Article(id=1315743821665776125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0112002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1756396800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-29, onlineDate=1791627372422, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627372422, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627372422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627372422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743823184114174, articleId=1315743821665776125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Three-frame Random Phase-shift Demodulation Algorithm Based on Ellipse Fitting Correction, columnId=1315741666489774715, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this study is to develop a high-precision optical interferometric phase demodulation method that does not require preset phase shifts and can accurately recover phase information from only three interferograms. The proposed method is designed to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional random phase-shifting algorithms, which typically suffer from large errors, instability, and restricted accuracy improvements, particularly when the number of interference fringes is limited. At the same time, the method ensures robustness under varying fringe types, Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), and fringe numbers. In this work, a novel three-frame random phase-shifting phase demodulation algorithm is proposed, referred to as the VU&LEF method, which integrates the VU algorithm with ellipse-fitting correction. First, the VU algorithm is applied to three randomly phase-shifted interferograms to extract two orthogonal components of the interferometric signal. In practice, due to noise interference and the limited number of frames, these components are not perfectly orthogonal, and their distribution often forms an ellipse rather than an ideal circle. To correct this deviation, ellipse-fitting is introduced to estimate the ellipse coefficients. A subsequent normalization procedure maps the ellipse into a circle, thereby restoring strict orthogonality between the two components and significantly reducing systematic errors in the subsequent phase calculation. This optimization enables high-precision phase recovery even with only three interferograms, effectively overcoming the main drawbacks of the conventional VU method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, extensive numerical simulations and experimental validations were conducted under diverse conditions. The results demonstrate that the VU&LEF method consistently outperforms the conventional VU algorithm, achieving significantly improved phase accuracy. Even under low-SNR conditions, the proposed method maintains stable phase recovery, whereas the traditional approach exhibits severe degradation. To further assess computational efficiency, the processing time of the VU&LEF method was compared with that of the conventional VU method and the AIA algorithm. Although the ellipse-fitting step introduces a slight additional computational cost, the proposed method remains more efficient than the AIA algorithm while simultaneously offering superior phase accuracy. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method was verified using representative open, closed, and complex fringe patterns with significant background fluctuations. The results clearly indicate that the method effectively corrected elliptical distributions into ideal circular forms, thereby reducing measurement errors. In contrast, the conventional VU method exhibited large phase errors and severe distortions in regions with strong background interference, whereas the VU&LEF method substantially mitigated these errors through ellipse correction. Additional tests under varying frame numbers confirmed that the proposed method yields stable and reliable phase recovery with significantly reduced error fluctuations. These findings further indicate that phase correction is indispensable when performing demodulation with only three interferograms, highlighting the wide applicability of the method in practical interferometric measurements. From an application perspective, requiring only three interferograms greatly reduces data acquisition time compared with conventional multi-frame methods. The additional computational cost introduced by ellipse-fitting correction is negligible compared with the measurement time saved. This combination of high efficiency and accuracy makes the method particularly suitable for real-time and high-speed measurement scenarios, such as dynamic surface profiling, deformation monitoring, in-situ industrial inspection, and other precision optical metrology tasks. In conclusion, the proposed three-frame random phase-shifting phase demodulation method with ellipse-fitting correction does not require the phase shifts of interferograms to be predefined or equally spaced, and thus constitutes a true random phase-shifting technique. It inherits the advantage of the VU method in not requiring prior calibration of phase steps, while enabling high-precision phase recovery from minimal data. Moreover, it demonstrates strong robustness against noise, fringe variability, and complex background interference. Both simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method outperforms conventional approaches in terms of accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency.

