Article(id=1315743876296593518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131003, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0131003, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756051200000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1761667200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineDate=1791627385447, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627385447, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627385447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627385447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=225, endPage=235, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743878074978415, articleId=1315743876296593518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Structural and Luminescence Properties of Sm3+ and Eu3+ Co-doped GaN Thin Films, columnId=1315743807417729940, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Thin Films, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a cornerstone of third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor technology, valued for its exceptional electronic mobility, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and robustness under extreme operating conditions. These qualities have driven its adoption in high-power electronics, high-frequency devices, and ultraviolet optoelectronics. However, a persistent challenge in GaN-based photonics is achieving efficient and stable red emission. Conventional InGaN-based red Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) suffer from efficiency droop and phase separation issues inherent to the high indium (In) content required for red wavelengths. As an alternative, doping GaN with rare-earth (RE) ions—which exhibit sharp, stable intra-4f shell emissions largely independent of the host matrix—offers a promising route to high-color-purity red light. Among these, trivalent europium ions (Eu3+) are renowned for their intense red emission lines around 620 nm. To enhance the optical activation and emission efficiency of such RE centers, co-doping with a sensitizer ion is a widely employed strategy. Samarium ions (Sm3+) have demonstrated effective sensitization of Eu3+ luminescence in various host materials through resonant energy transfer. Nevertheless, the specific system of Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped GaN is still in its infancy. This study aims to systematically investigate the structural modifications and luminescence characteristics—particularly the energy transfer dynamics—in GaN thin films co-doped with Sm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions, thereby evaluating its potential as a novel red-emitting material platform compatible with established GaN semiconductor processes.

This research employed ion implantation as the doping technique to introduce Sm3+ and Eu3+ ions into high-quality GaN thin films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A series of samples were prepared: including Sm3+ single-doped samples with varying doses (1×1014, 5×1014, 1×1015 at/cm2), and Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped samples with a fixed Sm3+ dose (5×1014 at/cm²) and varying Eu doses (1×1014, 5×1014, 1×1015 at/cm2). Post-implantation thermal annealing at 1 000 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere was conducted to recover implantation-induced lattice damage and to optically activate the RE ions. The structural integrity and stress state of the doped films were comprehensively assessed using High-resolution X-ray Diffraction (HRXRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The optical emission properties were investigated using Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy.

HRXRD rocking curve analysis of the GaN (0002) plane revealed that the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) increased with higher Sm3+ concentrations in single-doped samples, indicating a degradation of crystalline quality due to implantation-induced defects. In co-doped samples with a fixed Sm3+ dose, the FWHM exhibited a complex, non-monotonic trend as the Eu3+ dose increased, showing a slight initial decrease followed by a rise at higher doses. This suggests that the incorporation of a low dose of Eu3+ may induce minor lattice distortions that slightly improve local ordering, while higher doses exacerbate defect formation. Lattice constant analysis from 2θ/ω scans and Raman shift measurements of the E2high phonon mode provided consistent evidence of stress evolution. Sm3+ single-doping introduced tensile stress, whereas the introduction of Eu3+ in co-doped samples led to a significant increase in compressive stress, which intensified with higher Eu3+ doses.

Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy provided clear evidence of efficient energy transfer from Sm3+ (sensitizer) to Eu3+ (activator). In Sm3+ single-doped samples, characteristic emission peaks were observed from Sm3+ at approximately 577 nm (4G5/2 → 6H5/2), 618 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2), and 666 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2). In the co-doped samples, the Sm3+ emission intensity, particularly the 577 nm peak, was significantly quenched, while the characteristic Eu³⁺ emission lines, especially the dominant red emission at ~620 nm (5D0 → 7F2), were strongly enhanced with increasing Eu3+ concentration. This anti-correlation provides clear evidence for a non-radiative energy transfer process. The primary energy transfer pathway was identified as 4G5/2 (Sm3+) + 7F0 (Eu3+) → 6H5/2 (Sm3+) + 5D0 (Eu3+), favored by the near-perfect resonance (energy mismatch of only ~74 meV) between the Sm3+4G5/2 → 6H5/2 transition and the Eu3+7F0→5D0 absorption.

Further quantitative analysis based on Dexter's theory was conducted to elucidate the dominant interaction mechanism. By analyzing the dependence of the Sm3+ emission quenching ratio on the total RE concentration through fitting, it was determined that energy transfer occurs primarily via electric dipole-dipole and electric dipole-quadrupole interactions. Critical energy transfer distances (Rc) were calculated to lie between 1.66 nm and 2.24 nm for the studied concentration range, confirming the feasibility of efficient resonant transfer at these doping levels.

The impact of co-doping on the emitted light color was evaluated using the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates. As the Eu3+ dose increased from 1×1014 to 1×1015 at/cm2, the CIE coordinates systematically shifted from (0.527 5, 0.369 5) in the yellowish-red region to (0.606 3, 0.353 2) in the deep red region. Correspondingly, the calculated Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) decreased from 1 580 K to 730 K. This demonstrates that by adjusting the concentration of Eu3+ relative to the fixed proportion of the Sm3+ sensitizer, a clear and controllable tuning of the emission color toward saturated red can be achieved.

In conclusion, this study successfully fabricated and characterized Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped GaN thin films via ion implantation. Although the doping process introduces compressive stress and affects the crystalline quality, it enables efficient resonant energy transfer from Sm3+ to Eu3+. This transfer effectively pumps the Eu3+5D0 level, resulting in intensified red emission around 620 nm. Most notably, the emission color can be tuned from yellowish-red to deep red by varying the Eu3+ concentration, providing a direct means to achieve targeted red chromaticity. These findings offer foundational experimental insights and a material processing framework for developing GaN-based red-emitting devices utilizing the Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doping scheme, presenting a potentially advantageous alternative to high-In-content InGaN for red micro-LEDs and other advanced optoelectronic applications. Future work may focus on optimizing implantation and annealing parameters to mitigate structural damage and further enhance the luminescence efficiency of this co-doped system.

