Article(id=1315743892859900155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0110004, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0110004, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756483200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761580800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineDate=1791627389396, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627389396, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627389396, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627389396, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=188, endPage=201, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743893233193212, articleId=1315743892859900155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Explosion Point Localization Method Based on Infrared Imaging, columnId=1315743672860263336, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Image Processing, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate measurement of explosion point coordinates is a critical technology for assessing weapon strike efficiency and damage effects in modern warfare. Traditional optical and acoustic methods often suffer from environmental interference, high equipment costs, or a lack of real-time capability. Furthermore, emerging deep learning models require vast amounts of classified training data and high-performance computing resources, which limits their deployment on resource-constrained airborne embedded platforms. To address these challenges, this study proposes an infrared image localization method that integrates ground cooperative markers. The primary objective is to leverage the strong penetration and anti-occlusion advantages of long-wave infrared imaging to achieve high-precision, real-time explosion point detection within a lightweight framework, thereby eliminating the heavy data dependency characteristic of deep learning approaches.

The methodology utilized a pinhole imaging model and a specialized set of ground cooperative markers—including cross, L-shape, straight line, and dot—to establish a stable spatial coordinate system. To facilitate marker identification on an airborne embedded platform, an enhanced convex hull detection algorithm was developed. This algorithm introduced an adjacency constraint to merge points within a 2-pixel threshold, preventing the misidentification of a “cross” caused by imaging fluctuations. Additionally, a maximum distance threshold of 18 pixels was established to distinguish between “cross” and “L-shape” markers when they exhibited similar vertex counts. Characteristic points, such as the centroid of the “cross” and the right-angle vertex of the “L-shape”, were calculated using image moments and geometric side-length comparisons to serve as the origin and axis points for the coordinate system. To maintain stability during Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) rotation, a coordinate projection transformation model using vector normalization was applied. Finally, a homography matrix was solved using singular value decomposition to map detected explosion point pixels to their actual physical world coordinates.

Experimental validation was conducted through both simulations and practical tests at a height of 13 meters, utilizing an infrared camera mounted on a rotary base to simulate airborne flight dynamics. In a dataset of 1,666 frames capturing various angles and interference conditions, the enhanced convex hull detection algorithm achieved a comprehensive recognition accuracy of 98.2% for the cooperative markers. This performance significantly outperformed that of traditional algorithms, which struggled particularly with the “L-shape” markers, leading to a much lower coordinate system establishment success rate of 46.3%. In simulation-based detection, the enhanced method achieved a mean absolute error of approximately 0.01 meters with a relative error of only 0.14%. Practical experiments using fireworks to simulate explosion points demonstrated that the system could maintain high precision even under the influence of wind fields and thermal fluctuations. The average measured distance for the simulated explosion point was 1 636.6 mm against a reference of 1 631.0 mm, resulting in a measurement accuracy of 0.056 meters and a relative error of 0.3%. These results indicate a substantial improvement in precision over both traditional methods and the YOLOv8 model, the latter of which was constrained by the small target nature of the markers and limited training data.

The research successfully demonstrates that a refined traditional image processing approach can effectively alleviate the data-dependency issues of deep learning in range-based applications. By combining specialized ground markers with an enhanced convex hull detection mechanism, the method enables reliable UAV localization and stable spatial coordinate construction in a simple, embedded-friendly model. The experimental outcomes confirm that the system is robust against camera rotation and background interference, providing a reliable technical foundation for the accurate measurement of explosion positions. While the current resolution of infrared cameras and the assumption of a two-dimensional terrain pose limitations, future research will focus on improving accuracy with higher-resolution sensors and testing the algorithm's stability on a dedicated fixed-wing UAV platform to account for real-world flight jitters and complex terrain undulations.

, authors=Huidong GUO1, Yaowen LV1, Bojun DU2, Wenda SHAO1, Fangyu SUN1, Zhaolong HE1, Shubin HUA1, authorsList=Huidong GUO, Yaowen LV, Bojun DU, Wenda SHAO, Fangyu SUN, Zhaolong HE, Shubin HUA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaowen LV, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743897490411803, articleId=1315743892859900155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于红外图像的炸点位置测量方法, columnId=1315743673036424106, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=图像处理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在靶场炸点位置测量中,机载红外成像具有抗遮挡、强穿透和易识别等优势,为了在简单模型中实现对红外目标的检测,提出一种结合地面合作标志点的红外图像定位测量方法。首先,介绍红外成像的小孔成像模型,给出了基于合作标志点的炸点位置计算方法。其次,提出适用于机载嵌入式平台的凸包检测算法,实现合作标志点的识别和定位。实验结果表明,合作标志点识别正确率在98%以上,在13 m高空的模拟炸点检测实际实验中位置测量精度可以达到0.056 m,能够实现对炸点位置准确可靠的测量。