, authors=Chun GUO1, Hubing DU1, Ziwen LI1, Qian ZHU1, Yexi YANG1, Zhouxuan HE1, Gaopeng ZHANG2, authorsList=Chun GUO, Hubing DU, Ziwen LI, Qian ZHU, Yexi YANG, Zhouxuan HE, Gaopeng ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hubing DU, Gaopeng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743827906900508, articleId=1315743821665776125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移解调算法, columnId=1315741516602131284, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=※封面论文※, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对随机相移算法在较少帧条纹图应用中存在误差大、求解不稳定及精度提升受限等问题,提出了一种结合相移分解法和椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移条纹图相位解调算法。该方法首先使用相移分解法根据采集的三帧随机相移条纹图得到两个正交分量,然后利用椭圆拟合技术求取两个正交分量空间分布椭圆的系数,进而通过理想圆校正实现了精确的相位解调。结果表明,该方法相比相移分解法精度更高,仿真下精度提高了约10倍,且在不同的条纹类型、信噪比水平、条纹数目等条件下均表现出了优越的解调性能。该方法应用简单、数据采集快、精度高,为三帧随机相移解调技术的应用推广提供了一种高效、稳健的解决方案,具有良好的应用前景。

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Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2017,34(1): 87-96., articleTitle=Simple, flexible, and accurate phase retrieval method for generalized phase-shifting interferometry, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1315743828192113181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743828200501790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, companyId=1315743828192113181, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743828213084703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, companyId=1315743828192113181, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安工业大学 机电工程学院, 西安 710021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1315743828313748000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743828439577121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, companyId=1315743828313748000, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1315743828452160034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, companyId=1315743828313748000, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710119)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1315743832092815953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Simulated interferograms of closed-fringe patterns. (a) The first interferogram; (b) The second interferogram; (c) The third interferogram, figureFileSmall=Ubg92YkED9K3+j/PIkdUBg==, figureFileBig=3vMirrT6C9V4w5q2UnLOgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832185090642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟的闭型干涉条纹图。(a)第一个干涉图;(b)第二个干涉图;(c)第三个干涉图, figureFileSmall=Ubg92YkED9K3+j/PIkdUBg==, figureFileBig=3vMirrT6C9V4w5q2UnLOgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832365445716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The wrapped phase image. (a)The reference phase; (b)Proposed method; (c)VU method, figureFileSmall=/VPN2ZnBeKUcjM3GUi6Pow==, figureFileBig=gXGblegZ0ejAxPq8hKgp0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832440943189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图2, caption=包裹相位图。(a)参考相位;(b)本文方法; (c) VU方法, figureFileSmall=/VPN2ZnBeKUcjM3GUi6Pow==, figureFileBig=gXGblegZ0ejAxPq8hKgp0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832642269782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The unwrapped phase image. (a)The reference phase; (b)Proposed method; (c)VU method, figureFileSmall=p1vzxPC03oykmH8KDvUVCg==, figureFileBig=xcdMyFeoaVNw/i5TJazimg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832721961559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图3, caption=展开相位图。(a)参考相位;(b)本文方法; (c) VU方法, figureFileSmall=p1vzxPC03oykmH8KDvUVCg==, figureFileBig=xcdMyFeoaVNw/i5TJazimg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832801653336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ellipse-fitting correction process of closed-fringe patterns. (a)Before correction; (b)After correction, figureFileSmall=zzU0W2AYYezIl3OnRzY+pw==, figureFileBig=yZBGjgohVG8iYTeIrsw77Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832885539417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图4, caption=闭型条纹的椭圆拟合校正过程。(a)校正前; (b)校正后, figureFileSmall=zzU0W2AYYezIl3OnRzY+pw==, figureFileBig=yZBGjgohVG8iYTeIrsw77Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743832956842586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The phase error distribution of closed-fringe patterns. (a)Proposed method; (b)VU method, figureFileSmall=CMvTzXKVivNkBDYZgknweA==, figureFileBig=SlIupguOqKNnt2UE3pS3+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833028145755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图5, caption=闭型条纹的相位误差分布。(a)本文方法; (b)VU方法, figureFileSmall=CMvTzXKVivNkBDYZgknweA==, figureFileBig=SlIupguOqKNnt2UE3pS3+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833107837532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The phase error distribution under different SNR, figureFileSmall=00ythPJSoFiqiVcKefW9hg==, figureFileBig=/chvEHSCC/6yQk1YakiRgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833191723613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同信噪比下的相位误差分布, figureFileSmall=00ythPJSoFiqiVcKefW9hg==, figureFileBig=/chvEHSCC/6yQk1YakiRgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833271415390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Evolution of errors for two methods. (a)Under different SNR; (b)Different number of fringes; (c)Adding random phase shifts; (d)Changing number of frames, figureFileSmall=t4YFLMlYuWa9ni/HI58vUg==, figureFileBig=g8B2Go8ATC1mgXFx7kyq6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833363690079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图7, caption=两种方法的演化误差。