇,异戊烯醇,3-甲基-2-丁烯醇,松萜,柠烯,红没药烯,法呢烯 生物汽油,航空用油,发动机燃料 ①乙酰CoA经MVA途径合成IPP和DMAPP [64]
②G3P和丙酮酸经MEP途径合成IPP和DMAPP
逆β氧化途径 乙酰CoA,CoA 酰基-CoA 酰基转移酶 1-丁醇,丁酸,异丙醇,1-乙醇,1-辛醇 生物汽油,生物柴油,航空燃料 ①CoA直接作为供体 [48]
②不同类型的硫酯酶可形成不同类型的化合物
脂肪酸生物合成途径 乙酰CoA,酰基载体蛋白(ACP) 酰基-ACP 脂肪酸合成酶,硫酯酶,还原酶 脂肪酸,脂肪醇,脂肪酸甲酯,脂肪酸乙酯,烷烃 生物汽油,生物柴油 CoA供体为ACP [98]
聚酮生物合成途径 乙酰CoA,酰基载体蛋白(ACP) β-酮酰基-ACP 聚酮合成酶 1-丁烯,1-己烯,1-己醇,乙基酮,甲基酮,支链醇 生物汽油,航空用油,发动机燃料 CoA供体为ACP [61]
), ArticleFig(id=1172812694542496646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148702761954373909, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

比较新型生物燃料的合成途径

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途径 前体物质 主要中间物 关键酶 合成产物 主要应用 备注 参考文献
酮酸途径 丙酮酸 2-酮酸 2-酮酸脱羧酶,醇脱氢酶 1-丙醇,异丁醇,1-丁醇,2-甲基-1-丁醇,3-甲基-1-丁醇,2-苯乙醇 生物汽油 ①丙酮酸经过氨基酸生物合成途径转化为不同长度碳链的2-酮酸 [51]
②2-酮酸经过延伸酶、脱羧酶、水解酶形成终产物
类异戊二烯途径 乙酰CoA,3-磷酸甘油醛(G3P),丙酮酸 异戊烯焦磷酸(IPP),二甲基丙烯焦磷酸酯(DMAPP),香叶基焦磷酸酯(GPP),法呢基焦磷酸酯(FPP) 萜烯合成酶 异戊醇,异戊烯醇,3-甲基-2-丁烯醇,松萜,柠烯,红没药烯,法呢烯 生物汽油,航空用油,发动机燃料 ①乙酰CoA经MVA途径合成IPP和DMAPP [64]
②G3P和丙酮酸经MEP途径合成IPP和DMAPP
逆β氧化途径 乙酰CoA,CoA 酰基-CoA 酰基转移酶 1-丁醇,丁酸,异丙醇,1-乙醇,1-辛醇 生物汽油,生物柴油,航空燃料 ①CoA直接作为供体 [48]
②不同类型的硫酯酶可形成不同类型的化合物
脂肪酸生物合成途径 乙酰CoA,酰基载体蛋白(ACP) 酰基-ACP 脂肪酸合成酶,硫酯酶,还原酶 脂肪酸,脂肪醇,脂肪酸甲酯,脂肪酸乙酯,烷烃 生物汽油,生物柴油 CoA供体为ACP [98]
聚酮生物合成途径 乙酰CoA,酰基载体蛋白(ACP) β-酮酰基-ACP 聚酮合成酶 1-丁烯,1-己烯,1-己醇,乙基酮,甲基酮,支链醇 生物汽油,航空用油,发动机燃料 CoA供体为ACP [61]
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液体生物燃料合成与炼制的研究进展
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郭姝媛 1, 2 , 张倩楠 1, 2 , 姑丽克孜·买买提热夏提 1, 2 , 杨一群 1, 2 , 于涛 1, 2
合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025,6(1): 18-44
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合成生物学 | 特约评述 2025, 6(1): 18-44
液体生物燃料合成与炼制的研究进展
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郭姝媛1, 2 , 张倩楠1, 2, 姑丽克孜·买买提热夏提1, 2, 杨一群1, 2, 于涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,合成生物化学研究中心,广东 深圳 518055
  • 2 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,中国科学院定量工程生物学重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055

通讯作者:

于涛(1986—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为酿酒酵母的合成生物学。 E-mail:
郭姝媛(1991—),女,博士,助理研究员。研究方向为甲醇生物转化及产物合成。 E-mail:
Advances in microbial production of liquid biofuels
Shuyuan GUO1, 2 , Qiannan ZHANG1, 2, MAIMAITIREXIATI Gulikezi1, 2, Yiqun YANG1, 2, Tao YU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Synthetic Biochemistry,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China
  • 2 CAS key laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology,Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),Shenzhen 518055,Guangdong,China
出版时间: 2025-01-31 doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-040
