Article(id=1315743816926220990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111002, pmid=null, cstr=32255.14.gzxb20265501.0111002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762099200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-03, onlineDate=1791627371293, onlineDateStr=2026-10-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791627371293, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791627371293, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791627371293, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1315743733992243595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='316', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791627351520, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791627555456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1315744589420540351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, issueId=1315743733992243595, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=134, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1315743818708800191, articleId=1315743816926220990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=EN, title=Denoising Algorithm for X-ray Nano-resolution Stereo Vision Imaging Based on Gray Value Remapping, columnId=1315741649251185161, journalTitle=Acta Photonica Sinica, columnName=Imaging Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The high penetrating power, high resolution, and non-invasive nature of X-rays make them widely applicable in medical examinations, industrial flaw detection, and security screening. While X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) technology is extensively used and relatively mature, its significant radiation exposure, lengthy data acquisition time, and intricate mechanical structure hinder broader adoption. Furthermore, CT can not achieve three-dimensional imaging for certain flat samples. Computed Laminography (CL), a derivative of CT technology, effectively addresses this limitation. However, prolonged exposure times and complex operational procedures still result in extended imaging durations and reduced efficiency, preventing in-situ observation. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a new technology capable of achieving high-efficiency, high-quality three-dimensional imaging of flat samples. Unlike visible light imaging, X-ray transmission methods yield images of relatively poor quality relative to the demands of stereoscopic imaging algorithms. Stereo imaging is a promising approach, as it requires only two images captured from different angles to achieve depth reconstruction. This method holds potential for enabling high spatio-temporal resolution stereoscopic imaging when combined with synchrotron radiation sources. Existing denoising algorithms prove ineffective for these images, failing to achieve satisfactory depth information recovery. Consequently, stereoscopic imaging techniques—well-established in the visible light domain—have not been successfully applied to X-ray imaging. This study focuses on the lack of dedicated denoising algorithms in the field of X-ray stereo vision imaging, and proposes a Gray Value Remapping Denoising Method (GVRM). This method employs the NlMD function from the OpenCV open-source library during the preprocessing stage to perform initial noise reduction. It then enhances edge features using the Laplacian operator and further processes anomalous pixels with the NlMD function after adjusting its parameters. Subsequently, in the feature segmentation stage, a radial attenuation model is established based on Lambert-Beer law, and the Otsu's method is applied to achieve adaptive threshold segmentation, which supports multilevel gray-scale quantization. Finally, a normalized inter-correlation algorithm is used in the stereo matching stage to calculate the parallax field and generate high-precision parallax maps. In order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms, the simulation of embedded wire in the pre-slab material and the nano-resolution low-latency imaging experiments at the synchrotron nanowire station were carried out, and the parallax calculations were performed on the images obtained by using the different processing methods, and the results were evaluated by using the standard parallax. Additionally, due to beam instability in synchrotron radiation experiments, which can cause spot jitter or brightness fluctuations, the jitter of the beam and various components may also shift the position of X-rays incident on the sample. This results in inconsistent projection positions at different angles, leading to image misalignment. Consequently, image registration is required. A simulated plate-like material embedded with filamentous objects was projected at two distinct angles, with added noise. The depth information of the filamentous objects was recovered, achieving a peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR) of 17.28 dB and a Structural Similarity Index (SSI) of 0.92, outperforming depth information obtained from existing denoising algorithms. The experiments based on the BL18B at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility show that the algorithm enables the parallax map to reach a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 40.54 dB, a root-mean-square error of 2.4, and a structural similarity index of 98.25%. The method breaks through the performance bottleneck of existing algorithms in complex noise scenarios, and achieves nano-resolution stereo vision imaging using synchrotron radiation, which significantly reduces the noise level of the parallax map of X-ray stereo vision imaging, improves the pixel-point parallax accuracy, and provides an effective solution for high spatial-resolution three-dimensional imaging of nano-scale samples. The success of this algorithm verifies the feasibility of the image noise reduction strategy based on the laws of physics in the field of X-ray stereo imaging, and provides a new paradigm for high-precision X-ray stereo vision imaging.

