Article(id=1315743896232112213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0122001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0122001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756915200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-04, onlineDate=1791627390200, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627390200, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627390200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627390200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=272, endPage=286, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743896508936278, articleId=1315743896232112213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Optical Remote Sensing Satellite-borne Integrated Miniaturized Design and Verification, columnId=1315743623623332133, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Optical Design and Fabrication, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study tackles the key challenges in designing integrated, lightweight, and high-resolution remote sensing satellites, with a focus on miniaturization, structural stability, and thermal control. Its primary objective is to propose and validate a novel satellite-borne integrated scheme that incorporates an optical camera, a laser communication terminal, and star trackers onto a unified platform. The design aims to achieve sub-meter resolution imaging and high-speed laser data transmission while maintaining high optical axis stability and thermal performance under complex on-orbit conditions.

A holistic, multi-disciplinary design and optimization approach was adopted. The imaging payload centers on an improved Cassegrain system. A key innovation is the square primary mirror (190 mm× 190 mm), providing an equivalent circular aperture of 215 mm. This design increases the photon collection area by approximately 27% within the same envelope compared to a conventional circular mirror, directly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. Coupled with a 3.2 µm pixel pitch detector and a 1 300 mm focal length, the system is designed to deliver better than 1-meter ground sampling distance from a 400 km orbit. For the laser communication terminal, a reflective off-axis afocal beam expander was developed. This system features multiplexed optical paths, allowing the transmit, receive, fine tracking, and self-calibration subsystems to share key components such as the fast steering mirror and beam expander optics. This integration drastically reduces the terminal's volume, resulting in a compact assembly with a 60 mm effective aperture capable of supporting a 4× beam expansion ratio for high-rate data transmission. Structurally, the integration cornerstone is a Z-shaped precision base made of aluminum-based silicon carbide (SiC/Al). This material was selected for its superior specific stiffness and high thermal conductivity, which are critical for maintaining dimensional stability under thermal and mechanical loads. All core payloads such as the optical camera, laser terminal telescope, and star sensor are mounted on this unified reference structure, which not only ensures inherent alignment stability among the payloads but also simplifies the system architecture. To counteract the detrimental effects of temperature fluctuations on optical alignment and image quality, a sophisticated “active compensation + passive isolation” thermal management strategy was implemented. The active system employs a network of five distributed heaters on the Z-base, governed by a discrete Proportional-Integral (PI) control algorithm with finely tuned parameters (proportional gain=0.8, integral gain=0.05), maintaining the base temperature within 20±0.5 ℃. Passive measures include applying high-conductivity graphene films to critical structures like the camera truss to homogenize temperature gradients and using L-shaped thermal isolation brackets to decouple sensitive optical paths from external thermal disturbances. We established a rigorous analytical framework to guide and validate the design. This involved developing linear mathematical models for multi-payload line-of-sight stability and system wavefront aberration, which directly link mechanical and thermal deformations to optical performance metrics. These models feed into a coupled optical-mechanical-thermal multi-disciplinary analysis and optimization workflow. This integrated simulation platform enables the iterative assessment and refinement of system performance under a comprehensive set of environments, including ground gravity-thermal coupling and extreme on-orbit thermal cases spanning the satellite's full orbital beta angle range. The final design underwent extensive verification through thermal balance testing in a space environment simulator and thermal-optical MTF testing, culminating in on-orbit performance evaluation after launch.

The proposed integrated design demonstrates significant improvements in compactness, stability, and performance. The optical system has a total length of 330 mm with an equivalent aperture of 215 mm, enabling sub-meter resolution. The laser terminal beam expander has a 60 mm effective aperture, supporting 4× beam expansion/reduction for data transmission up to 10 Gbps. The Z-shaped SiC/Al base ensures high structural rigidity. Under a coupled gravity and 4 ℃ thermal load, the maximum optical axis deviation between payloads is ≤3.24″, and mirror displacements are ≤5 µm with tilts ≤5″. The system wavefront error remains ≤0.06λ (RMS, λ=632.8 nm). In extreme on-orbit thermal cases, the peak-to-peak optical axis variation is ≤6.77″. The thermal control system maintains the camera and base within 19.5~20.5 ℃, with gradients <1 ℃ and stability ≤±0.3 ℃. Thermal balance and thermal-optical tests confirm that the MTF remains >0.1 under controlled conditions. On-orbit validation shows that the satellite maintains a dynamic MTF >0.08 at the Nyquist frequency (156 lp/mm) after one year in orbit, with no significant degradation. High-resolution panchromatic images have been successfully downlinked via the laser terminal, confirming stable imaging and data transmission performance.

In conclusion, this work successfully develops and validates a highly integrated, miniaturized satellite design that effectively combines high-resolution optical imaging and high-speed laser communication within a compact 42 kg platform. The innovative use of a common Z-shaped precision base, advanced thermal management, and multi-disciplinary optimization results in a system with superior structural stability, thermal precision, and optical performance compared to existing designs. The integration scheme not only reduces volume and mass but also enhances payload synergy, as demonstrated by using the optical camera for coarse tracking in the laser communication link. The proposed approach provides a feasible and efficient technical pathway for future lightweight, high-performance multi-payload remote sensing satellites, balancing rigorous performance requirements with stringent size and mass constraints.