(a)不同信噪比;(b)不同条纹数目;(c)增加随机相移;(d)改变帧数, figureFileSmall=t4YFLMlYuWa9ni/HI58vUg==, figureFileBig=g8B2Go8ATC1mgXFx7kyq6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833472741984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Simulated interferograms of complex fringe patterns. (a) The first interferogram; (b) The second interferogram; (c) The third interferogram, figureFileSmall=uVsGpTCVt5hsAgKKrHdiBA==, figureFileBig=hz4kBsAoSBzuYdbFLEJgmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833531462241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图8, caption=模拟的复杂干涉条纹图。(a)第一个干涉图;(b)第二个干涉图;(c)第三个干涉图, figureFileSmall=uVsGpTCVt5hsAgKKrHdiBA==, figureFileBig=hz4kBsAoSBzuYdbFLEJgmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833594376802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Ellipse fitting correction process of complex fringe patterns. (a)Before correction; (b)After correction, figureFileSmall=zbpKecdvJ28025l7pJ7Ikw==, figureFileBig=dUDDh6wphvkhrtin1RWKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833657291363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图9, caption=复杂条纹的椭圆拟合校正过程。(a)校正前; (b)校正后, figureFileSmall=zbpKecdvJ28025l7pJ7Ikw==, figureFileBig=dUDDh6wphvkhrtin1RWKuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833728594532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Simulation experiment of complex fringe patterns. (a)The reference phase; (b)The reconstructed phase of the proposed method; (c)The reconstructed phase of the VU method; (d)Reference phase (zoomed-in); (e)Proposed method (zoomed-in); (f)VU method (zoomed-in); (g)Phase error of the proposed method; (h)Phase error of the VU method, figureFileSmall=R7ySzboPaQmA4I2qMYwN3Q==, figureFileBig=/nPOQL0I7qeqcTGfC5j+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833804092005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图10, caption=复杂条纹的仿真实验。(a)参考相位;(b)本文方法的重建相位;(c) VU方法的重建相位;(d)参考相位(放大);(e)本文方法(放大);(f)VU方法(放大);(g)本文方法的相位误差;(h) VU方法的相位误差, figureFileSmall=R7ySzboPaQmA4I2qMYwN3Q==, figureFileBig=/nPOQL0I7qeqcTGfC5j+gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833921532518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The reconstructed results of open fringe patterns. (a)The first interferogram; (b)The second interferogram; (c)The third interferogram; (d)The reference phase; (e)The reconstructed phase of the proposed method; (f)The reconstructed phase of the VU method; (g)Phase error of the proposed method; (h)Phase error of the VU method; (i)Before correction; (j)After correction, figureFileSmall=2oE9HXonriN8ddieNO+3Jg==, figureFileBig=+6HkqZzCo01dMTS5bs1e6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743833992835687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图11, caption=开型条纹的实验结果。(a)第一个干涉图;(b)第二个干涉图;(c)第三个干涉图;(d)参考相位;(e)本文方法的重建相位;(f) VU方法的重建相位;(g)本文方法的相位误差;(h) VU方法的相位误差;(i)校正前;(j)校正后, figureFileSmall=2oE9HXonriN8ddieNO+3Jg==, figureFileBig=+6HkqZzCo01dMTS5bs1e6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834055750248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The reconstructed results of closed-fringe patterns . (a)The first interferogram; (b)The second interferogram; (c)The third interferogram; (d)The reference phase; (e)The reconstructed phase of the proposed method; (f)The reconstructed phase of the VU method; (g)Phase error of the proposed method; (h)Phase error of the VU method; (i)Before correction; (j)After correction, figureFileSmall=VZxW7n76R2tqY6PB48WTqw==, figureFileBig=GrldpLiYa0hOrkDYSmRjaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834374517353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图12, caption=闭型条纹的实验结果。(a)第一个干涉图;(b)第二个干涉图;(c)第三个干涉图;(d)参考相位;(e)本文方法的重建相位;(f) VU方法的重建相位;(g)本文方法的相位误差;(h) VU方法的相位误差;(i)校正前;(j)校正后, figureFileSmall=VZxW7n76R2tqY6PB48WTqw==, figureFileBig=GrldpLiYa0hOrkDYSmRjaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834450014826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The reconstructed results of complex fringe patterns . (a)The first interferogram; (b)The second interferogram; (c)The third interferogram; (d)The reference phase; (e)The reconstructed phase of the proposed method; (f)The reconstructed phase of the VU method; (g)Phase error of the proposed method; (h)Phase error of the VU method, figureFileSmall=ohkw/QuxSsJMs/ONm89Y6g==, figureFileBig=wNRUKTN7pHc7FLmE0fvysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834512929387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图13, caption=复杂条纹的实验结果。(a)第一个干涉图;(b)第二个干涉图;(c)第三个干涉图;(d)参考相位;(e)本文方法的重建相位;(f) VU方法的重建相位;(g)本文方法的相位误差;(h) VU方法的相位误差, figureFileSmall=ohkw/QuxSsJMs/ONm89Y6g==, figureFileBig=wNRUKTN7pHc7FLmE0fvysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834605204076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=A multi-frame experimental comparison of the two methods. (a)Open fringe patterns; (b)Closed-fringe patterns; (c)Complex fringe patterns, figureFileSmall=uya1H82ucYlFxaH7zb422g==, figureFileBig=VBxj0fkUPVYo7oUKRgkaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834668118637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=图14, caption=两种方法的多帧实验。(a)开型条纹图案;(b)闭型条纹图案;(c)复杂条纹图案, figureFileSmall=uya1H82ucYlFxaH7zb422g==, figureFileBig=VBxj0fkUPVYo7oUKRgkaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1315743834735227502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The processing time of different methods

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MethodProposed methodVU methodAIA algorithm
Time/s3.632 90.177 94.435 3
), ArticleFig(id=1315743834798142063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, articleId=1315743821665776125, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方法下的处理时间

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MethodProposed methodVU methodAIA algorithm
Time/s3.632 90.177 94.435 3
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基于椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移解调算法
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郭纯 1 , 杜虎兵 1 , 李梓闻 1 , 朱倩 1 , 杨叶茜 1 , 何周旋 1 , 张高鹏 2
光子学报 | ※封面论文※ 2026,55(1): 105-118
