Article(id=1315743831925052219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111001, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0111001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757520000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-11, onlineDate=1791627374868, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627374868, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627374868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627374868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=119, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743832759718716, articleId=1315743831925052219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Polarization-fused Binocular Stereo Vision Enhancement Method, columnId=1315741649251185161, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Imaging Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Binocular stereo vision has become a mainstream three-dimensional imaging solution in medical imaging analysis and industrial inspection because of its low cost, passive sensing and real-time processing capability. However, conventional stereo matching algorithms exhibit intrinsic limitations when confronting highly reflective and weakly textured objects such as polished ceramics, metals or water-like surfaces. Specular highlights saturate the sensor and obscure surface micro-structure, while the lack of natural texture causes a reduction in reliable feature points, resulting in mismatches, depth discontinuities and holes in reconstructed point clouds. Existing methods can be broadly categorized into active feature augmentation, which relies on projected patterns, added particles or structured light, and passive algorithmic optimization, which refines feature detection or incorporates learning-based priors. Active schemes increase system complexity, cost and sensitivity to environmental illumination, whereas passive schemes remain vulnerable to strong glare and texture scarcity, and often depend on prior knowledge of material properties. Polarization imaging, which is sensitive to surface reflection mechanisms and material characteristics, offers a promising avenue, yet current polarization-stereo fusion strategies still suffer from reflection-model inaccuracies, normal ambiguity, dependence on refractive index, and error accumulation during normal integration. These limitations motivate the present work, which aims to develop a polarization-augmented binocular stereo framework that alleviates specular interference and texture deficiency without introducing additional active devices.

The proposed method constructs a polarization-fused binocular stereo vision pipeline that combines physically based reflection decomposition with multimodal feature enhancement and conventional triangulation. A stereo pair of polarization-sensitive cameras acquires synchronized images at four polarization angles (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°), and the system is calibrated using a polarization chessboard and Zhang's method to obtain intrinsic and extrinsic parameters and to ensure accurate epipolar rectification. At the image-formation level, the observed intensity at each polarization angle is modeled as a superposition of specular and diffuse components. Multi-angle intensities are assembled into an observation matrix and approximated as low rank via singular value decomposition, which factorizes the data into coefficient and reflection matrices. An unknown transformation matrix is then optimized by minimizing the Pearson correlation between specular and diffuse estimates, yielding a separation in which diffuse components retain texture while specular energy is strongly attenuated. In parallel, Stokes-parameter analysis of the four polarization channels provides the degree and angle of polarization, from which azimuth and zenith angles of surface normals are inferred under an assumed refractive index. Intensity-based SURF descriptors are extracted on the glare-suppressed diffuse image, polarization-normal descriptors are computed from the normal map, and both standardized descriptors are concatenated into a joint feature representation that guides stereo matching, disparity computation and depth estimation.

Extensive experiments on highly reflective ceramic and metallic targets demonstrate that the proposed polarization-enhanced stereo framework markedly improves both feature richness and three-dimensional reconstruction quality. Using a dual MER2-502-79U3M polarization camera system with precise baseline control and synchronized acquisition of four-angle polarization sequences, the authors first examine feature detection on ceramic samples with strong specular highlights. SURF-based analysis shows that, before enhancement, only a few dozen stable feature points are available in each region, whereas after specular-diffuse separation and polarization-based feature augmentation, the number of keypoints increases by roughly an order of magnitude and feature coverage improves correspondingly. Gray-level histograms confirm that the proportion of pixels in high-intensity highlight ranges drops sharply after processing, indicating effective suppression of saturated regions and recovery of latent texture. Depth profiles along selected cross-sections reveal that original stereo reconstructions exhibit pronounced oscillations and artificial depressions in glare-dominated areas, while the enhanced method yields smooth, continuous depth curves that closely approximate the true object geometry. Quantitative distance measurements between reconstructed and physically measured point pairs show absolute errors below 5 mm and relative errors below about 0.5. On metallic heater targets, the method fills the vast majority of point cloud holes, elevates surface completeness to almost full coverage, reduces highlight-dominated pixel proportions, and increases local feature density by several tens of percent in difficult regions.

Comparative evaluation against three representative baselines further highlights the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach. Traditional binocular stereo vision, although computationally efficient, exhibits the lowest structural similarity because it relies solely on intensity texture and is easily disrupted by glare and weak-patterned surfaces. Pure polarization-based three-dimensional imaging improves detail recovery by exploiting polarization-derived normals, yet its accuracy is constrained by unknown or spatially varying refractive indices and by error accumulation during normal integration. A hybrid method that fuses polarization with deep neural networks achieves higher reconstruction quality by resolving angular ambiguities, but requires substantial computational resources and long inference times, which challenge real-time deployment. In contrast, the proposed specular–diffuse separation and polarization-augmented stereo matching strategy achieves the highest structural similarity index while maintaining moderate runtime, thereby realizing a favorable balance between precision and efficiency without resorting to additional active projection hardware. Overall, the work shows that incorporating polarization cues at the level of reflection modeling and feature description can effectively overcome the dual challenges of high specular reflection and texture scarcity, significantly reducing point cloud hole rates and enhancing geometric fidelity. The method therefore offers a promising solution for high-precision, passive three-dimensional measurement of highly reflective, weakly textured objects in industrial inspection and related application scenarios.

, authors=Yudong CAI1, Ming JIN1, Yue WANG1, Wenze GUO1, Xinyu ZHANG1, Xuan LI1, 3, Xiaopeng SHAO2, authorsList=Yudong CAI, Ming JIN, Yue WANG, Wenze GUO, Xinyu ZHANG, Xuan LI, Xiaopeng SHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743836329071449, articleId=1315743831925052219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法, columnId=1315741649624478219, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=成像系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统双目视觉算法在弱纹理和高反光目标表面因特征缺失导致的匹配失效和重建畸变问题,提出了一种融合偏振特性以增强特征表征能力的改进方法。该方法通过构建偏振反射模型,从光强中分离漫反射分量,有效抑制高反光区域的干扰信息,提升其表面特征的可检测性。同时,采用偏振法线特征与漫反射光强特征联合策略,显著增强双目立体视觉系统的特征表征效能。实验结果表明:该方法在高反光、弱纹理物体表面能有效抑制高光干扰,特征点数量提升显著;所重建点云的测量值与实际测量值的相对误差小于5 mm,绝对误差小于0.5。特征增强后区域空洞率显著降低97.58%。该方法无需额外主动设备即可有效提升目标表面的特征表征能力,解决强反光掩盖特征及信息缺失导致的点云空洞问题。为工业场景下高反光、弱纹理物体的高精度三维测量提供了有效解决方案。