, authors=Da XU1, Xiaodan WANG1, Zhengdong SHU1, Chengwei ZHAO1, Hongmin MAO1, Xiaodong GAO2, Shunan ZHENG2, Xionghui ZENG2, authorsList=Da XU, Xiaodan WANG, Zhengdong SHU, Chengwei ZHAO, Hongmin MAO, Xiaodong GAO, Shunan ZHENG, Xionghui ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaodan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743879777865858, articleId=1315743876296593518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=Sm3+,Eu3+共掺GaN薄膜的结构与发光特性, columnId=1315743807635833750, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=薄膜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究Sm3+离子对Eu3+离子发光的调制作用,采用离子注入技术分别在GaN薄膜中实现了Sm3+单掺杂及Sm3+/Eu3+共掺杂。通过高分辨率X射线衍射、拉曼光谱与阴极荧光等表征手段,系统研究了掺杂样品的晶体结构和发光特性。研究结果表明:随着Eu3+掺杂浓度的增加,XRD衍射峰的半高宽呈现单调递增趋势,这表明样品的结晶质量逐渐下降。同时,晶格常数分析显示样品内部的压应力随Eu3+剂量增加而增大。阴极荧光光谱分析表明存在Sm3+向Eu3+的能量传递: 4G5/2 [Sm3+]+ 7F0 [Eu3+]→ 6H5/2 [Sm3+]+ 5D0 [Eu3+]。进一步计算发现,Sm3+主要通过电偶极-电偶极、电偶极-电四极共振方式将能量传递给Eu3+。色度坐标随着Eu3+的剂量增加从(0.527 5,0.369 5)变化到(0.606 3,0.353 2),发光颜色从黄红向深红转变,色温由1 580 K向730 K转变。

, authors=徐达1, 王晓丹1, 束正栋1, 赵成伟1, 毛红敏1, 高晓冬2, 郑树楠2, 曾雄辉2, authorsList=徐达, 王晓丹, 束正栋, 赵成伟, 毛红敏, 高晓冬, 郑树楠, 曾雄辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王晓丹, authorNote=