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郭慧东,

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figureFileSmall=rzANqtaLoIzspbe367Nu1A==, figureFileBig=XX2QtPb2gNpoMJWreW1bIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743905912574314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Measurement error analysis, figureFileSmall=zHVYFP2BS6rsEJSHGAGVbA==, figureFileBig=9u2bwvYkmK2gcUfusIoCiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743905979683179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=CN, label=图14, caption=总体误差分析, figureFileSmall=zHVYFP2BS6rsEJSHGAGVbA==, figureFileBig=9u2bwvYkmK2gcUfusIoCiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743906042597740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterNumerical value
Experimental shooting height13 000 mm
Camera parameters—
Resolution ratio320×240
Frame rate30 frame/s
Focal length18 mm
Surface parameters—
Cooperation marks size(line)30 mm×200 mm
(dot)30 mm
Coordinates of cooperation marks/mm(0,0,1),(4 574,0,1)
(0,3 788,1),(4 574,3 788,1)
Simulated explosion point coordinates/mm(2 260,1 129,1)
), ArticleFig(id=1315743906101317997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterNumerical value
Experimental shooting height13 000 mm
Camera parameters—
Resolution ratio320×240
Frame rate30 frame/s
Focal length18 mm
Surface parameters—
Cooperation marks size(line)30 mm×200 mm
(dot)30 mm
Coordinates of cooperation marks/mm(0,0,1),(4 574,0,1)
(0,3 788,1),(4 574,3 788,1)
Simulated explosion point coordinates/mm(2 260,1 129,1)
), ArticleFig(id=1315743906164232558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical table of the success rate of recognition of marker points in motion

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Method usedEnhanced convex hull
detection of constraints
Convex hull detectionYOLOv8
Number of “cross” successful detection1 6361 4661 276
Number of “L” successful detection1 6667671 250
Number of “line” successful detection1 6511 3141 321
Number of “dot” successful detection1 6661 4881 166
Coordinate system establishment success rate98.2%46.3%70%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743906256507247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

运动状态下标志点识别成功率统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Method usedEnhanced convex hull
detection of constraints
Convex hull detectionYOLOv8
Number of “cross” successful detection1 6361 4661 276
Number of “L” successful detection1 6667671 250
Number of “line” successful detection1 6511 3141 321
Number of “dot” successful detection1 6661 4881 166
Coordinate system establishment success rate98.2%46.3%70%
), ArticleFig(id=1315743906336199024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743892859900155, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Simulation-based detection results

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Serial numberRelative position of the cameraMeasured value
1(87.45,245.07)(99.06,201.09)
2(123.20,209.87)(99.07,199.07)
3(65.60,165.60)(100.48,198.17)
4(55.81,236.62)(98.55,199.88)
5(110.11,220.81)(99.94,200.63)
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仿真数据检测结果

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Serial numberRelative position of the cameraMeasured value
1(87.45,245.07)(99.06,201.09)
2(123.20,209.87)(99.07,199.07)
3(65.60,165.60)(100.48,198.17)
4(55.81,236.62)(98.55,199.88)
5(110.11,220.81)(99.94,200.63)
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Simulation-based error analysis

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ParameterEnhancedTraditionalYOLOv8
Average measured distance/mm2 236.32 251.52 240.2
Reference distance/mm2 233.12 233.12 233.1
Mean absolute error0.8062.411.36
Standard deviation0.6431.981.12
Relative error0.14%0.83%0.32%
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仿真数据误差分析

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ParameterEnhancedTraditionalYOLOv8
Average measured distance/mm2 236.32 251.52 240.2
Reference distance/mm2 233.12 233.12 233.1
Mean absolute error0.8062.411.36
Standard deviation0.6431.981.12
Relative error0.14%0.83%0.32%
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Error analysis after correction

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ParameterEnhancedTraditionalYOLOv8
Average measured distance/mm1 636.61 648.51 640.2
Reference distance/mm1 631.01 631.01 631.0
Mean absolute error1.0563.081.82
Standard deviation0.8022.151.36
Relative error0.3%1.1%0.56%
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校正后误差分析

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ParameterEnhancedTraditionalYOLOv8
Average measured distance/mm1 636.61 648.51 640.2
Reference distance/mm1 631.01 631.01 631.0
Mean absolute error1.0563.081.82
Standard deviation0.8022.151.36
Relative error0.3%1.1%0.56%
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基于红外图像的炸点位置测量方法
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郭慧东 1 , 吕耀文 1 , 杜博军 2 , 邵文达 1 , 孙方宇 1 , 何兆龙 1 , 华术彬 1
光子学报 | 图像处理 2026,55(1): 188-201
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光子学报 |图像处理 2026 , 55 (1) : 188 -201
基于红外图像的炸点位置测量方法
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郭慧东1 , 吕耀文1 , 杜博军2, 邵文达1, 孙方宇1, 何兆龙1, 华术彬1
作者信息
  • 1长春理工大学 光电工程学院, 长春 130022
  • 263850部队,白城 137001
通讯作者:
作者简介:

郭慧东,

Explosion Point Localization Method Based on Infrared Imaging
Huidong GUO1 , Yaowen LV1 , Bojun DU2, Wenda SHAO1, Fangyu SUN1, Zhaolong HE1, Shubin HUA1
Affiliations
  • 1Changchun University of Science and Technology, School of Electro-Optical Engineering,Changchun 130022, China
  • 263850 Unit, Baicheng 137001, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0110004
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在靶场炸点位置测量中,机载红外成像具有抗遮挡、强穿透和易识别等优势,为了在简单模型中实现对红外目标的检测,提出一种结合地面合作标志点的红外图像定位测量方法。首先,介绍红外成像的小孔成像模型,给出了基于合作标志点的炸点位置计算方法。其次,提出适用于机载嵌入式平台的凸包检测算法,实现合作标志点的识别和定位。实验结果表明,合作标志点识别正确率在98%以上,在13 m高空的模拟炸点检测实际实验中位置测量精度可以达到0.056 m,能够实现对炸点位置准确可靠的测量。

图像测量  /  红外测量  /  合作标志点  /  凸包检测  /  识别与定位

The accurate measurement of explosion point coordinates is a critical technology for assessing weapon strike efficiency and damage effects in modern warfare. Traditional optical and acoustic methods often suffer from environmental interference, high equipment costs, or a lack of real-time capability. Furthermore, emerging deep learning models require vast amounts of classified training data and high-performance computing resources, which limits their deployment on resource-constrained airborne embedded platforms. To address these challenges, this study proposes an infrared image localization method that integrates ground cooperative markers. The primary objective is to leverage the strong penetration and anti-occlusion advantages of long-wave infrared imaging to achieve high-precision, real-time explosion point detection within a lightweight framework, thereby eliminating the heavy data dependency characteristic of deep learning approaches.

The methodology utilized a pinhole imaging model and a specialized set of ground cooperative markers—including cross, L-shape, straight line, and dot—to establish a stable spatial coordinate system. To facilitate marker identification on an airborne embedded platform, an enhanced convex hull detection algorithm was developed. This algorithm introduced an adjacency constraint to merge points within a 2-pixel threshold, preventing the misidentification of a “cross” caused by imaging fluctuations. Additionally, a maximum distance threshold of 18 pixels was established to distinguish between “cross” and “L-shape” markers when they exhibited similar vertex counts. Characteristic points, such as the centroid of the “cross” and the right-angle vertex of the “L-shape”, were calculated using image moments and geometric side-length comparisons to serve as the origin and axis points for the coordinate system. To maintain stability during Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) rotation, a coordinate projection transformation model using vector normalization was applied. Finally, a homography matrix was solved using singular value decomposition to map detected explosion point pixels to their actual physical world coordinates.

Experimental validation was conducted through both simulations and practical tests at a height of 13 meters, utilizing an infrared camera mounted on a rotary base to simulate airborne flight dynamics. In a dataset of 1,666 frames capturing various angles and interference conditions, the enhanced convex hull detection algorithm achieved a comprehensive recognition accuracy of 98.2% for the cooperative markers. This performance significantly outperformed that of traditional algorithms, which struggled particularly with the “L-shape” markers, leading to a much lower coordinate system establishment success rate of 46.3%. In simulation-based detection, the enhanced method achieved a mean absolute error of approximately 0.01 meters with a relative error of only 0.14%. Practical experiments using fireworks to simulate explosion points demonstrated that the system could maintain high precision even under the influence of wind fields and thermal fluctuations. The average measured distance for the simulated explosion point was 1 636.6 mm against a reference of 1 631.0 mm, resulting in a measurement accuracy of 0.056 meters and a relative error of 0.3%. These results indicate a substantial improvement in precision over both traditional methods and the YOLOv8 model, the latter of which was constrained by the small target nature of the markers and limited training data.

The research successfully demonstrates that a refined traditional image processing approach can effectively alleviate the data-dependency issues of deep learning in range-based applications. By combining specialized ground markers with an enhanced convex hull detection mechanism, the method enables reliable UAV localization and stable spatial coordinate construction in a simple, embedded-friendly model. The experimental outcomes confirm that the system is robust against camera rotation and background interference, providing a reliable technical foundation for the accurate measurement of explosion positions. While the current resolution of infrared cameras and the assumption of a two-dimensional terrain pose limitations, future research will focus on improving accuracy with higher-resolution sensors and testing the algorithm's stability on a dedicated fixed-wing UAV platform to account for real-world flight jitters and complex terrain undulations.