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蔡玉栋,

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(a) The original image; (b) The specular reflection component separated by the proposed algorithm; (c) The diffuse reflection component separated by the proposed algorithm, figureFileSmall=niNg1AJkW+hFY2hTPjb+vQ==, figureFileBig=NhIpeMzZMCgt6I2O00yBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840301077396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图2, caption=镜面反射光和漫反射光分离结果。(a)原始图像;(b)算法分离出的镜面反射光成分;(c)算法分离出的漫反射光成分, figureFileSmall=niNg1AJkW+hFY2hTPjb+vQ==, figureFileBig=NhIpeMzZMCgt6I2O00yBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840393352085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of disparity measurement, figureFileSmall=TpjoHVGfsOJaoFmjRJAKrA==, figureFileBig=ZjdNdq530SfcUWJChpWWSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840464655254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图3, caption=视差测量原理图, figureFileSmall=TpjoHVGfsOJaoFmjRJAKrA==, figureFileBig=ZjdNdq530SfcUWJChpWWSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840649204631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Binocular stereo vision system. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Photograph, figureFileSmall=kTl1C3vol2l18whOvu3AxQ==, figureFileBig=XTi697NFuvfsMvidJW+rVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840728896408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图4, caption=双目立体视觉系统。(a)示意图;(b)真实图像, figureFileSmall=kTl1C3vol2l18whOvu3AxQ==, figureFileBig=XTi697NFuvfsMvidJW+rVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743840800199577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Experimental procedure flowchart, figureFileSmall=NBIIBumcqkFxsSx9PQPsPQ==, figureFileBig=oz6sh7vzL/f5InQaJEJmPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841089606554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验操作流程, figureFileSmall=NBIIBumcqkFxsSx9PQPsPQ==, figureFileBig=oz6sh7vzL/f5InQaJEJmPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841169298331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Feature point detection capability assessment. (a) Before feature enhancement for target 1; (b)Before feature enhancement for target 2; (c) Before feature enhancement for target 3; (d) After feature enhancement for target 1; (e) After feature enhancement for target 2; (f) After feature enhancement for target 3, figureFileSmall=OymHy9mt8vGBt67AT+FcTQ==, figureFileBig=/QH+dOPILV3OzZognBwA+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841253184412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图6, caption=特征点检测能力分析。(a)特征增强前的目标1;(b)特征增强前的目标2;(c)特征增强前的目标3;(d)特征增强后的目标1;(e)特征增强后的目标2;(f)特征增强后的目标3, figureFileSmall=OymHy9mt8vGBt67AT+FcTQ==, figureFileBig=/QH+dOPILV3OzZognBwA+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841496454045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Feature enhancement full-process comparison. (a) The original image; (b) The specular reflection component; (c) The diffuse reflection component; (d) Original reconstruction; (e) Feature detection(Pre- enhancement); (f) Normal map; (g) Feature detection(Post- enhancement); (h) Feature enhancement reconstruction, figureFileSmall=kZgQHBN80vLX8erFC10wGw==, figureFileBig=QspA1RKj2LDvv81b0u7+Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841567757214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图7, caption=特征增强全流程对比。(a)原始图像;(b)本文算法分离出的镜面反射光分量;(c)本文算法分离出的漫反射光分量;(d)原始的重建结果;(e)特征增强前的特征点检测结果;(f)法向量图;(g)特征增强后的特征点检测结果;(h)特征增强后的重建结果, figureFileSmall=kZgQHBN80vLX8erFC10wGw==, figureFileBig=QspA1RKj2LDvv81b0u7+Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841655837599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Reconstruction results analysis. (a) Object model and key points; (b) Original image histogram; (c) feature enhancement image histogram; (d) Comparative analysis of depth distributions; (e) Analysis of depth value discrepancies, figureFileSmall=mEp/C5qquT/JhWxxVdOe+Q==, figureFileBig=apIsS3rOCeUc5otngCuX5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841727140768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图8, caption=重建结果分析。(a)目标模型与关键点;(b)原始图像的灰度直方图;(c)特征增强图像的灰度直方图;(d)深度分布的对比分析;(e)深度值差异分析, figureFileSmall=mEp/C5qquT/JhWxxVdOe+Q==, figureFileBig=apIsS3rOCeUc5otngCuX5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841903301537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Reconstruction results of metal objects. (a) Before feature enhancement 3D point cloud; (b) Local detail region 1 (pre-enhancement); (c) Local detail region 2 (pre-enhancement); (d) After feature enhancement 3D point cloud; (e) Local detail region 1 (post-enhancement); (f) Local detail region 2 (post-enhancement), figureFileSmall=sBgeq2YkDNv3ba87+JRMiA==, figureFileBig=peMVz8kK2Imq303ELFyssA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743841970410402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图9, caption=金属目标重建结果。(a)特征增强前的三维点云;(b)特征增强前区域1的局部细节图;(c)特征增强前区域2的局部细节图;(d)特征增强后的三维点云;(e)特征增强后区域1的局部细节图;(f)特征增强后区域2的局部细节图, figureFileSmall=sBgeq2YkDNv3ba87+JRMiA==, figureFileBig=peMVz8kK2Imq303ELFyssA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842041713571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Analysis of reconstruction results for metal objects. (a) Region 1(pre-enhancement) histogram; (b) Region 2(pre-enhancement) histogram; (c) Region 1(pre-enhancement)feature detection; (d)Region 2(pre-enhancement) feature detection; (e) Region 1(post-enhancement) histogram; (f) Region 2(post-enhancement) histogram; (g) Region 1(post-enhancement)feature detection; (h) Region 2(post-enhancement)feature detection, figureFileSmall=7tczQmEYtZdUljZ8v39UHg==, figureFileBig=h0BRX+mN7NBRg53NMuZ0sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842104628132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=图10, caption=金属目标重建结果分析。(a)特征增强前区域1的直方图;(b)特征增强前区域2的直方图;(c)特征增强前区域1的特征点检测结果;(d)特征增强前区域2的特征点检测结果;(e)特征增强后区域1的直方图;(f)特征增强后区域2的直方图;(g)特征增强后区域1的特征点检测结果;(h)特征增强后区域2的特征点检测结果, figureFileSmall=7tczQmEYtZdUljZ8v39UHg==, figureFileBig=h0BRX+mN7NBRg53NMuZ0sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743842314343333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Algorithm flow