徐达,

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王晓丹,. edu.cn
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Journal of Luminescence, 2020, 219: 116947., articleTitle=Energy transfer investigation of Sm3+/Eu3+ CaBAl glasses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1315743892344000762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=93, issue=11, pageStart=3850, pageEnd=3856, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=39, authorNames=LIN H Y, FANG Y C, CHU S Y, journalName=Journal of the American Ceramic Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIN H Y, FANG Y C, CHU S Y. Energy transfer Sm3+→Eu3+ in potential red phosphor (Ca, Ba)3(VO4)2∶Sm3+,Eu3+ for use in organic solar cells and white light‐emitting diodes[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2010, 93(11): 3850-3856., articleTitle=Energy transfer Sm3+→Eu3+ in potential red phosphor (Ca, Ba)3(VO4)2∶Sm3+,Eu3+ for use in organic solar cells and white light‐emitting diodes, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743880008552579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743880016941188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, companyId=1315743880008552579, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optoelectronic Devices and Chips of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743880025329797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, companyId=1315743880008552579, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1苏州科技大学 物理科学与技术学院 江苏高校智能光电子器件与芯片重点实验室,苏州 215009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743880084050054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743880092438663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, companyId=1315743880084050054, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Suzhou 215123, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743880100827272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, companyId=1315743880084050054, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所,苏州 215123)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743884391600315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Rocking curves of the (0002) plane for GaN∶Sm³⁺ and GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+. (a) Rocking curve for GaN∶Sm3+ (FWHM values: 1×1014 Sm = 187.3 arcsec; 5×1014 Sm = 198.9 arcsec; 1×1015 Sm = 204.4 arcsec); (b) Rocking curve for GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+ (FWHM values: 5×10¹⁴ Sm, 1×1014Eu = 252.8 arcsec; 5×1014 Sm, 5×1014 Eu = 248.0 arcsec; 5×1014 Sm, 1×1014 Eu = 257.9 arcsec), figureFileSmall=Gyr2OzvZEET7EC4RQJGKsQ==, figureFileBig=BnNXSn/GZmVVGA7pawGeRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743884471292092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图1, caption=GaN∶Sm3+与GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+的(0002)晶面摇摆曲线。(a) GaN∶Sm3+的(0002)晶面摇摆曲线(半高宽值:1E14Sm = 187.3 arcsec;5E14Sm = 198.9 arcsec;1E15Sm = 204.4 arcsec);(b) GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+的(0002)晶面摇摆曲线(半高宽值:5E14Sm,1E14Eu = 252.8 arcsec;5E14Sm,5E14Eu = 248.0 arcsec;5E14Sm,1E15Eu = 257.9 arcsec), figureFileSmall=Gyr2OzvZEET7EC4RQJGKsQ==, figureFileBig=BnNXSn/GZmVVGA7pawGeRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743884701978813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Triple-axis 2θ/ω diffraction patterns of the (0002) plane for GaN∶Sm3+ and GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+.(a) GaN∶Sm3+ sample; (b) GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+ co-doped sample, figureFileSmall=B/0AgSVttyvHp/ZjNwL0Dg==, figureFileBig=JaerqQyDOqJhhA/Hf97ofg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743884773281982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图2, caption=GaN∶Sm3+与GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+的(0002)晶面三轴2θ/ω衍射谱图。(a) GaN∶Sm3+样品;(b) GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+共掺样品, figureFileSmall=B/0AgSVttyvHp/ZjNwL0Dg==, figureFileBig=JaerqQyDOqJhhA/Hf97ofg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743884886528191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Raman spectra of GaN∶Sm3+.(a) Full Raman spectrum showing E2low, E2high, and A₁(LO) phonon modes; (b) Magnified view of the E2high phonon mode region, figureFileSmall=+54rWTFn1iRz8D8TGcdpVA==, figureFileBig=G4Uw2Z2mvRlXXdh98Dds3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743884962025664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图3, caption=GaN∶Sm3+的拉曼光谱图。(a) 显示E2low、E2high和A₁(LO)声子模的完整拉曼光谱;(b) E2high声子模区域的放大图, figureFileSmall=+54rWTFn1iRz8D8TGcdpVA==, figureFileBig=G4Uw2Z2mvRlXXdh98Dds3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743885050106049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Raman spectra of GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+.(a) Full Raman spectrum showing E2low, E2high, and A₁(LO) phonon modes; (b) Magnified view of the E2high phonon mode region, figureFileSmall=9wMTqCNiXIpyNceURkfqNA==, figureFileBig=tTh8QKXFff2E0FWPg7ZPLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743885113020610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图4, caption=GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+的拉曼光谱图。(a) 显示E2low、E2high和A₁(LO)声子模的完整拉曼光谱;(b) E2high声子模区域的放大图, figureFileSmall=9wMTqCNiXIpyNceURkfqNA==, figureFileBig=tTh8QKXFff2E0FWPg7ZPLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743886740410563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=CL spectrum of GaN∶Sm3+, figureFileSmall=Ok7eFKjhr+feZwdS+EV8Iw==, figureFileBig=buQw+Wxj2TTcNs/Ug0QfKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743886824296644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图5, caption=GaN∶Sm3+ Cl光谱图, figureFileSmall=Ok7eFKjhr+feZwdS+EV8Iw==, figureFileBig=buQw+Wxj2TTcNs/Ug0QfKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743886891405509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra and emission intensity analysis of GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+. (a) CL spectra showing the characteristic emissions of Sm3+and Eu3+; (b) Variation of the integrated emission intensities for the strongest peaks of Sm3+ (~577 nm) and Eu3+ (~620 nm) as a function of Eu3+ implantation dose, figureFileSmall=ghtJLSFsEzz+FD7JiTL3Gw==, figureFileBig=wNRbyy+s7kpy8Om6cjocbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743886950125766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图6, caption=GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+共掺样品的阴极荧光(CL)光谱及发射强度分析。(a) 显示Sm3+和Eu3+特征发射的CL光谱;(b) Sm3+(~577 nm)和Eu3+(~620 nm)最强发射峰的积分强度随Eu3+注入剂量的变化关系, figureFileSmall=ghtJLSFsEzz+FD7JiTL3Gw==, figureFileBig=wNRbyy+s7kpy8Om6cjocbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887017234631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The relationship between I0/I of Eu and Cpn/3 in the GaN∶ Sm3+∶Eu3+ sample, figureFileSmall=MH8ejzTcQnd2jjMwUMpelw==, figureFileBig=OGO1xQkKlZPG/gvxjAiQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887105315016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图7, caption=GaN∶Sm3+∶Eu3+ 样品中Eu的I0/I与Cpn/3的函数关系, figureFileSmall=MH8ejzTcQnd2jjMwUMpelw==, figureFileBig=OGO1xQkKlZPG/gvxjAiQ7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887168229577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Energy level transition diagram of Sm3+ and Eu3+, figureFileSmall=k27V+cM3Oq3sNakqiNAokg==, figureFileBig=iD3tBoxwKM3mFG1B9TDeGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887226949834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Sm3+与Eu3+的能级跃迁图, figureFileSmall=k27V+cM3Oq3sNakqiNAokg==, figureFileBig=iD3tBoxwKM3mFG1B9TDeGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887294058699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Chromaticity diagram of GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+ luminescence, figureFileSmall=FClomf45j9AgIxPJ1mQk0w==, figureFileBig=oLRqxO5JqDyZs6vfD32AwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887373750476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=图9, caption=GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+发光色度图, figureFileSmall=FClomf45j9AgIxPJ1mQk0w==, figureFileBig=oLRqxO5JqDyZs6vfD32AwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743887461830861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Ion implantation dose parameters for GaN∶Sm3+ and GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleSm3+/(at·cm-2)Eu3+/(at·cm-2)
GaN∶Sm3+1×1014—
GaN∶Sm3+5×1014—
GaN∶Sm3+1×1015—
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10141×1014
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10145×1014
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10141×1015
), ArticleFig(id=1315743887537328334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

GaN∶Sm3+与GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+样品的离子注入剂量参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleSm3+/(at·cm-2)Eu3+/(at·cm-2)
GaN∶Sm3+1×1014—
GaN∶Sm3+5×1014—
GaN∶Sm3+1×1015—
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10141×1014
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10145×1014
GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+5×10141×1015
), ArticleFig(id=1315743887608631503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation results of average injection dose Cp and critical distance Rc