Image measurement  /  Infrared measurement  /  Cooperative markers  /  Convex hull detection  /  Identification and positioning
郭慧东, 吕耀文, 杜博军, 邵文达, 孙方宇, 何兆龙, 华术彬. 基于红外图像的炸点位置测量方法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 188 -201 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0110004
Huidong GUO, Yaowen LV, Bojun DU, Wenda SHAO, Fangyu SUN, Zhaolong HE, Shubin HUA. Explosion Point Localization Method Based on Infrared Imaging[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 188 -201 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0110004
随着现代战争武器智能化、精确化的发展,炸点测量与弹丸爆炸检测[1]已成为评估武器打击效能与毁伤效果的核心技术之一。炸点的准确定位不仅直接影响打击精度评估,还对作战数据复盘、战术部署调整以及作训考核等环节具有重要意义。在实际应用中,炸点检测技术需应对高动态、强干扰、目标不清晰等复杂场景,因此对测量精度、实时性与系统鲁棒性提出了更高要求,而长波红外相机凭借其成像特性[2-3],可以克服弹炸时产生的烟尘,同时对视野中较小红外目标识别明显[4-5]等,使其对炸点的检测成为可能。
近年来,诸多学者围绕炸点检测展开了多方向的探索。GUO Rong等[6],以综述的形式阐述了测量弹着点的几种方法,虽然文章主要介绍的是被动声波测量,但文中同样介绍了包括后来应用十分广泛的基于光电测量[7-10]、声学探测[11-13]等,传统的光电测量方式,无法避免弹炸时产生的浓烟灰尘影响,对于炸点的坐标测量具有一定的误差。文献[11]利用构建分布式的声学阵列获取炸点的爆炸声波,用于计算炸点的位置,虽然避免了光电测量的影响,但是声学设备昂贵、调试时不具有实时性等问题依旧是炸点检测中存在的困扰。随着机器学习[14]的快速发展,使用深度学习的炸点方式逐渐成为热点,LIU Jiayin[15]等利用改进U-Net网络分割炸点图像的方式,重点对炸点的特征进行提取结合其他图像处理算法完成对炸点的检测。LI H S等[16-17]利用无人机搭载相机,基于PSPNet和Swin网络相结合实现对炸点的检测,并且通过视觉空间约束方式实现对炸点的位置测量。ZHOU Y[18]等通过深度学习融合光学、姿态与GPS等多源异构传感器信息,并利用改进的变分自编码器(Variational Auto-Encoder,VAE)进行空间坐标回归,实现了对引信炸点的高精度定位,其精度显著优于传统双目视觉方法。YANG Xiaolei[19]等构建了FCM-LSTM模型,利用长短时记忆(Long Short-term Memory Networks,LSTM)网络挖掘时序信息以扩充样本,并结合模糊聚类(Fuzzy Clustering,FCM)优化数据分布,从而在小样本条件下实现了对弹丸落点的快速精准预测。深度学习模型高度依赖大量高质量的训练数据,然而在实际的靶场试验中,弹炸相关的数据均为涉密数据不易获取,且标记工作繁琐、耗时;在数据稀缺或场景失配时泛化能力面临严峻挑战。此外,这些复杂的网络模型通常计算开销庞大,需要高性能GPU的支持,难以在计算资源受限的战场前端进行实时部署,这在一定程度上牺牲了传统图像算法固有的轻量性与高时效性优势。
针对深度学习模型在炸点测量中存在的数据依赖性强、计算成本高等不足,本文提出一种结合地面合作标志点的红外图像定位测量方法。首先,设计适用于机载平台的特制地面标志点;其次,采用基于传统图像算法构建的增强型凸包检测机制,实现对不同形状标志点的稳定识别,空间坐标系快速建立。该方法在保证测量精度的同时,有效克服了深度学习对大量样本的依赖,充分发挥了传统算法在嵌入式平台上的轻量化与高实时性优势。标志点结构简单、布设便捷,进一步提升了系统在实际战场环境中的适用性与作业效率。
为满足实际应用中便捷布置、循环利用及复现操作简便等需求,设计了四款简单图形作为无人机定位坐标系的合作标志点,具体包括十字、L形、直线和圆点四种类型,标志点的设计及摆放示意图如图1所示。合作标志点的实际世界坐标可在布设过程中通过测量获取,其机载运行模拟情况如图2所示。