, authors=Ruibin SUN1, 2, 3, Haipeng ZHANG3, Fen TAO3, Ling ZHANG3, Guohao DU3, Biao DENG1, 2, 3, authorsList=Ruibin SUN, Haipeng ZHANG, Fen TAO, Ling ZHANG, Guohao DU, Biao DENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haipeng ZHANG, Biao DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1315743820512350930, articleId=1315743816926220990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1315121910733963395, language=CN, title=基于图像灰度重映射的X射线纳米分辨体视成像去噪算法, columnId=1315741649624478219, journalTitle=光子学报, columnName=成像系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

聚焦X射线体视成像领域的专用去噪算法缺失问题,提出灰度重映射去噪方法。该方法在预处理阶段采用OpenCV开源库的函数实现初步噪声抑制,并通过拉普拉斯算子增强边缘特征,随后在特征分割阶段依据朗伯比尔定律建立辐射衰减模型,运用最大类间方差法实现自适应阈值分割,支持多级灰度量化,最后在立体匹配阶段采用归一化互相关算法配准不同视角图像,生成高精度视差图。在上海光源的X射线纳米三维成像线站的实验表明,该算法使视差图峰值信噪比达到40.54 dB,结构相似性指数达到0.98。所提方法突破现有算法在复杂噪声场景下的性能瓶颈,利用同步辐射实现了纳米分辨下的体视成像,为高精度X射线体视成像提供新范式。

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孙瑞彬,

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邓彪,
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基于图像灰度重映射的X射线纳米分辨体视成像去噪算法
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孙瑞彬 1, 2, 3 , 张海鹏 3 , 陶芬 3 , 张玲 3 , 杜国浩 3 , 邓彪 1, 2, 3
光子学报 | 成像系统 2026,55(1): 134-143
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光子学报 |成像系统 2026 , 55 (1) : 134 -143
基于图像灰度重映射的X射线纳米分辨体视成像去噪算法
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孙瑞彬1, 2, 3 , 张海鹏3 , 陶芬3, 张玲3, 杜国浩3, 邓彪1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院上海应用物理研究所,上海 201800
  • 2中国科学院大学,北京 101408
  • 3中国科学院上海高等研究院 上海同步辐射光源,上海 201204
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Denoising Algorithm for X-ray Nano-resolution Stereo Vision Imaging Based on Gray Value Remapping
Ruibin SUN1, 2, 3 , Haipeng ZHANG3 , Fen TAO3, Ling ZHANG3, Guohao DU3, Biao DENG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
  • 3Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111002
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聚焦X射线体视成像领域的专用去噪算法缺失问题,提出灰度重映射去噪方法。该方法在预处理阶段采用OpenCV开源库的函数实现初步噪声抑制,并通过拉普拉斯算子增强边缘特征,随后在特征分割阶段依据朗伯比尔定律建立辐射衰减模型,运用最大类间方差法实现自适应阈值分割,支持多级灰度量化,最后在立体匹配阶段采用归一化互相关算法配准不同视角图像,生成高精度视差图。在上海光源的X射线纳米三维成像线站的实验表明,该算法使视差图峰值信噪比达到40.54 dB,结构相似性指数达到0.98。所提方法突破现有算法在复杂噪声场景下的性能瓶颈,利用同步辐射实现了纳米分辨下的体视成像,为高精度X射线体视成像提供新范式。

X射线立体成像  /  去噪算法  /  灰度重映射  /  图像处理  /  视差图

The high penetrating power, high resolution, and non-invasive nature of X-rays make them widely applicable in medical examinations, industrial flaw detection, and security screening. While X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) technology is extensively used and relatively mature, its significant radiation exposure, lengthy data acquisition time, and intricate mechanical structure hinder broader adoption. Furthermore, CT can not achieve three-dimensional imaging for certain flat samples. Computed Laminography (CL), a derivative of CT technology, effectively addresses this limitation. However, prolonged exposure times and complex operational procedures still result in extended imaging durations and reduced efficiency, preventing in-situ observation. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a new technology capable of achieving high-efficiency, high-quality three-dimensional imaging of flat samples. Unlike visible light imaging, X-ray transmission methods yield images of relatively poor quality relative to the demands of stereoscopic imaging algorithms. Stereo imaging is a promising approach, as it requires only two images captured from different angles to achieve depth reconstruction. This method holds potential for enabling high spatio-temporal resolution stereoscopic imaging when combined with synchrotron radiation sources. Existing denoising algorithms prove ineffective for these images, failing to achieve satisfactory depth information recovery. Consequently, stereoscopic imaging techniques—well-established in the visible light domain—have not been successfully applied to X-ray imaging. This study focuses on the lack of dedicated denoising algorithms in the field of X-ray stereo vision imaging, and proposes a Gray Value Remapping Denoising Method (GVRM). This method employs the NlMD function from the OpenCV open-source library during the preprocessing stage to perform initial noise reduction. It then enhances edge features using the Laplacian operator and further processes anomalous pixels with the NlMD function after adjusting its parameters. Subsequently, in the feature segmentation stage, a radial attenuation model is established based on Lambert-Beer law, and the Otsu's method is applied to achieve adaptive threshold segmentation, which supports multilevel gray-scale quantization. Finally, a normalized inter-correlation algorithm is used in the stereo matching stage to calculate the parallax field and generate high-precision parallax maps. In order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms, the simulation of embedded wire in the pre-slab material and the nano-resolution low-latency imaging experiments at the synchrotron nanowire station were carried out, and the parallax calculations were performed on the images obtained by using the different processing methods, and the results were evaluated by using the standard parallax. Additionally, due to beam instability in synchrotron radiation experiments, which can cause spot jitter or brightness fluctuations, the jitter of the beam and various components may also shift the position of X-rays incident on the sample. This results in inconsistent projection positions at different angles, leading to image misalignment. Consequently, image registration is required. A simulated plate-like material embedded with filamentous objects was projected at two distinct angles, with added noise. The depth information of the filamentous objects was recovered, achieving a peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR) of 17.28 dB and a Structural Similarity Index (SSI) of 0.92, outperforming depth information obtained from existing denoising algorithms. The experiments based on the BL18B at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility show that the algorithm enables the parallax map to reach a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 40.54 dB, a root-mean-square error of 2.4, and a structural similarity index of 98.25%. The method breaks through the performance bottleneck of existing algorithms in complex noise scenarios, and achieves nano-resolution stereo vision imaging using synchrotron radiation, which significantly reduces the noise level of the parallax map of X-ray stereo vision imaging, improves the pixel-point parallax accuracy, and provides an effective solution for high spatial-resolution three-dimensional imaging of nano-scale samples. The success of this algorithm verifies the feasibility of the image noise reduction strategy based on the laws of physics in the field of X-ray stereo imaging, and provides a new paradigm for high-precision X-ray stereo vision imaging.