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Algorithm: The polarization-fused binocular stereo vision enhancement algorithm for weak texture targets
Input :Binocular images, F1,F2,JT
Begin
Step1Output IDiffuse according to Equation (4)、(5)、(6)
Step2Output normal: npbc according to Equations (7)、(8)、(9)、(10)
Step3Output DescO(pk) according to Equation (12)
Step4Output the depth value : Depthbp according to Equation (14)
Step5Output the feature coverage ratio : FCptc according to Equation (15)
End
Output:Depthbp, FCptc
), ArticleFig(id=1315743842389840806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算法流程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Algorithm: The polarization-fused binocular stereo vision enhancement algorithm for weak texture targets
Input :Binocular images, F1,F2,JT
Begin
Step1Output IDiffuse according to Equation (4)、(5)、(6)
Step2Output normal: npbc according to Equations (7)、(8)、(9)、(10)
Step3Output DescO(pk) according to Equation (12)
Step4Output the depth value : Depthbp according to Equation (14)
Step5Output the feature coverage ratio : FCptc according to Equation (15)
End
Output:Depthbp, FCptc
), ArticleFig(id=1315743842477921191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table of point pair distance comparison results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Point pairBefore feature enhancement/mmAfter feature enhancement/mmActual distance/mmAbsolute error/mmRelative error/mm
AB12.62512.60716.33.6930.226 6
AC12.72312.70616.63.8940.234 6
BD75.80930.0134.24.1900.122 5
DF69.93417.19221.54.3080.200 4
EF9.6569.62112.73.0790.242 5
FG6.6876.67611.34.6240.409 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743842553418664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

点对距离对比结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Point pairBefore feature enhancement/mmAfter feature enhancement/mmActual distance/mmAbsolute error/mmRelative error/mm
AB12.62512.60716.33.6930.226 6
AC12.72312.70616.63.8940.234 6
BD75.80930.0134.24.1900.122 5
DF69.93417.19221.54.3080.200 4
EF9.6569.62112.73.0790.242 5
FG6.6876.67611.34.6240.409 2
), ArticleFig(id=1315743842847019945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Algorithm comparison table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Binocular stereo visionPolarization-based
3D imaging
Polarization and neural network fusionOur method
Reconstruction results
SSIM0.962 40.982 60.987 50.995 6
Run time/s1.213.459.663.59
), ArticleFig(id=1315743843178369962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743831925052219, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

算法对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Binocular stereo visionPolarization-based
3D imaging
Polarization and neural network fusionOur method
Reconstruction results
SSIM0.962 40.982 60.987 50.995 6
Run time/s1.213.459.663.59
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融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法
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蔡玉栋 1 , 金明 1 , 王越 1 , 郭文泽 1 , 张昕宇 1 , 李轩 1, 3 , 邵晓鹏 2
光子学报 | 成像系统 2026,55(1): 119-133
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光子学报 |成像系统 2026 , 55 (1) : 119 -133
融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法
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蔡玉栋1 , 金明1, 王越1, 郭文泽1, 张昕宇1, 李轩1, 3 , 邵晓鹏2
作者信息
  • 1西安电子科技大学 杭州研究院,杭州 311200
  • 2中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710119
  • 3西安电子科技大学 光电工程学院,西安 710071
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Polarization-fused Binocular Stereo Vision Enhancement Method
Yudong CAI1 , Ming JIN1, Yue WANG1, Wenze GUO1, Xinyu ZHANG1, Xuan LI1, 3 , Xiaopeng SHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
  • 2Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, CAS, Xi'an 710119, China
  • 3School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111001
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针对传统双目视觉算法在弱纹理和高反光目标表面因特征缺失导致的匹配失效和重建畸变问题,提出了一种融合偏振特性以增强特征表征能力的改进方法。该方法通过构建偏振反射模型,从光强中分离漫反射分量,有效抑制高反光区域的干扰信息,提升其表面特征的可检测性。同时,采用偏振法线特征与漫反射光强特征联合策略,显著增强双目立体视觉系统的特征表征效能。实验结果表明:该方法在高反光、弱纹理物体表面能有效抑制高光干扰,特征点数量提升显著;所重建点云的测量值与实际测量值的相对误差小于5 mm,绝对误差小于0.5。特征增强后区域空洞率显著降低97.58%。该方法无需额外主动设备即可有效提升目标表面的特征表征能力,解决强反光掩盖特征及信息缺失导致的点云空洞问题。为工业场景下高反光、弱纹理物体的高精度三维测量提供了有效解决方案。

双目立体视觉  /  弱纹理  /  特征增强  /  偏振  /  三维重建

Binocular stereo vision has become a mainstream three-dimensional imaging solution in medical imaging analysis and industrial inspection because of its low cost, passive sensing and real-time processing capability. However, conventional stereo matching algorithms exhibit intrinsic limitations when confronting highly reflective and weakly textured objects such as polished ceramics, metals or water-like surfaces. Specular highlights saturate the sensor and obscure surface micro-structure, while the lack of natural texture causes a reduction in reliable feature points, resulting in mismatches, depth discontinuities and holes in reconstructed point clouds. Existing methods can be broadly categorized into active feature augmentation, which relies on projected patterns, added particles or structured light, and passive algorithmic optimization, which refines feature detection or incorporates learning-based priors. Active schemes increase system complexity, cost and sensitivity to environmental illumination, whereas passive schemes remain vulnerable to strong glare and texture scarcity, and often depend on prior knowledge of material properties. Polarization imaging, which is sensitive to surface reflection mechanisms and material characteristics, offers a promising avenue, yet current polarization-stereo fusion strategies still suffer from reflection-model inaccuracies, normal ambiguity, dependence on refractive index, and error accumulation during normal integration. These limitations motivate the present work, which aims to develop a polarization-augmented binocular stereo framework that alleviates specular interference and texture deficiency without introducing additional active devices.

The proposed method constructs a polarization-fused binocular stereo vision pipeline that combines physically based reflection decomposition with multimodal feature enhancement and conventional triangulation. A stereo pair of polarization-sensitive cameras acquires synchronized images at four polarization angles (0°, 45°, 90° and 135°), and the system is calibrated using a polarization chessboard and Zhang's method to obtain intrinsic and extrinsic parameters and to ensure accurate epipolar rectification. At the image-formation level, the observed intensity at each polarization angle is modeled as a superposition of specular and diffuse components. Multi-angle intensities are assembled into an observation matrix and approximated as low rank via singular value decomposition, which factorizes the data into coefficient and reflection matrices. An unknown transformation matrix is then optimized by minimizing the Pearson correlation between specular and diffuse estimates, yielding a separation in which diffuse components retain texture while specular energy is strongly attenuated. In parallel, Stokes-parameter analysis of the four polarization channels provides the degree and angle of polarization, from which azimuth and zenith angles of surface normals are inferred under an assumed refractive index. Intensity-based SURF descriptors are extracted on the glare-suppressed diffuse image, polarization-normal descriptors are computed from the normal map, and both standardized descriptors are concatenated into a joint feature representation that guides stereo matching, disparity computation and depth estimation.