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光子学报 |※封面论文※ 2026 , 55 (1) : 105 -118
基于椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移解调算法
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郭纯1 , 杜虎兵1 , 李梓闻1, 朱倩1, 杨叶茜1, 何周旋1, 张高鹏2
作者信息
  • 1西安工业大学 机电工程学院, 西安 710021
  • 2中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710119
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Three-frame Random Phase-shift Demodulation Algorithm Based on Ellipse Fitting Correction
Chun GUO1 , Hubing DU1 , Ziwen LI1, Qian ZHU1, Yexi YANG1, Zhouxuan HE1, Gaopeng ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
  • 2Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112002
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针对随机相移算法在较少帧条纹图应用中存在误差大、求解不稳定及精度提升受限等问题,提出了一种结合相移分解法和椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移条纹图相位解调算法。该方法首先使用相移分解法根据采集的三帧随机相移条纹图得到两个正交分量,然后利用椭圆拟合技术求取两个正交分量空间分布椭圆的系数,进而通过理想圆校正实现了精确的相位解调。结果表明,该方法相比相移分解法精度更高,仿真下精度提高了约10倍,且在不同的条纹类型、信噪比水平、条纹数目等条件下均表现出了优越的解调性能。该方法应用简单、数据采集快、精度高,为三帧随机相移解调技术的应用推广提供了一种高效、稳健的解决方案,具有良好的应用前景。

光学工程  /  相位校正  /  相移分解法  /  随机相移干涉图  /  椭圆拟合

The objective of this study is to develop a high-precision optical interferometric phase demodulation method that does not require preset phase shifts and can accurately recover phase information from only three interferograms. The proposed method is designed to overcome the inherent limitations of conventional random phase-shifting algorithms, which typically suffer from large errors, instability, and restricted accuracy improvements, particularly when the number of interference fringes is limited. At the same time, the method ensures robustness under varying fringe types, Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), and fringe numbers. In this work, a novel three-frame random phase-shifting phase demodulation algorithm is proposed, referred to as the VU&LEF method, which integrates the VU algorithm with ellipse-fitting correction. First, the VU algorithm is applied to three randomly phase-shifted interferograms to extract two orthogonal components of the interferometric signal. In practice, due to noise interference and the limited number of frames, these components are not perfectly orthogonal, and their distribution often forms an ellipse rather than an ideal circle. To correct this deviation, ellipse-fitting is introduced to estimate the ellipse coefficients. A subsequent normalization procedure maps the ellipse into a circle, thereby restoring strict orthogonality between the two components and significantly reducing systematic errors in the subsequent phase calculation. This optimization enables high-precision phase recovery even with only three interferograms, effectively overcoming the main drawbacks of the conventional VU method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed approach, extensive numerical simulations and experimental validations were conducted under diverse conditions. The results demonstrate that the VU&LEF method consistently outperforms the conventional VU algorithm, achieving significantly improved phase accuracy. Even under low-SNR conditions, the proposed method maintains stable phase recovery, whereas the traditional approach exhibits severe degradation. To further assess computational efficiency, the processing time of the VU&LEF method was compared with that of the conventional VU method and the AIA algorithm. Although the ellipse-fitting step introduces a slight additional computational cost, the proposed method remains more efficient than the AIA algorithm while simultaneously offering superior phase accuracy. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method was verified using representative open, closed, and complex fringe patterns with significant background fluctuations. The results clearly indicate that the method effectively corrected elliptical distributions into ideal circular forms, thereby reducing measurement errors. In contrast, the conventional VU method exhibited large phase errors and severe distortions in regions with strong background interference, whereas the VU&LEF method substantially mitigated these errors through ellipse correction. Additional tests under varying frame numbers confirmed that the proposed method yields stable and reliable phase recovery with significantly reduced error fluctuations. These findings further indicate that phase correction is indispensable when performing demodulation with only three interferograms, highlighting the wide applicability of the method in practical interferometric measurements. From an application perspective, requiring only three interferograms greatly reduces data acquisition time compared with conventional multi-frame methods. The additional computational cost introduced by ellipse-fitting correction is negligible compared with the measurement time saved. This combination of high efficiency and accuracy makes the method particularly suitable for real-time and high-speed measurement scenarios, such as dynamic surface profiling, deformation monitoring, in-situ industrial inspection, and other precision optical metrology tasks. In conclusion, the proposed three-frame random phase-shifting phase demodulation method with ellipse-fitting correction does not require the phase shifts of interferograms to be predefined or equally spaced, and thus constitutes a true random phase-shifting technique. It inherits the advantage of the VU method in not requiring prior calibration of phase steps, while enabling high-precision phase recovery from minimal data. Moreover, it demonstrates strong robustness against noise, fringe variability, and complex background interference. Both simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed method outperforms conventional approaches in terms of accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency.