图2为按项目原计划的机载对地测量模型,其中由固定翼无人机搭载的红外吊舱距地面2 000 m高度巡航绕飞,监测区域是1 000 m ✕ 1 000 m的正方形,无人机则以投弹区域为中心循环绕飞,其飞行半径为500 m。其中吊舱对地的角度等各项指标、标志点的实际坐标均为已知参量。
为实现标志点的高效识别与处理,采用凸包检测算法对上述合作标志点进行处理。根据识别出的各图形轮廓的凸包点,将其组合形成凸包多边形。具体而言,在理想状态下,直线的凸包点为2个,对应的凸包多边形为直线;L型的凸包点为3个,对应的凸包多边形为三角形;十字的凸包点为4个,对应的凸包多边形为菱形。此外,圆点可通过轮廓识别手段直接完成检测。
凸包检测算法(convex hull detection),其是指在平面图形上所有点的最小凸多边形,使得所有点都在这个多边形的内部或边界上,即通过对合作标志点使用凸包检测,此时每个标志点将得到点集P=p1,p2,⋯,pn,那么任意pi=xi,yi均在点集内。首先利用轮廓检测,对凸包多边形进行轮廓检测,过滤干扰图形与噪声,其次,利用convexHull函数针对各标志点图形进行凸包顶点的输出,各多边形的凸包顶点坐标均会被保存,最后利用标记等形式,将坐标系原点、X轴上点、Y轴上点进行定义。本文采用Graham扫描算法,基于基准点为参考,计算其他相对于基准点的极角排序,其计算公式如式(1)所示。
θ=atan2yi-ymin,xi-xmin
式中,atan2y,x是一种计算坐标系角度的函数,通常均以点集中y坐标最小的点为基准。
当排序完成,利用叉积对所构建凸包进行判断同时决定向量的旋转方向,其公式如式(2)所示。
crossAB,AC=xB-xAyC-yA-yB-yAxC-xA
根据结果的正负选择构建凸包的向量方向,当凸包中最后两点及前点计算结果为负,其方向则为“右转”,即凸包点构建需要回退至上一点,重新进行二次计算,直到得到正数结果,这样便保证凸包构建的完整性。
由于传统凸包检测在识别突出点后直接进行凸包点存储,自动将存在的凸包进行连接行形成凸包多边形,那么当实际在检测中若出现像素跳变的情况或者标志点在识别中,由于自身宽度高于两像素时,相邻凸包均被识别的情况,会对识别造成干扰。因此,提出一种增强约束条件的凸包检测算法以增强检测效果,提升检测识别率。
本文针对合作标志点的识别算法进行改进,核心目标是提升“十字”与“L型”标志点的识别精度。以“十字”标志点为例,在红外相机拍摄的图像中,由于成像波动,构成“十字”的直线宽度超过1个像素时,凸包检测算法会误识别出4~8个凸包点,导致标志点类型判断偏差。为解决这一问题,研究在原有凸包检测功能的基础上,新增了相邻凸包点简化处理程序:当算法检测到相邻两个凸包点之间的像素距离小于2时,自动将其合并为一个凸包点。关于2 pixel的阈值设定,是通过式(2)在本文实验阶段,设计标志点时计算构成“十字”的直线宽度为1 pixel,在实际应用中,也要根据式(2)进行计算才可以得到准确的阈值,从而根据该阈值的设定进行自动合并的阈值。通过该优化,成功消除了“十字”标志点凸包点数量误判的问题。“十字”标志点增强约束条件的程序设计及优化后的识别效果详见图3。
“L型”标志点则存在因拍摄角度偏差导致的识别问题:其成像画面中直线边缘会出现弯折现象,进而引发凸包点误识别,实际检测中“L型”的凸包点数量常处于3~6个区间。由于“十字”与“L型”标志点在识别过程中均可能出现4个凸包点的情况,为实现二者的准确区分,在已有的“十字”标志点约束条件基础上,研究额外增加了相邻凸包点最大距离的判断机制——通过设置特定阈值,当相邻凸包点最大距离超过该阈值时,判定为“L型”标志点;未超过阈值时,则判定为“十字”标志点。“L型”标志点增强约束条件后的识别效果如图4所示,对标志点的识别需要经过两个步骤:1)识别该合作目标为“L”类型;2)确定“L”中的特征点作为Y轴上的一点,建立坐标系的Y-Axis。因此图4中间的“L”是指算法将其识别的标志点类型,“Y-Axis”是算法识别出构成Y轴的最佳凸包特征点。
关于阈值设定方面,是通过实际物距、焦距、标志物实际尺寸综合计算得到的结果。物体在图像传感器上的物理尺寸计算公式为
Ppixel=f×Sρ×L×1 000
式中,Ppixel表示物体在图像传感器上的像素距离;S表示物体实际尺寸,单位为mm;L表示物距,即模拟炸点到相机的距离,单位为mm;f表示焦距,单位为mm;ρ表示像素尺寸,单位为μm。
通过对“十字”和“L型”的计算后得到“十字”相邻凸包点的最大像素距离区间为15~16 pixel,而“L型”相邻凸包点的最大像素距离区间为21~22 pixel,通过计算结果可知,两种形状的相邻凸包点最大像素距离差距十分明显,因此将阈值设置为18 pixel,既可以解决由于凸包点数量识别相同造成的误判,又可以提升各标志点的识别率。