, authors=Yanwei PEI1, Xiangyu ZHAO1, 2, Shanbo CHEN1, Jianchao WANG1, Lu DAI1, Shubo WEI1, authorsList=Yanwei PEI, Xiangyu ZHAO, Shanbo CHEN, Jianchao WANG, Lu DAI, Shubo WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangyu ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743900799709297, articleId=1315743896232112213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=光学遥感星载一体化小型化设计与验证, columnId=1315743623807881511, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=光学设计与制造, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对小型轻质高分辨率卫星多载荷集成研制需求,开展星载一体小型化、集成化设计。首先,光学系统采用改进型卡塞格林系统,主镜方形设计提升光通量,结合小像元实现亚米级分辨率,激光终端采用反射式离轴无焦扩束系统实现扩束发射接收,光路复用设计,缩小光学系统包络;结构设计采用Z型铝基碳化硅精密基台作为主承力结构,实现光学相机、激光终端与星敏感器高精度共基准集成,并以相机脱靶量驱动卫星平台执行粗跟踪;控温设计采用主动热补偿结合被动热隔离,实现温度梯度<1 ℃、稳定性≤±0.3 ℃的高精度控制。其次,建立光轴指向和波前像差线性模型多维度评价体系,通过光-机-热多学科联合优化提升系统稳定性,重力-温度耦合下光轴夹角变化≤3.24″,在轨极端工况峰-峰值≤6.77″,系统波前像差均方根≤0.06 λ。最后,经热试验及在轨影像验证,多载荷星载集成设计在复杂环境下稳定性良好,在轨长期动态传函优于0.08,满足设计要求,为高分辨率多载荷集成设计提供了新的技术路径。

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Dynamic MTF distribution budget

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ComponentMTFstaticMTFatmospherMTFstraylightMTFmotionMTFdefocusMTFvibration
Allocated value0.150.870.970.980.930.94
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动态传函分配

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentMTFstaticMTFatmospherMTFstraylightMTFmotionMTFdefocusMTFvibration
Allocated value0.150.870.970.980.930.94
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Comparison of key material properties for optical support structures

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MaterialCoefficient of thermal expansion/(×10-6/℃)Thermal conductivity/(W/m·K)Specific stiffness/(GPa·cm3/g)
SiC/Al7.220062.5
TC48.62024.4
Invar1.21020
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光学支撑结构主要材料性能参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MaterialCoefficient of thermal expansion/(×10-6/℃)Thermal conductivity/(W/m·K)Specific stiffness/(GPa·cm3/g)
SiC/Al7.220062.5
TC48.62024.4
Invar1.21020
), ArticleFig(id=1315743907179245759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparative design parameters of similar satellites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterProposedSkySat-1Global-1Jinlin1-GF03
Envelope dimensions /mm505×300×500600×600×800550×600×800460×610×800
Mass/kg42835545
Functional density ratio/%7060 (estimated)50 (estimated)~60
Temperature-control precision/℃±0.3±1.2 ℃±1 ℃±0.3
Optical-axis stability/(″)
(gravity & thermal coupling)
≤5≈6.5≈8≈5
Laser communication integratedYes---
), ArticleFig(id=1315743907258937536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

同类卫星设计指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterProposedSkySat-1Global-1Jinlin1-GF03
Envelope dimensions /mm505×300×500600×600×800550×600×800460×610×800
Mass/kg42835545
Functional density ratio/%7060 (estimated)50 (estimated)~60
Temperature-control precision/℃±0.3±1.2 ℃±1 ℃±0.3
Optical-axis stability/(″)
(gravity & thermal coupling)
≤5≈6.5≈8≈5
Laser communication integratedYes---
), ArticleFig(id=1315743907330240705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Analysis results of the mirror surface shape of optical camera

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsGravityGravity &thermal
Secondary mirrorTitle (X, Y)/(″)(-3.99, 2.94)(-4.50, 3.31)
Eccentricity (X, Y)/μm(4.65, -1.6)(4.93, -2.64)
Correcting mirrorTitle (X, Y)/(″)(-2.01, 1.02)(-2.12, 1.15)
Eccentricity (X, Y)/μm(2.97, -0.16)(3.15, -0.23)
Primary mirror surface figure/nmPV
RMS
4.988.61
1.752.87
System wavefront aberration/nmPV0.14λ0.36λ
RMS0.05λ0.06λ
), ArticleFig(id=1315743908974407874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

光学相机反射镜面形分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsGravityGravity &thermal
Secondary mirrorTitle (X, Y)/(″)(-3.99, 2.94)(-4.50, 3.31)
Eccentricity (X, Y)/μm(4.65, -1.6)(4.93, -2.64)
Correcting mirrorTitle (X, Y)/(″)(-2.01, 1.02)(-2.12, 1.15)
Eccentricity (X, Y)/μm(2.97, -0.16)(3.15, -0.23)
Primary mirror surface figure/nmPV
RMS
4.988.61
1.752.87
System wavefront aberration/nmPV0.14λ0.36λ
RMS0.05λ0.06λ
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909062488259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The variation of optical axis angle between laser/star-sensor and optical camera

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsX (yaw)/(″)Y (pitch)/(″)
Apr/(″)1.473.20
Ap1/(″)3.24-0.27
Ap2/(″)-1.43-2.37
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909125402820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

激光/星敏光轴相对于相机光轴夹角的变化量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ComponentsX (yaw)/(″)Y (pitch)/(″)
Apr/(″)1.473.20
Ap1/(″)3.24-0.27
Ap2/(″)-1.43-2.37
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909188317381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The extreme values and peak-to-peak values of the optical axis angle on orbit

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterApsAprAp1Ap2Ap3A12A23A13
Maximum1.232.653.684.255.284.455.778.29
Minimum0.14-1.23-3.09-1.451.030.36-0.49-0.65
Peak-to-peak1.093.886.775.74.254.096.268.94
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909280592070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

在轨全周期光轴夹角极值及峰-峰值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterApsAprAp1Ap2Ap3A12A23A13
Maximum1.232.653.684.255.284.455.778.29
Minimum0.14-1.23-3.09-1.451.030.36-0.49-0.65
Peak-to-peak1.093.886.775.74.254.096.268.94
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909343506631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