Optical engineering  /  Phase correction  /  Phase-shifting factorization  /  Random phase-shifting interferograms  /  Ellipse fitting
郭纯, 杜虎兵, 李梓闻, 朱倩, 杨叶茜, 何周旋, 张高鹏. 基于椭圆拟合校正的三帧随机相移解调算法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 105 -118 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112002
Chun GUO, Hubing DU, Ziwen LI, Qian ZHU, Yexi YANG, Zhouxuan HE, Gaopeng ZHANG. Three-frame Random Phase-shift Demodulation Algorithm Based on Ellipse Fitting Correction[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 105 -118 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112002
相移干涉术(Phase-Shifting Interferometry, PSI)是一种常用的相移干涉图相位恢复技术[1-3],被广泛应用于科学研究的各个领域[4-9]。经典的相移干涉术至少需三帧相移干涉图序列提取相位,且要求干涉图之间具有恒定且已知的相移增量。然而产生相移的装置[10-12]其精度常受限于硬件性能以及外部环境因素,严重影响了相位重建精度。为了放松相移要求,WANG Zhaoyang等[13-14]提出了基于最小二乘的先进迭代算法(Advanced Iterative Algorithm, AIA),克服了预先标定相移的要求。AIA是一种随机相移提取技术,可以抑制随机相移误差,但其要求条纹图具有恒定的背景光强且计算量大,需较多帧数以保证测量精度。近年来,基于深度学习[15]的条纹图解调技术为单帧干涉图的解调提供了可行途径。然而该类方法的性能高度依赖大量样本的训练过程且对目标相位分布的复杂性极为敏感。当测量相位分布非常复杂或剧烈变化时,其网络的泛化能力不足,导致解调精度急剧下降。
ESCOBAR M A等[16]提出的相移分解法(VU)为随机相移解调提供了新途径。该方法是当前主流应用的随机相移技术,且与AIA算法相比具有速度快、计算简单等优点,通常采集的条纹图帧数大于或等于3时,都可以稳定地获得相位结果。须说明,VU方法在实际应用中,使用三帧以上条纹图进行相位重建时数据采集耗时多,而使用两帧条纹图重建的相位精度低,相比使用三帧条纹图进行相位重建时非常理想:数据采集的帧数适中,同时兼顾测量的精度与效率,因此三帧随机相移解调算法相对多帧方法是一种快速、高效的测量方案。然而实验发现直接使用三帧VU方法重建的相位残差较大,此时产生了如何进一步提高三帧VU方法的相位提取精度的问题。
近年来,椭圆拟合方法(The Ellipse Fitting method,LEF)因其强大的相位校正能力得到了进一步研究[17-18]。该方法最早始于FARRELL C T等[19]提出的李萨如图相位解调技术。其技术基于真值相位的两个正交分量理论上具有理想圆分布的特点,然后利用最小二乘拟合技术将求解的、实际上具有椭圆分布的两个正交分量校正为理想圆分布,从而减小了相位误差。考虑到该技术无需迭代,仅依赖最小二乘优化,便可高精度地实现相位重建,本文提出了一种基于椭圆拟合的VU相移提取算法(Ellipse-Fitting-Based VU Phase-Shift Extraction Algorithm,VU&LEF)。该方法首先通过VU方法对三帧随机相移条纹图进行处理,获得相位的两个正交分量,然后采用椭圆拟合法对两个分量进行误差校正。该方法不要求条纹图的相移是已知的、等间距的,是一种随机的相移技术,并继承了VU方法无需事先标定相移量的优点,大大降低了三帧VU方法的相位残差,为实现快速、高精度的三维测量提供了新途径。
设具有随机相移的三帧干涉条纹图可以表示为
In(x,y)=a(x,y)+b(x,y)cos[ϕ(x,y)+δn](n=1,2,3)
式中,a(x,y)为背景强度,b(x,y)为调制项,ϕ(x,y)为调制相位,δn为相移。利用三角运算关系,式(1)可以重新表述为[16]