在上一节中实现了对标志点的识别及分类,接下来需要根据标志点的特征点位进行选取合适且稳定的点,用于建立空间坐标系。针对“十字”我们利用改进凸包检测算法结合轮廓检测双重筛选出凸包多边形所形成的“菱形”,再利用重心计算(calculate Centroid)出“菱形”中心点,而“圆点”利用轮廓检测工具即可实现识别定位。其数学模型如下:通过轮廓的矩(moments)计算轮廓质心其公式为
Centroid=m10m00,m01m00
式中,mpq是图像的p+q阶矩,而后对于离散轮廓,质心坐标Cx和Cy计算公式为
Cx=∑xiIxi,yi∑Ixi,yi
Cy=∑yiIxi,yi∑Ixi,yi
式中,I(xi,yi)是像素点的强度。
可以将“十字”处理后取得的点作为图像上空间坐标系原点O(实际操作中三点可以互相替代,无固定搭配,此处仅作解释方便所使用),当坐标系原点确定后,还需要确定X轴和Y轴上的点。
本文将“直线”所处理后得到的点作为建立OX轴的点。针对“直线”所做处理较为简单,在凸包检测算法针对直线检测到的两个凸包顶点坐标保存,利用中点计算公式即可求得,公式为
M=x1+x22,y1+y22
针对“十字”和“直线”标志点的取点问题得到解决后,本文进一步探讨了“L型”标志点在凸包检测中直角三角形直角顶点提取所面临的挑战。由于凸包检测存在固定顶点顺序的特性,而相机在旋转过程中导致“L型”标志点在图像中的像素位置实时变化,导致直角顶点识别存在不稳定性。为此,本文利用三角形斜边始终大于两直角边的几何定理,通过边长比较的方法,稳定识别“L型”标志点中的直角顶点。该模型如图5所示。基于此模型,在判断直角或近似直角顶点时,不受凸包检测顶点顺序限制,从而实现将该顶点稳定识别为坐标系OY轴的参考点。
图5为判定直角顶点模型示意图,假设任意顶点A、B、C进行判断三边长关系公式为
AB<ACBC<AC=∠B=90°
以上完成了图像坐标系建立所需点的识别与定位,利用欧几里得距离公式将OX、OY建立预设坐标系,其公式为
d=x2-x12+y2-y12
如果针对固定位置拍摄同一区域,标志点位置不变的情况下,可以稳定实现,但若在无人机搭载红外相机对一区域环绕飞行拍摄的情况下空间坐标系是实时变化的,同样的在相机旋转的过程中图像像素坐标的相对位置也是实时变化的,所以需要通过坐标系的变换使得空间坐标系永远固定在一个相对位置,即无论所拍摄图像位于何种角度,空间坐标系对应图像像素中的点始终为由“十字、直线、L型”三点所构成的XOY轴,坐标系转换模型如图6所示。
先利用向量归一化,将向量转化为单位向量,用于定义坐标轴方向,其计算公式为
v'=vv=vxvx2+vy2,vyvx2+vy2
式中,v=x,y是原始向量,v为其模长,其计算公式为
v=x2+y2
而后通过坐标系的投影变换将一个点从初始世界坐标系转换到旋转后的世界坐标系。新的坐标系是通过选择原点和两个单位向量(原X轴和Y轴)来定义的,假定原坐标系有一点P(x,y),实现新坐标系及点坐标变换的计算公式为
P'=x'=x-x0exy'=y-y0ey
可见通过上述模型及公式,将旋转的图像坐标系与空间坐标系形成转换关系,保证了空间坐标系建立的稳定性。
在实现对合作标志点进行识别与定位后,得到四组图像坐标和世界坐标,利用这四组坐标建立单应性矩阵[20]并进行求解,用于后续针对检测炸点的图像坐标后利用单应矩阵进行求解实际世界坐标。如图7所示假设xp,yp,1、xw,yw,1为两平面互相对应的点坐标,单应性关系公式为
xcyc1=h1h2h3h4h5h6h7h8h9xwyw1
式中,h1h2h3h4h5h6h7h8h9为两平面中的对应点间的单应矩阵。由式(13)可得
xc=xwh1+ywh2+h3xwh7+ywh8+h9yc=xwh4+ywh5+h6xwh7+ywh8+h9
将式(14)进行移项并整理出线性方程后,根据每对点可得
xci=xwih1+ywih2+h3-xcixwih7-xciywih8yci=xwih4+ywih5+h6-ycixwih7-yciywih8
将四组方程进行整理可得到齐次方程公式为
xw1yw11000-xc1xw1-xc1yw1-xc1000xw1yw11-yc1xw1-yc1yw1-yc1xw2yw21000-xc2xw2-xc2yw2-xc2000xw2yw21-yc2xw2-yc2yw2-yc2xw3yw31000-xc3xw3-xc3yw3-xc3000xw3yw31-yc3xw3-yc3yw3-yc3xw4yw41000-xc4xw4-xc4yw4-xc4000xw4yw41-yc4xw4-yc4yw4-yc4⋅h=0