The temperature results of test and on-orbit flight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Position of temperature measuringName of temperature
measuring
Cold case
during test/℃
Hot case
during test/℃
Temperature
in flight/℃
CameraMirrors of camera19.89~20.2719.99~20.3019.98~20.30
Truss of camera19.98~20.2219.98~20.2219.98~20.23
Z-shaped
precision base
Camera mounting surface20.09~20.1820.11~20.2620.11~20.32
Laser barrel mounting surface20.00~20.1620.00~20.1619.98~20.16
Laser relay optical path20.00~20.1420.00~20.1620.00~20.16
+Y star sensor mounting surface19.98~20.0919.98~20.1619.98~20.16
-Y star sensor mounting surface19.98~20.0919.98~20.1819.98~20.20
), ArticleFig(id=1315743909410615496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743896232112213, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

试验和在轨飞行温度结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Position of temperature measuringName of temperature
measuring
Cold case
during test/℃
Hot case
during test/℃
Temperature
in flight/℃
CameraMirrors of camera19.89~20.2719.99~20.3019.98~20.30
Truss of camera19.98~20.2219.98~20.2219.98~20.23
Z-shaped
precision base
Camera mounting surface20.09~20.1820.11~20.2620.11~20.32
Laser barrel mounting surface20.00~20.1620.00~20.1619.98~20.16
Laser relay optical path20.00~20.1420.00~20.1620.00~20.16
+Y star sensor mounting surface19.98~20.0919.98~20.1619.98~20.16
-Y star sensor mounting surface19.98~20.0919.98~20.1819.98~20.20
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光学遥感星载一体化小型化设计与验证
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裴彦伟 1 , 赵相禹 1, 2 , 陈善搏 1 , 王建超 1 , 戴路 1 , 韦树波 1
光子学报 | 光学设计与制造 2026,55(1): 272-286
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光子学报 |光学设计与制造 2026 , 55 (1) : 272 -286
光学遥感星载一体化小型化设计与验证
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裴彦伟1 , 赵相禹1, 2 , 陈善搏1, 王建超1, 戴路1, 韦树波1
作者信息
  • 1长光卫星技术股份有限公司,长春 130102
  • 2清华大学 精密仪器系,北京 100084
通讯作者:
赵相禹,
作者简介:

裴彦伟,

Optical Remote Sensing Satellite-borne Integrated Miniaturized Design and Verification
Yanwei PEI1 , Xiangyu ZHAO1, 2 , Shanbo CHEN1, Jianchao WANG1, Lu DAI1, Shubo WEI1
Affiliations
  • 1Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co., Ltd., Changchun 130102, China
  • 2Tsinghua University, Department of Precision Instruments, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0122001
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针对小型轻质高分辨率卫星多载荷集成研制需求,开展星载一体小型化、集成化设计。首先,光学系统采用改进型卡塞格林系统,主镜方形设计提升光通量,结合小像元实现亚米级分辨率,激光终端采用反射式离轴无焦扩束系统实现扩束发射接收,光路复用设计,缩小光学系统包络;结构设计采用Z型铝基碳化硅精密基台作为主承力结构,实现光学相机、激光终端与星敏感器高精度共基准集成,并以相机脱靶量驱动卫星平台执行粗跟踪;控温设计采用主动热补偿结合被动热隔离,实现温度梯度<1 ℃、稳定性≤±0.3 ℃的高精度控制。其次,建立光轴指向和波前像差线性模型多维度评价体系,通过光-机-热多学科联合优化提升系统稳定性,重力-温度耦合下光轴夹角变化≤3.24″,在轨极端工况峰-峰值≤6.77″,系统波前像差均方根≤0.06 λ。最后,经热试验及在轨影像验证,多载荷星载集成设计在复杂环境下稳定性良好,在轨长期动态传函优于0.08,满足设计要求,为高分辨率多载荷集成设计提供了新的技术路径。

光学设计  /  多载荷集成  /  精密控温  /  结构稳定性  /  星载一体化

This study tackles the key challenges in designing integrated, lightweight, and high-resolution remote sensing satellites, with a focus on miniaturization, structural stability, and thermal control. Its primary objective is to propose and validate a novel satellite-borne integrated scheme that incorporates an optical camera, a laser communication terminal, and star trackers onto a unified platform. The design aims to achieve sub-meter resolution imaging and high-speed laser data transmission while maintaining high optical axis stability and thermal performance under complex on-orbit conditions.

A holistic, multi-disciplinary design and optimization approach was adopted. The imaging payload centers on an improved Cassegrain system. A key innovation is the square primary mirror (190 mm× 190 mm), providing an equivalent circular aperture of 215 mm. This design increases the photon collection area by approximately 27% within the same envelope compared to a conventional circular mirror, directly enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. Coupled with a 3.2 µm pixel pitch detector and a 1 300 mm focal length, the system is designed to deliver better than 1-meter ground sampling distance from a 400 km orbit. For the laser communication terminal, a reflective off-axis afocal beam expander was developed. This system features multiplexed optical paths, allowing the transmit, receive, fine tracking, and self-calibration subsystems to share key components such as the fast steering mirror and beam expander optics. This integration drastically reduces the terminal's volume, resulting in a compact assembly with a 60 mm effective aperture capable of supporting a 4× beam expansion ratio for high-rate data transmission. Structurally, the integration cornerstone is a Z-shaped precision base made of aluminum-based silicon carbide (SiC/Al). This material was selected for its superior specific stiffness and high thermal conductivity, which are critical for maintaining dimensional stability under thermal and mechanical loads. All core payloads such as the optical camera, laser terminal telescope, and star sensor are mounted on this unified reference structure, which not only ensures inherent alignment stability among the payloads but also simplifies the system architecture. To counteract the detrimental effects of temperature fluctuations on optical alignment and image quality, a sophisticated “active compensation + passive isolation” thermal management strategy was implemented. The active system employs a network of five distributed heaters on the Z-base, governed by a discrete Proportional-Integral (PI) control algorithm with finely tuned parameters (proportional gain=0.8, integral gain=0.05), maintaining the base temperature within 20±0.5 ℃. Passive measures include applying high-conductivity graphene films to critical structures like the camera truss to homogenize temperature gradients and using L-shaped thermal isolation brackets to decouple sensitive optical paths from external thermal disturbances. We established a rigorous analytical framework to guide and validate the design. This involved developing linear mathematical models for multi-payload line-of-sight stability and system wavefront aberration, which directly link mechanical and thermal deformations to optical performance metrics. These models feed into a coupled optical-mechanical-thermal multi-disciplinary analysis and optimization workflow. This integrated simulation platform enables the iterative assessment and refinement of system performance under a comprehensive set of environments, including ground gravity-thermal coupling and extreme on-orbit thermal cases spanning the satellite's full orbital beta angle range. The final design underwent extensive verification through thermal balance testing in a space environment simulator and thermal-optical MTF testing, culminating in on-orbit performance evaluation after launch.