Extensive experiments on highly reflective ceramic and metallic targets demonstrate that the proposed polarization-enhanced stereo framework markedly improves both feature richness and three-dimensional reconstruction quality. Using a dual MER2-502-79U3M polarization camera system with precise baseline control and synchronized acquisition of four-angle polarization sequences, the authors first examine feature detection on ceramic samples with strong specular highlights. SURF-based analysis shows that, before enhancement, only a few dozen stable feature points are available in each region, whereas after specular-diffuse separation and polarization-based feature augmentation, the number of keypoints increases by roughly an order of magnitude and feature coverage improves correspondingly. Gray-level histograms confirm that the proportion of pixels in high-intensity highlight ranges drops sharply after processing, indicating effective suppression of saturated regions and recovery of latent texture. Depth profiles along selected cross-sections reveal that original stereo reconstructions exhibit pronounced oscillations and artificial depressions in glare-dominated areas, while the enhanced method yields smooth, continuous depth curves that closely approximate the true object geometry. Quantitative distance measurements between reconstructed and physically measured point pairs show absolute errors below 5 mm and relative errors below about 0.5. On metallic heater targets, the method fills the vast majority of point cloud holes, elevates surface completeness to almost full coverage, reduces highlight-dominated pixel proportions, and increases local feature density by several tens of percent in difficult regions.

Comparative evaluation against three representative baselines further highlights the advantages and limitations of the proposed approach. Traditional binocular stereo vision, although computationally efficient, exhibits the lowest structural similarity because it relies solely on intensity texture and is easily disrupted by glare and weak-patterned surfaces. Pure polarization-based three-dimensional imaging improves detail recovery by exploiting polarization-derived normals, yet its accuracy is constrained by unknown or spatially varying refractive indices and by error accumulation during normal integration. A hybrid method that fuses polarization with deep neural networks achieves higher reconstruction quality by resolving angular ambiguities, but requires substantial computational resources and long inference times, which challenge real-time deployment. In contrast, the proposed specular–diffuse separation and polarization-augmented stereo matching strategy achieves the highest structural similarity index while maintaining moderate runtime, thereby realizing a favorable balance between precision and efficiency without resorting to additional active projection hardware. Overall, the work shows that incorporating polarization cues at the level of reflection modeling and feature description can effectively overcome the dual challenges of high specular reflection and texture scarcity, significantly reducing point cloud hole rates and enhancing geometric fidelity. The method therefore offers a promising solution for high-precision, passive three-dimensional measurement of highly reflective, weakly textured objects in industrial inspection and related application scenarios.