In=a+bcosϕcosδn-bsinϕsinδn
取c=bcosϕ,s=bsinϕ,u=cosδn,v=sinδn,可得
I=a c-s 1ΤuΤvΤ=VUΤ
式中,I的大小为M×N,1Τ∈RN为单位向量,⋅Τ表示转置算子。式(3)将相移干涉图表达为V和U两个矩阵的相乘:V的大小为M×3,描述了和调制相位相关的分量;U的大小为3×N,描述了和相移有关的分量。显然,根据相移干涉图的矩阵I,可以分别求解矩阵U和V。
为了求解矩阵U和V,假设已知矩阵U,那么,矩阵V的求解公式为
V=IUB-1
同样,利用求解的矩阵V,可求解矩阵U为
UΤ=A-1VΤI
该过程可以迭代进行,设迭代收敛的标准为ξ=1M×N∑m=1M×Nϕm,k-ϕm,k-12≤10-3,其中k为迭代次数。当满足收敛标准时,最终将得到
V:,2=cosϕ'
V:,3=-sinϕ'
式中,符号V:,i表示矩阵V的第i列,相位ϕ'的计算公式为
ϕ'=arctan-V:,3V:,2
应当说明,由于噪音的影响,式(8)所求相位ϕ'与真实相位ϕ之间有偏差。使用的条纹图帧数越少,误差越大,当使用三帧干涉条纹图时,误差最大,会严重影响其测量精度,然而使用三帧干涉条纹图的VU方法是最实用的。为了对其改进,本文提出使用椭圆拟合方法校正误差。
理论上,式(6)、式(7)得到的两个正交分量应具有理想的单位圆分布。然而,由于计算误差、数据噪音等,其实际分布为椭圆分布,设在二维空间中,该椭圆方程以x和y为变量可表示为
α1x2+2α2xy+α3y2+2β(α4x+α5y)+β2α6=0
式中,x和y分别代表式(6)、(7)求解的两个与相位有关的正交分量,α1,α2,α3,α4,α5,α6是椭圆系数,β是缩放因子,用于将椭圆系数控制在-1到1之间,避免计算误差导致的精度损失。将式(9)重新写为
αΤχ=0
式中,α和χ表示两个6维向量,定义为
α=[α1,α2,α3,α4,α5,α6]Τ
χ=[x2,2xy,y2,2βx,2βy,β2]Τ
应当指出,尽管求解的正交分量x、y理论上满足式(10),但由于误差的存在,其分布可能不满足式(10)。因此利用最小二乘法根据求解得到的一套数据点(xn,yn)进行椭圆方程拟合,可得α的最佳估计。具体拟合公式为
e=1N∑n=1N(αΤχn)2
式中,χn=[xn2,2xnyn,yn2,2βxn,2βyn,β2]Τ。考虑到直接使用式(13)会出现α=0的情况,因此施加系数向量的单位范数约束,进而,椭圆拟合公式可以转化为
α⋆∈argminα1N∑n=1N(αΤχn)2    s.t.α2=1
式(14)也可写成Rayleigh形式,即
α⋆∈argminααΤXααΤα
式中,αΤα=α2,X是一个6×6对称矩阵,定义为
X=1N∑n=1NχnχnΤ
式(16)可以从式(17)求解。
1N∑n=1N(αΤχn)2=1N∑n=1NαΤχnχΤα=αΤ1N∑n=1NχnχnΤα
将式(13)~(17)可转化为求解特征值,其解可以依据求解最小特征值的特征向量得到,表示为
Xα=λα
式中,λ为特征值。最终,再将式(18)得到的椭圆校正为理想圆,因此利用校正后的x、y分布求解出真实的相位ϕ为[20]
ϕ=Arg[α1+α3+κ(y˜+τx˜)+ια1+α3-κ(x˜-τy˜)]
式中,x˜、y˜、κ、τ可以表示为
x˜=x-β(α3α4-α2α5)/(α22-α1α3)
y˜=y-β(α1α5-α2α4)/(α22-α1α3)
κ=4α22+α1-α32
τ=(α1-α3+κ)/(2α2)
为了验证所提方法,首先进行了仿真分析,比较VU方法和本文提出的VU&LEF方法的性能。仿真环境基于2.60 GHz的Intel Core TM i7-9750H计算机,使用MATLAB R2023 a软件。
在模拟中,本文生成的三帧干涉条纹图大小为400×400像素,相移量分布在区间0,2π内,相位分布函数分别为球冠函数5π×(2x2+3y2)及MATLAB中的peak函数,背景强度为a=1.5×10-5×(2+3×exp(-8×((x-5)2+(y-10)2)/5×10-4)),振幅为b=exp(-3×((x-5)2+(y-10)2))/5×10-4)。考虑到现有文献通常在信噪比(SNR)为45 dB下测试新算法的性能,本次仿真的信噪比设置为45 dB。
图1显示了由球冠函数生成的三帧随机相移条纹图,其相移值分别为Δ1=0、Δ2=1.6 rad、Δ3=2.2 rad。