The proposed integrated design demonstrates significant improvements in compactness, stability, and performance. The optical system has a total length of 330 mm with an equivalent aperture of 215 mm, enabling sub-meter resolution. The laser terminal beam expander has a 60 mm effective aperture, supporting 4× beam expansion/reduction for data transmission up to 10 Gbps. The Z-shaped SiC/Al base ensures high structural rigidity. Under a coupled gravity and 4 ℃ thermal load, the maximum optical axis deviation between payloads is ≤3.24″, and mirror displacements are ≤5 µm with tilts ≤5″. The system wavefront error remains ≤0.06λ (RMS, λ=632.8 nm). In extreme on-orbit thermal cases, the peak-to-peak optical axis variation is ≤6.77″. The thermal control system maintains the camera and base within 19.5~20.5 ℃, with gradients <1 ℃ and stability ≤±0.3 ℃. Thermal balance and thermal-optical tests confirm that the MTF remains >0.1 under controlled conditions. On-orbit validation shows that the satellite maintains a dynamic MTF >0.08 at the Nyquist frequency (156 lp/mm) after one year in orbit, with no significant degradation. High-resolution panchromatic images have been successfully downlinked via the laser terminal, confirming stable imaging and data transmission performance.

In conclusion, this work successfully develops and validates a highly integrated, miniaturized satellite design that effectively combines high-resolution optical imaging and high-speed laser communication within a compact 42 kg platform. The innovative use of a common Z-shaped precision base, advanced thermal management, and multi-disciplinary optimization results in a system with superior structural stability, thermal precision, and optical performance compared to existing designs. The integration scheme not only reduces volume and mass but also enhances payload synergy, as demonstrated by using the optical camera for coarse tracking in the laser communication link. The proposed approach provides a feasible and efficient technical pathway for future lightweight, high-performance multi-payload remote sensing satellites, balancing rigorous performance requirements with stringent size and mass constraints.