Binocular stereo vision  /  Weak texture  /  Feature enhancement  /  polarization  /  3D reconstruction
蔡玉栋, 金明, 王越, 郭文泽, 张昕宇, 李轩, 邵晓鹏. 融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 119 -133 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111001
Yudong CAI, Ming JIN, Yue WANG, Wenze GUO, Xinyu ZHANG, Xuan LI, Xiaopeng SHAO. Polarization-fused Binocular Stereo Vision Enhancement Method[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 119 -133 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111001
双目立体视觉技术因无需主动投射装置、成本低廉且具备实时处理能力[1],已成为医学影像分析、工业检测等领域的主流三维成像方案。然而,传统双目匹配算法在弱纹理区域(如抛光金属、水面等)和高反光目标的三维重建中存在根本性局限:镜面反射产生的高光区域易造成传感器响应饱和,导致目标表面细节信息丢失;同时,有效特征的缺失使立体匹配算法难以提取稳定特征点,最终形成三维点云的空洞与断裂现象。针对上述挑战,现有研究主要分为两类:一类是早期研究的主动式特征添加策略,通过物理手段引入人工特征。如李德玉等[2]在水面布撒轻质泡沫颗粒来生成人工特征点,并结合半全局匹配算法实现了水面波纹的三维形貌重建。MOLFETTA G M等[3]在池底固定浮子来提供匹配基准点,以完成立体匹配。上述方法虽然能够有效生成人工特征点,但都容易受到环境条件的影响,导致特征点的稳定性受损,从而影响匹配精度和三维重建效果。梁海香等[4]通过投影仪向水面投射网格特征,基于尺度不变特征变换算法实现了水面形貌恢复。该方案能够有效提升人工特征点的稳定性,从而增强方法在实际应用中的可行性。然而,这一方案引入了额外的设备要求,增加了实验的复杂度和成本。另一类研究则聚焦于被动式特征提取算法的优化,旨在通过特征提取算法的改进解决额外设备依赖的问题。郑坤等[5]在传统Harris算法的基础上,提出了一种基于高斯金字塔改进的Harris特征点检测算法。YUAN Z L等[6]设计了一种纹理感知分割与相关细化引导的立体重建策略,通过滤波、细化和分割能够解决弱纹理区域的匹配问题。尽管这些方案能有效处理弱纹理目标的特征点检测和匹配问题,但仍然易受到高光干扰的影响。李默晶等[7]将自监督深度生成网络应用于高反光区域,提出了一种动态更新优先级的多任务权值搜索策略以提升对外界光照的强抗性。然而,这些方法仍难以克服高光干扰与纹理不足的双重限制。
近年来,偏振成像因其对表面材质的敏感性及耀光抑制特性,为解决上述问题提供了新的研究思路。平茜茜等[8]开创性地将偏振稠密点云与双目稀疏点云融合,通过坐标转换弥补纹理缺失导致的空洞。王晓敏等[9]针对偏振三维重建过程中方位角模糊性对深度信息获取的限制,提出双目立体视觉辅助的方位角消歧义方法,解决光滑表面点云缺失问题。HE H H等[10]提出了一种利用点阵激光照射目标,增加目标表面特征点,再利用双目偏振相机获取图像,通过偏振光抑制金属耀光影响,最后进行匹配和点云重建的方法。该方法依赖于主动投影设备限制了其应用场景。YIAN X等[11]提出构建联合重建模型以消除偏振方位角歧义,并融合双目立体视觉数据提高融合深度的准确性。李宜峰等[12]提出了一种结构光主动与偏振被动融合的伪双目立体视觉三维重建方法,通过结构光成像获取的深度图校正原始偏振信息中的方位角歧义,并结合网格拉布拉斯算子优化处理表面凹陷问题,实现了更精确的三维重建。ZHAO J Y等[13]提出了PolarPMS方法,将偏振信息引入块匹配(PatchMatch)多视图立体算法中,利用偏振信息与物体表面法向的物理关系来评估深度和法向假设的有效性,尤其提升了弱纹理表面的重建精度和完整性,但是该方法无法有效解决镜面反射光对目标表面纹理的抑制作用。
综上所述,现有偏振-双目融合三维重建方法仍存在诸多技术瓶颈:首先,主动投影设备的引入虽能增强特征丰富度,但导致系统结构复杂度指数级上升且易受环境光干扰,降低系统鲁棒性;其次,当前反射分量分离算法在复杂材质表面存在物理建模误差,导致高光区域残留率高,制约重建精度提升;此外,传统特征提取算法在弱纹理区域仍依赖人工先验知识,特征点覆盖率不足问题未根本解决。而以偏振成像为主体的重建框架中,目标法向量计算需通过天顶角与方位角的级联解算实现,该过程存在双重误差源——天顶角计算依赖Snell定律,当介质折射率未知或存在梯度变化时,单点折射率误差将导致天顶角产生放大效应,且目标表面RGB反射率差异会引入偏振角测量偏差;此外,在复杂环境中,由于散射现象的复杂性,偏振光的获取可能变得不稳定和不准确,进一步影响三维重建结果的精度,上述问题共同制约了复杂环境下高反光、弱纹理目标的高精度三维重建。
为攻克高反光弱纹理目标的特征缺失与点云空洞问题,本文提出融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法,建立镜面反射-漫反射相关性分离模型,有效抑制高光干扰并恢复表面真实纹理;提出材料本征偏振响应特征提取方法,提取新型偏振法线特征点,突破传统方法对纹理的依赖,提升特征点密度;构建偏振双目联合特征描述子,通过多模态特征融合与优化匹配策略,实现高反光、弱纹理目标的高精度三维重建。
基于偏振特性增强的双目立体视觉系统架构如图1所示,其核心流程如下:采用双目偏振成像系统同步捕获目标在0°、45°、90°、135°四个偏振角度的图像序列;通过对上述序列进行斯托克斯矢量计算,提取目标表面的偏振特性参数[14];利用偏振参数抑制高反光区域的镜面反射分量,提升表面漫反射光强的表达能力[15];融合偏振法线信息与抑制高光后的光强数据,生成具有偏振属性的新型特征点(即偏振法线特征点);在完成极线校正以提升匹配效率的基础上,将偏振法线特征点与传统光强特征点进行联合,显著增强特征检测能力并提升匹配过程的鲁棒性与精度;采用SURF(Speeded-Up Robust Features)算法进行特征点检测,基于立体视觉的三角测量原理推导深度信息;最终生成高精度、高可靠性的三维点云模型。
在弱纹理场景下,传统基于光强特征的匹配算法往往因纹理信息不足而失效。此时,偏振成像模态提供的偏振信息能够为特征稀疏区域提供有效的补充约束,显著提升算法的鲁棒性。然而,要充分发挥偏振双目视觉系统的这一优势,其关键在于实现高精度的系统标定,以准确获取偏振相机的内外参数及偏振-几何映射关系。鉴于张正友标定法在计算效率和操作便捷性方面的显著优势[16],本文基于该方法构建了偏振双目系统的标定框架。具体而言,以特制的偏振棋盘格平面靶标作为成像基准,通过采集标定板在28组不同空间姿态下的双目偏振图像(包含0°、45°、90°和135°四个偏振方向),基于检测到的12行9列棋盘格角点数据[17],通过最小二乘法求解高精度的系统参数。
ca1a21︸A=fxγx00fyy0001︸Fj11j12j13t1j21j22j23t2j31j32j33t3︸JTb1b2b3b4︸B