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sm3+/(at·cm-2)Eu3+/(at·cm-2) Cp/(%,atom fraction) Rc/nm
5×10141×10140.353 1882.243 84
5×10145×10140.587 2631.894 01
5×10141×10150.878 3161.656 19
), ArticleFig(id=1315743887692517584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Cp以及Rc的值的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sm3+/(at·cm-2)Eu3+/(at·cm-2) Cp/(%,atom fraction) Rc/nm
5×10141×10140.353 1882.243 84
5×10145×10140.587 2631.894 01
5×10141×10150.878 3161.656 19
), ArticleFig(id=1315743887772209361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

CIE chromaticity coordinates and correlated color temperature (CCT) of samples doped with different concentrations of Sm3+ and Eu3+

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples (5×1014 at/cm2 Sm3+)CIE-xCIE-yCCT/K
1×1014 at/cm2 Eu3+0.527 50.369 51 580
5×1014 at/cm2 Eu3+0.584 50.356 3820
1×1015 at/cm2 Eu3+0.606 30.353 2730
), ArticleFig(id=1315743887877066962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743876296593518, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同剂量的Sm3+和Eu3+样品的CIE色度坐标和CCT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Samples (5×1014 at/cm2 Sm3+)CIE-xCIE-yCCT/K
1×1014 at/cm2 Eu3+0.527 50.369 51 580
5×1014 at/cm2 Eu3+0.584 50.356 3820
1×1015 at/cm2 Eu3+0.606 30.353 2730
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Sm3+,Eu3+共掺GaN薄膜的结构与发光特性
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徐达 1 , 王晓丹 1 , 束正栋 1 , 赵成伟 1 , 毛红敏 1 , 高晓冬 2 , 郑树楠 2 , 曾雄辉 2
光子学报 | 薄膜 2026,55(1): 225-235
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光子学报 |薄膜 2026 , 55 (1) : 225 -235
Sm3+,Eu3+共掺GaN薄膜的结构与发光特性
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徐达1 , 王晓丹1 , 束正栋1, 赵成伟1, 毛红敏1, 高晓冬2, 郑树楠2, 曾雄辉2
作者信息
  • 1苏州科技大学 物理科学与技术学院 江苏高校智能光电子器件与芯片重点实验室,苏州 215009
  • 2中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所,苏州 215123
通讯作者:
王晓丹,. edu.cn
作者简介:
Structural and Luminescence Properties of Sm3+ and Eu3+ Co-doped GaN Thin Films
Da XU1 , Xiaodan WANG1 , Zhengdong SHU1, Chengwei ZHAO1, Hongmin MAO1, Xiaodong GAO2, Shunan ZHENG2, Xionghui ZENG2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optoelectronic Devices and Chips of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Suzhou 215123, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131003
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为了探究Sm3+离子对Eu3+离子发光的调制作用,采用离子注入技术分别在GaN薄膜中实现了Sm3+单掺杂及Sm3+/Eu3+共掺杂。通过高分辨率X射线衍射、拉曼光谱与阴极荧光等表征手段,系统研究了掺杂样品的晶体结构和发光特性。研究结果表明:随着Eu3+掺杂浓度的增加,XRD衍射峰的半高宽呈现单调递增趋势,这表明样品的结晶质量逐渐下降。同时,晶格常数分析显示样品内部的压应力随Eu3+剂量增加而增大。阴极荧光光谱分析表明存在Sm3+向Eu3+的能量传递: 4G5/2 [Sm3+]+ 7F0 [Eu3+]→ 6H5/2 [Sm3+]+ 5D0 [Eu3+]。进一步计算发现,Sm3+主要通过电偶极-电偶极、电偶极-电四极共振方式将能量传递给Eu3+。色度坐标随着Eu3+的剂量增加从(0.527 5,0.369 5)变化到(0.606 3,0.353 2),发光颜色从黄红向深红转变,色温由1 580 K向730 K转变。

氮化镓  /  铕离子  /  能量传递  /  钐离子  /  阴极荧光

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a cornerstone of third-generation wide-bandgap semiconductor technology, valued for its exceptional electronic mobility, thermal stability, chemical inertness, and robustness under extreme operating conditions. These qualities have driven its adoption in high-power electronics, high-frequency devices, and ultraviolet optoelectronics. However, a persistent challenge in GaN-based photonics is achieving efficient and stable red emission. Conventional InGaN-based red Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) suffer from efficiency droop and phase separation issues inherent to the high indium (In) content required for red wavelengths. As an alternative, doping GaN with rare-earth (RE) ions—which exhibit sharp, stable intra-4f shell emissions largely independent of the host matrix—offers a promising route to high-color-purity red light. Among these, trivalent europium ions (Eu3+) are renowned for their intense red emission lines around 620 nm. To enhance the optical activation and emission efficiency of such RE centers, co-doping with a sensitizer ion is a widely employed strategy. Samarium ions (Sm3+) have demonstrated effective sensitization of Eu3+ luminescence in various host materials through resonant energy transfer. Nevertheless, the specific system of Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped GaN is still in its infancy. This study aims to systematically investigate the structural modifications and luminescence characteristics—particularly the energy transfer dynamics—in GaN thin films co-doped with Sm³⁺ and Eu³⁺ ions, thereby evaluating its potential as a novel red-emitting material platform compatible with established GaN semiconductor processes.

This research employed ion implantation as the doping technique to introduce Sm3+ and Eu3+ ions into high-quality GaN thin films grown on c-plane sapphire substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A series of samples were prepared: including Sm3+ single-doped samples with varying doses (1×1014, 5×1014, 1×1015 at/cm2), and Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped samples with a fixed Sm3+ dose (5×1014 at/cm²) and varying Eu doses (1×1014, 5×1014, 1×1015 at/cm2). Post-implantation thermal annealing at 1 000 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere was conducted to recover implantation-induced lattice damage and to optically activate the RE ions. The structural integrity and stress state of the doped films were comprehensively assessed using High-resolution X-ray Diffraction (HRXRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The optical emission properties were investigated using Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy.