Optical design  /  Multi-load integration  /  Precise temperature control  /  Structural-thermal stability  /  Satellite-borne integration
裴彦伟, 赵相禹, 陈善搏, 王建超, 戴路, 韦树波. 光学遥感星载一体化小型化设计与验证. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 272 -286 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0122001
Yanwei PEI, Xiangyu ZHAO, Shanbo CHEN, Jianchao WANG, Lu DAI, Shubo WEI. Optical Remote Sensing Satellite-borne Integrated Miniaturized Design and Verification[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 272 -286 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0122001
空间光学遥感技术的飞速发展,对近地轨道轻质高分辨率科学遥感试验卫星的需求日益增长,推动微小卫星技术向小型化、高功能载荷密度及快速组网的方向发展。在国际上,行星实验室公司发射的“鸽群”系列立方星和斯派尔公司的“狐猴”气象卫星,展示了低轨遥感星座在快速重访与全球覆盖等方面的潜力[1-3]。黑天全球公司已经开始部署60颗50 kg级的卫星星座,可提供分辨率为1 m的图像产品,星座建成后,中纬度区域重访时间为10 min,同时冰眼公司持续部署18颗空间分辨率为1.5 m,时间分辨率小于3 h的微小型合成孔径雷达卫星(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)星座,显著推动了商业遥感卫星的小型化进程[4-5]。然而,以上采用传统模块化设计存在结构冗余、空间利用率低等问题,制约微小卫星性能提升。
在国内,吉林一号卫星[6-7]通过支撑结构将主载荷与电子设备集成实现星载一体化,并采用碳纤维桁架支撑相机实现轻量化,压缩卫星空间尺寸,但其多载荷需独立安装基准面,光轴热稳定性大于5″;SkySat系列虽实现高度集成[8],但平台温控精度约±1~2 ℃,光轴稳定亦超过5″;其他国内星载一体化[9]研究在精密热控下平台温度稳定性可达±0.5 ℃,但光轴稳定性峰峰值仍在5″~10″之间,而且以上卫星都未实现激光通信终端与光学相机的高精度共基准集成。
传统卫星中光学相机与星地激光终端等载荷独立设计,导致体积大、质量重、成本高且易相互干扰,难以满足小型化、集成化及高性能需求[10-12]。因此,多载荷耦合的星载一体化结构设计成为必然趋势,可减小体积与质量,提升系统稳定性、可靠性及载荷协同性能[13],但需应对光学系统紧凑化、多载荷光轴高精度对准与稳定、平台布局兼顾结构及环境适应性、极端环境下多载荷力热稳定性控温等挑战[14-15]。
本文面向某型轻质高分辨率科学遥感试验卫星,开展多载荷星载一体化优化设计与验证研究,解决多载荷在集成度、稳定性与功能协同方面的瓶颈。创新性地提出以Z型精密基台作为共基准主结构,实现光学相机、激光终端与星敏感器的高精度集成,大幅提升空间利用率和支撑刚度;通过光学相机获取脱靶量信息来驱动卫星平台实现粗跟踪,替代激光终端独立的粗跟踪功能,有效提高星地激光对准成功率和数传效率;建立基于精密标定热敏电阻与多回路比例积分控制算法(Proportional-Integral, PI),实现关键部件的高稳定性控温。构建多载荷指向与波前像差数学模型,并结合光-机-热多学科联合仿真优化,全面提升系统在复杂力/热环境下的稳定性和成像质量。
针对某近地轨道(Low Earth Orbit, LEO)新型轻质高分辨率科学遥感试验卫星,开展多光学系统耦合一体化研究,其载荷涵盖光学相机与星地激光终端。为实现集成化与小型化目标,并保证相机在轨工作具备足够的传函(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)和信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR),从动态传函分配、光学系统选型和设计出发获得包络最小的光学系统。对光学系统在轨传递函数基于全链路一体化指标预算,进行合理分配,如表1所示,保证在轨动态传函MTFdynamic优于0.08(λ=632.8 nm)指标。
MTFdynamic=MTFstatic×MTFatmosphere×MTFstraylight×MTFmotion×MTFdefcous×MTFvibration
式中,右侧传函依次表示为静态传函、大气环境传函、杂光传函、像移传函、离焦传函、振动传函。
本文采用改进型卡塞格林(同轴两反加校正镜)折叠光路,相对传统的Ritchey-Chrétien光学系统,具有更低的焦距比,能够有效降低光学系统长度,优化后光学系统总长度约为330 mm,其中主次镜间隔为225 mm,光学系统设计如图1所示。
本试验卫星运行轨道为高度400.88 km近地圆轨道,像元尺寸为3.2 μm,为实现优于1 m地面像元分辨率,光学相机焦距计算公式为
f≥H×μR
式中,H为轨道高度,μ为探测器像元尺寸,R为地面像元分辨率,计算选取光学系统焦距为1 300 mm。
在焦距确定的情况下,相对口径越小,衍射限MTF越低,Nyquist频率处MTF值越小,无遮拦的光学系统在Nyquist频率处的衍射极限传递函数计算公式为
MTFυ=2πarccos(υ)-υ1-υ2
式中,υ为归一化的空间频率,计算公式为
υ=ηD0/(λf)
式中,η为Nyquist频率,D0为光学系统口径,λ为中心波长。
考虑改进型卡塞格林系统存在遮拦比,实际光学口径计算公式为
D≥D011-α
式中,α为系统的面遮拦比,次镜及桁架对主镜的遮拦比应约为12%,考虑到系统需要获得充足能量,取主镜D=190 mm。