式中,B为真实世界坐标系下的三维坐标点坐标,b4设置为1;A表示偏振相机获取的二维图像中像素点的坐标;F表示相机的内参矩阵;fx、fy表示相机的水平和垂直焦距;x0、y0表示相机中心点坐标;γ表示切向畸变系数;c表示真实世界坐标系到二维图像像素坐标系的尺度因子;JT表示旋转平移矩阵。
a1=fx(j11b1+j12b2+j13b3+t1)+γ(j21b1+j22b2+j23b3+t2)j31b1+j32b2+j33b3+t3+x0a2=fy(j21b1+j22b2+j23b3+t2)j31b1+j32b2+j33b3+t3+y0
像素坐标与世界坐标的关系如式(2),利用偏振双目相机采集得到的28张图像可以建立像素坐标与世界坐标的方程组,利用最小二乘法求解线性方程组,得到内外参数的估计。
在双目立体视觉系统中,镜面反射形成的高光干扰会掩盖真实的表面几何信息,导致重建结果出现“空洞”或“膨胀”。偏振双目视觉在强度信息的基础上引入光波的偏振态物理特性,能够弥补传统方法在弱纹理区域的特征缺失,同时通过偏振特性可以分离镜面反射与漫反射成分,在抑制高光干扰(镜面反射)的同时恢复出目标原有漫反射信息,从而实现双目立体视觉算法的性能提升。偏振相机接收的总光强可以视为镜面反射ISpecular和漫反射成分IDiffuse之和,每幅图像强度满足
Ii=fd(ϕi)IDiffusep+fs(ϕi)ISpecularp+Imin
式中,Ii表示偏振相机采集的不同角度的光强;fd(ϕi),fs(ϕi)分别表示漫反射和镜面反射的偏振调制函数;Imin表示完全非偏振分量通常为恒定值。
通过消除完全非偏振光干扰,同时将镜面反射分量与漫反射分量在不同偏振角度下得到的线性方程矩阵化,建立观测矩阵X与反射分量矩阵R如(4)所示线性约束模型
X=x1x2x3x4=fd(ϕ0)fs(ϕ0)fd(ϕ45)fs(ϕ45)fd(ϕ90)fs(ϕ90)fd(ϕ135)fs(ϕ135)︸MI^DiffusepI^Specularp︸R
式中,M是由偏振调制函数构成的混合系数矩阵。
利用奇异值分解对X进行低秩近似(秩=2),分解为子空间矩阵乘积,并引入W矩阵构造符合约束模型的系数矩阵与反射分量矩阵
X4×n≈U^4×2W2×2︸MW2×2-1∑^2×2(V^T)2×n︸R
式中,U是4×4阶酉矩阵;Σ是4×4阶非负实数对角矩阵;VT即V的共轭转置,V是n×4阶酉矩阵;W为一个任意的2×2非奇异矩阵;Σ^=diag(σ1,σ2);X的奇异值为σ1>σ2>σ3>σ4;U^和V^是相对于Σ的U和V的子矩阵;通过构造不同W,使漫反射与镜面反射分量的相关性最小
MI(IDiffusep,ISpecularp)=EIDiffusep-μDiffuse⋅ISpecularp-μSpecularσDiffuse⋅σSpecular
使用皮尔逊相关系数MI衡量漫反射光部分和镜面反射光部分之间的相关性;其中E[·]表示期望值,μDiffuse和μSpecular分别表示漫反射光强度和镜面反射光强度的期望值,σDiffuse和σSpecular分别表示漫反射光强度和镜面反射光强度的标准差。根据皮尔逊相关系数的定义,当皮尔逊相关系数趋近于0时,漫反射和镜面反射光之间相关性最低,利用此时得到的W矩阵去求解R,R中分离出的漫反射分量将不再包含镜面反射分量,从而实现漫反射分量的有效分离,进而恢复目标表面原有的纹理细节。镜面反射光和漫反射光分离结果见图2。
通过镜漫分离提取的漫反射分量抑制了表面高光的干扰,并成功保留了物体表面的纹理细节,而目标弱纹理区域因特征提取困难会显著降低匹配精度,偏振特征作为光波的重要物理属性[18],能够进一步增强漫反射光中的弱纹理特征。偏振角(AoP, Angle of Polarization)和偏振度(DoP, Degree of Polarization)作为核心表征参数[19],可通过偏振相机采集的四通道偏振图像I0、I90、I45、I135量化描述[20],该方法在复杂环境噪声干扰场景下具备显著的抑制能力[21]。研究表明,偏振信息在复杂环境中具有强鲁棒性,其具体表征形式可定义为[22]
DoP=I0-I902+I45-I1352I0+I45+I90+I135/2
AoP=12arctanI45-I135I0-I90
本文取目标表面方位角(Phi, Azimuth Angle)等于偏振角,对于目标表面天顶角(Theta, Zenith Angle)通过建立偏振度与天顶角的关系式,在已知目标表面折射率n的情况下,使用式(9)对天顶角进行求解。
DoP=2sin2θcosθn2-sin2θn2+2sin4θ-sin2θ-n2sin2θ
利用目标表面反射光偏振特性获取了天顶角和方位角之后,可以实现目标偏振法线npbc的求解。
npbc=cos(φ)sin(θ)sin(φ)sin(θ)cos(θ)
当目标表面折射率未知或无法准确获取时,天顶角及偏振法线的计算将不可避免地引入系统性偏差。然而,在本方案中,偏振法线信息仅用于特征点的检测过程。因此,由折射率不确定性导致的法线计算偏差,对最终三维重建精度的影响程度相对有限。同时,为进一步削弱此类潜在影响并提升系统鲁棒性,可以采用多波段偏振成像等折射率估计方法[23],结合不同波长下的偏振响应特性,通过柯西色散公式反演出材料的折射率,从而进一步提升系统在折射率未知情况下的适应性与鲁棒性。
在复杂自然场景的三维重建任务中,由于高反光弱纹理区域的光强信息可能高度相似或丧失,导致基于光强的双目立体视觉方法在该区域三维重建出现缺失的现象。本文通过偏振信息对表面物理属性的表征能力[24],同时利用偏振法线图像中包含的物体表面反射特性,结合光强信息构建联合特征描述子。对于每个关键点pk,从漫反射光强图像和偏振法线图像中分别提取其局部特征,得到光强描述子DescI(pk)和偏振法线描述子DescP(pk)。这两个描述子各自包含了局部区域的光强变化和物体表面的反射特性。
为了避免某一个特征维度在联合特征描述子中的影响过大,进而影响最终的匹配结果。对每个特征描述子进行标准化处理。
Desc¯I(pk)=DescI(pk)-μIσIDesc¯P(pk)=DescP(pk)-μPσP
式中,μI和σI分别是光强描述子的均值和标准差,μP和σP是偏振法线描述子的均值和标准差。最终,我们通过将光强描述子和偏振法线描述子在每个关键点上进行拼接,得到一个包含两种模态信息的联合特征描述子
DescO(pk)=Desc¯I(pk)Desc¯P(pk)
此联合特征描述子包含了关键点在光强和偏振法线图像中的全方位信息,能够更加精确地描述其局部特征。特别是在困难的低纹理和高反光场景下,本方法有效避免了传统单一模态光强描述子可能遇到的特征点缺乏问题,从而增强了三维重建的可靠性和精确度。
在完成基于偏振特性的高光抑制与特征增强处理后,为进一步提升弱纹理区域的匹配精度,需要将偏振特征有效融入双目视觉的深度估计流程。如图3所示,首先通过极线校正使双目图像平面共面且光轴平行,从而为后续的深度估计提供必要的几何约束[25]。随后,结合偏振增强后的SURF特征检测模型[26],显著提高了特征点的提取鲁棒性,特别是在弱纹理区域。通过偏振双目成像系统,基于合适的基线长度BLbp与左右图中的关键点PTkey求解视差,最终输出目标深度值Depthbp,从而实现了从纹理增强到深度估计的全流程优化。
图中,ORbp1,ORbp2分别代表两个偏振相机的坐标系原点,f表示相机焦距,PTtar表示目标点,根据相似三角形原理可得