图2给出了本文方法与VU方法的仿真结果。图2(a)~(c)分别为包裹的参考相位图、所提方法提取的包裹相位图和VU方法提取的包裹相位图。可知两种方法均实现了相位重建。图3(a)~(c)为与图2对应的展开相位。相比参考相位,由图3(c)可见,VU方法得到的展开相位在边缘明显出现了相位跳变现象,其表明了VU方法的结果产生了相位畸变。相比之下,由于引入了椭圆拟合技术对相位数据进行误差补偿与校正,本文方法得到的展开相位,如图3(b),在边缘区域未出现相位波动问题。可见校正后的相位分布更接近参考相位,其表明了本文方法显著提升了相位重建的稳定性与准确性。
图4展示了本次仿真结果的椭圆拟合校正过程。图4(a)为通过VU方法的结果拟合得到的两个正交分量在平面上的分布。该结果表明利用最小二乘法成功拟合了两个正交分量的空间分布,由于VU方法的解调误差,两个正交分量没有呈现理想圆分布。图4(b)则展示了将椭圆校正为理想圆的结果,其过程实现了相位误差校正。
图5展示了本文方法与VU方法相位解调结果与参考相位的残差图。可以看出,VU方法所获得的相位结果存在着较大的误差,特别是在被测曲面曲率较大处失调误差严重,而且在其它区域也有明显的误差波动,相比本文方法很好地抑制了曲率较大处的失调误差且整个区域误差分布非常均匀。本次仿真VU方法的均方根误差为0.326 rad,而引入椭圆拟合校正后的测量相位均方根误差为0.012 rad,表明其精度显著提升了一个数量级。本次仿真结果证明了本文方法取得了良好的效果,并充分验证了所提方法在相位恢复中的有效性与正确性。
为了评估两种方法在不同信噪比(SNR)条件下的性能,图6系统地比较了两种方法在信噪比范围为30 dB至80 dB时的相位解调性能。图6展示了两种方法对应的解调残差分布,可见随着信噪比的变化,本文方法很好地抑制了VU方法的残差。图7(a)绘制了两种方法均方根误差与信噪比的变化曲线,表明本文方法校正效果良好,工作可靠。
图7评价了两种方法在条纹数目、相移和帧数变化下的解调性能。本次仿真相移的表达式为
δ=Δi+n×0.157
式中,n=1,2,…,20,Δ1=1.6 rad,Δ2=2.2 rad。控制条纹数目(指条纹图上出现的整周期条纹的数目)的表达式为
m×π2x2+3y2
式中,m为条纹数目,本文m的取值为1至20。图7(b)表明,随着闭型条纹的数目增加,VU方法表现出较大的波动和不稳定性,而本文方法解调精度几乎不受条纹数目增加的影响,性能稳定且误差保持在较低水平,说明该方法在处理复杂条纹图方面具有更强的适应能力。图7(c)表明,随着相移的增大,本文方法的相位误差依旧明显低于VU方法,充分验证了本文方法良好的误差校正能力,而相移的变化对本文方法的解调结果影响不大。图7(d)表明,随着帧数的增加,VU方法的精度逐渐提高,其中使用三帧相移干涉条纹图时误差最大,表明了非常有必要进行误差校正,而椭圆拟合技术总能将误差降至最小,表明了误差校正可以减少使用条纹图的帧数,因此本文方法可以采用较少帧数的条纹图得到高精度的测量结果。
为了进一步测试本文所提方法的鲁棒性,在第二次仿真中,采用复杂条纹图如图8所示,再次比较了本文方法与VU方法的解调性能,本次仿真其它参数与第一次仿真的参数一致。
图9展示了复杂条纹的校正过程,图9(a)展示了由VU得到的两个正交分量拟合得到的椭圆曲线,图9(b)为经过理想圆校正后的结果,可以看出,椭圆拟合技术在复杂peak函数相位分布下依旧能很好地完成拟合任务,表明了本文方法很好地实现了正交分量的校正。
图10展示了本文提出方法与传统VU方法的相位重建结果。从图10(c)中可以观察到,VU方法在处理复杂条纹图曲率变化较大处,如图10(f),存在较明显的相位畸变,其均方根误差为0.513 rad,说明其对复杂条纹的适应能力较弱。而本文引入的椭圆拟合校正方法,均方根误差为0.011 rad左右,其表明本文方法有效校正了相位误差。图10(g)、图10(h)两种方法的误差分布图表明本文方法将相位误差降至最低,相比VU方法精度约提升了10倍。因此本文方法在此类复杂情况下仍能保持较高的重建精度。
为了测试本文方法处理实际条纹图的性能,使用典型的开型、闭型以及复杂条纹图对VU方法和本文方法进行了对比分析。由于AIA[13]方法被广泛接受为该领域中测试新提出方法的标准,使用六帧干涉条纹图,采用AIA算法分别获得了开型、闭型及复杂条纹图的相位,并将其作为参考相位。需要指出的是,尽管AIA算法在空域背景变化较大的情况下可能产生较大误差,但在本文实验条件下,条纹图在空域上背景变化很小,可忽略不计。此外,六帧干涉条纹图由于含有更多的测量信息,相比三帧干涉条纹图,其能得到更高精度的测量结果。因此,将AIA算法提取的相位结果作为参考相位是合理的。
