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Prime Editor (PE) is an innovative gene editing tool based on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system, which has revolutionized multiple fields, including genetics, medicine, and agriculture. Emerging as a successor to Base Editor (BE), PE has gained worldwide attention due to its ability to introduce base substitutions, insertions, and deletions without causing double-strand DNA breaks, which significantly reduces the risk of off-target effect and unwanted genetic change. Notwithstanding its immense potential, researchers need to address PE's long encoding sequence and low editing efficiency for its maximal applications. Researchers have been working relentlessly to explore and enhance the editing efficiency and safety of PE by modifying its protein scaffold, optimizing the guide RNA design, and identifying cellular factors that influence its activity. Improved PE variants have been developed with enhanced accuracy and efficiency as well as decreased off-target effect when compared with their initial versions, demonstrating their potential in gene editing-related applications. Several strategies have been investigated to enhance PE performance, including: ① Modifying the structure of PE proteins to increase their efficiency, specificity, and binding affinity, thereby significantly improving their editing activity. ② Optimizing the design of pegRNAs, such as modifying the length, composition, or structure, that can boost PE's editing efficiency. ③ Identifying and manipulating cellular factors, such as proteins and RNAs, that bear functional relationships with the PE system, thus greatly enhancing its gene editing capabilities. ④ Developing automated design tools to facilitate the customization of the PE system for specific applications, vastly improving its practicality in research and clinical settings. Finally, this article summarizes the applications of PE in engineering animals and plants and developing gene therapy. Despite much room for further improvement in PE, significant advances have been made in improving its editing efficiency and safety. The rapid development of Cas9 and BE for treating genetic diseases stands as compelling testimony to the potential of PE in advancing gene editing technologies and applications. With continued research and development, PE holds great promise for improving human health and well-being. ![]()
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引导编辑器(prime editor,PE)是继碱基编辑器(base editor,BE)之后新问世的基于CRISPR/Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated)系统的基因编辑工具,可以在不造成DNA双链断裂的情况下引入碱基替换、插入和删除。PE因其全面的编辑能力,问世即受到全球学者的广泛关注,然而PE表达盒编码较长(>6 kb)、编辑效率较低等问题也亟待研究人员解决。PE的研究方向与BE有许多相似之处,本文首先梳理了学界对PE本身编辑效率和安全性的探索;然后重点介绍了PE效应蛋白、pegRNA和其他细胞因子三个方面对PE的改进手段,以及为方便PE应用而开发的自动化设计工具;最后梳理了PE在动植物以及基因治疗中的应用。方兴未艾的PE领域尽管还难称完善,但在提高编辑效率和改进安全性等方面已取得了许多重要进展。鉴于Cas9、BE等基因编辑工具已广泛应用于遗传病疗法,PE走向遗传病治疗值得期待。
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
2022,
23(17): 9809., articleTitle=Optimization of prime editing in rice, peanut, chickpea, and cowpea protoplasts by restoration of GFP activity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1170675176049001303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, awardId=32171413, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32171413), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1170675176099332952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, awardId=61721003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(61721003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1170675173486281524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170675173494670133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, companyId=1170675173486281524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Automation,Tsinghua