X-ray stereo imaging  /  Denoising algorithm  /  Gray value remapping  /  Image processing  /  Parallax map
孙瑞彬, 张海鹏, 陶芬, 张玲, 杜国浩, 邓彪. 基于图像灰度重映射的X射线纳米分辨体视成像去噪算法. 光子学报, 2026 , 55 (1) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111002
Ruibin SUN, Haipeng ZHANG, Fen TAO, Ling ZHANG, Guohao DU, Biao DENG. Denoising Algorithm for X-ray Nano-resolution Stereo Vision Imaging Based on Gray Value Remapping[J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2026 , 55 (1) : 134 -143 . DOI: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111002
X射线的高穿透性、高分辨率、非侵入性等优点使其在医学检查、工业探伤和安全检查等领域中应用广泛[1]。在医学领域,为了精准判断患者病情,全面了解患者患病区域器官、骨骼等的空间结构,立体成像是必不可少的。X射线计算机断层扫描(Computed Tomography, CT)技术作为一项较为成熟的X射线立体成像技术已发展多年[2],如利用同步辐射光源表征电池粉末材料的结构和化学状态[3]、对物质中元素含量进行定量分析[4]等,但其较大的辐照剂量、较长的数据采集时间和较为精密复杂的机械结构正阻挠着该项技术的扩展应用,且针对一些特殊形貌样品,如钢板、芯片等扁平样品,CT无法对其实现三维成像。从CT技术衍生出来的层析成像(Computed Laminography, CL)技术较好地弥补了这项不足[5],但仍存在辐照时间较长及检测操作较复杂等原因,致使成像时间延长,成像效率下降,无法实现原位观测需求,因而亟需发展一项新的技术,实现对扁平样品的高效率、高质量立体成像。
随着科技的发展及计算机算力的提高,体视成像技术随之产生。此项技术基于双目视差原理,实时获得相机视野内样品的立体影像[6],在医学领域中的内窥镜上[7]和汽车自动驾驶技术上[7]都成功实现了应用。在X射线领域中,X射线透射成像虽能够无损地观测物体内部信息,但也导致透射投影图像是物体内部不同视角下不同层结构信息的复合叠加,导致无法正确配准两视角下物体相同位置对应的像素位置,进而无法实现精确的三维重建,阻碍着体视成像方法在X射线立体成像领域的发展。刘聪等于2024年在上海同步辐射光源(Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, SSRF)的X射线纳米三维成像线站(BL18B)利用双目视差体视成像方法对芯片进行检测,成功实现了深度信息重构。然而,由于噪声的影响,即使利用光通量较高,图像衬度较好的微米级分辨探测器,对于信息的正确恢复率也不到80%[8]。
X射线透射成像的噪声有三个主要来源:遵循泊松分布的统计波动、遵循高斯分布的核电子噪声,以及由外部环境引起的干扰噪声。如采取适当的措施,环境干扰噪声可忽略不计[9],因此,目前针对X射线透射图像的绝大多数降噪算法主要通过降低高斯噪声[10,11]或泊松噪声[12]来提高图像信噪比,也有一些同时处理两种噪声(Poisson-Gaussian noise)的算法研究[13-15]。由于体视成像为单像素匹配,相同位置像素点灰度值的差异性对匹配结果有着决定性的影响,这就意味着对于图像质量的要求极为苛刻,噪声越小,匹配结果越好[16],三维重构结果越准确。为了看到更多的细节信息,就需要提高空间分辨率,现有探测器需利用光学透镜或波带片放大图像,意味着更小的光通量,也就意味着图像具有更低的衬度,特征不明显,使得特征匹配十分困难;另外,空间分辨率的提升使得图像信息量与噪声同时得到了放大,降低图像信噪比,大幅影响了像素点的匹配。