在光学系统包络不变的前提,主镜采用“切趾方形”设计,尺寸为190 mm×190 mm,等效通过口径为215 mm,相较于圆形主镜,同等包络下通光面积增加27%,并结合多重积分的方式来最大化信号电子数,进一步确保系统信噪比。
为实现结构紧凑化及与光学相机集成化设计,激光终端光学系统采用反射式离轴无焦架构,多光路集成共用核心元件,通过优化光路布局实现小型化。系统以反射式离轴无焦望远镜为扩束核心,采用分色镜、快反镜等实现扩束发射、上行接收、精跟踪及自标校光路的集成;光学元件选用高刚度材料,表面镀膜以提升反射率和透过率,主镜、次镜等核心元件反射率优于97%。优化过程中在保证光束质量和跟踪精度的基础上,通过光路复用减少元件数量,同时保证系统传递函数接近衍射极限。光学系统的最终结构如图2所示,其中扩束子系统包含主、次离轴抛物面反射镜,下行发射子系统包含光纤和抛物面准直镜,上行接收子系统包含聚焦透镜和雪崩光电二极管(Avalanche Photo-Diode, APD)探测器,精跟踪子系统包含精跟踪相机,自标校子系统包含角锥棱镜和衰减片,五个子系统共用快反镜、分色镜和扩束光路的主镜/次镜。
扩束光路的主镜是凹抛物面镜,它在扩束的同时通过离轴设计避免中心遮拦,次镜为凸抛物面镜,与主镜配合产生的无焦特性消除了轴向焦距占用,整体长度为105 mm,大幅缩短了系统总长,纵向尺寸较为小巧;下行发射后光路透镜设计为20.8 mm短焦距,减小了发射子光路的轴向尺寸;上行接收光路的聚焦镜(焦距77.5 mm)产生的聚焦光斑半径小于APD尺寸(70 μm),平衡接收视场与光斑大小,同时缩短了接收子光路长度;精跟踪接收光学系统因与扩束光路共用快反镜和分色镜,整个光学系统横向方面整体宽度仅为200 mm,可见在横向方面各子系统通过集成没有对整体光路增加太多体积。
依据系统链路预算分析,发射光束束散角要求≤60 μrad,为实现下行信号光的4倍率扩束发射和对应上行缩束接收。设计采用芯径为10 μm,数值孔径(Numerical Aperture, NA)为0.14的单模光纤发射,设计波长为1 556.15 nm。
光纤端口处的光接近高斯分布,即
Er=E0exp-r2/w02
式中,E0是光束中心处的电场最大值,r为某点到光轴的径向距离,w0为高斯光束束腰或光斑大小。
当光纤端面位于准直透镜的焦面时,高斯光束远场发散角θ满足
θ=2λ2πω0
但在实际光学系统中,考虑有限口径带来的衍射效应、光束截断、像差等,根据工程经验需对望远镜口径D与可实现最小发散角公式进行修正,修正公式为
θ=1.8λD
因此,1 550 nm激光以60 μrad发散角发射,所需要的望远镜最小口径为Ø46.7 mm,考虑加工和装调余量,光学天线有效口径设计为Ø60 mm。
为有效提高星地终端对准成功率,提出一种采用多载荷一体化设计方案,该方案中光机单元系统由光学相机、望远镜、中继光路和精密基台等部分构成。其中,光学相机采用面阵成像模式,实现脱靶量获取,卫星平台执行粗跟踪;望远镜完成下行光束的定向发射和上行光束的汇聚接收,中继光路完成从激光收/发模块到光学天线的光学中继;精密基台完成各个光学元器件的精密装配与固定,工作原理图如图3所示。
多载荷一体化工作流程涵盖遥感数据获取/传输、卫星粗跟踪、捕获、粗跟踪标校、精跟踪、精跟踪标校及星地数传等环节。光学相机载荷生成的下行业务数据存储于卫星平台,通过数据接口传输至激光终端信号处理模块进行编码组帧等处理后,经下行发射模块和光机单元转换为光信号向地面传输。
在粗跟踪阶段,光学相机捕捉目标光斑图像,利用质心算法计算脱靶量,卫星据此调整姿态完成粗跟踪。若精跟踪相机探测的光斑质心偏离超出设定范围,则进行粗跟踪标校,卫星根据反馈的质心位置偏差量修改粗跟踪位置并调整姿态,完成粗跟踪标校后进入精跟踪。精跟踪过程由跟踪相机、精跟踪控制和PZT(化学式为Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3)振镜机构协同完成。跟踪相机接收上行信标光并获取位置信息,精跟踪控制计算脱靶量后,控制PZT振镜转动,实现对上行信标光的高精度动态跟踪,从而完成精跟踪。
卫星总体布局围绕载荷为中心,充分考虑低轨道大气阻力对卫星运行的影响,提出了一种迎风面积最小化的星载一体化布局方案。以载荷在飞行方向的高度为基准,将单机设备集成在载荷±X侧,太阳翼分布于载荷±Y向,卫星设计尺寸为505 mm×300 mm×500 mm,布局设计如图4所示。考虑激光终端和光学相机光路空间布局形式,为满足多载荷高度集成化、小型化设计需求,并确保其在复杂环境下的光轴稳定性(激光/星敏光轴相对相机光轴)与成像质量,创新性地提出“Z型”精密基台作为支撑结构,并采用共基准设计方案,如图5所示,该设计显著提升了设备间相对位置精度与稳定性。针对多载荷高度集成的力热稳定性需求,Z型基台选用铝基碳化硅材料。通过表2对比可知,其综合性能显著优于常用航天材料,为平台高稳定性提供了关键材料保障。
为保证卫星高质量成像和高成功率星地对准,需确保在复杂环境下的力热稳定性,因此,针对Z型基台、相机主体、激光中继光路构建“主动热补偿+被动热隔离”协同策略,实现温度梯度<1 ℃、稳定性≤±0.3 ℃(目标(20±0.5)℃)。基台采用高体份铝基碳化硅(导热率200 W/(m·K),热膨胀系数7.2×10⁻⁶/℃),利用其高热导、低热膨胀特性快速均布热流。通过5路分布式加热片构建主动补偿网络,结合离散PI控制动态调控功率,抑制外热流扰动,实现形式为
Δu(k)=Kp·e(k)-e(k-1)+Ki·e(k)
u(k)=u(k-1)+Δu(k)
式中,Δu(k)为控制增量,Kp为比例增益,Ki为积分增益,e(k)为当前时刻温度偏差,e(k-1)为上一时刻温度偏差。再将控制输出u(k)映射为脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation, PWM)占空比信号,驱动加热片工作。其中PI参数通过热真空试验迭代优化,经Ziegler-Nichols法整定后,Kp=0.8,Ki=0.05,并通过热敏电阻区间标定和电路误差补偿,测温精度达0.01 ℃,支撑多载荷配准精度。
针对激光镜筒/相机的碳纤维薄板(导热率16 W/(m·K))结构,粘贴0.1 mm厚石墨烯薄膜(1 500 W/(m·K)),通过等效热通路,如式(11),将结构导热率提升3倍,解决单一加热片的温度不均问题。