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人类社会发展对化石燃料的依赖导致了资源枯竭的加剧及显著的气候变化,迫切需要开发能够代替化石燃料的新型生物燃料。虽然已有生物乙醇和生物柴油等生物能源,但其生产规模和成本仍然是大规模应用的主要问题。近年来,随着可再生能源技术的发展,结合代谢工程及新兴的合成生物学,开发基于CO2合成的新兴生物燃料,逐渐成为未来绿色能源的重要研究方向。本文综述了生物燃料的种类及四代生物燃料的发展情况,并着重介绍了第三代和第四代生物燃料丰富的底物原材料、多能源偶联合成生物燃料的研究现状、合成生物学在其中的应用及现阶段的研究进展。最后概括了合成生物燃料所面临的困境,主要包括原料的供应及成本,新型液体生物燃料产量低和产品种类少等问题,并提出相应的解决办法,以二氧化碳作为主要原材料,结合自养型微生物及甲基营养型微生物等细胞工厂,通过优选固碳途径、转化二氧化碳为甲醇等低碳底物及多能源耦合等方式实现多种生物燃料的合成,以期扩大生物燃料的产能及应用范围,进一步推动新型生物燃料的产业化进程。

合成生物燃料  /  新型生物能源  /  一碳底物  /  可再生能源  /  微生物代谢工程

With the socioeconomic development, the dependence of human beings on fossil fuels has led to their shortage and climate change. This has created an urgent need for alternatives that are renewable and environmentally friendly, and biofuels are one of them. Nowadays, widely recognized biofuels like fuel ethanol and biodiesel face challenges in terms of their production capacity due to limitation on raw materials such as grains and edible oils and high cost as well. Hence, the integration of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has opened avenues for utilizing diverse substrates from other renewable sources, such as solar energy, light energy, electric energy, and waste biomass. Microbial cell factories, including microalgae, bacteria, and yeast, play a crucial role in synthesizing biofuels. The review comments on the evolution of the four generations of biofuels, encompassing fuel ethanol, biodiesel, bio-gasoline, jet and aviation fuels. We also discuss how microorganisms can be explored for producing the third- and fourth-generation biofuels from a variety of unconventional substrates such as carbon dioxide, methanol, and methane, multi-energy coupling to synthesize biofuels from lignocellulose by bacterial or yeast, CO2 conversion by microalgae or electrochemical-biological systems, the conversion of methanol and methane by methyltrophic microbes, and the application of synthetic biology. Furthermore, we overview biosynthetic pathways and engineering strategies for optimizing biofuels production. These strategies can convert raw materials to various fuel products, including fatty acids and esters, advanced alcohols and esters, isoprenoids, and polyketides. Finally, we highlight some challenges in biofuels production, including raw material supply and cost issue, low production yield, and limited product variety. Meanwhile, to address these challenges, we propose corresponding solutions. For example, by optimizing carbon fixation pathways, and converting carbon dioxide into low-carbon substrates like methanol, autotrophic microorganisms, methylotrophic microorganisms, and other cell factories can utilize carbon dioxide as the major raw material to synthesize various biofuels, which can benefit the application of biofuels and further promote their industrial production.