SDk=xlk-xrk
Depthbp=f⋅BLbpSDk
式中,SDk表示左右两个图像中同源点之间的横向坐标差值,即立体视差。由几何关系可知,目标深度与立体视差成反比,本研究采用的偏振双目相机基线长度为63.82 mm,通过本文算法获取视差值后,可基于三角测量原理计算目标深度信息。
针对高反光弱纹理目标的双目三维重建问题,由于目标表面高光现象对特征表征产生抑制作用,且弱纹理目标表面固有特征信息匮乏,导致可用于匹配的特征点数量(记为Nkey)显著不足。这种情况常常导致重建出的三维点云出现大面积缺失。为了量化这种现象,可以通过特征覆盖率来描述有效特征点的分布情况。
FCptc=Nkeypxn⋅pxm
式中,FCptc表示特征覆盖率;pxn表示偏振双目相机获取的图像高度,pxm表示偏振双目相机获取的图像宽度。通过精确量化特征点覆盖率,找寻特征点覆盖率与最终三维重建结果空洞率之间的联系,从而验证本文高光去除与特征增强算法对三维重建结果的影响。算法流程如表1所示。
偏振双目成像系统的结构示意图如图4(a)所示,该系统硬件采用两台同型号偏振相机构成同步采集单元,算法层面通过四通道偏振图像的计算重构完成偏振态参数的高效解算,其低时间延迟特性可满足动态场景下的实时成像处理需求。通过偏振信息对高光区域的抑制效应及弱纹理的特征增强,系统显著改善了目标表面物理特征的可辨识度。在特征匹配阶段,通过融合偏振法线、光强描述子信息构建多维联合特征描述子,实现了对低对比度区域的关键点稳定检测。该偏振增强的双目立体视觉成像方法,能够显著降低传统双目视觉在复杂场景下的点云空洞率,从而拓宽应用场景,提高传统方法的鲁棒性与重建精度。
如图4(b)所示,实验系统由偏振双目成像模块、目标样本平台、精密滑轨平台及数据处理终端组成。其中,偏振双目视觉系统采用两台MER2-502-79U3M型偏振敏感成像传感器(分辨率2 448×2 048,像元尺寸3.45 μm)构建,通过高精度六维调节架固定于可调基线滑轨,确保双相机光轴平行度误差<0.1°。数据采集阶段,系统通过硬件触发同步机制获取0°、45°、90°、135°四向偏振图像(帧率15fps,曝光时间可调),并采用高吸光率黑色幕布(吸光率>99%)构建暗室环境以抑制环境光干扰。目标物选取具有典型高反光-弱纹理特性的陶瓷与不锈钢金属样本,配合可调入射角度(30°-75°)的准直光源(波长460-650 nm,光强0-50000lux可调),在样本表面形成可控镜面反射区域。系统标定阶段基于偏振双目相机获取的28组棋盘格标定板(方格尺寸15 mm)图像,获取高精度内外参数矩阵;三维重建算法开发依托Python3.7编程环境,集成SURF特征检测算法与泊松点云重建技术,通过表面纹理恢复与特征增强策略实现高反光弱纹理目标表面的三维形貌重建。本文中偏振双目相机的内外参数矩阵为
F1=10227.9301295.92010222.5971067.47001F2=10238.6801286.82010227.951027.11001JT=0.99996-0.0076732-0.002698-63.7130.00770740.999880.0128770.728360.0025989-0.0128980.9999133.61329
实验流程见图5,具体如下:①通过双目偏振视觉系统采集多视场棋盘格标定板图像数据,使用最小二乘法,精确解算偏振双目成像系统的内外参数矩阵。②在镜面反射光环境下同步采集目标物的双目光强图像序列及其0°、45°、90°、135°四个正交偏振方向的偏振图像数据。③基于斯托克斯矢量法从四向偏振图像中解耦出偏振度与偏振角,建立目标表面反射特性描述模型,求解目标表面方位角与天顶角,获得偏振法线表征。④基于镜面反射和漫反射分量的皮尔逊相关系数求解最优W矩形,有效分离漫反射分量,恢复目标表面纹理细节。⑤建立多模态描述子联合架构,将偏振法线特征编码与双目光强图像特征空间进行联合,提升高反射区域弱纹理表面的特征密度。⑥针对偏振双目光学系统,利用标定参数实施Bouguet极线校正[27],构建SURF特征点检测模型并完成视差计算,通过视差与深度的几何关系求解目标深度图像。该方案有效增强了特征匹配信息的数量,缓解了传统算法在镜面反射区域的点云缺失问题。
为验证所提方法对高反光弱纹理目标的特征增强效果,本研究选取具有典型镜面反射特性的陶瓷样本进行偏振双目立体成像实验。基于SURF算法对特征增强前后的目标图像进行对比分析,结果如图6所示:(a)、(b)、(c)显示原始图像中目标1/2/3分别仅检测到54、30、38个稳定特征点,而经高光抑制与偏振特征增强后((d)、(e)、(f)),特征点数量显著提升至551、355、312个,特征覆盖率增长约10倍。验证了所提方法在解决镜面反射干扰和纹理缺失问题上的有效性。
上述特征点检测实验证实了本文方法在二维图像层面的特征增强效果。为进一步评估该方法对三维重建质量的提升作用,图7展示了从特征增强到三维点云生成的全流程性能对比。通过高光抑制、特征增强与深度重建的三阶段验证,系统性地证明了偏振特征增强在双目立体视觉任务中的综合优势。
图7(b)、(c)表示基于本文镜面反射漫反射分离算法分离得到的镜面反射光分量以及漫反射光分量。图7(f)表示基于天顶角与方位角求解得到的目标表面偏振法线,图7(e)、(g)表示特征增强前后目标表面特征点检测结果,特征增强前目标表面特征点数为38,特征增强后目标表面特征点数为312。图7(d)、(h)表示特征增强前后目标三维重建结果。本文算法处理前,目标三维重建结果出现明显的凹陷现象;经过本文算法处理后,有效解决了三维重建结果凹陷的问题。
如图8中(b)、(c)为本文算法处理前后目标灰度直方图数据,高光抑制与特征增强前图像的灰度值150到200的高光区域像素占比达2.22%,大面积高光干扰导致目标细节纹理缺失;经镜面反射分量去除与特征增强处理后,图像在150-200灰度范围内的像素数量显著降低(仅为原始计数的4.59%),验证了本文算法对高光的有效抑制作用。通过抑制高光干扰增加了目标纹理的可见性,为双目立体视觉提供了更丰富的特征点。
图8中(d)、(e)展示了本文算法处理前后陶瓷目标重建结果水平方向的深度数据对比。图8中(d)为深度数据对比图,其中蓝色线表示原始双目重建深度数据,红色线表示高光抑制与特征增强后重建深度数据,在高反光区域特征增强前后深度结果存在显著差异,特征增强前深度数据存在显著的深度值起伏现象,重建结果无法准确反映目标真实形貌;特征增强后,深度曲线呈现连续光滑的分布特征,更精确地还原了目标的几何结构。图8中(e)显示了特征增强前后深度数据的误差分布,误差主要集中在凹陷区域。实验结果表明,高光抑制与特征增强有效修复了传统双目方法在该区域中的重建缺陷。本文方法在处理高反光、弱纹理区域时显著提升了三维重建的完整性,在镜面反射高光区及弱纹理区域展现出良好的几何连续性,有效解决了传统双目重建在此类场景下出现深度缺失的问题。
为验证重建方案的精度,如图8(a)所示,在目标表面选取7个测量点,通过计算实际目标与重建模型对应测量点之间的空间距离,定量评估重建模型的几何准确性。