University,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology,Center for Synthesis and Systems Biology,Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics,Ministry of Education,Department of Bioinformatics Research,Beijing 100084,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1170675173498864438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, companyId=1170675173486281524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=清华大学自动化系,北京信息科学与技术国家研究中心,生物信息学研究部,生物信息学教育部重点实验室,合成与系统生物学研究中心,北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1170675174862013257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Schematic diagram for PE, figureFileSmall=mOcbIqmnHaMqp5ma8FxwSQ==, figureFileBig=4n325QteKw6SUdPXRY0ruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675174937510730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
PE原理示意图, figureFileSmall=mOcbIqmnHaMqp5ma8FxwSQ==, figureFileBig=4n325QteKw6SUdPXRY0ruw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175054951243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Diagrams for major strategies to improve PE efficiency (a) Optimization of PE proteins; (b) Optimization of pegRNA
, figureFileSmall=3ZKlMDbVYcyVBHtZHf5qXg==, figureFileBig=LICpd5h8+LX1R7bCipMSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175155614540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
PE典型改进方式示意图 (a)效应蛋白的优化;(b)pegRNA的优化
, figureFileSmall=3ZKlMDbVYcyVBHtZHf5qXg==, figureFileBig=LICpd5h8+LX1R7bCipMSfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1170675175222723405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Efficiency prediction tools of PE
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工具名称 | 特点 | 实验细胞系 | 链接 | 参考文献 |
| DeepPE | 给出DeepPE、PE_type、PE_position三个模型的结果 | HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231 | http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPE | [12] |
| DeepPrime | 将DeepPE扩展到7种细胞系、8种PE | HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231、HeLa、DLD1、A549、NIH3T3 | http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPrime/ | [21] |
| PRIDICT | 包括ClinVar突变体数据,但输入格式较为复杂 | HEK293T、U2OS、K562 | https://www.pridict.it/ | [22] |
| MinsePIE | Spacer、PBS等长度可手动调整,自由度较高 | HEK293T、HAP1 | https://elixir.ut.ee/minsepie/ | [23] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175294026574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
PE编辑效率预测工具
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 工具名称 | 特点 | 实验细胞系 | 链接 | 参考文献 |
| DeepPE | 给出DeepPE、PE_type、PE_position三个模型的结果 | HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231 | http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPE | [12] |
| DeepPrime | 将DeepPE扩展到7种细胞系、8种PE | HEK293FT、HCT116、MDA-MB-231、HeLa、DLD1、A549、NIH3T3 | http://deepcrispr.info/DeepPrime/ | [21] |
| PRIDICT | 包括ClinVar突变体数据,但输入格式较为复杂 | HEK293T、U2OS、K562 | https://www.pridict.it/ | [22] |
| MinsePIE | Spacer、PBS等长度可手动调整,自由度较高 | HEK293T、HAP1 | https://elixir.ut.ee/minsepie/ | [23] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175382106959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Derivative variants of PE and their characteristics
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 优化点 | 优化结果 | 实验细胞系或动植物模型 | 参考文献 |
| PE2* | 优化NLS | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T | [30] |
| PEmax | 更换为SpCas9(R221K/N394K/H840A),优化NLS,优化RT密码子 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HeLa | [31] |
| hyPE2 | 融合Rad51 DNA结合结构域 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HCT116 | [32] |
| CMP-PE-V1 | 融合染色体操纵肽 | 提高编辑效率 | NIH/3T3、C2C12细胞系,C57BL/6N、ICR小鼠 | [33] |