synthetic biofuels  /  new bioenergy  /  one-carbon substrates  /  renewable energy  /  microbial metabolic engineering
郭姝媛, 张倩楠, 姑丽克孜·买买提热夏提, 杨一群, 于涛. 液体生物燃料合成与炼制的研究进展. 合成生物学, 2025 , 6 (1) : 18 -44 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-040
Shuyuan GUO, Qiannan ZHANG, MAIMAITIREXIATI Gulikezi, Yiqun YANG, Tao YU. Advances in microbial production of liquid biofuels[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2025 , 6 (1) : 18 -44 . DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-040
近几年,全球能源危机加剧。国际能源署发布的《2022年世界能源展望》报告开篇写道“这是第一次真正意义上的全球性能源危机,其冲击广度和复杂性前所未有”1。报告中明确指出:由于天然气的供应不足,导致全球对石油、煤炭等化石燃料的需求日益加剧,全球原油市场价格持续保持高位,未来能源供应将持续紧张1。然而,作为不可再生资源,化石燃料不仅具有不可持续的特点,其燃烧排放大量含碳气体所导致的温室效应和全球气候改变,将导致地球生态环境的巨大变化,未来全球的农业、经济、政治稳定性等都将受到影响2。因此,扩大可再生能源的产能,拓宽其工业化应用路线,提高各行业对可再生能源的应用比重,可以有效缓解能源短缺和环境污染的问题。
可再生能源是指风能、太阳能、水能、生物质能等可从自然资源中获得的非化石能源3。作为绿色低碳能源,具有来源广泛、清洁高效、取之不尽、用之不竭的特点。当前,可再生能源已被广泛应用于发电4、产氢5、制备电极6、合成生物沼气7-8和液体生物燃料9等多个领域,为新型储能技术的发展奠定了基础。其中,在全球化石能源日益枯竭、能源危机不断升级的大背景下,结合可再生能源的优势,大力发展能够替代化石燃料,可应用于海陆空全方位的生物燃料,已经成为世界主要国家能源转型的重要方向10。因此,开发丰富的底物原材料,降低生物燃料的生产成本,提高生物燃料的合成效率,扩大生物燃料的种类多样性,有利于推动生物燃料的多元化应用。
液体生物燃料作为重要的生物储能形式,根据其使用的原料和合成技术,可分为四代,分别为粮食乙醇和粮食柴油、纤维素乙醇和生物柴油、微藻燃料、利用合成生物学作为基础开发的合成生物燃料11。目前,第一代生物燃料已经被广泛地生产和应用,第二代和第三代生物燃料经历了多年的研发,已经成为各国应用的重点;伴随着分子生物学技术的发展,利用合成生物技术改造微生物细胞工厂所生产的第四代生物燃料已经成为全球新型生物燃料研究的热点问题。因此,本文综述了四代生物燃料的底物、合成方式、优缺点及研究进展。主要介绍了前三代液体生物燃料的原料、合成方式及相应的研究进展,引出了第四代生物燃料丰富的底物原料及多样的合成形式;并详细介绍了可再生能源及合成生物学在多种生物燃料合成过程中的应用及研究进展;最后对现有合成生物燃料所面临的关键问题及应用瓶颈进行了总结,结合现有的研究进展,提出了未来合成生物燃料的研究方向。
19世纪末期,非化石燃料就已经被使用,生物乙醇也就此诞生12。作为第四代生物燃料的代表产品,生物乙醇至今仍然占据全球生物燃料的主导地位。生物乙醇不仅可以用作溶剂和化学工业中的各种原材料,还可作为可再生和可持续的液体燃料,它可以减少原油使用,改善大气环境,解决化石燃料所引起的环境、经济等问题。
第一代生物乙醇,又被称为粮食乙醇,主要来源于含糖类或含淀粉类粮食作物的发酵,如甘蔗、玉米等物质12。其中,含糖类物质可经过提取、发酵、蒸馏的过程,直接形成生物乙醇;玉米等淀粉类原料需要经过水解、液化、糖化、发酵后再蒸馏的过程,形成生物乙醇12-13。上述过程需要大量的水、土地等资源,受地理条件制约较大,大规模生产粮食乙醇会竞争农业资源,也不利于降低其生产成本,扩大产能,因而出现了第二代生物乙醇,即纤维素乙醇。
以木质纤维素为原料的第二代生物乙醇是当前各国研发和应用的重点,相比于第一代生物乙醇,其最大的优点在于原材料的充足性、经济性和可持续性14。首先,第二代生物乙醇主要以自然界中的生物质作为原料,包括农业作物残留物(如秸秆、甘蔗渣、稻壳)、藻类、林业残留物(如枯木、枯草)、木材加工残留物(如木屑),这些原料都含有大量的木质纤维素,取材广泛且价格低廉14;其次,木质纤维素生物质被认为是一种丰富的碳中和可再生能源,可以减少二氧化碳排放和大气污染15;最后,由于木质纤维素是农作物非食用部分,不会对全球的粮食供应产生竞争。因而,纤维素乙醇在未来的大规模生产方面具有巨大的潜力。由于木质纤维素是由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素以及少量的其他成分交联而形成的复杂网状或三维结构,其稳定顽固的特性会抑制其解构,而预处理可以改变材料的化学含量和大分子结构,使其更容易被降解或水解,从而用于后续生物炼制16。当前,纤维素乙醇的生产过程主要由三步构成:①原料预处理形成纤维素和半纤维素;②纤维素和半纤维素水解形成单糖;③微生物发酵形成生物乙醇17。因此,在第二代生物乙醇的生产过程中,对木质纤维素类生物质进行预处理至关重要,高效的预处理方法,可以有效地降低生产成本。