而后利用h=SVD(A)求解奇异矩阵,解得其最小范数解,即对应的最小奇异值的右奇异向量,最后将其重构成3×3的h单应矩阵。
针对模拟炸点进行测量时,利用轮廓检测工具可以对处理后图像中的模拟炸点重心进行识别与定位,通过两点之间的距离式(9)可以计算得到模拟炸点在空间坐标系上与原点的像素距离,同时可以得到模拟炸点的空间坐标即相对图像坐标系的坐标值,当得到所有所需点的图像坐标后,利用最初红外相机标定的参数,对整个系统进行校正,而后利用单应性矩阵式(13)得到炸点在世界坐标系中的实际坐标。模拟炸点测量图样如图8所示。
至此,完成了红外图像上特征点的识别与定位、坐标系的建立与模拟炸点的测量。所提算法的总体流程如图9所示。
实验硬件环境为Windows 1 064位操作系统,CPU为Intel Core i7-10700F,NVIDIA 3080 10 G独立显卡,16 G DDR4内存。软件层面,总体程序开发均基于Visual Studio 2022,仿真程序基于MATLAB R2023b。通过仿真实验与实际实验可以全面了解增约束条件后的凸包检测算法与炸点检测在不同场景下的性能表现,并为接下来的研究与改进提供参考。
为尽可能接近实际的检测环境并还原真实的空中域对地检测场景,本文在实验中采用如下方式:1)红外相机的固定支架是固定的,其下方有一个可旋转底座,可模拟相机在航拍时角度旋转的情况;2)在采集实验视频时,加入人工手动旋转,旋转底座的固定螺丝是松弛状态,在一定程度上也模拟了机载平台的抖动状况;3)当然上述条件不能直接说明实际无人机的挂载情况。因此,为了验证所提算法的有效性,已采购长光博翔固定翼无人机,以获取实际的机载数据进一步验证算法有效性。实验中使用烟花模拟弹炸效果,通过录制视频获取模拟炸点检测所需的红外图像数据。通过两次实验,且第二次实验中的标志点位置、模拟炸点位置均做调整,获得第一段视频时长41.86 s,第二段视频时长13.66 s,利用程序对视频进行逐帧提取,最终获得1 666张包含合作标志点与模拟炸点多角度视角的图像。在实验中,对全部抽帧图像进行标志点检测,可直观反映改进后的凸包检测算法在不同环境光照和背景干扰条件下的抗干扰性能,从而评估其鲁棒性。实验所使用的合作标志点的宽度、长度及其在实际部署中的坐标值如表1所示。依据图像中的标志点分布建立空间坐标系,其布设范围恰好覆盖相机旋转时的全部视野范围,保证了实验的完整性与可比性。
本文实际实验是基于本课题组所在5楼实验室进行的模拟高空炸点检测,实际高度为13 m,如图10所示,实际模拟实验数据图例如图11所示。为了验证本文的识别算法效果以及检测精度,设计两组实验。
为验证在增加约束条件后凸包检测算法的识别效果,分别用增强型算法、传统算法与YOLOv8对全部抽帧图像进行模拟动态标志点检测。判定标准设定为:若同一图像中四个标志点均被正确识别,则记为一次正确识别;若其中任一标志点未被准确识别,程序将自动对该标志点进行标记。
在实验中,对共计1 666张图像逐一进行检测,每张图像仅统计一次识别结果。所有图像检测完成后,程序将在输出面板中给出三种方法的识别统计结果。运行结果对比如图12所示,相应的统计数据列于表2。
图12的对比结果表明,在本实验条件下,YOLOv8对标志点的识别率有待提升。这主要源于两方面因素:1)本次研究使用的训练样本规模有限,未能充分发挥深度模型的性能潜力;2)本实验所采用的“圆点”标志属于典型的小目标,其检测本身就是YOLOv8等通用检测器面临的固有挑战。因此,该结果更多反映了当前实验数据的局限性,而非算法本身的优劣,同时也侧面反映深度学习对数据样本的依赖程度。
传统算法在识别“L型”上效果较差,增强型方法起到两个作用:1)提升“L型”识别率;2)对“十字”与“L型”进行准确区分。而整体识别率反映的是建立“空间坐标系”的正确率,“L型”的识别错误会直接影响“空间坐标系”的建立,对检测结果造成直接影响,这是“L型”识别率低导致整体识别率低的根源。
通过图12和表2的标志点识别率结果可以看出,经过约束条件增强后的凸包检测算法在保证各标志点均被准确识别的同时,将总体动态识别成功率提升至98.2%。这表明所引入的约束条件显著提高了算法的识别精度。同时,该方法在动态拍摄条件下仍能保持较高的识别率,能够满足实际应用需求,并为后续空间坐标系的构建提供可靠的精度保障,从而验证了所提出方法的正确性与有效性。
在开展实际检测之前,首先构建仿真实验,以评估旋转与位置变化对算法精度的影响。仿真系统的图像分辨率设定为240×320像素,相机等效焦距为13 000 mm,目标点的实际坐标为(100, 200)。在实验过程中,相机位置分别设置在该实际坐标点周围的五个不同位置,并保持相机内参参数不变。随后,对五个不同位置下的图像进行检测,将检测结果进行坐标还原,并与实际坐标进行比较,以分析算法在不同位置与旋转条件下的精度表现。绝对误差计算公式如式(17)所示、相对误差计算公式为