由表2中数据可知,由于D点位于凹陷区域,特征增强前目标重建三维模型中BD,DF的测量距离与目标表面真实距离相差较大;特征增强后重建的三维模型测量距离与实际测量值的绝对误差均小于5 mm,相对误差不超过0.5,验证了该算法的准确性。误差主要来源于两方面:其一为偏振双目相机系统误差对三维重建精度的固有影响因素导致的客观误差;其二为人工测量操作引入的随机误差导致的主观误差。实验结果表明,本文算法基于偏振特征进行高反光去除,可以有效恢复目标表面真实纹理细节。通过偏振法线描述子与漫反射光强描述子的联合可有效补偿传统双目系统在镜面高光区域及弱纹理表面的匹配失效问题。本文算法在三维重建任务中表现出良好的测量精度。
为全面评估所提算法在复杂金属表面的适用性[29],选取具有强镜面反射特性的金属取暖器进行测试。如图9所示图9(a)和(d)分别展示了本文算法处理前后的三维点云模型。图9 (b)、(c)、(e)、(f)分别展示了两个局部细节区域在处理前后的图像。原始重建结果图9(a)显示目标表面存在显著点云缺失,特别是在红框区域(区域1)和蓝绿框区域(区域2)。经本文算法处理后图9(d),不仅成功填补了90%以上的缺失区域,局部细节纹理(如散热片间隙)的几何保真度也提升显著。
高光抑制效果通过图10的灰度直方图得到验证,对比本文算法处理前后金属取暖器目标表面区域1、2灰度直方图分布,直方图统计了本文算法处理前后目标图像灰度值在150到200区间内像素点个数。如图10中(a)、(b)、(e)、(f)所示,增强后图像的灰度分布呈现更均匀的特征,且高光区域(150~200灰度区间)的灰度值占比显著降低。区域1中缺失部分在180~200灰度区间像素占比从24.69%降至1.73%,区域2中缺失部分在180~200灰度区间像素占比从24.30%降至8.17%。通过基于偏振特性的镜漫分离算法实现物理级高光分离,结合偏振法线特征描述子生成,最终使金属表面重建完整度提升至99.87%。特别地,如图10中(c)、(g)所示,区域1的117个特征点经增强后达170个;如图10中(d)、(h)所示,区域2的290个特征点经增强后达378个,特征覆盖率增幅分别达45.2%与30.3%。实验结果证实了方法在工业精密检测中的实用价值。
本文提出了一种基于偏振信息增强的三维重建方法,旨在解决目标高光干扰及纹理匮乏的限制问题。该方法通过结合双目偏振成像系统与斯托克斯矢量解析,从光强数据中提取物体表面的偏振特性参数。在传统的双目视觉系统中,镜面反射和缺乏纹理常常导致三维重建精度下降,并且部分区域无法完整恢复形貌信息,而本文方法通过利用目标表面偏振特性进行高光去除和特征增强,有效抑制了高光对特征点提取的影响,显著提升了基于偏振信息的特征点数量。
实验结果表明,在未实施特征增强的情况下,特征覆盖率为0.504%,金属目标三维重建的空洞率为5.38%;而引入特征增强后,特征覆盖率为0.871%,特征覆盖率增幅为72.9%,金属目标空洞率显著降低至0.13%,随着特征覆盖率的增加,目标三维重建的空洞率显著降低。表明该方法能够有效解决因高光干扰及纹理匮乏引起的三维点云的局部空洞问题。基于偏振特征增强的偏振双目三维成像方法突破了传统双目视觉在高反光、弱纹理区域的特征提取瓶颈,提供了更丰富的多维特征支撑,从而显著提高了三维重建的精度和鲁棒性,为复杂光照条件下的立体视觉系统提供了更可靠的三维重建方案。
为验证本文所提出算法在实际场景中的实时性与精度表现,我们选取高反光、弱纹理陶瓷目标作为实验对象进行对比测试。实验硬件平台配置为:CPU为 Intel 12th Gen Core i5-12400F,GPU为NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050。实验结果如表3所示。
从表中可以看出,传统的双目立体视觉方法虽然在运行时间上最短[2],但其重建结果的SSIM(Structural Similarity Index)相对较低。这主要源于该方法对目标表面纹理的高度依赖,在弱纹理及高光干扰场景中易产生畸变。基于偏振的三维成像方法通过引入偏振信息提升了法线估计精度[15],因此其SSIM值有所提升。然而,由于目标表面折射率未知或存在空间非均匀分布,法线估计的精度受到限制[8];偏振三维重建通常依赖法线积分步骤,该过程易导致误差累积与放大,从而进一步降低重建结果的可靠性[30],同时运行时间也有所增加。进一步地,将偏振三维成像与深度神经网络相结合的方案在校正天顶角与方位角歧义性方面具有显著优势[31],其SSIM达到0.987 5,精度优于前两种方法。然而,该方法依赖深度神经网络推理,计算资源消耗较大,运行时间长达9.66 s,难以满足实时性需求。
本文提出的融合镜面反射与漫反射分离策略的双目立体增强方法,在保证精度的同时有效降低了计算开销。实验结果显示,该方法在SSIM上优于其他方法;同时运行时间为3.59 s,仅略高于传统偏振三维成像方法,却远低于偏振与神经网络融合方案,体现出在实时性与精度之间的有效平衡。
需要指出的是,实验中使用的MATLAB与Python实现仍存在一定的性能瓶颈。在MATLAB调用Python融合偏振与神经网络的过程中,平均运行时间约为9.7 s,这一效率显然难以支撑实时应用。同时本文方法中镜面反射漫反射分离算法的引入不可避免地带来显著的计算开销。通过采用更高性能的硬件平台以及在算法层面改进W矩阵求解策略,例如采用固定或预优化的矩阵,可进一步降低批量数据处理的时间复杂度,从而提升整体运行效率。若将本文算法移植至C++并进行底层优化,则有望在保持高精度的前提下显著缩短运行时间,实现真正的双目立体视觉实时三维重建。
综上所述,传统双目立体视觉方法具备较好的实时性但精度受限;基于偏振的成像方法提升了细节恢复能力但存在误差积累;偏振与神经网络融合方案在精度上实现突破,但受制于计算时间与资源消耗。本文提出的方法通过镜面反射分离优化与双目增强策略,在精度与实时性之间取得了优良平衡。通过软硬件协同优化,本方法在高反光、弱纹理目标的三维重建任务中展现出良好的应用前景。
针对双目立体视觉技术在复杂场景下高反光、弱纹理目标三维重建过程中面临的镜面反射干扰与特征信息缺失问题,本研究提出一种融合偏振特性的双目立体视觉增强方法。该方法通过多角度偏振成像技术获取目标表面偏振特性参数,构建基于偏振反射特性的表面反射模型,实现对高反光区域干扰的有效抑制,并增强高反光区域特征信息的可检测性。通过偏振法线特征与漫反射光强特征的联合,强化双目立体视觉系统特征信息的表征效能。实验结果表明,该方法显著提高了高反光区域的特征点检测数量,同时点云完整度也从传统方法的94.7%提升至99.87%。本文方法可有效应用于高反光弱纹理陶瓷与金属目标的特征匹配增强,突破了传统方法对目标表面纹理特征的依赖性限制,为真实场景下工业检测领域高反光弱纹理物体的三维测量难题提供了新的技术路径。后续研究将聚焦于算法在复杂环境场景下的鲁棒性提升及多材质场景适应性优化。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111001
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
  • 录用日期:2025-09-11
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    1西安电子科技大学 杭州研究院,杭州 311200
    2中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710119
    3西安电子科技大学 光电工程学院,西安 710071

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