目前,常见的预处理方法包括物理法(如机械破碎、微波、超声波处理)、化学法(如酸碱处理、离子液、有机试剂处理)、生物法(如酶法、细菌或真菌处理)和理化联用法(如蒸汽爆破法)18。后续的水解和发酵步骤,主要包括三种策略:分步水解发酵、一步法水解发酵、微生物直接转化。分步进行水解发酵虽然可以发挥酶的最大活性,但是产生的葡萄糖和纤维二糖会抑制酶活,因而限制了乙醇的产量;同时进行水解发酵,水解所产生的葡萄糖会直接转变为乙醇,有效地减少了对酶活的抑制19,但是由于该方法是多项多酶的催化过程,因而很难协调pH等外界条件以达到最优效果;微生物直接转化法可以直接利用微生物细胞工厂(如酿酒酵母20)表达相应水解酶,并直接发酵产生乙醇,不仅一步实现从纤维素到乙醇生产的过程,而且不需要添加额外的酶,显著降低成本。目前,纤维素乙醇的大规模应用仍然受原料前处理成本和所需水解酶成本较高的制约,因此随着分子生物学技术的发展,在第四代生物乙醇的生产中,以木质纤维素作为原料,利用代谢工程技术对大肠杆菌、蓝细菌等细胞工厂进行改造,可以进一步提升生物乙醇的产量20-22
第三代生物乙醇,是以微藻为原料进行生物炼制。作为一类光合自养型的生物质,微藻不仅广泛存在于陆地和海洋当中,还可以更加高效地利用太阳光和CO2进行生长,并释放O2 23。因此,相比于前两代生物乙醇,微藻乙醇更加洁净与环保。此外,相比于植物来源的木质纤维,藻类的生长较快,周期短,环境适应性强,占用更少的土地面积,可生长在水环境中,并且含有大量的多糖和蛋白质等物质,更加适于作为原料进行生物燃料的生产24。当前,大量的研究聚焦于微藻柴油的生物合成,微藻乙醇相对较少,但是已有研究报道,微藻乙醇的生产率明显高于前两代生物乙醇12。传统的微藻乙醇制备过程包括微藻培养、生物量浓缩、细胞破碎、水解与发酵。首先,高密度培养微藻有开放式和封闭式两种生物反应器,开放式培养能耗和建设费用低,但是易污染且培养条件不易控制;封闭式培养可以更好地控制培养条件,提高产率,但是建设成本较高25。随后,富集微藻生物质并破碎细胞壁,用以收集后期水解发酵所需要的多糖,富集可以选择离心、过滤、浮选和絮凝等方式,细胞壁破碎可以释放出胞内的多糖,是大规模生产的重要步骤26。释放出的糖类物质经过水解后,发酵生产乙醇。后续的细胞破碎、水解和发酵过程均与第二代生物乙醇的方式类似,不再赘述27。由于藻类生物质的光能利用率较低,能量消耗较大,为了进一步推动微藻乙醇的产业化,除了传统的微藻乙醇制备方式外,新型的微藻乙醇制备技术正在加速研发中。在多种新能源利用形式(如太阳能板,CO2捕集板)的加持下,微藻的光合效率和CO2的固定效率有效提升,同时利用合成生物技术对蓝藻、酿酒酵母等多种微生物细胞工厂进行改造,共同推进微藻乙醇的工业化应用进程28-29
第四代生物乙醇是全方位利用可再生能源,如太阳能、电能、光能、生物质能等,结合化学、电化学、合成生物学等学科技术,以多种微生物作为合成工厂,利用丰富的底物原材料炼制生物乙醇30。在多种新技术的催动下,除了以原本的木质纤维素31、食品废弃物32等作为原料,通过优化前处理工艺,提升生物乙醇产量并降低其成本外,原材料的范围也扩大至上述生物质原料所衍生出的多种中间产物和多种一碳物质30,包括CO2、甲醇、甲烷及合成气33-34
当前,美国和巴西是世界前两位的生物乙醇生产国,占据全球产量的84%9。巴西以甘蔗作为生产的主要原材料,利用其地理位置和气候的天然优势,培育早熟的甘蔗品种,扩大种植面积,提高甘蔗产量,提高生物乙醇制备效率,是世界上少数可以低成本生产乙醇的国家。许多发达国家在巴西成立实验室,主要研究甘蔗乙醇产量的进一步提升、新型可再生能源用于生物乙醇的生产等项目。美国前期以玉米作为主要的原材料生产乙醇,但由于耕地的竞争,玉米价格的上涨,随后大力发展第二代生物乙醇,并逐渐占据主导地位;当前美国和欧盟正在加速布局第三代及第四代生物乙醇的生产,大力开展以微藻、一碳物质等作为原料,结合新型的生物炼制技术,进一步降低生物乙醇的生产成本,扩大其产能10。据粗略统计,截至2019年我国生物燃料乙醇产量达2841万吨,主要以玉米、木薯和陈化粮作为原料进行生物乙醇的合成35。目前,正在加速第二代生物乙醇的研发与应用,用非粮食物质的生物质能合成生物燃料是未来的发展方向35
生物柴油是一种来源于植物油或动物脂肪的单烷基酯混合物,如单烷基脂肪酸甲酯、单烷基脂肪酸乙酯36,主要通过油脂类物质与低碳醇(一般采用甲醇和乙醇)发生酯交换反应形成。由于生物柴油具有较低的 CO 排放量,燃烧性能更好,是一种具有很大发展潜力的新型绿色能源。根据原料的不同,生物柴油的发展史与生物乙醇类似,大致可分为四代。
第一代生物柴油主要是利用油料作物进行生产,油料作物(如大豆、花生、油菜籽等)中含有丰富的甘油三酯和脂肪酸类物质,均适用于生产生物柴油,但是其对粮食资源的浪费及耕地的侵占,不仅影响到正常的农业发展,也限制了生物柴油产量的提升37
第二代生物柴油的炼制底物主要有地沟油、工业废弃油、富含油脂的植物(如棕榈树)及动物组织等,然而原料价格高且供应不稳定,是第二代生物柴油主要面临的问题37
第三代生物柴油(即微藻柴油)是以富含脂类物质的微生物作为原料,目前大多数研究聚焦于微藻,除去上文中所描述的微藻本身的优点外,微藻中脂类含量较多(20%~80%),油脂组成丰富(C14~C22脂肪酸和甘油三酯),是理想的生物柴油制备的原料38。微藻柴油的主要成分为甘油三酯,此外还包括藻酮、磷脂、甘油二酯、游离脂肪酸等多种脂类物质。其制备过程与微藻乙醇类似,包括微藻培养、生物量浓缩、细胞破碎及脂质的提取,其生产受限的因素也与微藻乙醇类似39
前三代生物柴油的炼制工艺虽然在细微上有所差别,但均是基于酯交换的原理,因此影响产量的主要因素包括醇酯原料的摩尔比、催化剂的选择及浓度、反应温度及时间37。在经济成本方面,原料的成本过高是限制生物柴油大规模生产的主要因素。