HRXRD rocking curve analysis of the GaN (0002) plane revealed that the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) increased with higher Sm3+ concentrations in single-doped samples, indicating a degradation of crystalline quality due to implantation-induced defects. In co-doped samples with a fixed Sm3+ dose, the FWHM exhibited a complex, non-monotonic trend as the Eu3+ dose increased, showing a slight initial decrease followed by a rise at higher doses. This suggests that the incorporation of a low dose of Eu3+ may induce minor lattice distortions that slightly improve local ordering, while higher doses exacerbate defect formation. Lattice constant analysis from 2θ/ω scans and Raman shift measurements of the E2high phonon mode provided consistent evidence of stress evolution. Sm3+ single-doping introduced tensile stress, whereas the introduction of Eu3+ in co-doped samples led to a significant increase in compressive stress, which intensified with higher Eu3+ doses.

Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy provided clear evidence of efficient energy transfer from Sm3+ (sensitizer) to Eu3+ (activator). In Sm3+ single-doped samples, characteristic emission peaks were observed from Sm3+ at approximately 577 nm (4G5/2 → 6H5/2), 618 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2), and 666 nm (4G5/2 → 6H7/2). In the co-doped samples, the Sm3+ emission intensity, particularly the 577 nm peak, was significantly quenched, while the characteristic Eu³⁺ emission lines, especially the dominant red emission at ~620 nm (5D0 → 7F2), were strongly enhanced with increasing Eu3+ concentration. This anti-correlation provides clear evidence for a non-radiative energy transfer process. The primary energy transfer pathway was identified as 4G5/2 (Sm3+) + 7F0 (Eu3+) → 6H5/2 (Sm3+) + 5D0 (Eu3+), favored by the near-perfect resonance (energy mismatch of only ~74 meV) between the Sm3+4G5/2 → 6H5/2 transition and the Eu3+7F0→5D0 absorption.

Further quantitative analysis based on Dexter's theory was conducted to elucidate the dominant interaction mechanism. By analyzing the dependence of the Sm3+ emission quenching ratio on the total RE concentration through fitting, it was determined that energy transfer occurs primarily via electric dipole-dipole and electric dipole-quadrupole interactions. Critical energy transfer distances (Rc) were calculated to lie between 1.66 nm and 2.24 nm for the studied concentration range, confirming the feasibility of efficient resonant transfer at these doping levels.

The impact of co-doping on the emitted light color was evaluated using the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates. As the Eu3+ dose increased from 1×1014 to 1×1015 at/cm2, the CIE coordinates systematically shifted from (0.527 5, 0.369 5) in the yellowish-red region to (0.606 3, 0.353 2) in the deep red region. Correspondingly, the calculated Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) decreased from 1 580 K to 730 K. This demonstrates that by adjusting the concentration of Eu3+ relative to the fixed proportion of the Sm3+ sensitizer, a clear and controllable tuning of the emission color toward saturated red can be achieved.

In conclusion, this study successfully fabricated and characterized Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doped GaN thin films via ion implantation. Although the doping process introduces compressive stress and affects the crystalline quality, it enables efficient resonant energy transfer from Sm3+ to Eu3+. This transfer effectively pumps the Eu3+5D0 level, resulting in intensified red emission around 620 nm. Most notably, the emission color can be tuned from yellowish-red to deep red by varying the Eu3+ concentration, providing a direct means to achieve targeted red chromaticity. These findings offer foundational experimental insights and a material processing framework for developing GaN-based red-emitting devices utilizing the Sm3+/Eu3+ co-doping scheme, presenting a potentially advantageous alternative to high-In-content InGaN for red micro-LEDs and other advanced optoelectronic applications. Future work may focus on optimizing implantation and annealing parameters to mitigate structural damage and further enhance the luminescence efficiency of this co-doped system.