kequ=km·hm+kc·hchm+hc
式中,kequ为等效导热系数,km为材料导热系数,kc为石墨膜导热系数,hm为材料厚度,hc为导热膜厚度。
设计L型控温支架构建六面体热隔离空间,通过双通道加热器同步控制支架与Z型基台的温度边界(温差≤0.2 ℃),实现中继光路与外界热解耦,避免多组件独立控温的资源消耗。激光电箱(短时热耗15 W)通过柔性导热索(导热率200 W/(m·K))与邻近常发单元(2 W热耗)耦合,利用热容量互补抑制热冲击。工作期间电箱热量反向传递,温升≤5 ℃,非工作区间常发单元补热,温度≥15 ℃。在20 cm紧凑空间内简化热控设计,整体精密控温设计方案如图6所示。
为全面阐明本文卫星在多载荷一体化、小型化、高稳定性及激光通信集成等方面的技术突破,以单机和载荷体积在整星占比衡量平台紧凑和集成程度,定义为设备功能密度比。与近些年国内外典型轻型亚米级分辨率商业遥感卫星进行对比,例如SkySat系列[16-18]、Global-1系列[19-20]及Jinlin1-GF03[21-23],数据来源公开实测与权威报告,从表3可见本文卫星在载荷集成化、功能密度比、光轴稳定性、温控精度等关键指标上均具有一定优势,并首次在42 kg级平台上集成激光通信终端,实现优于1 m分辨率与10 Gbps高速数传。
结构稳定性主要受机械载荷、温度载荷影响,衡量一体化平台稳定性以多载荷光轴指向精度来表征,其可表述为三个星敏感器光轴之间、光学相机与星敏感器、光学相机与激光终端光轴间转角变化。获取载荷光轴间夹角采用矢量拟合方式,即取载荷安装面上节点坐标(xi,yi,zi),i=1,⋯,m,矩阵为
N=x1y1z1⋮⋮⋮xmymzm
基于最小二乘法平面拟合和空间平面方程得
(NNT)V=0
式中,V为拟合平面法向矢量。
载荷1光轴矢量为V1,载荷2光轴矢量V2,则两个矢量空间夹角为
A=arccosV1·V2V1V2
考虑载荷间光轴稳定性重要程度,对其进行加权归一化处理,以稳定性系数λ来评价平台抵抗力热环境能力,计算公式为
λ=∑i=1lwiA¯i-AminAmax-Amin,i=1,⋯,l
式中,wi为第i个载荷光轴指向权重值,该数值通过层次分析法[24-25],并结合以往多载荷遥感卫星设计经验,以及不同载荷对力热敏感度进行权重分配;A¯i为载荷光轴夹角平均值,Amin、Amax为所有载荷光轴夹角中最小值、最大值。
光学系统中各镜体单元的刚体运动会影响整个系统的波前像差,在微米/微弧度的尺度下,系统波前像差可近似镜体刚体位移的线性函数,以便系统优化设计的快速迭代。所有镜体的单位刚体位移矩阵引起的波前像差构成了系统的灵敏度。针对本文光学系统,以主镜为基准,只需考虑计算次镜、校正镜组的刚体运动,为了简化校正镜组刚体运动,可由第一片透镜刚体运动来替代。
ΔWc=θcxθcypcxpcyΔWθcxΔWθcyΔWpcxΔWpcy
ΔWt=θtxθtyptxptyΔWθtxΔWθtyΔWptxΔWpty
ΔWsum=ΔWc2+ΔWt2
式中,θcx、θcy、pcx、pcy分别为次镜刚体倾转角度、偏心位移,ΔWθcx、ΔWθcy、ΔWpcx、ΔWpcy分别为单位次镜刚体运动产生的系统波前像差的变化,ΔWc为次镜刚体运动产生的总波前像差;θtx、θty、ptx、pty、分别为校正镜组刚体倾转角度、偏心位移,ΔWθtx、ΔWθty、ΔWptx、ΔWpty分别为单位校正镜组刚体运动产生的系统波前像差的变化,ΔWt为校正镜组刚体运动产生的总波前像差。
高分辨率光学遥感卫星的光机结构是一个“光-机-热”复杂耦合系统,其设计以满足光学系统性能为最终优化目标,需运用多学科的理论和研制方法进行交叉研究和技术集成。卫星在星载一体化设计过程中采用光-机-热多学科联合仿真设计方法,统筹考虑光学元件支撑结构、热光学效应与光学系统成像等多方面因素,将光学设计软件、结构设计与分析软件及热分析软件进行集成,构建多学科联合优化仿真平台。基于此方法综合考虑各种环境工况下产生的支撑结构和光学表面变形对光学系统的影响,仿真获取整个光机系统的刚体位移、面形(Root-Mean-Square, RMS值;Peak-to-Valley, PV值)和载荷光轴夹角,进一步求解多载荷光机系统整体与局部的波前像差和力/热稳定系数,用以评价成像质量,最终实现系统的最优设计。图7展示了一体化集成仿真设计与分析流程,通过多学科交叉融合与全链路仿真验证,为光学遥感卫星载荷集成化、小型化的研制提供有力的技术支撑。
优于1 m高分辨率成像和高精度星地激光通信(要求粗跟踪精度≤10 μrad)的性能,核心依赖于载荷内部光学元件的位置稳定性与多载荷间光轴一致性。
光学系统中次镜和校正镜组相对于主镜的位置精度是影响系统波前像差的关键。基于2.2节建立的波前像差线性模型灵敏度分析,控制光学元件刚体位移引起的系统波前像差RMS≤0.02λ(λ=632.8 nm),以满足系统总像差预算(RMS≤0.06λ),其在温度、重力等作用下:轴向偏离≤10 μm、横向位移≤5 μm及转角≤5″。同时,一方面光学相机为激光通信提供粗跟踪基准,要求两个光轴高稳定性,另一方面高分辨率成像要求相机光轴与星敏感器光轴高度稳定,以满足成像配准精度(优于1/3像元)需求。因此,载荷间光轴夹角变化需满足:1)重力-温度耦合,变化量≤5″;2)在轨极端热环境工况,峰-峰值≤10″。
基于以上优化迭代设计结果,建立一体化光学平台有限元分析模型,进行从地面到在轨飞行全域结构稳定性分析验证。通过3.1节方法拟合表征一体化平台稳定性光轴夹角,A为夹角变化值,其下角标p、s分别代表光学相机主镜和次镜光轴,r代表激光终端光轴,数字1、2、3代表星敏感器光轴,如Aps表示光学相机主镜和次镜光轴间夹角变化值。
为验证星载一体化结构抗力热变形能力,开展重力场及4 ℃温升耦合作用下有限元分析,获取光学相机次镜、校正镜相对于主镜的中心位置偏移、倾角旋转和主镜面形误差,结果如表4所示,并计算激光光轴、星敏感器光轴相对于相机光轴夹角的变化量在偏摆(绕x轴)和俯仰(绕y轴)方向的分量,结果如表5所示。从表中可以看出,温度和重力耦合影响下,反射镜和校正镜偏移均小于5 μm,倾转均小于5″,主镜面形PV值为8.61 nm,RMS值为2.87 nm,系统波前像差PV值为0.36λ,RMS值为0.06λ,满足光学设计的允差范围要求,同时载荷间光轴夹角在偏摆、俯仰方向变化最大值为3.24″和3.20″,表明Z型精密基台具有足够的刚度,能够保证激光光轴、星敏感器光轴及相机光轴间相对位置关系的稳定,同时有效克服地面装调、检测、运输等过程中温度重力对系统的影响。