第四代生物柴油在原料的选择上更加丰富,由微藻扩展到多种一碳底物,如CO2、甲醇、甲酸等,实现更加绿色环保可持续的生产方式。因此,微藻柴油40和第四代生物柴油成为世界研发的重点内容,利用多种可再生能源结合微生物代谢工程生产生物柴油,其生物合成过程大致分为以下几个关键步骤:首先,利用代谢工程手段对微藻进行代谢重编程,如增强其油脂合成途径,提高油脂积累能力等;其次,优化培养条件,包括光照、温度和营养物质浓度等,提高微藻的生长速率和油脂含量;最后,通过生物工艺学方法,如提取、转化和精制等步骤,将微藻中积累的油脂转化为高质量的柴油产品41。已有研究发现可以利用 Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942生产短链脂肪酸42,另有研究表明,微藻内的脂质合成途径是基于脂肪酸合酶和甘油三酯生物合成途径,其内在的多种酶可以合成不同链长的脂质3943
除了生物乙醇和生物柴油,为了满足车载用油、航空用油的需求,开发燃烧热值高、凝固点低、不含物理杂质、吸湿性低、稳定性好的高能密度燃料,如生物汽油、航空汽油、航空发动机燃料,已经成为高级液体生物燃料的重点研究对象44
汽油的主要成分为 C4~C12化合物,其中最常见的是C3~C9的烷烃或醇类,如正丁醇、异丙醇等45。生物高级醇是指含有3个或3个以上碳原子的直链或支链醇,具有与汽油接近的能量密度,吸湿性低且稳定性高,被认为是最具有潜力的汽油替代品,即生物汽油46。航空燃料包括航空汽油和发动机燃料,被应用于飞机、火箭、宇宙飞船等航空航天设备,所需燃料能量密度更大,稳定性更高,并具备在极端条件下燃烧的特性, 因此需要生物合成更加复杂的化合物,如萜类化合物衍生燃料、脂肪酸及其衍生物9。此外,生物柴油中包含多种萜类物质,如前体物质异戊二烯、萜烯或萜烷等。传统的汽油、生物柴油及航空用油均以石油为基础进行提炼,具有成本高、效率低、严重污染环境和不可持续等缺点,生物合成的高级生物燃料,其可持续性是化石燃料所不能比拟的,随着合成生物学的发展,未来还可以有效降低成本,对世界军事、经济等都有着重要意义。
当前,已有众多研究聚焦于生物高级醇、脂肪酸及其衍生物、萜类物质的生物合成(表1)。
关于生物高级醇的研究较多,其中多种微生物均可利用葡萄糖作为底物,通过酮酸途径或逆β氧化途径合成丁醇、异丁醇等短链醇48-5052-5357。除了常规的模式生物,最近的研究报道工程化改造梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum补料分批发酵后可产生18.9 g/L丁醇,其产率为0.71 mol 丁醇/mol 葡萄糖80。在生物合成脂肪酸的研究中,解脂耶氏酵母因其天然的产油特性而被广泛用于产生多种脂肪酸及其衍生物,包括ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸DHA/EPA,生物柴油的组成成分脂肪酸甲酯/脂肪醇7981。利用酿酒酵母生产脂肪酸的研究也取得了许多进展:2016年Nielsen实验室82在酵母过氧化物酶体中表达脂肪酸合成途径,显著降低了由竞争酶产生的副产物积累,可以将脂肪酸衍生的脂肪醇、烷烃和烯烃的产量提高多达700%,随后增加过氧化物酶体的数量,可以进一步提升其产量;2018 年的研究报道了工程化改造后的酿酒酵母利用葡萄糖可以产生 33.4 g/L的脂肪酸,是迄今为止非天然产油酵母的最高脂肪酸产量76;2022年的研究通过在酿酒酵母中人工构建能量合成系统,成功提升了葡萄糖到脂肪酸的转化率,产率达到40%78。相比于前两类物质,萜类生物燃料的研究相对较少,不仅产量不高,产物的种类也较少,大多集中在异戊二烯、法呢烯、红没药烯和蛇麻烯63-6567;除了利用葡萄糖作为碳源外,有研究报道了研究人员通过引入不同来源的萜烯合成酶,首次在天然产油酵母中利用废弃的食用油作为原料生产红没药烯83。未来,利用木质纤维素、微藻、一碳物质等可再生能源作为原料,利用合成生物学的手段进一步改造微生物,生产高能密度燃料所需的多种组分,是新型液体生物燃料发展的主要方向。
第四代液体生物燃料,即新型生物燃料,指的是综合应用多种可再生能源,如太阳能、电能、风能、生物质能等,将CO2、CH4等温室气体,借由微生物转化为多种液体生物燃料。根据可再生能源的利用形式,大致可分为四类2。①太阳能耦合生物质能:植物作为媒介,吸收太阳能和光能,转化为木质纤维素(生物质能),以此作为原料,通过具有纤维素降解能力的微生物,直接水解并发酵,进而利用CO2合成生物燃料。②太阳能耦合光能:光合自养型微生物,如蓝藻,能够直接利用环境中的CO2进行生物合成。③电化学固碳:CO2的固定借由电催化过程中产生的电能和自养微生物本身的固碳能力,协同作用后产生多种中间体,从而用于生物燃料的形成,如甲酸84、H2 85。④垃圾或沼气再利用:垃圾填埋物等经过厌氧消化可形成甲烷或甲醇,甲基营养菌可将甲烷、甲醇等一碳物质转化为生物燃料。上述所有一碳利用形式,都涉及微生物的固碳能力和化合物生成的代谢途径。为了减少生物燃料生产的原料成本,提高生物燃料的产量和转化率,需要利用合成生物学的手段对微生物进行工程化改造,如提高固碳效率、加强纤维素降解能力、打造高效的产物合成途径等。因此,本节主要描述第四代生物燃料合成时合成生物学在底物利用和产物形成过程中的应用,包括利用形式、合成途径、关键酶或工程化改造策略等。其中,除了上文中提到的葡萄糖和甘油,本节主要侧重于生物质能、CO2、甲烷或甲醇作为底物进行生物燃料的合成;产物包括生物乙醇、生物高级醇(生物汽油)、脂肪酸及衍生物(生物柴油)、聚酮类物质及萜类物质(高密度燃料)等,这些产物都是生物燃料的重要组成部分。
生物质能最典型的就是植物木质纤维素,在上文第二代生物乙醇内容中,已经详细介绍了木质纤维素的优点,不仅来源广泛(秸秆木屑等自然界中的生物质)、价格低廉,相比于化石燃料,因其加工所排放的CO2更少而绿色环保,是双碳目标下的理想底物原材料。木质纤维素经过预处理后会解构成多种成分,并形成多种中间体,包括糖类、合成气、有机酸和甲烷。其中,糖类已被广泛应用于第二代生物乙醇的生产;合成气和甲烷也被用于生物燃料的生产86。为了提高植物木质纤维的有效利用率,现阶段的研究包括两方面的内容:
①提高植物固定CO2产生生物质的能力,从而增加木质纤维中作为原料应用的有效物质。研究报道可以通过加速光保护机制下的修复作用增强生物量87;在高密度栽培条件下,减小光系统的收光天线尺寸从而减少叶绿体的光捕集,有助于提高烟草光合生产力和植株冠层生物量积88;引入光呼吸旁路,在植物中引入更有效的光呼吸途径,同时抑制天然途径,可显著提高光合效率和营养生物量;在农田条件下,通过调控乙醇酸代谢途径进入作物的叶绿体,抑制乙醇酸向原生途径的输出加强了植物固碳能力89