| IN-PE2 | 融合短肽 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、U2OS、HCT116 | [34] |
| PASTE | 融合Bxb1丝氨酸整合酶 | 可在非分裂细胞基因组中整合超大片段 | HEK293FT、HepG2、K562、原代人外周血CD8 T细胞、原代人肝细胞 | [35] |
| ePE | 引入Csy4蛋白 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HeLa、N2a | [36] |
| WT-PE、PEn | Cas9n更换为野生型Cas9 | 增强大片段删除或易位编辑效率,证明了NHEJ途径可用于PE | HEK293T、HeLa、HCT116 | [37-38] |
| 未命名 | 对Cas9n引入N863A或N854A突变 | 减少indel | HEK293T、HeLa、K562 | [39] |
| GENEWRITE | 更换LINE-1 RT | 实现大片段插入 | E.coli | [40] |
| ePPE | 融合病毒核衣壳蛋白,删除RNaseH结构域 | 提高编辑效率 | Zhonghua11、Kenong199 | [41] |
| PE-P3 | 颠倒Cas9n和M-MLV RT | 提高编辑效率 | Nipponbare | [42] |
| PE2△Rnh | 删除RNaseH结构域 | 缩小PE尺寸 | HEK293T、Hepa1-6、RAW264.7细胞系,C57BL/6J、FVB/NJ小鼠 | [41,43-45] |
| sPE | 拆分Cas9n和M-MLV RT | 方便递送和优化 | HEK293T | [46] |
| PE2-VQR、PE2-VRQR、PE2-VRER、PE2-NG、 PE2-SpG、PE2-SpRY | 更换其他Cas9变体 | 松弛PAM要求,扩展可编辑范围 | HEK293T | [47] |
| SaPE2 | SpCas9更换为SaCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T、HeLa、K562 | [30-31,44] |
| CjCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为CjCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T | [44] |
| FnCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为FnCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T、HeLa、K562、U2OS | [48] |
| SauriCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为SauriCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T | [44] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175478575952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
PE的衍生变体及其特点
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 优化点 | 优化结果 | 实验细胞系或动植物模型 | 参考文献 |
| PE2* | 优化NLS | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T | [30] |
| PEmax | 更换为SpCas9(R221K/N394K/H840A),优化NLS,优化RT密码子 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HeLa | [31] |
| hyPE2 | 融合Rad51 DNA结合结构域 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HCT116 | [32] |
| CMP-PE-V1 | 融合染色体操纵肽 | 提高编辑效率 | NIH/3T3、C2C12细胞系,C57BL/6N、ICR小鼠 | [33] |
| IN-PE2 | 融合短肽 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、U2OS、HCT116 | [34] |
| PASTE | 融合Bxb1丝氨酸整合酶 | 可在非分裂细胞基因组中整合超大片段 | HEK293FT、HepG2、K562、原代人外周血CD8 T细胞、原代人肝细胞 | [35] |
| ePE | 引入Csy4蛋白 | 提高编辑效率 | HEK293T、HeLa、N2a | [36] |
| WT-PE、PEn | Cas9n更换为野生型Cas9 | 增强大片段删除或易位编辑效率,证明了NHEJ途径可用于PE | HEK293T、HeLa、HCT116 | [37-38] |
| 未命名 | 对Cas9n引入N863A或N854A突变 | 减少indel | HEK293T、HeLa、K562 | [39] |
| GENEWRITE | 更换LINE-1 RT | 实现大片段插入 | E.coli | [40] |
| ePPE | 融合病毒核衣壳蛋白,删除RNaseH结构域 | 提高编辑效率 | Zhonghua11、Kenong199 | [41] |
| PE-P3 | 颠倒Cas9n和M-MLV RT | 提高编辑效率 | Nipponbare | [42] |
| PE2△Rnh | 删除RNaseH结构域 | 缩小PE尺寸 | HEK293T、Hepa1-6、RAW264.7细胞系,C57BL/6J、FVB/NJ小鼠 | [41,43-45] |
| sPE | 拆分Cas9n和M-MLV RT | 方便递送和优化 | HEK293T | [46] |
| PE2-VQR、PE2-VRQR、PE2-VRER、PE2-NG、 PE2-SpG、PE2-SpRY | 更换其他Cas9变体 | 松弛PAM要求,扩展可编辑范围 | HEK293T | [47] |
| SaPE2 | SpCas9更换为SaCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T、HeLa、K562 | [30-31,44] |
| CjCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为CjCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T | [44] |
| FnCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为FnCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T、HeLa、K562、U2OS | [48] |
| SauriCas9-PE | SpCas9更换为SauriCas9 | 更改PAM要求 | HEK293T | [44] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175562462033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Optimization methods for pegRNA
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | pegRNA优化方式 | 参考文献 |
| epegRNA | 3′端添加tevopreQ1或mpknot基序以防降解 | [53] |
| xrPE | 3′端添加xrRNA继续以防降解 | [54] |
| G-PE | 3′端添加G-quadruplex基序以防降解 | [55] |
| ePE | 3′端添加Csy4基序以防环化 | [36] |
| apegRNA | 优化hairpin | [56] |
| spegRNA | RT模板引入统一突变以改善二级结构 | [56] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175621182290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