Gallium nitride (GaN)  /  Europium ions (Eu3+)  /  Energy transfer  /  Samarium ions (Sm3+)  /  Cathodoluminescence
徐达, 王晓丹, 束正栋, 赵成伟, 毛红敏, 高晓冬, 郑树楠, 曾雄辉. Sm3+,Eu3+共掺GaN薄膜的结构与发光特性. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 225 -235 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131003
Da XU, Xiaodan WANG, Zhengdong SHU, Chengwei ZHAO, Hongmin MAO, Xiaodong GAO, Shunan ZHENG, Xionghui ZENG. Structural and Luminescence Properties of Sm3+ and Eu3+ Co-doped GaN Thin Films[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 225 -235 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131003
GaN作为一种第三代宽禁带(3.4 eV)半导体材料,具备高电子迁移率、优异的热稳定性、低介电常数、高热导率、强化学惰性以及出色的抗辐照性能等优点[1]。相较于传统窄禁带半导体材料(如Si、GaAs),GaN基半导体在高功率、高频、高温及抗辐照等极端应用条件下展现出显著优势,已成为21世纪半导体技术发展的关键方向之一[2]。目前,GaN已被广泛应用于光电探测、高功率电子器件、高温高效紫外光电器件等领域[3-6]。
稀土元素因其独特的4f电子结构,表现出优异的光学、电学和磁学性能[7]。稀土离子(如Ce3+至Yb3+)的4f电子受到外层5s2和5p6轨道的有效屏蔽,其能级受晶格环境影响较小,从而产生尖锐且与基质材料无关的特征发光[8]。在晶体场作用下,4f能级发生劈裂,原本禁戒的f–f跃迁得以部分解禁,从而产生独特而稳定的发射光谱[9]。
稀土离子掺杂可显著提升氮化镓(GaN)材料的光学性能。通过引入稀土离子特有的4f电子能级,可在GaN禁带中引入了高度局域化的新能级,促进光学跃迁,进而有效调控材料的发光特性[10]。该技术使得稀土掺杂GaN的光谱范围得以扩展,覆盖从紫外光到可见光乃至近红外的广泛区域,极大地增强了其在发光二极管(LED)显示技术、上转换及下转换等领域的应用潜力。
在具体稀土发光方面,Eu3+的主要发光峰位于600 nm、622 nm、664 nm处,对应红光发射[11-13]。而Sm3+的主要发光峰位于578 nm、618 nm、666 nm附近[25-27]。NGO N H等[14]在高质量Eu掺杂GaN薄膜中观测到光学增益现象。PERES M等[15]发现,将Eu掺杂GaN/AlN量子点在1 000 ℃至1 200 ℃下退火,能有效激活Eu3+发光中心并增强发光强度,但对其所处的局域晶体场环境无明显影响。
LANG Jihui等[16]研究Sm3+和Eu3+在共掺ZnO体系,发现Sm3+可以有效提高Eu3+的发光强度。Sm3+和Eu3+共掺杂样品可以提高能量转移效率,Sm3+可作为敏化剂,通过非辐射能量转移机制将激发能传递给Eu3+,从而增强 Eu3+的红色发光[17]。PAVITRA E等[18]研究表明Sm3+和Eu3+共掺杂,通过调控Tb3+/Eu3+或Tb3+/Sm3+的浓度和激发波长,实现了发光颜色从绿色、橙色到白色的连续可调谐。
目前,针对Sm3+/Eu3+共掺GaN体系研究尚属探索阶段。当前InGaN基红光LED所面临的固有挑战在于:为实现红光发射所需的高铟(In)组分极易引发相分离,导致器件效率与稳定性下降[19]。相比之下,Eu3+等稀土离子在GaN中能产生色纯度极高的稳定红光,是一条有希望的技术路线。本研究通过引入Sm3+进行共掺,旨在探究其对Eu3+发光中心的调制作用,为开发一种新型红光实现方案提供了实验依据,该方案有望替代高In组分InGaN,并与现有GaN半导体工艺保持更高兼容性。
为了系统探究Sm3+,Eu3+共掺GaN(GaN∶Sm,Eu)的微观结构与发光特性,本文采用离子注入技术在GaN薄膜中引入Sm3+,并借助高温退火处理实现稀土离子的光学激活。样品的晶格应力状态通过高分辨率X射线衍射仪(High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction,HRXRD)和拉曼光谱(Raman Spectroscopy)进行分析,并通过光致发光(Photoluminescence Spectroscopy,PL)和阴极荧光(Cathodoluminescence Spectroscopy,CL)表征材料的发光特性。
实验所用的GaN薄膜采用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)方法在(0001)面蓝宝石衬底上制备,薄膜厚度约为4 μm。Sm3+和Eu3+通过LC-4型离子注入机注入。首先进行Sm3+单掺杂实验;Sm3+和Eu3+共掺杂时,固定Sm3+剂量,变化Eu3+的注入剂量,样品具体注入参数如表1所示。在注入能量为200 keV、方向偏离法线7°的条件下,离子注入角度是决定Sm3+和Eu3+在GaN中分布情况的关键因素。在离子注入过程中,由于注入剂量相对较低,注入离子主要分布在近表面区域,导致样品近表面晶体结构受损并产生大量缺陷。为了恢复晶格损伤,所有样品均在氨气气氛中、1 000 ℃下退火处理1 h。
在结构特性方面,分别对样品进行HRXRD和拉曼光谱测试;在光学表征方面,分别进行PL和CL测试。本实验使用德国Bruker公司D8 Discover高分辨衍射仪进行HRXRD测试,该仪器配备Ge(440)四晶单色器,X光发散角≤12″,采用Cu Kα₁射线(波长0.154 nm)。拉曼光谱测试在LABRAM HR 800型激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪上进行,激发光源为325 nm He-Cd激光器。PL光谱在LabRAM HR800型光谱仪的PL模式下采集,激发光源为325 nm He-Cd激光器,激光功率28 mW。CL光谱在配备MonoCL3+阴极发光附件的Quanta 400 FEG型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)上采集。