②加强微生物对纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解能力。研究报道称通过提高酶活90、挖掘具有丰富酶活性的微生物91-92、探究纤维素降解的多种机制16、开发能够高效利用己糖和戊糖的微生物93-94,从而提高微生物对预处理生物质的降解能力,降低生物燃料的生产成本。其中,纤维素体就是开发出的降解纤维素的一种新方式,主要是微生物在多酶系统协同中形成的;详细来说,多酶复合物附着在细胞膜和底物上,介导其与纤维素的结合,发挥分子内协同作用以水解纤维素。此外,特定蛋白之间的相互作用也可捕获许多水解成分,从而降解纤维素16。当前,多种策略的协同应用已经加强了植物木质纤维作为底物合成生物燃料的可行性,特别是生物乙醇的合成95。研究报道,从木质纤维素中提取糖类物质后,通过在酵母中表达重组纤维素酶系统产生乙醇2296。为了提高乙醇产量,将来自不同物种的木糖醇脱氢酶、还原酶、激酶等引入酵母当中,构建的重组菌株可更好地利用木质纤维合成生物乙醇97。2010年,Keasling团队98实现了大肠杆菌利用半纤维素生产脂肪醇、酯等生物柴油的重要组分。2020年的研究报道了在一个串联生物反应器中进行纤维素合成、糖化和乙醇生产的组合研究,经过预处理的玉米秸秆厌氧发酵,48 h内获得了高达45.9 g/L的乙醇99。通过微生物群落的有效整合可以高效利用木质纤维素生产乙醇、丁醇等生物燃料100,已有研究报道了利用细菌和真菌的共培养体统,真菌水解木质纤维素产生7~11 mmol/L 的葡萄糖和木糖,随后厌氧细菌利用糖类物质生长并生产丁酸,最高可达30 mmol/L101。2019年发表的研究报道了工程化的大肠杆菌利用玉米芯生产β-法呢烯,研究者们开发了一种可以对玉米芯预处理和纤维素水解循环利用的策略,节省了大量预处理试剂,实现了96.83%的纤维素转化为葡萄糖,随后在大肠杆菌中过表达异源的 ATP柠檬酸裂解酶,该菌株在5 L发酵罐上48 h可产生4.06 g/L的β-法呢烯,相较于初始菌株增加了约2.3倍102。2017年,研究者们报道了大肠杆菌利用预处理后的花生壳作为原料生产异戊二烯,产量大约为200~300 mg/L103
一碳底物(one-carbon,C1)是指具有单个碳原子的化合物,利用一碳物质作为底物合成生物燃料,不仅来源广泛、价格低廉,其绿色环保的制备方式,可以缓解化石能源的短缺,还可以解决温室气体所造成的环境污染,成为新型生物燃料合成的研究热点。当前,众多研究聚焦于CO2、甲烷(CH4)、甲醇(CH3OH)作为底物进行生物合成(表2)。
CO2作为大气中丰富而可再生的资源,通过将CO2转化为有机化合物,可以有效利用大气中的碳资源,减少对有限化石燃料的依赖;同时,工业废气、发电厂排放气体等都会产生大量的CO2,有效利用CO2可以减少温室气体的排放,降低环境污染。此外,CO2还可以转化为甲醇和甲烷而被间接利用。自然界中,除了植物固碳转变为生物质外,存在多种自养微生物可以直接转变CO2为液体燃料。当前研究聚焦于利用常见的光能自养微生物(如真核的微藻、原核的蓝藻)合成生物燃料,即第三代微藻燃料,如微藻乙醇、微藻柴油。烷烃或脂肪醇类作为柴油的组分之一,已有研究在蓝细菌中成功实现由CO2至中短链烷烃、烯烃、醛类等碳氢燃料的生物合成124。同样,利用工程化的蓝细菌生产柠檬烯125、红没药烯111等,可实现CO2向萜类物质的转化。但是,现有研究都面临同样的问题,生物燃料产量和CO2的利用率都较低。为了进一步推动微藻燃料的生产,研究从藻类自身特性、光合利用途径、产物形成特性等方面出发进行改造,如利用自然诱变或高通量测序筛选具有更高脂质储量的微藻种类126-127,提高藻类光合效率128-129及固碳效率130,提高CO2固定酶(RuBisCO)的活性,加强卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle,CBB cycle)的底物再生能力131,提高藻类中脂质的合成能力或改变合成的脂质种类132。此外,自然界中存在自养细菌(如富养罗尔斯通氏菌),既可以直接利用CO2进行生物合成,也可以结合电催化完成固碳及生物燃料的合成133-134,研究已经报道利用富养罗尔斯通氏菌生产异丙醇、脂肪酸、蛇麻烯等新型生物燃料47-48129-130;由于太阳能、风能发电越来越普遍,“电动生物燃料”的研究开始兴起135;利用电极或电子介质供应电能,结合自养微生物固碳并储存能量,最终合成生物燃料,这种基于新型多能偶联形式所产生“电动生物燃料”,可直接转变CO2为多种产物而不是生物质2,如乙酸136、甲酸84、氢气85,再由此合成其他生物燃料。最近的研究利用电催化耦合微生物合成技术,首次实现了由 CO2制备葡萄糖和脂肪酸,为微生物高效利用一碳底物合成脂肪酸提供了新的思路114
由于CO2转化需要消耗大量能量,因而CO2的固定是其作为底物应用的巨大挑战。而其还原后的产物,甲烷和甲醇天然就带有能量,避免了耗能这一问题。甲烷作为温室效应的主要气体,不仅是天然气或沼气的主要成分,也可来自垃圾等有机废物的厌氧消化;甲醇可来自甲烷的氧化,劣质煤炭和生物废料的转化,CO2还原等方式。因此,二者来源丰富,制备容易,均具有较高的能量,是合成生物燃料的理想原材料。天然甲基营养型微生物可通过自身的代谢途径利用甲烷或甲醇作为唯一碳源和能源进行生长,并生产目标化合物,如扭脱甲基杆菌利用甲醇合成异丁醇108、正丁醇109、甲羟戊酸120;在毕赤酵母中构建脂肪酸合成表型,可利用甲醇生产23.4 g/L 脂肪酸115。甲醇利用的代谢途径包括一磷酸核酮糖途径(ribulose monophosphate pathway,RuMP)、丝氨酸途径(serine pathway)、乙基丙二酰CoA途径(ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway,EMC)、还原型乙酰CoA途径(reductive acetyl-CoA pathway,rACoAP,即Wood-Ljungdahl途径)、卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle,CBB cycle)、一磷酸木酮糖途径(xylulose monophosphate pathway,XuMP)137图1)。