pegRNA优化方式
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | pegRNA优化方式 | 参考文献 |
| epegRNA | 3′端添加tevopreQ1或mpknot基序以防降解 | [53] |
| xrPE | 3′端添加xrRNA继续以防降解 | [54] |
| G-PE | 3′端添加G-quadruplex基序以防降解 | [55] |
| ePE | 3′端添加Csy4基序以防环化 | [36] |
| apegRNA | 优化hairpin | [56] |
| spegRNA | RT模板引入统一突变以改善二级结构 | [56] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175692485459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Paired pegRNA
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 特点 | 参考文献 |
| 无 | 在水稻中提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率2.9~17.4倍 | [14] |
| HOPE | 提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率和精确度 | [58] |
| twinPE | 大片段插入、删除、替换,可与Bxb1丝氨酸重组酶联用 | [59] |
| PRIME-Del | 高达10 kb的大片段删除,并允许再删除同时插入短片段 | [60] |
| GRAND | 高达1 kb的大片段插入 | [61] |
| PEDAR | 高达1~10 kb的大片段删除,并允许替换为高达60 bp的片段 | [62] |
| PETI | 染色体易位、颠倒 | [63] |
| WT-PE | 野生型Cas9引入DSB,实现大片段删除和易位 | [37] |
| Bi-PE | 大片段删除 | [64] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175751205716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
成对pegRNA
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 特点 | 参考文献 |
| 无 | 在水稻中提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率2.9~17.4倍 | [14] |
| HOPE | 提高碱基替换、小片段插入删除编辑效率和精确度 | [58] |
| twinPE | 大片段插入、删除、替换,可与Bxb1丝氨酸重组酶联用 | [59] |
| PRIME-Del | 高达10 kb的大片段删除,并允许再删除同时插入短片段 | [60] |
| GRAND | 高达1 kb的大片段插入 | [61] |
| PEDAR | 高达1~10 kb的大片段删除,并允许替换为高达60 bp的片段 | [62] |
| PETI | 染色体易位、颠倒 | [63] |
| WT-PE | 野生型Cas9引入DSB,实现大片段删除和易位 | [37] |
| Bi-PE | 大片段删除 | [64] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175860257621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Assisted design tools for pegRNA
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 名称 | 软件特点 | 适用范围 | 参考文献 |
| PINE-CONE | 仅有离线可执行文件,可部署在本地,支持Win和Mac | 仅支持PE | [70] |
| PnB Designer | 在线,PBS、RTT长度需自定 | 支持多种基因组,兼容BE | [71] |
| Easy-Prime | 在线,输入格式有要求 | 仅支持PE | [72] |
| Prime Editor Designer | 在线,无自定义序列设计 | 仅对NCBI、ClinVar数据库基因设计,支持两种Cas9变体 | [73] |
| pegFinder | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 支持对自定义序列设计,支持三种Cas9变体 | [74] |
| Plant Peg Designer | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 针对植物,支持两种Cas9变体和双pegRNA策略,支持对自定义序列设计 | [14] |
| PrimeDesign | 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持预览二级结构 | 支持对自定义序列设计 | [75] |
| PETAL | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 需与其PEA1单质粒系统配合使用 | [76] |
| pegIT | 在线,输出分子克隆序列参考 | 支持多种基因组和ClinVar,支持五种Cas9 | [77] |
| PE-designer | 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持E-mail收取结果 | 支持极丰富的Cas9变体和基因组 | [78] |
), ArticleFig(id=1170675175931560790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031712061968385, articleId=1148993606435791291, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
pegRNA辅助设计工具
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| 名称 | 软件特点 | 适用范围 | 参考文献 |
| PINE-CONE | 仅有离线可执行文件,可部署在本地,支持Win和Mac | 仅支持PE | [70] |
| PnB Designer | 在线,PBS、RTT长度需自定 | 支持多种基因组,兼容BE | [71] |
| Easy-Prime | 在线,输入格式有要求 | 仅支持PE | [72] |
| Prime Editor Designer | 在线,无自定义序列设计 | 仅对NCBI、ClinVar数据库基因设计,支持两种Cas9变体 | [73] |
| pegFinder | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 支持对自定义序列设计,支持三种Cas9变体 | [74] |
| Plant Peg Designer | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 针对植物,支持两种Cas9变体和双pegRNA策略,支持对自定义序列设计 | [14] |
| PrimeDesign | 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持预览二级结构 | 支持对自定义序列设计 | [75] |
| PETAL | 在线,输入序列格式直观 | 需与其PEA1单质粒系统配合使用 | [76] |
| pegIT | 在线,输出分子克隆序列参考 | 支持多种基因组和ClinVar,支持五种Cas9 | [77] |
| PE-designer | 在线,输入序列格式直观,支持E-mail收取结果 | 支持极丰富的Cas9变体和基因组 | [78] |
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