离子注入引入的缺陷会导致晶体结构发生显著变化,引起衍射峰半高宽展宽。该展宽效应主要源于三种机制:位错引起晶格局部扭曲,破坏长程有序性;位错周围应变场导致布拉格衍射角分布展宽;高缺陷浓度区域形成位错墙,将晶体分割为多个微小晶畴,从而减小有效晶粒尺寸。这些微观结构变化共同导致X射线衍射谱线明显宽化 [16]。图1(a)是Sm3+单掺GaN的(0002)面的晶体摇摆曲线,随着Sm3+的注入剂量从1×1014 at/cm2增加至1×1015 at/cm2,半高宽由187.3 arcsec增大至204.4 arcsec,表明晶体质量随Sm3+浓度增加而降低,Sm3+的注入引入了新的缺陷。当Sm3+浓度为1×1015 at/cm2时,晶体损伤最为严重。图1(b)为固定Sm3+剂量(5×1014 at/cm2)时,不同Eu3+注入剂量下GaN的(0002)面的晶体摇摆曲线。随着Eu3+注入剂量的增加,摇摆曲线半高宽呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在注入剂量为5×1014 at/cm2时,可能引入了较低浓度的点缺陷或微小晶格畸变,这些缺陷对晶格长程有序性影响较小,甚至可能起到一定的“退火”作用,使衍射峰略微锐化[20]。这种微小的晶格畸变可能与点缺陷的引入有关,其在低剂量下对衍射峰的展宽影响较小,反而可能使衍射峰变得更加尖锐,从而导致半高宽略有减小。随着注入剂量进一步增加,半高宽开始增大,并在Eu3+剂量为1×1015 at/cm2时达到最大值。
为分析晶体中的应力变化,对GaN(0002)晶面进行了X射线衍射测试,结果如图2所示。根据布拉格衍射定律 nλ=2dsinθ可知,当注入剂量从1×1014 at/cm2增加至5×1014 at/cm2时,衍射角减小,晶面间距d增大,表明晶格发生膨胀,对应压应力状态。然而,当剂量从5×1014 at/cm2继续增加至1×1015 at/cm2时,衍射角略有回升,晶格中的压应力得到部分释放。但在Sm3+/Eu3+共掺GaN样品中观察到相反趋势:随Eu3+剂量增加,衍射角持续减小,d值上升,晶格膨胀加剧,压应力进一步增强。
为验证XRD的应力分析结果,对这批样品做了拉曼光谱的测试,图3(a)是GaN∶Sm3+的拉曼光谱,其中143 cm-1、571 cm-1和736 cm-1处的拉曼峰分别对应于E2low声子模、E2high声子模和A1(LO)声子模[21]。未受应变的GaN的E2high声子模特征频率约为568 cm-1 [22-23]。本研究中观察到的微小拉曼位移差异表明GaN与衬底之间的应力变化较小,晶格失配现象几乎可忽略。E2high模频率蓝移通常表明材料内部存在面内压应力(in-plane compressive stress),而红移则对应面内张应力(in-plane tensile stress) [24]。图3(b)是GaN∶Sm3+ E2high声子模的放大图,由3(b)可知随着Sm3+浓度的增加E2high声子模的拉曼位移变化不大,但与标准的相比,Sm3+掺杂GaN样品表现为张应力。
图4(a)是GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+的拉曼光谱,其中143 cm-1、570 cm-1和736 cm-1处的拉曼峰分别对应于E2low声子模、E2high声子模和A1(LO)声子模。图4(b)是GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+ E2high声子模的放大图,其峰位基本不随Eu3+剂量变化,但与单掺样品比较明显向高频移动(蓝移),说明Eu3+的注入导致样品压应力增大。
图5是Sm3+单掺GaN样品的CL光谱。Sm3+的特征发射峰主要位于565 nm,615 nm,668 nm,705 nm,分别对应Sm3+的4G5/2→6H5/2,4G5/2→6H7/2,4G5/2→6H9/2, 4G5/2→6H7/2的跃迁[25-28]。在图5(a)中可以观察到Sm3+在577 nm,618 nm,666 nm附近存在Sm3+的发光峰,分别对应Sm3+的4G5/2→6H5/2,4G5/2→6H7/2,4G5/2→6H9/2的跃迁。
图6(a)是GaN∶Sm3+,Eu3+样品的CL光谱。可见共掺的样品中Eu3+的发光峰比较强,Sm3+的发光峰比较弱,仅在578 nm附近观察到较弱的Sm3+发射峰,对应Sm3+的4G5/2→6H5/2的跃迁。Eu3+的特征发射峰位于543 nm,587 nm,600 nm,620 nm,663 nm附近,分别对应Eu3+的5D1→7F1,5D0→7F0,5D0→7F1,5D0→7F2,5D0→7F3的跃迁[11-13]。图6(b)是Sm3+和Eu3+最强发光峰(分别位于~577 nm和~620 nm)的积分强度随Eu3+剂量变化的关系。可见随着Eu3+的剂量增加,Eu3+在620 nm处发光强度持续增强,而Sm3+的577 nm发光强度持续减弱,这种此消彼长的变化可归因于Sm3+从4G5/2能级的发射与Eu3+的多个吸收跃迁存在光谱重叠,表明Sm3+与Eu3+之间存在明显的能量传递过程。
值得注意的是,该能量转移过程的主导机制并非依赖于Eu3+离子固有的、基于Laporte选择定则弱允许的7F0→5D0电偶极跃迁的微小吸收截面,而是源于供体-受体对之间高度共振的能级匹配。具体而言,Sm3+离子的4G5/2→6H5/2辐射跃迁能与Eu3+离子的7F0→5D0能级差形成近乎完美的谱线匹配,从而构成了一个高效的Förster型共振能量转移通道[36]。Sm3+与Eu3+之间的能量传递主要通过4G5/2→5D0路径实现,这得益于两者能级的高度匹配与极高的共振能量转移效率[35]。此外,能量也可转移至Eu3+的更高能级(如5D2、5L6),再通过非辐射弛豫至5D0发光,但该途径并非主要能量传递路径。
在能量传递过程中,供体(Sm3+)与受体(Eu3+)之间的能量转移效率主要由光谱重叠程度和离子间的距离等决定。为了探究Sm3+和Eu3+之间的作用机制,需估算离子间的临界传递距离。本文采用基于Dexter交换作用的公式估算临界距离Rc [11,28-29]。