已有研究报道天然甲基营养型微生物利用甲醇或甲烷产生异丁醇108、3-羟基丙酸110、蛇麻烯123等生物燃料。此外,基于天然甲基营养型微生物中已有的C1代谢途径,或打造全新的C1代谢途径(如修饰丝氨酸循环138、甲醇缩合循环139),利用模式生物(如大肠杆菌)从头构建合成型甲基营养微生物,用于生物合成,已逐渐成为研究热点。已有研究报道大肠杆菌利用甲醇生物合成乙醇、1,3-丙二醇、丁醇等生物燃料105138。此外,部分甲基营养型微生物还可以共同利用CO2和甲酸(甲醇)进行生长,未来也可用于合成生物燃料的底盘细胞140-141。因此,基于甲基营养型微生物构建生物燃料的合成体系,能够切实解决环境和能源问题,具有巨大的发展空间。
基于微生物细胞工厂高效合成具有不同碳链长度、不同碳饱和度的化合物,是第四代生物燃料发展的重要方向。利用合成生物技术,除生物乙醇外,与汽油、柴油、高密度航空用油性质类似的C3~C20的化合物,均可通过不同的途径进行生物合成(表3)。
根据产物的合成途径差异,大致可分为五类(图29。①酮酸途径(keto acid,KD):C8以内的直链或支链的高级醇(正丁醇、异丁醇、丙醇)。②类异戊二烯途径(isoprenoid):C10的萜烯类化合物(松萜、柠烯),C15的萜烯类化合物(红没药烯、法呢烯)。③辅酶A依赖的逆β氧化途径(reverse β-oxidation):短链或中链醇(丁醇、己醇、辛醇)。④脂肪酸生物合成途径(fatty acid biosynthesis):长链脂肪酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸),长链脂肪醇(脂肪酸甲酯、脂肪酸乙酯)。⑤聚酮生物合成途径(polyketide biosynthesis):短链烃(丁烯、己烯),短链酮(C6和C7乙基酮,C5和C6甲基酮),高级醇(戊醇、己醇)。
为了提高上述产物的产量,多种代谢工程的研究策略已经被应用,包括:
①利用酶工程、蛋白质工程、启动子工程提高提高关键酶的活性。如在大肠杆菌中表达多种氨基酸合成途径,实现了正丁醇、正丙醇、3-甲基丁醇等的生物合成50;在大肠杆菌中通过加强HWLS途径有关酶的表达(甲酸脱氢酶,甲酰四氢叶酸环水解酶等),加入金属蛋白、分子开关等工程酶及强效启动子,利用有氧和无氧发酵结合的形式培养菌株,从而达到丁酸(0.79 mol/mol 葡萄糖)高产的目的142;加强关键蛋白表达,如在链霉素中通过多结构域融合表达聚酮合成酶的方式生产了甲基酮和乙基酮(>1 g/L和250 mg/L)61;或挖掘来源于不同物种的蛋白,如在酵母中表达多种来源的HMG-CoA还原酶从而提高法呢烯产量67
②区域化表达产物合成途径。定位至线粒体、过氧化物酶体等细胞器中,如在酿酒酵母中异丙醇的合成需要将胞质丙酮酸通过线粒体酶催化成2-KIV,2-KIV输出到胞质中通过 Ehrlich 途径转化为异丁醇。为了克服这一限制步骤,通过引入线粒体定位或胞内定位来合成乙醇52。研究表明,将Ehrlich途径表达到线粒体中使异丁醇的产生增加了260%53
③降低产物的毒性。有研究报道利用适应性进化解决了中链脂肪酸细胞毒性问题,研究者通过定向进化设计膜转运体Tpo1,提高其活性,增强细胞对C10脂肪酸的抗性,并利用适应性进化获得对C8脂肪酸耐受性更高的菌株,然后通过对高耐受性菌株进行系统设计,将脂肪酸产量提高了250倍83。生物柴油的成分之一脂肪烷烃对微生物毒性使得其高产一直受到限制,研究人员在酿酒酵母中表达或点突变多效药物耐药性转录因子(PDR)来提高酵母对烷烃类燃料的耐受性143
④切断副产物生成,打断竞争途径。研究报道在利用大肠杆菌产1-丁醇的过程中,研究者打断NADH竞争利用途径(ΔldhAΔadhEΔfrdBC),表达烯酰CoA还原酶(TER)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)并产生NADH和乙酰CoA驱动力来引导通量50
⑤平衡还原力和能量。对酿酒酵母进行代谢重塑,通过加强PPP途径产生更多的NADPH,通过转氢循环平衡还原力,从而提高高能化合物的产量,如脂肪酸、正丁醇5076
⑥加强生长偶联。利用酿酒酵母合成脂肪酸时,研究者将细胞的生长与脂肪酸的生产相结合,经过对细胞代谢重构后,通过限制氮供应表达来限制细胞生长,通过控制葡萄糖水平来调节细胞生长,从而达到生长偶联,进而增加脂肪酸的产量76
⑦多组学探究代谢机制。利用CRISPRi 高通量筛选结合组学分析70或诱变结合高通量筛选来探究提高产量的靶基因58
⑧优化发酵条件提高上罐产量。通过多气体供给的加压生物反应器,自养菌利用CO2生成脂肪酸或异丙醇等生物燃料116;通过调整工程化大肠杆菌的发酵条件,如诱导温度、接种密度等,最终可利用5 L生物反应器中产生10.3 g/L法呢烯144
⑨计算机建模或机器学习,研究在酿酒酵母中利用机器学习的方式组合优化代谢途径,成功提升紫色素的产量145
本文首先综述了四代生物乙醇和生物柴油的发展史,包括原料及制备流程,并指出相应的问题:生物乙醇和生物柴油作为应用最普遍的生物燃料,传统的生物合成方式已经远远不能满足大规模应用的需求,因而需要加速开发基于可再生能源(植物纤维素、微藻、CO2)的合成方式,降低成本,提高产能。随后介绍了新兴生物燃料的类型、特点及社会需求:生物汽油的代替品,如萜类物质、高级醇或酯类物质等,虽然可以通过酮酸途径、类异戊二烯途径进行生物合成,但是产量较低,产品种类较少;高能密度燃料的研究刚刚兴起,虽然已有脂肪酸和萜类合成途径用于合成相关成分,如脂肪酸及其衍生物、倍半萜等物质,但是要满足应用的需求,还需要在合成途径、产品多样性、成本优化、产量及转化率等多个方面做出巨大的努力。文章着重介绍基于可再生能源进行第三代和第四代生物燃料合成的研究现状,概括了现有代谢工程研究途径及策略在液体生物燃料合成方面的研究成果,以及利用一碳底物进行液体生物燃料合成的相关研究进展,为后续利用一碳底物进行液体生物燃料的研究奠定基础。