现有去噪算法均仅针对图像中的高斯噪声及泊松噪声进行去噪,对于进行体视成像的图像数据而言,其噪声处理方法尚存空缺[17-19],纳米级分辨率但低衬度的X射线灰度图像数据经过现有去噪算法去噪后,用对于图像质量要求极高的体视成像算法对图像进行深度信息恢复所得结果极差,无法达到所需目标。因此,本文针对于图像携带物体内部深度信息的X射线透射体视成像算法设计了一种名为灰度重映射的图像噪声处理方法(Gray Value Remapping Method, GVRM),与以往算法相比,大幅提升图像质量,改善特征识别准确率。
当X射线穿过不同吸光物质时,根据朗伯比尔定律有
I=I0e-μd
式中,I0为入射X射线初始强度,d为物质厚度,e为自然对数的底数,μ为物质对该波长X射线的线性衰减系数,I为穿过厚度为d的物质后,出射X射线的强度[20],线性衰减系数μ决定物质的吸收能力。X射线与物质作用主要包括3种形式:光电效应、康普顿效应和电子对效应,在光子能量低于100 keV时,电子对效应不会发生,因此μ可表示为
μ=μph+μcon
式中,μph为光电效应分量,μcon为康普顿效应分量[21]。
由式1和式2可得,当相同波长的X射线穿透物质时,出射光强会随着物质和厚度产生相应的变化,从而生成明暗不同的图像,这在灰度图像的像素点上表现为不同的灰度值。
根据朗伯比尔定律,即可通过图像上像素点灰度值的不同,对不同物质、不同厚度进行区分。基于这种思路,考虑合理利用阈值,将各个信息用阈值区分并重新赋值,使图像衬度更为显著,并区分物质的种类和厚度,由此提出了一种基于图像灰度重映射的X射线体视成像去噪算法(Gray Value Remapping Method, GVRM),算法流程如图1所示。
首先,输入两个不同角度下拍摄的X射线图像,选用OpenCV库中的快速非局部均值去噪函数对其高斯噪声及泊松噪声进行初步去噪,并利用filter2D函数通过拉普拉斯算子锐化以提升图像细节,再去噪以处理锐化异常像素点,得到经初步降噪后的两不同视角下的图像;然后,根据朗伯比尔定律,不同厚度的不同物质对X射线吸收能力的不同导致图像灰度值不同,将初步降噪后的图像用不同的灰度值作为阈值将图像二值化或多值化,利用最大类间方差法(Ostu法)选出最佳阈值将降噪后图像进行二值或多值分割;最后,用归一化交叉相关(Normalized Cross Correlation,NCC)匹配算法二值图或多值图进行图像像素级配准,再计算视差值,进而通过深度信息公式得到深度图。
针对图像中的高斯噪声,考虑选用效果较好且成熟的非局部均值去噪(Non-local Means Denosing, NlMD),这是由ANTONI B等提出的一种精细加权的图像去噪算法[22]。OpenCV库中的fastNlMeansDenoising函数在灰度图像去噪方面兼具速度与质量,因此选用该函数。该函数为快速非局部均值去噪,与非局部均值去噪相比,可通过设置固定参数来减少计算量,提高速度。
由于降噪后图像的边缘及细节信息不够清晰,因此采取锐化的方式以增强信息。目前通常利用卷积核对图像进行卷积运算来对图像进行锐化处理,区别在于对于卷积核的选取。本文选用常见的拉普拉斯算子对降噪后的图像进行锐化[23],由于纳米级分辨图像细节更多,因此选用八邻域核。利用OpenCV中的filter2D函数即可对图像进行相关运算以实现对图像的锐化操作。
由于锐化后有时会有个别细节异常锐化,因此添加一步降噪操作,用以处理异常像素点,降噪方法仍沿用NlMD。值得注意的是,相较于原图中的高斯噪声和泊松噪声造成的噪点,异常点数量更少且单个异常点更小,因此需适当调小滤波强度及搜索窗口大小。
在对两图完成预降噪处理后,图像虽得到明显改善,但仍无法达到体视成像算法视差匹配要求,因此需对信息进行进一步提取。
根据不同的物质类型选取不同的算法选取最佳阈值。为了对该流程算法进行测试,采用了最常用且准确度较高的单阈值最大类间方差法,针对所需数据对求得的阈值进行了简单的调整。