Δx=xm-xreal
δx=xm-xrealxreal×100%
式中,Δx表示绝对误差,δx表示相对误差,xm表示测量值,xreal表示真值。
将表3仿真的到的结果取平均后,带入到式(13),得到对应的实际测量值;再将测量值与真值代入式(17),得到测量绝对误差,将其带入式(18)得出相对误差。计算结果如表4所示,在随机选取的五个不同位置下,增强型算法对模拟炸点的测量误差约为0.01 m,相对误差0.14%,YOLOv8方法的其测量误差约为0.03 m,相对误差为0.32%;而传统检测方法的其测量误差约为0.07 m,相对误差为0.83%。在相同的模拟高度(13 m)下,本文方法在测量精度上实现了数量级上的提升,验证了改进方法在实际应用中的有效性与可靠性。
相比仿真结果,基于真实图像的检测更能反映算法在实际测量中的性能与精度表现,同时也为精度提升提供了有效的参考与指导。由于实际弹炸过程持续时间极短,瞬爆过程仅维持极短时间,因此本研究采用烟花实验作为替代方案,选取其抽帧图像的前、后各500帧,共同构成模拟炸点测量的数据集。利用前期标定获得的参数,对空间坐标系及模拟炸点进行校正,测量效果图样如图13所示。
从图14可以发现,由式(9)对模拟炸点到空间坐标系原点进行计算,得到最大欧式偏差为2.69 pixel。将模拟炸点检测实际实验得到的坐标值带入式(13),得到对应的实际测量结果,其中增强型算法的平均检测值为1 636.6 mm,精度约为0.056 m,控制在0.06 m以内,同时将测量结果带入式(17)计算得到相对误差为0.3%,将各检测方法的误差分析如表5所示。
通过表5可见,增强型算法在平均测距误差与相对误差方面均显著优于传统方法与YOLOv8。其相对误差仅为0.3%,约为YOLOv8的一半、传统方法的四分之一,表现出较高的测量精度。从图14的误差范围可进一步看出,在初燃与燃烬阶段,增强型算法的测量波动较小,整体误差分布较为集中。而在燃放阶段,由于环境风场对火焰轨迹造成扰动,测量精度有所下降,但整体仍保持在可接受范围。此外,从标准差结果可以看出,增强型算法在多次检测中的波动性明显低于传统方法和YOLOv8,反映出较好的稳定性与鲁棒性。综上,本文提出的增强型算法不仅在精度上实现了数量级的提升,同时在实际复杂环境下依然保持较强的稳定性与可靠性,为实际应用提供了可行且有效的技术支撑。
本文通过改进传统图像处理算法,从理论上验证了在简化模型下,传统图像处理方法能够有效解决深度学习方法在靶场实际应用中对大量涉密数据依赖的问题。在此基础上,提出了一种基于凸包检测与合作标志点识别的目标检测方法。该方法仅依赖简单几何形状的识别,即可实现无人机定位与稳定空间坐标系的构建,并给出了完整的处理流程。实验结果表明,本方法能够在背景旋转条件下稳定识别合作标志点并建立坐标系,同时对炸点位置实现精确检测,实现了简单模型在嵌入式中的应用。
需要指出的是,由于红外相机在分辨率方面仍不及可见光相机,测量精度的进一步提升仍是后续研究的重要方向。同时,本研究主要基于较为简化的图像模型进行实验验证,对于更复杂或多变几何形状的识别稳定性,还需进一步实验加以验证。此外,本实验假设目标位于二维平面,而实际应用中地形往往存在起伏,如何在复杂地形条件下保持测量精度,也是未来需要重点研究的问题。值得一提的是,为进一步验证方法在实际无人机平台上的适用性,项目组已采购长光博翔固定翼无人机作为试验平台。未来将结合该平台的飞行特性,针对飞行过程中可能出现的旋转与抖动进行实测验证,以进一步考察本方法在复杂动态环境下的鲁棒性与稳定性。

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2026年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0110004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-30
  • 录用日期:2025-10-28
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    1长春理工大学 光电工程学院, 长春 130022
    263850部队,白城 137001

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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