图11(a)~(c)为三帧开型条纹图,图11(d)~(f)为分别为参考相位图、本文方法的相位图、VU方法的相位图,图11(g)~(h)为相位误差图。本文方法的均方根误差为0.221 rad,VU方法的均方根误差为0.598 rad。由于实际条纹图包含了多种误差源,例如,相移器非线性误差、高次谐波等,因此相移算法处理实际条纹图的结果相比仿真结果的精度有所下降,但本文方法的精度仍高于传统VU方法的精度。图11(i)~(j)为校正过程,可以看出,所提方法在实验条件下明显地将椭圆分布进行了有效的理想圆校正,其过程减小了测量误差。
图12(a)~(c)给出闭型条纹图的测试结果,图12(d)~(f)为获得参考相位图、本文方法的相位图、VU方法的相位图,图12(g)~(h)为相位误差图,图12(i)~(j)为校正过程。本文方法的均方根误差为0.140 rad,VU方法的均方根误差为0.804 rad,均方根误差提升了约5.7倍。从展开相位图可以看出,VU方法的重建结果发生了明显的畸变,而本文方法获得了良好的结果,更接近参考相位。从误差分布图12(g)~(h)可以看出,VU方法的结果存在着较大的周期性波动,而本文方法明显地减小了周期性波动的振幅。因此证明了本文方法的有效性。
为了说明本文方法的效率,比较了提出的VU&LEF方法、VU方法以及AIA算法对闭型条纹图的处理时间。实验采用的三帧干涉条纹图的大小为500×500。记录了三种方法的运行时间,具体见表1所示。
相比原算法,本文方法由于引入了椭圆校正环节增加了计算量,因此处理速度相对于VU方法较长。但与AIA算法相比,本文方法在提高相位精度的同时具有更高的计算效率。
为了进一步对比两种方法解调复杂条纹图的性能,对图13(a)~(c)存在着背景波动较大的复杂条纹图进行解调实验。图13(d)~(f)分别为参考相位图、本文方法的相位图、VU方法的相位图。图13(g)~(h)为两种方法的相位误差。本文方法的均方根误差为0.260 rad,VU方法的均方根误差为0.826 rad;另外从误差图可以看出,VU方法的结果误差波动严重,且在右下角存在着严重的相位失真,而本文方法由于使用了椭圆校正,很好地减小了VU方法的误差且明显优于VU方法。
最后,本文给出了两种方法对开型、闭型及复杂条纹图在不同帧数下的处理结果。相关结果如图14所示。实验结果表明,随着所用条纹图帧数的增加,VU方法解调结果的均方根误差随帧数变化结果不稳定,而本文方法的结果随帧数的增加,精度有所提高。需指出,使用更多帧数的条纹图进行相位重建时增加了测量时间,其不利于工程应用。而且VU方法中,虽然增加条纹图帧数能提高解调精度,但其效果明显不如本文误差校正方法的效果。因此从应用角度看,本文提出的使用三帧随机相移条纹图进行相位解调再进行误差校正是合理的,为快速高精度测量提供了途径。
本文将VU方法和椭圆拟合校正结合,提出了一种三帧随机相移条纹图相位解调算法,该方法首先通过对条纹图序列进行VU矩阵分解,迭代地获得相位的两个正交分量,随后使用椭圆拟合技术对该结果进行非线性误差补偿与几何校正。实验结果表明,相比传统方法,本文方法是一种随机相移技术,降低了相移器的苛刻要求。而相比传统VU方法,本文方法即使在复杂噪音背景下仍能保持良好的稳定性与精度,明显地提高了VU方法的精度,为快速精密测量提供了新途径。未来的研究将主要集中在进一步消除本文方法的周期性残差问题上。

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2026年第55卷第1期
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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0112002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 录用日期:2025-08-29
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    1西安工业大学 机电工程学院, 西安 710021
    2中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,西安 710119

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