最大类间方差法又称为大津法或Ostu算法,由OTSU N于1979年提出[24],这是一种自适应的阈值确定方法,其本质思想就是最大化类间方差。若想将图像像素点按灰度值阈值k分为A、B两类,则类间方差可写为[25]
σ2=(mG∙pA(k)-m)2pAk1-pAk
式中,pA(k)=∑i=0k pi,  m=∑i=0k ipi,  mG=∑i=0255 ipi ,其中i为灰度值,pi为图像中像素灰度为i的概率,pA(k)为以k为阈值时像素点属于A类的概率,m为灰度级k的累加均值,mG为整个图像的平均灰度值。使式3达到最大值的k即为所要阈值。
需要注意的是,为了更清晰地展示算法流程及其效果,且本文中模拟及实验样品中关注的物质仅有一种,故仅选取了一个阈值。若样品中含多种物质,且需对各物质进行单独分析,则需选取多个阈值以提取信息,可选取如多级Otsu算法或聚类算法等进行阈值分割,具体算法选择应以实际数据及需求为准。
对于X射线透视图,灰度图像所含信息极为复杂。物体同一部位在两个视角图中的位置配准尤为重要。目前,很多学者对立体视觉系统中的图像匹配技术进行广泛研究,依据算法原理,将其分类为局部匹配算法、全局匹配算法和半全局匹配算法。局部算法速度最快但质量不高,全局算法虽质量最佳但速度极慢,而半全局算法居二者之中[26]。为了提高噪声预处理的效率和降低计算机算力成本,同时体现GVRM的普适性及优越性,采用对低纹理区域敏感的局部算法进行图像配准。此算法将左图中的一个像素点区域与右图中同一水平线上的相同大小区域进行灰度匹配,并采用如式4所示的归一化交叉相关系数来衡量像素点间的灰度相似度。
NCCp,d=∑x,y∈Wp I1x,y-I¯1px,py∙I2x+d,y-I¯2px+d,py∑x,y∈Wp (I1(x,y)-I¯1(px,py))2∙∑x,y∈Wp (I2(x+d,y)-I¯2(px+d,py))2
式中,x,y是像素点位置,Wp是其匹配窗口,px,py指匹配窗口位置,I1x,y为第一视角投影图像相应像素点的像素值,I¯1px,py为第一视角投影图像的窗口内像素均值,I2x+d,y为第一视角投影图像在第二视角投影图像上对应点位置在x方向上偏移d后的像素值,I¯2px+d,py为第二视角投影图像的匹配窗口像素均值,NCCp,d的取值范围为[-1,1],其值越大,表明相关性越强。选择相关性最高的点对作为匹配点,并计算其横坐标的差值来确定该点的视差。遍历左图各像素点,即可得到完整的视差图。
如图2(a)所示的三维图,模拟一根有深度的弯曲的丝状物体嵌于某板状材料内,在同一水平位置,角度分别为0°和20°时对模拟样品进行投影,得到图2(b)及图2(c)两幅投影图像,并添加标准差为0.1的高斯噪声及泊松噪声,用于对算法进行初步的模拟验证。
为验证本算法的优势及可靠性,通过分别计算模拟丝状物体及纳米分辨率靶实验视差图的峰值信噪比(Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio, PSNR[27])及标准图像和算得图像之间的结构相似性(Structural SIMilarity, SSIM[28])指数来衡量重构结果质量以判断算法优劣,PSNR及SSIM越大时,算法去噪效果越好。
对于模拟丝状物体进行视差图计算,分别对降噪前、快速非局部均值去噪后及使用GVRM处理后的数据进行视差计算,结果如图3所示。
可以看出,未进行任何处理得到的视差图充满大量噪声;而经过普通降噪处理后得到的视差图虽有明显改善,但板材信息仍被纳入其中,且较为混乱;使用GVRM后,丝状物体被提取出来,且恢复结果良好,与标准视差图极为相近,标准视差为仅考虑丝状物体所得。
进一步,对各情况下的PSNR及SSIM进行了计算,结果如图4所示。
使用GVRM后,得到的视差图的PSNR为17.28 dB,SSIM为0.92。因标准视差信息量充分,而实际含板材料中的丝状物体投影存在数据丢失,导致含板的数据恢复效果略差,但相较于其他情况,GVRM对于数据的恢复准确度仍具有明显优势。
在SSRF的BL18B线站,利用X射线纳米立体成像方法对纳米级分辨靶材进行多角度投影实验,线站光路示意如图5。