Rc=23V4πCpN13
式中,Rc为Eu3+和Sm3+之间的平均距离,V为原胞体积(取0.045 9 nm3),Cp 为Eu3+和Sm3+的总浓度,N为原胞中的阳离子数目(取2)。本文通过模拟仿真方法对掺杂浓度进行估算,从而定量分析能量转移过程中的离子间距效应。估算方法为
Np=ϕiΔRp2π12≈0.4ϕiΔRp
Cp=NpNp+Nt
式中,Np为注入Eu3+和Sm3+的总数(at/cm3),ϕi是总离子注入计量(at/cm2),ΔRp为注入离子的分布深度范围(通过SRIM软件模拟得到约为15.5 nm),Nt为GaN中的Ga的原子密度(约4.357×1022 at/cm2)。
固定Sm3+浓度为5×1014 at/cm2,Eu3+的浓度分别为1×1014 at/cm2,5×1014 at/cm2,1×1015 at/cm2时,估算得到的Cp以及Rc的值如表2所示。
稀土离子间的距离一般小于0.5 nm时才能够发生能量传递[34],共振能量传递(Resonance Energy Transfer,RET)是指激发态供体(Donor,D)通过非辐射方式将能量传递给受体(Acceptor, A)的过程,其核心机制是电磁耦合或电子交换,无须光子参与。能量传递机制可能涉及电多极相互作用(偶极-偶极、偶极-四极、四极-四极)或交换相互作用[31]。
根据 Dexter 多极子能量传递理论与 Reisfeld 近似理论,进一步分析 Sm3+与 Eu3+ 之间的电多极子相互作用,其关系式可表示为[35]
I0I=CPn/3
式中,I0与I分别表示掺杂Eu3+前后Sm3+的发光强度;参数 n 取值6、8和10时,分别对应电偶极-电偶极、电偶极-电四极以及电四极-电四极相互作用类型。本文选取CL光谱中Eu3+在 5D0→7F2跃迁处发光峰的积分强度进行拟合分析,结果如图7所示。当 n分别取6、8和10时,决定系数R2(反映拟合优度,越接近1表示拟合越好)依次为0.998 84、0.995 69和0.972 81。在n=6、8时获得拟合效果较好且相近,表明在Sm3+、Eu3+共掺的GaN材料中,Sm3+与Eu3+之间的能量传递以电偶极-电偶极、电偶极-电四极相互作用为主导机制。
图8是Eu3+和Sm3+的能量传递机制图,在电子束激发下,处于基态(6H5/2)的Sm3+离子吸收辐射能量后跃迁至6G11/2激发态。随后,这些激发态电子通过非辐射弛豫过程(NR)转移至中间能级4G5/2。最终,电子从4G5/2能级向低能态6HJ(J=5/2、7/2、9/2、11/2)跃迁时,会释放特征光子,在577 nm、618 nm、及666 nm处产生Sm3+离子的特征发射光谱[32]。Sm3+的4G5/2→6H5/2的跃迁(能级差约为2.217 eV)与Eu3+的5D0→7F0的跃迁(能级差约为2.143 eV),二者的能级差相差仅为74 meV,而与Eu3+的5D1→7F0的跃迁(能级差约为2.335 eV)相差为118 meV,前者(74 meV)能级匹配度更优,因此能量转移概率最大。表明Sm3+和Eu3+主要通过前者路径发生共振能量转移。由于Sm3+的4G5/2的能级与Eu3+的5D0能级差(99 meV)比Sm3+的4G5/2的能级与Eu3+的5D1能级差小(130 meV),因此能量传递是Sm3+ (4G5/2) → Eu3+ (5D0) 的声子俘获概率更高[33]。Sm3+与Eu3+的能量传递过程可表述为:4G5/2 [Sm3+] + 7F0 [Eu3+] → 6H5/2 [ Sm3+] + 5D0 [Eu3+]。
图9为不同Eu3+注入剂量下GaN∶Sm3+, Eu3+样品的色度坐标图,利用McCamy的近似公式(5)进行计算[34]。
CCT=-449n3+3 525n2-6 823n+5 520.33
式中,n=(x-xe)/(y-ye),n为斜率的倒数,xe=0.332,ye=0.186。由色度坐标进一步计算相关色温(CCT),计算结果如表3所示。随着Eu3+的浓度从1×1014 at/cm2增加到1×1015 at/cm2浓度时,色度坐标从(0.527 5,0.369 5)变化到(0.606 3,0.353 2),发光颜色由黄红向深红转变,色温从1 580 K降至730 K。实验结果表明,通过调控两种离子的注入剂量可实现薄膜发光颜色的有效调控。
本文通过离子注入制备了Sm3+/Eu3+共掺GaN薄膜,并系统研究了其结构与发光特性。拉曼光谱与高分辨X射线衍射分析表明,离子注入导致晶体质量下降,样品内部存在压应力,且压应力随注入剂量增加而增大。Sm3+和Eu3+的发光主峰分别位于578 nm (4G5/2→6H5/2)和620 nm (5D0→7F2)附近。计算表明,Sm3+主要通过电偶极-电偶极、电偶极-电四极共振方式将能量单向传递给Eu3+,能量传递途径为4G5/2 [Sm3+] + 7F0 [Eu3+] → 6H5/2 [ Sm3+] + 5D0 [Eu3+]。样品的发光颜色可从黄红向深红转变,相关色温由1 580 K向730 K转变。通过调控Sm3+和Eu3+的浓度配比,可实现薄膜发光颜色的调控,这为开发基于GaN的红光LED提供了新的思路与实验依据。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0131003
  • 接收时间:2025-08-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-25
  • 录用日期:2025-10-29
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    1苏州科技大学 物理科学与技术学院 江苏高校智能光电子器件与芯片重点实验室,苏州 215009
    2中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所,苏州 215123

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王晓丹,. edu.cn
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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