当前,利用可再生能源进行液体生物燃料的大规模生产仍然面临三个主要问题:
①虽然植物生物质、微藻和众多的一碳底物都可作为原材料用于合成液体生物燃料,但是植物生物质的预处理成本需要被降低,微藻的大规模培养方式需要被优化,虽然已有部分研究能够高效利用植物纤维素,但是其预处理步骤较为复杂,藻类的工程化改造也较为复杂,缺少详细的基因信息和编辑工具。因此,一碳底物是最有潜力的原材料之一。伴随着全球气候问题的日益严重,第三代生物炼制主要聚焦于如何高效利用CO2作为原料进行生物燃料的合成,高效利用CO2不仅能够解决原材料的成本问题,还能够有效缓解温室效应。目前,为了提高CO2的固定效率,除去改造已被大家广泛应用的卡尔文循环,还原型甘氨酸途径、还原型乙酰CoA途径、还原型TCA循环均可用于CO2的固定,这些途径需要更少的能量和反应酶,反应步骤也更简短;CETCH循环虽然需要更多酶和反应步骤,但是仅需要1分子ATP,较低的能量需求对于CO2的固定十分有利146。此外,利用上述途径可以有效避开针对RuBisCO这个复杂的羧酶复合体进行改造的难题,打破基于模式生物构建自养型微生物细胞工厂的壁垒。
②由于CO2的固定需要消耗大量的能量,因而以其作为底物合成长链化合物或者高能的液体生物燃料具有较大的挑战,其较低的利用效率会导致目标产物的产量和产率较低,也会限制化合物的种类。因此,一方面利用其还原产物甲醇作为底物,结合工程化改造天然的甲基营养型微生物进行液体燃料的生物合成,是更加行之有效的办法;此外,随着合成甲基代谢研究的日益成熟,利用模式生物构建高效利用甲醇的细胞工厂也可用于液体生物燃料的合成;另一方面,利用电催化将CO2转化为含碳化合物、有机酸等物质,再结合微生物细胞工厂,不仅可以有效拓展一碳底物合成的化合物种类,未来通过代谢工程对微生物底盘的进一步改造,还可以有效提高目标化合物的产量和转化率147。如最近的研究利用电催化耦合生物合成技术,成功由CO2合成葡萄糖和脂肪酸114。此外,可以巧妙利用自养型微生物作为细胞底盘,如蓝藻、C. necator,其本身具有的一碳底物的代谢能力,结合电催化实现电子供应和多种化合物生成。
③利用生物材料加强微生物对一碳底物的利用,从而实现目标化合物的合成。最近的研究报道了一种新型的金纳米颗粒-蓝细菌杂合体可以有效提高CO2固定合成化学品的效率148。未来,通过电催化或者生物材料的应用,耦合微生物细胞工厂,可以实现由CO2合成生物高级醇、萜类物质等多种液体生物燃料,实现利用可再生能源CO2转化为燃料的再循环,衍生出不依赖于传统石油化工产业的碳循环模式。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0911000)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0907800)
  • 广东省重点区域研究与发展计划项目(2022B1111080005)
  • 国家自然科学基金(NSFC32071416)
  • 深圳合成生物学创新研究院科研基金(JCHZ20200003)
  • 深圳市科技计划(ZDSYS20210623091810032)
  • 中国科学院战略重点研究项目(XDB0480000)
  • 招商局集团先进技术研究院有限公司(基于电催化CO2转化与生物炼制的绿色制造项目)
  • 中海石油化学股份有限公司和海洋石油富岛有限公司“碳中和与粮食安全交叉创新联合实验室”项目
  • 深圳先进院跨所联合攻关青年团队项目(电驱动CO2转化与生物炼制规模化示范)
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2025年第6卷第1期
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doi: 10.12211/2096-8280.2023-040
  • 接收时间:2023-06-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-06
  • 出版时间:2025-01-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-13
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA0911000)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0907800)
广东省重点区域研究与发展计划项目(2022B1111080005)
国家自然科学基金(NSFC32071416)
深圳合成生物学创新研究院科研基金(JCHZ20200003)
深圳市科技计划(ZDSYS20210623091810032)
中国科学院战略重点研究项目(XDB0480000)
招商局集团先进技术研究院有限公司(基于电催化CO2转化与生物炼制的绿色制造项目)
中海石油化学股份有限公司和海洋石油富岛有限公司“碳中和与粮食安全交叉创新联合实验室”项目
深圳先进院跨所联合攻关青年团队项目(电驱动CO2转化与生物炼制规模化示范)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,合成生物化学研究中心,广东 深圳 518055
    2 中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳合成生物学创新研究院,中国科学院定量工程生物学重点实验室,广东 深圳 518055

通讯作者:

于涛(1986—),男,博士,研究员。研究方向为酿酒酵母的合成生物学。 E-mail:
郭姝媛(1991—),女,博士,助理研究员。研究方向为甲醇生物转化及产物合成。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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