实验使用的纳米级分辨探测器每个像素点有效尺寸为15 nm,使用的分辨率靶如图6所示,其厚度呈锥形从中间向四周逐渐增大,中央厚度约为700 nm,边缘厚度约为1 000 nm,分辨率靶垂直于光束线放置,如图5所示。
实验中X射线能量为8.25 keV,单张图片曝光时间为30 s,并通过控制转台使样品在水平面内旋转,采集角度范围为±20°。
将纳米分辨率靶作为标准样品,获得其在X射线下多角度的图像,选取如图7所示的20°的投影图的区域,对其进行视差计算,得到视差图。
值得注意的是,由于同步辐射实验中束流状态不稳定会引起光斑抖动或明暗变化,这在图像中表现为虚影或灰度值差异[29],一般来说,可通过减除图像背景的方式削弱该问题对于数据的影响。SSRF的BL18B线站光束为经椭球镜聚焦后利用波带片放大图像,从而提高图像空间分辨率[30],因此,束流及各种器件的抖动还会引起照射在样品上的X射线位置偏移,导致各角度下所得投影位置无法保持一致,使得图像偏移,这就需要对图像进行配准操作。
在对各角度下投影图像进行背景减除及位置配准后,对实验所得纳米分辨率靶20°的投影图的相应位置进行视差计算,所得各视差图如图8所示,其中标准视差图是通过提取20°投影图下相应位置的靶面,按照靶形及倾角对其赋予与0°投影图的真实视差所得。
由图8可初步看出,对于在纳米级分辨率下得到的分辨率靶实验数据,不做任何处理会使得视差图信息大量缺失;使用普通降噪后,虽呈现出了一个合理的趋势,但仍存在大量信息冗余;而在使用GVRM后,分辨率靶上的结构均得到了视差计算,且有明显细节。
对在纳米级分辨下的分辨率靶实验的各情况下的PSNR及SSIM进行了计算,结果如图9所示。
使用GVRM后,得到的视差图的PSNR为40.54 dB,SSIM为0.98。可以见得,使用GVRM后,即使对于衬度较差的纳米级分辨探测器所得数据图,求得的视差图仍有极高的准确度,与其他情况相比具有明显优势。
本文针对X射线体视成像领域缺乏高效降噪算法的技术问题,提出一种基于图像灰度重映射的去噪算法,通过多阶段图像处理实现噪声抑制与物质信息的精准提取。为评估算法优劣,采用前期板状材料内嵌丝状物体投影模拟及纳米分辨率靶成像实验,对利用不同处理方法得到的图像进行了视差计算,并利用标准视差对结果进行了评估。实验结果表明,GVRM通过快速非局部均值去噪、拉普拉斯锐化、最大类间方差阈值分割等措施对原始数据进行处理,与不降噪利用原始数据进行视差图计算和仅快速非局部均值去噪后的数据进行视差图计算相比,优势明显。对于板内丝状物体两角度投影模拟,使用GVRM后得到的视差图的PSNR达到17.28 dB,SSIM为0.92,均优于其他情况;对于低衬度纳米级图像数据算得的视差图的PSNR仍可达到40.54 dB,信息量充足,0.98的SSIM体现了GVRM具有极佳的准确度。
GVRM显著降低了X射线体视成像视差图的噪声水平,提升了像素点视差精度,为纳米级样品的高空间分辨三维成像提供了有效解决方案。该方法的成功验证了基于物理定律的图像降噪策略在X射线立体成像领域的可行性,为X射线体视成像技术的发展奠定了基础。

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doi: 10.3788/gzxb20265501.0111002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
  • 录用日期:2025-11-03
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    1中国科学院上海应用物理研究所,上海 201800
    2中国科学院大学,北京 101408
    3中国科学院上海高等研究院 上海同步辐射光源,上海 201204

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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