开展在轨飞行状态平台稳定性分析校验,热分析工况取全生命周期所有极端工况最大包络,即考虑卫星太阳入射角β=0~90°、滚转姿态角α=±30°、表面涂层退化20%,进行在轨运行全周期极端热环境工况温度场映射,并计算获取典型工况下的载荷间光轴夹角变化量最大值、最小值及峰-峰值,结果见表6。在轨工作期间光学相机主、次镜光轴夹角峰-峰值最大约为1″,主镜与激光光轴夹角峰-峰值最大为3.88″,主镜与星敏感器光轴夹角最大为6.77″,星敏感器光轴之间夹角最大值小于9″,满足多载荷稳定性设计要求。其中光学相机主次镜为0.35,光学相机与激光为0.25,光学相机与星敏感器为0.1,星敏感器之间为0.05,由式(4)计算力热稳定性系数为0.4。
温度控制是多载荷一体化结构稳定性设计的关键,其波动会导致载荷光轴指向漂移,影响平台指向精度及星地数传建链精度。为验证精密控温设计的准确性,开展热平衡试验并与在轨数据比对。试验采用空间环境模拟器等效模拟卫星在轨冷黑真空环境,通过辐射板模拟光照瞬态热流,对日面/对地面实施周期性热流模拟控制,卫星试验状态如图8所示。根据卫星实际在轨运行、热控涂层寿命及单机工作状态,热平衡试验分为高温工况和低温工况,载荷及Z型精密基台温度曲线结果如图9所示。
统计在轨接近一年遥测温度数据,与多个轨道周期内试验数据进行比对,如表7所示,相机反射镜和桁架组件的温度梯度≤0.5 ℃,温度稳定性在0.3 ℃以内;Z型精密基台的温度梯度≤0.3 ℃,温度稳定性在0.3 ℃以,外热流的变化与任务单机的开启对Z型基台无明显影响,均能保持良好的温度稳定性与均匀性,Z型基台集成光学相机、激光终端及星敏感器,实现了所有精密组件对Z型基台共基准的温度要求。其中主载荷相机的温度波动要略大于Z型板温度波动,主要原因相机各组件之间热连接关系多、相互之间热容较小。同时,Z型板中相机安装附近温度在轨略高于试验,主要受在轨相机工作时间和温度控制过程中的热惯性影响,其余与设计结果一致。以上结果表明相机及Z型基台的整体温度指标均满足精密控温设计要求。
为进一步验证多载荷一体化设计可靠性和主载荷工作性能,开展热光学MTF试验,如图10所示,测试相机在热真空环境下的成像水平,并校验精密控温准确性,罐体热沉温度为-30 ℃。相机MTF随相机桁架温度分布趋势如图11所示,其中真空常温(反射镜组件控温目标20 ℃)和真空高温(反射镜组件控温目标23 ℃)工况下,桁架控温分别在19 ℃~20 ℃区间和17 ℃~18.5 ℃区间时,MTF值都在0.1以上。试验结果表明,主载荷相机在精确控温区间下,具有优异的成像性能。
该科学遥感试验卫星于2023年6月15日,在中国太原卫星发射中心发射升空,目前在轨状态良好。为验证卫星多载荷集成协同观测与数据获取效果,在卫星侧摆角小于5°情况下进行推扫成像,并通过星地激光终端将遥感图像数据下传,获取质量优异的全色遥感靶场影像如图12所示。采用刃边法对卫星主载荷开展全周期动态MTF监测,分别计算获取入轨初期(2023年10月)和一年后(2024年12月)动态MTF曲线,如图13所示。在奈奎斯特截止频率(156 lp/mm)处,相机实测动态MTF结果分别为0.09和0.087,衰减约3.3%,未发生显著退化,且均高于0.08设计指标要求,辅正光学遥感星载一体化设计的可靠性与可行性。
本文从多载荷集成研制需求出发,针对某型轻质高分辨率科学遥感试验星开展星载一体小型化设计,解决了轻质高分辨率遥感卫星多载荷集成中的光轴稳定性、力热耦合变形与系统包络制约等难题。
1) 提出方形主镜设计的改进型卡塞格林光学系统,等效孔径为215 mm,在330 mm包络内实现亚米级分辨率,激光终端采用离轴无焦扩束和光路复用设计,设计有效口径为60 mm,实现4倍速率信号发射与接收,保证全链路动态传函MTF>0.08,大幅缩小光学系统包络;两者系统功能集成设计,以相机获取脱靶量驱动卫星平台执行粗跟踪,有效提高了星地终端对准成功率;同时卫星载荷功能密度比达70%,显著优于同类卫星,解决了高分辨率成像与激光通信载荷的紧凑化兼容难题。
2) 提出Z型精密基台共基准设计方案,以高刚度铝基碳化硅材料构建多载荷支撑结构,实现光学相机、激光终端与星敏感器的共基准安装。重力与温度耦合工况下,反射镜轴向偏移≤5 μm、转角≤5″,载荷间光轴夹角变化≤3.24″;在轨极端热环境中,光轴夹角峰-峰值≤6.77″,显著提升了力热稳定性,较传统分体式设计精度更为优异。
3) 采用主动加热与柔性石墨膜均温结合的方案,实现了相机主体结构和Z型精密基台温度在19.5~20.5 ℃范围内的精确控制,温度梯度<1 ℃、稳定性≤±0.3 ℃,配合0.01 ℃级测温标定技术,保障了光学元件的热致变形≤λ/20以内(λ=632.8 nm),为高信噪比成像与星地对准提供了环境支撑。
4) 构建载荷指向和波前像差数学模型,通过“光-机-热”复杂耦合系统的协同优化设计,抑制重力-温度耦合下系统波前像差RMS≤0.06λ;在轨实测显示,星地激光终端成功实现遥感影像下传,在轨实测动态MTF优于0.08且长期稳定性良好,全色遥感影像质量优异。
本文提出的星载一体化设计方案通过光学系统、结构功能、控温策略等多方面的创新设计,结合多学科联合仿真优化,显著提升了卫星的集成化、小型化水平,增强了系统的稳定性和可靠性,为同类卫星设计提供了新的技术借鉴。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0122001
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
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    1长光卫星技术股份有限公司,长春 130102
    2清华大学 精密仪器系,北京 100084

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